Untitled - International Science Programme

Deadline2018–seeisp.uu.se/documents

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1.Summaryofproposedresearch/networkactivity(Researchplan/Networkprogram)(FulldetailsshouldbegiveninEnclosure1Please,carefullyreadandfollowguidelines)

a) Giveasummary(halfapage)oftheresearchplan/networkprogrambybrieflydescribingtheplanned activity and its justification, and for scientific research clarify the justification inrelation to previous research/literature, postulate the hypotheses to be tested/researchquestionstobeaddressed,andindicatewhichmethodswillbeused.PleasenotethatthisisasummaryofEnclosure1,Sectionsa–c.

ToincreasethecontributionofresearchandhighereducationinbasicsciencestosectorsimportantforlocalandglobaldevelopmentbyAfricanNetworkforChemicalAnalysisofPesticides(ANCAP)RelevanceoftheNetwork.Informationbasedonpesticideanalysisisimportantindecisionmakingontheenvironment(lithosphere,stratosphereandhydrosphere),humanhealth,drinkingwater,climatechange.Tradetodayisdependentoncertificationofthequalityoftheproducts.MostoftheANCAPmembercountrieshaveagenerallackinhumanandinfrastructurecapacity.Thereforedevelopmentofhumanandlaboratorycapacityisveryimportantinachievingglobalmillenniumgoalsineconomicdevelopmentandimprovementinenvironmentandhumanhealth.

b) Give an overview of objectives, planned outputs and expected outcomesProvide a summary of objectives, planned outputs and expected outcomes (and, if foundconvenient, formalized in the Logical FrameworkMatrix). Provide your answers under thebelowheadings.ThisisasummaryofEnclosure1,Sectiond.

Overallobjective(impact)andrelevanceoftheactivity:

To increase the contribution of research and higher education in basic sciences to sectors important for local and global development by African Network for Chemical Analysis of Pesticides and other Pollutants (ANCAP).

Relevance of the Network

Information based on pollution analysis in general and pesticide in particular is important in decision making on the environment (lithosphere, stratosphere and hydrosphere), human health, drinking water, climate change and many other areas. Trade today is dependent on certification of the quality of the products. Most of the ANCAP member countries have a general lack in human and infrastructure capacity. Therefore development of human and laboratory capacity is very important in achieving global millennium goals in economic development adressing the climate change and improving health of living organisms including man.

Specificobjectivesforthegrantingperiod:

1. To develop and promote training and quality research and inrastractural capacity in chemical analyses of pesticides and other pollutants in the member countries

2. To coordinate and maintain inter-and intra-regional links among different research groups involved in pesticide analysis

3. To attract sufficient financial support, other than from ISP, to ensure sustainability.4. To develop a data base and a newletter on activities related to ANCAP 5. To develop an ANCAP journal on pollution registered with African Online Journals (AJOL)6. To initiate affirmative action on involvement of women in ANCAP activities


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ExpectedOutcomesObjective1:To develop and promote training and quality research in chemical analyses of pesticides in the

member countries1. 45studentssupportedtoattendsummerschools,scientificsymposiaandothermeetings,

and/orresearchanddissertations/theses/scientificpaperwriting.2. Scientificinstrumentsrepaired,laboratorychemicalsincludingstandardsforfunctional

laboratoriesacquired3. Atleast2studentsgraduatetheirMScdegreesand1inPhDineachcountryby20214. Atleast60scientificpublicationsand40conferencesattendedby2021

Objective2:Tocoordinateandmaintaininter-andintra-regionallinksamongdifferentresearchgroupsinvolvedinpesticideanalysis

1. Threesummerschools/scientificsymposiaorganizedbyANCAP.2. SixacademicianssupportedtovisitmembersorlaboratorieswithinandoutsideANCAPfor

researchorco-supervisionofstudents.3. ThreestudentssupportedforvisitlaboratoriesorscientistsinandoutsidetheANCAPmember

countriestocompletetheirstudiesthroughlaboratoryworkorconsultations.

Objective3. To attract sufficient financial support, other than from ISP, to ensure sustainability.

1. TwoProposalssubmittedfordonorfunding2. Oneincomegeneratingtrainingprogramdeveloped

Objective4.To develop a data base and a newletter on activities related to ANCAP

1. ANCAP data base developed and operational 2. Six electronic (bi-annual) newletters published Objective5:TodevelopanANCAPjournalonpollutionregisteredwithAfricanOnlineJournals(AJOL)1. FirstissueofANCAPJournalofEnvironmentalPollution/ANCAPJournalofEnvironmental

PollutionandToxicologydeveloped2. ANCAPJournalofEnvironmentalPollution/ANCAPJournalofEnvironmentalPollutionand

ToxicologyregisteredwithandhostedinAJOLObjective6: To initiate affirmative action on involvement of women in ANCAP activities

1. Gendermainstreaminginplace2. Specialproposalonwomenscholarshipsubmitted

c) Giveasummaryofthepostgraduateeducationplan

Thepostgraduateeducationalactivitiesaredonebyindividualcountrygroups.Thenetworkwillorganizesummerschools,symposia/conferencesandexchangeofstudentsandstaffasindicatedintheoutputsofobjectives1and2.

d) GiveasummaryofthegenderperspectiveontheresearchandeducationplansExtraapplicationonimprovementofgenderbalanceissubmittedasenclosure4

Commentonthecurrentgenderbalanceinperspectiveofpreviousyearsefforts:


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e) Provideanumberofkeywords

Keywords:

f) Giveanoverview(halfapage)onthebackgroundandthedevelopmentoftheresearchgroup/networkfromthestartoftheISPcollaborationuntilpresenttime.Please,includeimprovements/challengesincapacitybuildingofhighereducationandresearch,andtheneedstofurtherdevelop(PleasenotethatthisisasummaryofEnclosure1,Sectionk)

ANCAP isanNGOdevoted to the study,promotionanddevelopmentof the scienceofallaspectsofchemicalanalysisofpesticidesincludingresidues,degradationrates,environmentandhealtheffectstolivingorganismsincludingman.ANCAPwasestablishedinJuly,2002inKampala,Ugandawith6foundermembercountriesnamelyEthiopia,Kenya,Tanzania,Sudan,UgandaandZimbabwe.In2014themembershipwasexpandedtoincludeRwanda,Malawiand Nigeria making a total of 9.Through the generous support of International ScienceProgram(ISP)ANCAPinits13yearofexistencehasbeenabletoimplement4internationalconferences, 8 scientific symposia, 11 summer schools and 3 regional workshops. Onehundredandeightystudentshavebeensupportedthroughsummerschoolsandexchangeofstudents


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3.Specificationsofcosts2019-2021(Please,carefullyreadandfollowguidelinesforBudget,and,ifapplicable,conditionsandinstructionsforResearchGroups’overheadcosts)

3a)Specificationofcostsin2019

SpecificationofCostsin2019 Costs(SEK) Total(SEK)Equipment/spareparts/service Computer,repairs,softwaree.g.antivirus;scanner 8,000 Servicingchromatographicandotheranalyticalequipment 7,000 15,000Consumables/literature/fieldwork Chemicals(standards,solvents,reagentsandchromatographicmaterials,e.g.adsorbents,columns)

20,000

Chargesforpublicationofresults Costsforfieldwork(meetingswithcommunities,sampling,etc)

10,000

30,000Conferences/workshops

a) Tobevisited Supportto2scientiststoattendandparticipateinInternational/regionalconferences/symposia/workshopswheretheypresentpapers(oralorposter).Subsistenceallowance(uptothreedays).Travelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

28,000

b) Tobearranged

12thANCAPSymposium/Summerschool 120,000 148,000

Exchangevisitsbycooperatingscientists Supportfor1exchangevisitbetweencooperatingScientists,inbothdirectionsonneedsbasise.g.visitsforcollaborativework,planning,reporting,lecturingetc.,underSouth-SouthandNorth-Southcooperation.Subsistenceallowance(meals,accommodationandincidentals)

8,000

Travelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

7,000

15,000Fellowshipsfortraining/exchange

a) North-South 0 b) South-South 0

Supporttostudents Supporttoexchangeof2MScorPhDstudentsamongstmemberUniversitiesforconductingshort-termresearchvisittoanothercountry’sinstitution/laboratorye.g.forinstrumentalanalysis:Subsistenceallowancefor2MScorPhDstudents(Meals,accommodationandincidentals)upto1month,Travelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

16,000

16,000


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Activitiesforimprovinggenderbalance Specialseminars/workshopsforwomen 10,000 10,000Networkadministrativecosts Allowancesforsecretariat(meetings,planning,reporting,incidentals);Transportexpensesforregularcoordinationofactivities;Officeconsumables(stationery,toneretc.)Communication(telephonecharges,website,e-mail,etcBankcharges,e.g.,withdrawfees,accountmaintenancefees

40,000

40,000Auditcosts Auditchargesandrelatedexpenses 10,000 10,000 TOTAL 284,000

3b)Specificationsofcostsin2020

SpecificationofCostsin2020 Costs(SEK) Total(SEK)Equipment/spareparts/service Computerrepairs,softwaree.g.antivirus 6,000 Servicingchromatographicandotheranalyticalequipment

7,000

13,000Consumables/literature/fieldwork Chemicals(standards,solvents,reagentsandchromatographicmaterials,e.g.adsorbents,columns)

17,000

Chargesforpublicationofresults Costsforfieldwork(meetingswithcommunities,sampling,etc)

10,000

27,000Conferences/workshops

c) Tobevisited Supportto2scientiststoattendandparticipateinInternational/regionalconferences/symposia/workshopswheretheypresentpapers(oralorposter)Subsistenceallowance(uptothreedays)Travelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

30,000

d) Tobearranged 13thANCAPSymposium/Summerschool 120,000

150,000Exchangevisitsbycooperatingscientists Supportfor2exchangevisitsbetweencooperatingScientists,inbothdirectionsonneedsbasise.g.visitsforcollaborativework,planning,reporting,lecturingetc.,underSouth-SouthandNorth-Southcooperation.Subsistenceallowance(meals,accommodationandincidentals)

8,000


7,000


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c) North-South 0 0d) South-South 0 0

Supporttostudents Supporttoexchangeof2MScorPhDstudentsamongstmemberUniversitiesforconductingshort-termresearchvisittoanothercountry’sinstitution/laboratorye.g.forinstrumentalanalysis:Subsistenceallowancefor2MScorPhDstudents(Meals,accommodationandincidentals)upto1month,nTravelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

16,000

16,000Activitiesforimprovinggenderbalance Supporttofemalescientists/studentsforparticipationinworkshopsorconferences

10,000 10,000

Networkadministrativecosts Allowancesforsecretariat(meetings,planning,reporting,incidentals);Transportexpensesforregularcoordinationofactivities;Officeconsumables(stationery,toneretc.),Communication(telephonecharges,website,e-mail,etc.,Bankcharges,e.g.,withdrawfees,accountmaintenancefees

40,000

40,000Auditcosts Auditchargesandrelatedexpenses 10,000 10,000 TOTAL 281,000

(Insertmorerowsasneeded,orjustwritebelowthetable)


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3c)Specificationsofcostsin2021

SpecificationofCostsin2021 Costs(SEK) Total(SEK)Equipment/spareparts/service Repair/Servicingchromatographicandotheranalyticalequipmentsandcomputers

13,000 13,000

Consumables/literature/fieldwork Purchaseofstandardsandchemicalsforthelaboratoryworks

12,000

SupportfordisseminationofresearchfindingstoCommunities/societies,massmediaeducationandawarenessraising

15,000 27,000

Conferences/workshops e) Tobevisited

Supportto2scientiststoattendandparticipateinInternational/regionalconferences/symposia/workshopswheretheypresentpapers(oralorposter)Subsistenceallowance(uptothreedays)Travelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

28,000

f) Tobearranged

14thANCAPSymposium 120,000 148,000

Exchangevisitsbycooperatingscientists Supportfor2exchangevisitbetweencooperatingScientists,inbothdirectionsonneedsbasise.g.visitsforcollaborativework,planning,reporting,lecturingetc.,underSouth-SouthandNorth-Southcooperation.Subsistenceallowance(meals,accommodationandincidentals)

8,000


7,000


e) North-South 0 0f) South-South 0 0

Supporttostudents Supporttoexchangeof2MScorPhDstudentsamongstmemberUniversitiesforconductingshort-termresearchvisittoanothercountry’sinstitution/laboratorye.g.forinstrumentalanalysis:Subsistenceallowancefor2MScorPhDstudents(Meals,accommodationandincidentals)upto1month.Travelcosts(returnairfare/ticket,economyclass,Localtravel)

16,000

16,000Activitiesforimprovinggenderbalance SupporttofemalescientistsforparticipatinginConferences/workshopsorconductingresearch

10,000 10,000


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Networkadministrativecosts Administrativecostsforregularcoordinationofactivitiesincludingsecretariatallowancesformeetings,planning,reporting,incidentals;Transportexpenses;Officeconsumables(stationery,toneretc.);Communication(telephonecharges,website,etc);Bankcharges,e.g.,withdrawfees,accountmaintenancefees

40,000

40,000Auditcosts Auditcosts 10,000 10,000 Referencegroupmeetingparticipationcosts ParticipationintheReferenceGroupMeeting 15,000 15,000 TOTAL 284,000

3d.Justificationofbudgetitems

Listeachbudgetitem,andwriteamotivationtojustifytheneedandthecost.

BUDGETITEM JUSTIFICATION BUDGET(SEK)2019 2020 2021

Equipment/Spareparts,servicesComputer,repairandservicingofchromatographicandanalyticalequipments,components.Purchaseofsoftwaree.g.Antivirussoftware.

Computers, Chromatographic and analyticalequipment such as GC, GC-MS and HPLC areimportant in chemical analysis and need regularrepair and periodic servicing to keep them in goodworkingconditionsandensurelongdurability.Spareparts need to be purchased so as to be availablewheneverneedarisesduetowearandtear.Softwareneedregularupdatingandre-newal

15,000 13,000 13,000

Consumables/Literature/FiledworkPurchaseofstandardsandotherchemicalsforlaboratoryworks;Publicationofresults;Fieldworks

Working with chemical analyses requires referencestandards for identification and quantification ofanalytes as well as solvents, reagents and otherconsumables.Literatureisimportantinordertohelpstudentsandresearcherstoaccessusefulscientificwork.Publications of results involvemany costs includingcosts during the preparation of papers and journalhandlingfees.Fieldwork funds are for researchers to collectsamples in cases of inadequacies in projects in thenetworking countries and for meetings withcommunities.

30,000 27,000 27,000


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Conferences/workshopsPartialsupporttopeopletoattendinternationalconferenceswheretheypresentpapers;ANCAPsymposiaandsummerschools

Conferencesenableresearcherstodisseminatetheirresearchfindingstootherscientistsaswellasshareexperience from other scientists/exchangeknowledge. 3 conferences/symposia and summerschoolswillbeheld.Thesummerschoolsarefortrainingyoungscientistsin new and emerging techniques in environmentalchemicalanalyses.Thetraditionhasbeenfoundtobeveryusefulsincebesidesenhancingresearchskillsofparticipants, they also create an atmosphere ofinteraction amongst young researchers within thesub-region, a gesture which stimulates futurescientificcollaboration,withinthespiritofsustainingANCAP.

148,000 150,000 148,000

ExchangeofScientistsPartialsupporttoexchangevisitsbyscientistonneedsbasisfromoneANCAPmembercountrytoanotherlaboratoryorcountry

Thisactivitywillbeeffectedasitallowsresearchersvisiteachotherandtheirlabs.Thiswillcoveratleastoneresearcher’svisitperannum.

15,000 15,000 15,000

SupporttostudentsPartialsupporttoexchangeofMScorPhDstudentsamongsttheANCAPmemberUniversities

Thisactivityenablesstudentstospendsometimeinanotherlaboratorywhichmightbebetterequippedorattendaconferenceinamembercountry.

16,000 16,000 16,000

ActivitiesforimprovinggenderbalanceSupporttofemalescientistsforparticipatinginConferences/workshops

Thisactivitywillenable9(1percountry)femalescientiststoattendconferencesbyactivelybeingenticedbythecoutrygroup

10,000 10,000 10,000

Exchangevisits Thiswitllenable3activelyselectedfemalescientiststovisitothergroupsforresearchpurposestocompletetheirresearch

9000 9000 9000

Directsupport Thiswillenable9activelyselectedfemalestudentstofacilitatewriteupofthesis,datacollection,analysisorpublication

2400 2400 2400

Sensitaizationbrochure

ThiswillbeprintedandsuppliedtowomenscientiststogiveinformationonANCAPactivitiesinordertoinhancethereparticipation

1400 1400 1400

Awarenessseminarstoundergraduatestudents

Theseare9seminarsperyear(1foreachcountry)targetingfinalyearundergraduatestudentstoenticethemtoenrollinpollutionrelatedpostgraduatestudies

7200 7200 7200

Total 30000 30000 30000


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NetworkAdministrationNetworkadministration

Thiswillcoversuchcostsas:§ AllowancesfortheProgrammeOfficerand

Secretariat§ Transportexpensesforregularcoordination

officeactivities§ Telephonecharges,stationeriesandminor

officesupplies.§ Bankcharges§ Writingofreports§ Website

40,000 40,000 40,000

AuditcostsandReferenceGroupmeeting

Thisitemwillcoverauditfeesandrelatedexpensesduringexternalauditingofaccountsandtransportcostsforparticipatinginthereferencegroupmeeting

10,000 10,000 25,000

4.Staffandstudentsinthegroup/network

Liststaffandstudentsplannedtobeactivelyinvolvedintheproposedactivity.

a) Liststaffinthegroup/networkStaffmemberswhoalsoareactivestudentsaretobelistedONLYunderstudents.NetworkslistmembersofBoardonManagementCommittee,nodecoordinatorsetc.Notethatsupportstaff(Supp.)comprisesallnon-academicandundergraduatestaffengaged,e.g.laboratoryassistants,technicians,secretaries,etc.

Gender(F/M)

Givenname,familyname

Positionheld/Function StaffqualificationsPhDOtherAc.Supp.

M DrAvitiJohnMmochi ExecutiveSecretary * F Dr.ReginaPeterMtei AssistantExecutiveSecretary * M DrJohnMarcoMahugija Treasurer * M DrClarenceA.Mgina ProgramOfficer * M ProfShemWandiga BoardMember,Kenya * F DrFikiraKimbokora BoardMember,Tanzania * M DrJohnWasswa BoardMember,Uganda * M ProfNabilBashir BoardMember,Sudan * M ProfMarkZaranyika BoardMember,Zimbabwe * M ProfNegussieMegersa BoardMember,Ethiopia * M Prof.RufusSha’Ato BoardMember,Nigeria M DrThonesteMuhizi BoardMember,Rwanda * F Dr.DeborahAbong’o BoardMember,Co-opted



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b) Liststudentsinthegroup/network(Ifalreadyknown)StudentstobeincludedshouldbethosethatbenefitdirectlyoftheISPsupport(fellowships)orindirectlybyusingconsumablesandequipmentprovidedthroughtheISPsupport.

Gender(F/M)

Fullnameandemail

Targetdegree(PhD/MPhil/MSc)

Tentativetitleofthesis/subject Start.year

Grad.year

Staff Sandwich/local(Ifsandwich:stateperiod,placeandsupervisoroftheabroadtraininginthereportingyearIflocal:statedirectorindirectbenefitofISPgrant)

M Patrick E. Chibura MSc Levels of Pesticide Residues in Poultry Feed and Products in Selected Poultry Farms in Ilala and Kibaha Districts, Tanzania.

2013 2016 Yes UDSM Local

M [email protected]

PhD Chemical pollutants, microbes, and their biotoxins in finfish pond mariculture system

2014 2018 Ö Sandwich

F Khadija Salum Ali

M.Sc Levels of Aflatoxins in Spices Produced and Marketed in Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam.

2016 2018 x UniversityofDaresSalaam,Local

F Sharifa Juma Investigation of Levels of Aflatoxins in Spices Produced and Marketed in Selected Regions in Tanzania

2016 2018 x UniversityofDaresSalaam,Local

F HassanAziza PhD AquaticandPublicHealthProblemsAssociatedWithMarineMacroalgaeInTanzania

2015

2018 X Sandwich

M AdakuChristopher

PhD ChemicalStructureandPropertiesofAnthocyaninsFromSelectedPlantSpeciesInUganda

2014 2017 Ö MUK,Local

M NtirushizeBenon

MSc AnalysisforOrganochlorinePesticideResiduesinHoneyfromKabaleDistrict–SouthWesternUganda.

2012 2015 MbararaUniversity,Local


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F FlorenceNantaba,[email protected]

PhD IdentificationandCharacterisationofEmergingandBio-AccumulativeOrganicChemicalPollutantsintheAquaticEcosystemofLakeVictoria

2015 2018 MakerereUniversity,Local

M HenryMatovu,[email protected]

MSc DeterminationofCurrentLevelsandEmissionFactorsofPetroleum-DerivedPollutantsinWaterandSedimentsofLakeAlbert

2015 2017 MakerereUniversity,Local

F KyarimpaChristine

PhD CharacterisationofthePesticidalPropertiesofOcimumKilimandscharicum(Labiatae),EucalyptusCitriodora,RosemarinusOfficinalis(Rosemary)andArtemisiaAbsinithium

2007 2015 Ö MakerereUniversity,Local

M EdwardMubiru PhD Productionofvolatileoxidationproductsinfoods:FastandconvenientMassSpectrometry-basedreal-timemonitoringofvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs)ofbiologicalorigin

2007 2018 Ö GhentUniversity

M AllulaYohanne AddisAbabaUniversity

M Gemechu,Tura Ö AddisAbabaUniversity

F DoriceSituma PhD RiskidentificationandcatalyticoxidationofendocrinedisruptingcompoundsineffluentsfromsewagetreatmentplantsandlightindustriesinNairobi

2011 2015 Local

F NusratBegum PhD Synthesisofmicrofiltrationpolymers

2012 2016 Ö SouthAfrica

F JaneWanjiruMacharia

MSc StudyofwaterpurificationusingclayimpregnatedwithMoringaoleifera:CasestudylakeVictoriabasin,Bondodistrict

2011 2015 Local

M DavidOjok MSc StudyingthesynergisticeffectsofTiO2modifiedclayonpurificationanddisinfectionofwater

2011 2015 Local

M NicholasMwenda

PhD InvestigationofPhysicalandChemicalMethodsforDecontaminationofAflatoxinInfectedMaize

2012 2015 Local


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M EmilyKwamboka

MSC Assessmentofthefateofselectedpesticidesusedonflowersandvegetablesinnaivashaarea

2013 2015 Local

M JacobOmulama MSC DeterminationofPolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbonsandPesticidesinSugarIndustrialEffluentsinWesternKenya

2013 2015 Local

F BeatriceAtieno-F

MSC AssessmentofmicrobialandpesticidecontaminationinvegetablesandsoilfromselectedsitesinNairobimetropolitan

2012 2015 Local

M EnockOsoro MSc AssessmentoforganochlorinepesticideresiduesinRusingaislandinLakeVictoriaregion

2012 2015 Local

F Betty Mamba PhD Analysis of residual amount of DDTs in different parts of Ruhi and Catla fish samples from Chalan Beel area and fatty acid composition of the fish oil.

2009 2017 Sandwich

M Bernard Kipngetich,

MSC Bernard Kipngetich (M), Dissipation studies of pesticides used cattle dips in Bureti sub-county and assessment of residue levels in water, soil and sediments.

2014 2017 local

M Boniface Nderi Kamau

MSC Assessment of dissipation Rates of Ridomil Gold and Actara 25WG pesticides on Potatoes and Snow Peas in Nyandarua County.

2014 2017 local

F Maurine Atieno Otieno

MSC Study of water purification using clay impregnated with n-doped titanium dioxide –case study Lake Victoria Basin-Homa Bay County

2012 2017 local

M Ronald Okonjo Ochieng

MSC Investigation and characterization of pyrolysis products of wood debris in fire analysis

2017 local

M PamhidzaiDzomba

PhD Degradationoftetracyclineveterinarydrugsintheaquaticenvironment,characterizationintermsofalinearratemodel

2012 2016 Ö Local

M NetaiMukaratirwaMuchanyareyi

PhD Astudyofthesurfacepropertiesofwaterhyacinth

2011 2015 Ö Local


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usingInversegaschromatography

M DouglasMusiiwa

MPhill ArsenicDistributionandSpeciationTrendsinSoilsinthevicinityofCattleDipsitesHistoricallybasedonArsenicchemicals:AcaseStudyoftwoCattleDipsinDomboshavaareainZimbabwe.

2014 2017 Local

F ElizabethM.Mutua

M.Sc 2013 2016 Ö Local

M [email protected]

PhD PersistenceofDDT,DDEandDDDintheaquaticenvironment:characterisationintermsofsteadystatekineticmodelthattakesintoaccountevaporation,hydrolysis,photolysis,microbialdegradationandadsorptionby

particulates.

2016 2020 local

F LoraineYamuraiMagama

PhD Speciation and persistence of triazine herbicides in aquatic environment: Effect of molecular structure.

2016 2020 Local

F [email protected]

PhD Distribution and Speciation of Mercury in Upper Mazowe River and Mazowe Dam.

2016 2020 local

F LindaMaposa M.Sc A survey of persistent and other organic pollutants in Mazowe Dam, Zimbabwe.

2017 2018 University of Zimbabwe

M HezekiahNhamo

B.Sc , BSc student, thesis title: Kinetics of the degradation of cotrimoxazole in distilled water under dark conditions.


M TashingaNgoshi

BSc Adsorption of Lead from aqueous solution by acid treated Typha capensis root and leaf biomass: Apparent thermodynamic properties



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5.Scientificcontacts/cooperation

Indicatewhichcontactswithscientistsworkinginthefieldoftheproposedactivitiesareestablishedorplanned(atyourownuniversity/institute,nationally,regionally,orinternationally).ThepresentandexpectedbenefitsofthesecontactsshouldbefurtherdescribedintheResearchdescription(Enclosure1).

a) Listalreadyestablishedscientificcontacts/collaborationthatwereengagedinactivecollaborationwithyourresearchgroup/networkin2016-2018.

Gender(F/M

Title Fullname Affiliationandcountry

F Prof AunschkaPolder NorwegianSchoolofVeterinarySciences,Norway

M Prof JosephLalah TechnicalUniversityofKenyaF Prof LydiaNjenga UniversityofNairobiM Prof JanLudvicLyche NorwegianSchoolofVeterinarySciences

a) Listscientificcontactsforcollaborationyouintendtoestablishwithyourresearchgroup/networkin2019-2021.

GenderF/M

Title Name Affiliation Country

F Prof KatrineBorgå UniversityofOslo NorwayM Prof KnutBreivik KnutBreivik NorwayM Dr. PeterMangesho NationalInstitute

ofMedicalResearch

Tanzania

M Prof AndersRuus UniversityofOslo Norway

6.Otherfundingreceived(besidesfromISP)2016-2018,andavailableandforeseenfundingfor2019-2021

Specifyotherfundingobtainedin2016-2018,andotherforeseensourcesoffundingfor2019-2021,fromnationalaswellasfromothersources.Listeachsourceonaseparaterow,andgivetheamountforeachyearonseparaterows.EstimatetheamountinUSD(currencyconversioncanbedoneatwww.xe.com).

a) Otherfunding(besidesfromISP)obtainedin2016-2018Source Grantperiod/

mmyy-mmyyTotaltGrant,USD

b) Otheravailableorforeseenfundingfor2019-2021Source Grantperiod/

mmyy-mmyyTotaltGrant,USD


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7.Mainequipmentavailable

a) Listrelevantfacilitiesandinfrastructureavailabletothegroup.Forequipment,givetypeandnameofthemanufactureofmainitemsandotherarticles.Startwithyourmostimportantequipment.Please,noteiftheequipmentisnotfunctioningproperlyandwhy.

Equipmenttype,model,andnameofmanufacturer Yearacquired

Fullyfunctional,yes/noIfno,indicatewhy

Tanzania GC-MS 2013 FunctionalGC 1997 NotFunctional2UV-VisibleSpectrophotometers >10

yearsold

Functional

1HPLC 5years FunctionalKenya Gas Chromatography (ECD, TSD, FID) VARIAN CP3800

13 years Functional

Liquid scintillation Counter Tricab 1000 >12 years

Functional

GC-MS installed with Single Quadruple Mass Functionalanalyser HP-MS 5 Uganda GC(VarianCP-3800withECDandNPD 2003 FunctionalAgilentGC-MS 2008 Functional


b) Listbelowmainequipmentneededinthenearfuture,withjustification.

8.Environmentalimpact

InformationisrequiredaboutmeasurestakentoreduceenvironmentalimpactsfollowingtheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentforISPassubmittedtoSidainAugust2009(availableonrequest).

a) Indicatewhichofthefollowingmeasuresyourgroup/networkhasalreadyimplementedtoreducenegativeenvironmentalimpact.

Doesyourgroup/organization: Yes No

Astrategytoreducenegativeenvironmentalimpactcausedbytravellingandtransportation?

*

Theusee-meetingtechniques? * Astrategytoreducetheuseofelectricpower? * Consideringenvironmentimpactcriteriainprocurement? * Practicingsortingofwastecategoriesforrecycling? *Asystemforscrappingdecommissionedequipment? * Amanagementsystemforchemicalandhazardouswaste? * Internaldiscussionofhowanynegativeenvironmentalimpactofyouractivitiescanbereduced?

*

Engagementinexternalactivities–inresearch,disseminationand/orsocietyoutreach–onhownegativeenvironmentalimpactsmaybereduced?

*


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b) Commentontheno-answersinthepreviousquestion,ifany.

Whatarethereasonswhysomemeasureshavenotbeenimplemented?Arethereplanstodoitinthefuture?Aretherestructuralobstacles,suchasregulationsorlackofregulation/technology,etc.?Alsocommentonthepracticingofmeasuresingeneraltoreducenegativeenvironmentalimpact.

9.Summaryofresultsforpreviousagreementperiod

Provideasummaryoftheprogresssofarinthecurrentagreementperiod(2016-2018),orlatestyearsfornewapplicants.

a) Giveasummaryofthemajorachievementsintheperiod,includingresultsofscientificresearchactivities.Placetheachievementsandresultsinrelationtotheobjectivesintheoriginalproposal(ifapplicable).Notonlymajorchangesareinteresting,butalsosmallchangesthatmayleadtolargerchangesovertime.

Alsoincludecommentsandanalysisof:- Howfaryourgrouphascomeinfulfillmentofthestatedobjectives.- Whethertheresultsachievedwereinlinewithexpected/plannedoutcomes.Motivateyour

answer.- Why,orwhynot,resultshavebeenachieved.Commentonthe(limitingorfavorable)

conditionsforreachingtheresults.- Whatneedstobeadjustedinordertoincreasethelikelihoodtoreachtheobjectives.

Summary:TheObjectives1and4havecontinuedtobestronglyachievedasmaybenotedinthenumbersofpublications,thesesabstractsandthediversificationinthetypesofresearchactivities.ThesecondobjectiveofmaintainingregionallinkshasbeenachievedthroughtheJointANCAP–SEANACmeetinginNairobiwhichincludedsharingalotofresourceswhichwouldhaveotherwisebeenimpossibletocarryoutbyANCAPalone.Ontransparency,ANCAPhascontinuedtohavegoodfinancialreportsauditedbyUniversityoDaresSalaamaccountantsaswellasindependentauditors.Forobjective,4therehasbeenlittlesuccessinattractingfundsregionallyalthoughatnationallevelstherelevantuniversitiesaredoingquitewellwithexamplesofPOPsairpollutioninsomeofthemembercountries.Analysisofwhy,orwhynot,resultshavebeenachieved.Commentonthe(limitingorfavorable)conditionsforreachingtheresults.Theincreasingnumberofstaff,studentsandlaboratorycapacitiesintheindividualmemberunitsishighlyencouragingandhasledtoalotofimprovedanddiversifiedpublications.HoweverithasbeenmoredifficulttoobtainingfinancesforANCAPcentrallyasmostoftheeffortswerefromindividualmembers.ThatisthereasonforANCAPtocreatethetwocommitteeswhichwillassistthesecretariattowriteproposalsandsecuremoneyfromothersources.


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a) Resultsvsexpected/plannedoutcomesTheresultswereverymuchonlinewithmyplannedoutcomesinthenumberandvarietyofpublications,typesofresearch,numberofgraduatesandnewrecruitsformastersandPhDsandtheincreasingcooperation(cohesion)ofthenetwork.Moreoverandhoweverslight,thenumberofwomeninthegrouphasimprovedandthereisverysmoothsuccessionofleadershipinthecountries.About80%ofthestatedobjectiveshavebeenachieved.

b) Giveasummaryofthestaffstructure,studentsactiveanddegreesawarding,dissemination,meetings,outreach,andvisitstoandfromyourgroup/network(scientificexchange)forthepreviousgrantingperiod.

Staff PhDorequivalent Otheracademic Technicians Female Male Female Male Female MaleNumberofstaff2018 3 10

Students/degrees PhDorequivalent MSc/Mphil/Lic. BScthesis

students Sandw Local Sandw Local F M F M F M F M F MNumberofstudents2018 1 1 1 - - - 3 - - 2Numberofdegrees2016-2018 2 - 1 2 - - 6 6

Specificationofawardeddegrees2016-June2018Gender,Firstname,Familyname,Degree,Titleofthesis(fullabstractinEnclosure3)

F, Gladys Chebet, M. Sc, Assessment of chemical and biological contamination in soil, vegetables and irrigation water sources from selected sites in Naivasha F, Vane Bonareri Ondiere, M. Sc, Assessment of pesticides and heavy metals in Lake Elementaita Kenya. M, Patrick Edward Chibura, M. Sc., Levels of Pesticide Residues in Poultry Feed and Products in Selected Poultry Farms in Ilala and Kibaha Districts F, Elizabeth Ndunda, Ph. D., Synthesis of molecular imprinted polymers for application in Solid Phase Extraction F, Eisa Eltohami Marwa Mohammed, Ph. D., Detection of Lead and Cadmium in Human Urine as Bioindicators of Environmental Pollution in Two Localities in Gezira State, Sudan F, Christine Kyarimpa, Ph. D., Evaluation of insecticidal potency of the essential oil and structure elucidation of the bioactive compounds from Tagetes minuta'. M, Pamidzai Dzomba, Ph. D., Speciation and persistence of tetracycline antibiotics in the aquatic environment: Characterization in terms of a linear rate model. F, Tatu Kiyungi Kilatu M. Sc., Investigation on Mosquito Repellent Properties of Essential Oils of Ethulia conyzoides and Satureja imbricata Plant Species.. M, Pancras Mtega, M. Sc., Levels of aflatoxins in maize and maize products from selected regions of Tanzania. F, Betty Mamba, Ph.D Analysis of residual amount of DDTs in different parts of Ruhi and Catla fish samples from Chalan Beel area and fatty acid composition of the fish oil.. M, Bernard Kipngetich. M. Sc., Dissipation studies of pesticides used cattle dips in Bureti sub-county and assessment of residue levels in water, soil and sediments


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M, Boniface Nderi Kamau, M. Sc., Assessment of dissipation Rates of Ridomil Gold and Actara 25WG pesticides on Potatoes and Snow Peas in Nyandarua County. F, Maurine Atieno Otieno, M. Sc., Study of water purification using clay impregnated with n-doped titanium dioxide –case study Lake Victoria Basin-Homa Bay County. F, Emily Kwamboka Okwaro M. Sc., Assessment of the fate of selected pesticides used on flowers and vegetables in Naivasha area. Ronald Okonjo Ochieng (M), Investigation and characterization of pyrolysis products of wood debris in fire analysis. M. Sc. M, Salia S. Sheriff M. Sc., Degradation and Adsorption of Lambda-Cyhalothrin on Athi River and Coastal Soils and Sediments in Kenya. F, Khadija Salum Ali M.Sc., Levels of Aflatoxins in Spices Produced and Marketed in Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam.

Publicationsinscientificjournals2016-June2018

Author(s)(Year)Title.Journal,ISSN-number,Vol.,Pages,DOI1IndicatehowlargeapartoftheworkwasperformedathomeUniversity(<25%,25-50%,>50%)

WasISPsupportacknowledged(Yes/No)(Notfilledbynewapplicants)

Listallcontributionsbyyourgrouptoconferences/workshops/courses/meetings2016-June2018,includinginvitedlecturesatexternalinstitutions/organizationsPresenter,Co-authors,Titleofthepresentation,Nameofevent,Venue,Date Form:

oral/posterInvitedyes/no

JAMMahugija:LevelsofPesticideResiduesinFruitsandVegetablesfromMarketsinDaresSalaam,Tanzania.8thInternationalToxicologySymposiuminAfricaheldatGawharetAlAhramHotelinGiza-Cairo,Egypt.29th–31stAugust2016

Oral Yes

A.J.Mmochi.ProgressReport2016.CapacityBuilding forTrainingandResearchInAquaticandEnvironmentalHealthinEasternandSouthernAfrica(TRAHESA),31stOctober-2ndNovember,2016,

Oral Yes

JAMMahugija,LevelsofPesticideResiduesinRawandProcessedMaizeGrains andFflour from Selected Areas in Dar es Salaam and Ruvuma,Tanzania, 9th ANCAP Symposium, University of Nairobi, Kenya 21-24November,2016

Oral No

MarkF.Zaranyika,Dry-weatherDissipationofDeltamethrinfromTsetseControlClothBaitsintheZambeziValley,Zimbabwe:CharacterizationintermsofZeroOrderKinetics,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

JamesKamauMbugua,ANCAPPesticideResidueAnalysisResearchDatabase,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

AvitiJohnMmochi,14YearsANCAP:Successes,ChallengesandTheWayForward,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

1DigitalObjectIdentifier(www.doi.org)–tobeprovidedifavailable


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ZacharyGetenga,PotentialofBioaugmentationforremediationofpollutedEnvironments,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

MoawyaI.Y.Abdalla,ChangesinChemicalandPhysicalPropertiesofGroundnuts,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

NabilHHBashir,ReductionofPesticidesinAgriculturalProducts,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

EliezerB.Mwakalapa,LevelsofPOPsinMarineFarmedandWildFishfromTanzania,aPilotStudy,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

NegussieMegersa,MiniaturizedAnalyticalTechniquesforEnvironmentallyFriendlyandQuantitativeExtractionofPollutantResiduesfromContaminatedSamples,,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

NegussieMegersa,FarmWorkers'HealthandPesticideResidueAnalysisofThreeFarmsinEthiopia,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

GabrielWasswa, IsothermandKinetic Studieson Sorptionof LambdaCyholothrinOnEburruSoil,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

TheonesteMuhizi,AssessmentofHeavyMetalsinWaterandFishfromDifferentRivers,PondsandLakesinRwanda,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

VaneB.Ondiere,AssessmentofPesticidesContaminationinLakeElementaita Drainage Basin, 9th ANCAP Symposium, University ofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

Onesmus K. Mwaniki, Determining the Pre-Harvest Interval forCarbendaziminControlofFungalDiseasesinFrenchBeans,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

NicholusM.Kasyula,DeterminationofToxicOrganicCompoundsfromWastes Disposal Sites in Nairobi County, 9th ANCAP Symposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

MilkaWafula,PrevalenceOfPesticideResiduesAndPCBs InRawAndDeepFriedFoods,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

KemuntoMercylineMorang’a,PhotodegradationofPentachlorophenol(PCP)PesticideunderDifferentLightEnergiesandExposureTimeonTheSurfacesofSpinachLeavesFromNgaraMarket,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

FredrickO.Keng’ara,AnaerobicdegradationofDDTintwotropicalclaysoils, 9th ANCAP Symposium, University of Nairobi, Kenya 21-24November,2016

Oral No

Clarence A. Mgina, Efficacy of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium,NeorautaneniamitisandGnidiakraussianaagainstLargerGrainBorer(Prostephanus truncatus Horn) andMaizeWeevil (Sitophilus zeamaysMotschulsky)onMaize(ZeamaysL.)GrainSeeds,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No

ElizabethNatoNanjala,AnalysisofPCBsandOCPs in theAmbientAiraroundChiromoCampus,9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

Oral No


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NgomboKevinKinaka,AnalysisofPCBs inHairandSoil fromselectedsiteswithinNairobi

Oral No

J.A.M. Mahugija , **, 9th International Toxicology Symposium in Africa held during07th–08th September 2017at the Constantial Hotel & Suites in Benin City, Nigeria.=

Oral Yes

MginaC.A.The3rdTCSInternationalConferenceand6thFASCCongress,11th15thSeptember2017,Arusha,Tanzania

Oral No

A.J.Mmochi&K.Kombo,Theinfluenceoftidallevelsorlunarcyclesonthe occurrence of natural hazards, The 10th WIOMSA ScientifcSymposiu,30October–4November2017,DaresSalaam,Tanzania

Oral No

A.J. Mmochi, 14 Years ANCAP: Successes, Challenges and The WayForward, The 7th International SEANAC-Africa analytical &environmental chemistry conference, 28th November -1st December2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

O. Munyati, Molecularly Imprinted Solid Phase Extraction (Mispe):AnalysisOfPesticidesResiduesInFood,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

A.S.Sherify,V.O.MadadiandG.N.Kamau,DegradationandAdsorptionofLambdaCyhalothrinOnAthiRiverAndKwaleSoilsAndSedimentsInKenya,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

K.Gomoro,AModifiedSalleCombinedWithLd-DlimeforaMulticlassPesticideResiduesAnalysisinSugarandSoilUsingGasChromatography-MassSpectrometry,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

F.O.Kengara,SutainableSoilRemediation:TheCaseOfWater-Loggingand Compost Amendment For DDT contaminates soils, 10th ANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

N.H.H. Bashir,MothersMilk Contamination, 10th ANCAP Symposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

F.A.Masese,AnalysisofHeavyMetals,OilandGreaseinWaterFromTheNairobi River Basin, , 10th ANCAP Symposium, 2nd – 4th December2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

C.Mirikau,Pedd/F,PcbandHcbInSoilandAshfromBrickProductionSitesinKenya,SouthAfricaandMexico,,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

P.Dzomba,SpeciationandDegradationofTetracycline inTheAquaticEnvironment: Characterization In Terms of Steady State Kinetics thatTakes Into Account Photolytic, Hydrolytic, Microbia Degradation AndAdsorption Onto Colloidal And Sediment Particles, 10th ANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

S.N. Mailu, Determination of Highly Carcinogenic PolyaromatieHydrocarbonsInWaterBasedOnnanoalloys,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

C.A.Mgina,LevelsOfAfatoxinsInSpicesProducedAnd/OrMarketedInZanzibar And Dar Es Salaam, , 10th ANCAP Symposium, 2nd – 4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

R.Sha’Ato,KinetiesandEquilibriaofPesticideSorptiononModelSoilComponents:EquilibriumParametersforMetribuzinandMetolachlorSorption,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes


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T.Muhizi,FoodsandRiskofContaminationDuringPreparation,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

K.J.Mbugua,UtilizationOfRumenFluidInProductionofBio-EnergyFromMarketWasteUsingMicrobialFuelCellsTechnology,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

A.Hassan,Occurrence,andDistributionofCyanobacteriummooreaproducensAffectingSeaweedFarmersInCoastalWatersofTanzania,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

O.Munyati,MolecularlyImprintedSolidPhaseExtraction(Mispe):AnalysisofPesticidesResiduesInFood,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

S.Sherify,V.O.MadadiandG.N.Kamau,DegradationandAdsorptionofLambdaCyhalothrinonAthiRiverandKwaleSoilsandSedimentsinKenya,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

K.Gomoro,T.TolchaandN.MegersA,AModifiedSalleCombinedWithLd-DilmeForAMulticlassPesticideResiduesAnalysisinSugarandSoilUsingGaschromatography-MassSpectrometry, 10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

F.Kengara,SustainableSoilRemediation:TheCaseOfWater-LoggingAndCompostForthatContamin“tedSoil,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

V.Madadi,S.O.Wandiga,P.Shiundu,andC.Mirikau,PerspectivesInAddressingPersistentOrganicPollutantsInAfricaRegion, 10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

F.Orata,OccurrenceOfPerfluoroalkylAcids(Pfaas)AndPharmaceuticalsInSewageSludgeFromNineWasteWaterTreatmentPlantsInKenya,,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

A.Kerandi,DeterminantsOfPhthalateEsterLevelsInHumanBodyFluidsOfNairobiCityAndMashuuruSub-CountyCommunities, 10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

E.M.Osoro,ResidursConcentrationsOrCarbarylPesticideInTomatoesFromHippo,KingfisherAndHarnekopGreenHouseFarmsinThikaAndNaivasha,Kenya,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

F.Kimbokota,RoleOfMaxillaryPalpiInTephritidaeFruitFliesBehaviours,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes

V.B.Ondiere,AssessmentOfPesticidesAndHeavyMetalsContaminationInSoilFromLakeElementaitaDrainageBasin,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral No

M.Zaranyika,DissipationKinetiesofDDTInTropicalSoils:AProposedMulti-PhaseZeroOrderKiseticModelThatTakesIntoAccountEvaporation,Hydrolysis,Photolysis,MicrobialDegradationandAdsorptionBySoilParticulates,10thANCAPSymposium,2nd–4thDecember2017,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya

Oral Yes


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VincentO.Madadi,ShemO.Wandiga,Eric.Odada,Daniel.Olago,Godfrey.A.Wafula,CorinneGaly-Lacaux,JacquelineMcGlade,(2017)EADNAtmosphericDepositionMeasurementsofOzone,Nitrogen,SulphurCompoundsAcrossEquatorialAfricanGreatLakes.LakeVictoriaandThreeGorgesReservoir(TGR)Workshop,5th–8thDecember2017,KisumuHotel,Kisumu,Kenya.

oral Yes

Masese,F.A.,Wandiga,S.O.,Madadi,V.O.andMbui,D.N.,(2017)WaterQualityStatusOfSelectedSourcesOfDomesticWaterInKenya.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya.

oral Yes

AnnahKerandi,ShemO.Wandiga,KennethMavuti,EstherMaina,VirginiaWang’ombe,VincentO.Madadi,(2017)MutagenicityofSolarDisinfected(SODIS)WaterStoredinPlasticsBottles.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya.

oral Yes

CharlesW.MirkauandVincentO.Madad,(2017)DioxinandFuransSourcesintheKenyanEnvironment.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya.

oral Yes

SaliaSherrif,VincentO.Madadi&G.N.Kamau,(2017)DegradationAndAdsorptionOfLambda-CyhalothrinOnAthiRiverAndCoastalSoilsAndSedimentsInKenya.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya

oral Yes

OsoroEM,WandigaSO,MadadiOVandAbong’oDA,)2017)PolybrominatedDiphenylEthers(PBDEs)inNairobiRiver,Kenya.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya

oral Yes

VaneBonareriOndiere,VincentO.Madadi,FredrickO.OduorandAustinA.Aluoch,(2017)AssessmentofPesticidesandNutrientsContaminationinLakeElementaitaDrainageBasin.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya

oral Yes

V.O.Madadi1,3,S.O.Wandiga,C.Mirikau,(2017)ChallengesInAddressingPersistentOrganicPollutantsInAfricaRegion.The10thANCAPSymposium,2nd-4thDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya

oral Yes

V.O.Madadi,E.Odada,S.O.Wandiga1,D.Olago,G.A.Wafula,C.Galy-Lacaux,JacquelineMcGlade(2017)AtmosphericDepositionMeasurementsofOzone,Nitrogen,SulphurCompoundsinDryAcrossEquatorialAfricanGreatLakesbytheEADN.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya.

oral Yes

VincentO.Madadi,ShemO.Wandiga,CharlesMirikau,EnockOsoro,(2017)PerspectivesintoresearchandMonitoringofpersistentOrganicPollutantsandotherpollutantsinAfrica.The7thInternationalSEANACConference,28thNov-1stDec2017,ReefHotel,MombasaKenya

oral Yes

Listconferences/workshops/courses/meetingsorganizedbyyou2016-June2018

Nameofevent,Venue,Dates No.ofparticipants9thANCAPSymposium,UniversityofNairobi,Kenya21-24November,2016

32


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10thANCAPSymposium,Reefhotel,Mombasa,Kenya2nd–4thDecember2017(26part

26


Haveregular,scientificseminarsbeenheldattheinstitution?Ifyes,stateatwhichacademiclevel(BSc,MSc,PhD)andhowfrequent.Nameofseminarseries LevelandFrequencyMarinePollution,SchoolofInternationalTraining(SIT) International

postgraduateAnnually

PostgraduateproposalsanddegreepresentationsinallUniversities MScandPhDs


Describeanyinteraction(meetings,participationincommittees,etc.)withgovernment/society/industry/NGOsinthecountry,intheregionoringlobalconventions,etc.Includingunpublishedreportstoauthorities,mediaexposureandpubliclecturesetc.Weretheoutreachactivitiesonyourinitiativeorbyinvitation?Giveaccountforanytangibleorexpectedeffectsofoutreachactivities,includingpossibilitiesforpolicyinfluence.RegularbroadcastsintheZanzibarGovernmentTelevisionProgramonEnvironmentTanzaniaBureauofStandardsTechnicalCommitteesAfricaRegionalStandardsOrganisationsTechnicalCommitteesTanzaniaNationalEnvironmentalCouncilMeetings


ISPUppsalaUniversitetBox549SE-75121Uppsala,[email protected]

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DeadlineIPPS15August2018

IPICS2September2018

1. Network program)

a) Overall objective (impact) and relevance of the activity: The overall objective of ANCAP is promote postgraduate/scientific training, joint research, staff/scientific exchanges in chemical analyses of pesticides and other pollutants in order to improve food production, and nutrition, alleviate poverty and reduce effects of climate change for sustainable development. The Network will conduct summer schools, symposia, exchange visits, conference support direct research and laboratory maintenance in order to produce the critical mass of scientists and capacity to facilitate achievement of this objective. Most of the ANCAP member countries have a general lack in human and infrastructural capacity leading to low income, pollution and diseases. Therefore development of human and laboratory capacity is very important in achieving global millennium goals in economic development

b) Specific Objectives 1. To initiate, develop and promote research in the area of chemical analyses of pesticides in the

Africa region; 2. To coordinate and maintain inter-and intra-regional links among different research groups 3. To disseminate information pertaining to research on chemical pesticides 4. To promote pesticide chemical analysis research capacity and training programmes 5. To foster and maintain research links with scientists in other parts of the world who are actively

working in specific asreas of chemical analysis of pesticides that are pertinent to Africa and the developing countries in general.

6. To establish the prerequisite policy and implementation mechanisms for co-ordinating the efforts of individual scientists of the region in the area of pesticide chemical analysis research,

7. To initiate and help institutionalise quality assurance programmes for the region’s agricultural, industrial and aquatic products so as to make them competitive on the world market

8. To give advise, based on sound scientific findings, to pertinent decision makers in the region on the use and/or disuse of certain pesticides.

9. To establish cooperation and collaboration with national and international organizations with similar objectives for the promotion of safe-use of pesticide chemicals and their environmental analysis and research c) Specific objectives for the granting period:

1. To develop and promote training and quality research and inrastractural capacity in chemical analyses of pesticides and other pollutants in the member countries

2. To coordinate and maintain inter-and intra-regional links among different research groups involved in pesticide analysis

3. To attract sufficient financial support, other than from ISP, to ensure sustainability. 4. To develop a data base and a newletter on activities related to ANCAP 5. To develop an ANCAP journal on pollution registered with African Online Journals (AJOL) 6. To initiate affirmative action on involvement of women in ANCAP activities

d) Planned outputs and expected outcomes Objective 1: To develop and promote training and quality research in chemical analyses of pesticides

in the member countries 1. 45 students supported to attend summer schools, scientific symposia and other meetings, and/or

research and dissertations/theses/scientific paper writing.


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2. Scientific instruments repaired, laboratory chemicals including standards for functional laboratories acquired

3. At least 2 students graduate their MSc degrees and 1 in PhD in each country by 2021 4. At least 60 scientific publications and 40 conferences attended by 2021

Objective 2:To coordinate and maintain inter-and intra-regional links among different research groups involved in pesticide analysis

1. Three summer schools/scientific symposia organized by ANCAP. 2. Six academicians supported to visit members or laboratories within and outside ANCAP for

research or co-supervision of students. 3. Three students supported for visit laboratories or scientists in and outside the ANCAP member

countries to complete their studies through laboratory work or consultations.

Objective 3. To attract sufficient financial support, other than from ISP, to ensure sustainability.

1. Two Proposals submitted for donor funding 2. One income generating training program developed

Objective 4. To develop a data base and a newletter on activities related to ANCAP

1. ANCAP data base developed and operational 2. Six electronic (bi-annual) newletters published Objective 5:To develop an ANCAP journal on pollution registered with African Online Journals

(AJOL) 1. First issue of ANCAP Journal of Environmental Pollution/ANCAP Journal of Environmental

Pollution and Toxicology developed 2. ANCAP Journal of Environmental Pollution/ANCAP Journal of Environmental Pollution and

Toxicology registered with and hosted in AJOL

Objective 6: To initiate affirmative action on involvement of women in ANCAP activities 1. Gender mainstreaming in place 2. Special proposal on women scholarship submitted

e) Give a summary of the postgraduate education plan

The postgraduate educational activities are done by individual country groups. The network will organize summer schools, symposia/conferences and exchange of students and staff as indicated in the outputs of objectives 1 and 2.

f) Give a summary of the gender perspective on the research and education plans Extra application on improvement of gender balance is submitted as enclosure 4

g) Other expected funding 1. Currently there are no funding available other than ISP. 2. Future funding is expected from donors to whom the proposals are submitted(objective 3),

the income generating training program fees(objective 3) and the special women scholarship (objective 6)

3. Member country universities in kind support in terms of staff salaries, student scholarships, office space, infrastructures and equipped laboratories


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h) Collaboration with other Scientists

Gender (F/M

Title Full name Affiliation and country

F Prof Aunschka Polder Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences, Norway

M Prof Joseph Lalah Technical University of Kenya F Prof Lydia Njenga University of Nairobi M Prof Jan Ludvic Lyche Norwegian School of Veterinary Sciences

Scientific contacts for collaboration you intend to establish with your research group/network in 2019-2021.

i) Postgraduate Students The network does not directly sponsor postgraduate students. The students are sponsored through their research groups. The network only organizes summer schools, symposia/conferences and exchange of students.

j) Justification on budget items Provided in the budget in Section 3 d of the main application form

k) Background

ANCAP was established in July 2002 in Kampala, Uganda, with most dedicated logistical support from the International Program in Chemical Sciences (IPICS), of the International Science Programme (ISP), Uppsala, Sweden with founder members from Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Sudan and Zimbabwe joined the network in 2004 while Nigeria and Rwanda joined in 2014. In its 13 years of existence, ANCAP has had a great impact in the region by organising a global conference on use of pesticides in developing countries, conducting 11 “Summer Schools” on Pesticide Chemodynamics and Residue Analysis and holding 10 regional (Scientific) Symposia. ANCAP also organised an international inaugural conference, 3 regional workshops, 1 African Congress on Pesticide and Toxicology, and 3 international conferences in collaboration with SETAC Africa. ANCAP facilitated exchange of several MSc and PhD students including students who visited University of Dar es Salaam, Makerere University and University of Dhaka to carry out laboratory analyses of samples for determination of pesticide residues.Lastly ANCAP greatly enhanced publication profiles of her researchers in pesticide residue analysis and environmental chemistry in the sub-region, and assisted in the formation of Western Africa Network for Chemical Analysis of Pesticides (WANCAP). Because of these achievements, Prof Michael Kishimba, the founder of ANCAP and former president of SETAC – Africa, was awarded posthumously the SETAC Global Partners Capacity-Building Award in 2012.

ANCAP has therefore developed a number of scientists in the member countries, improved laboratories in the member institutions, trained postgraduate students and technical staff, building bridges of cooperation among members, member institutions and other stakeholders at national, regional and international levels.


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The list, gender and the competence of the available staff leading the network is shown below Gender (F/M)

Given name, family name

Position held/ Function Staff qualifications PhD Other Ac. Supp.

M Dr Aviti John Mmochi Executive Secretary * F Dr. Regina Peter Mtei Assistant Executive Secretary * M Dr John Marco Mahugija Treasurer * M Dr Clarence A. Mgina Program Officer * M Prof Shem Wandiga Board Member, Kenya * F Dr Fikira Kimbokora Board Member, Tanzania * M Dr John Wasswa Board Member, Uganda * M Prof Nabil Bashir Board Member, Sudan * M Prof Mark Zaranyika Board Member, Zimbabwe * M Prof Negussie Megersa Board Member, Ethiopia * M Prof. Rufus Sha’Ato Board Member, Nigeria M Dr Thoneste Muhizi Board Member, Rwanda * F Dr. Deborah Abong’o Board Member, Co-opted

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CURRICULUM VITAE 1.0 PERSONAL DETAILS

Full Name: Aviti John Mmochi Date of Birth: 27th January, 1959 Place of Birth: Moshi Rural District, Kilimanjaro Nationality: Tanzania Marital Status: Married Permanent Address: Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 668 Zanzibar, Tanzania Tel: 255 24 2232128/2230741 Mobile: 0715477200 Fax: 255 24 2233050 Email: [email protected], [email protected]

2.0 ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION

I. UNIVERSITY SN University Degree 1 University of Dar es Salaam PhD (Chemistry) 2001 - 2005 2 University of the Ryukyus (Japan) MSc (Marine Environmental

Chemistry) 1991 - 1993

3 University of Dar es salaam BSc(Ed) Chemistry and Biology 1983 - 1986 Special University Awards Shell-BP Best first year chemistry student,

University of Dar es Salaam, 1984 General Tyres Best overall chemistry student,

University of Dar es Salaam, 1986

3.0 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY 1 Senior Lecturer and Head of Section, Physical and

Environmental Marine Sciences, Institute of Marine Sciences 2012-date

2 Lecturer, Institute of Marine Sciences 2008 - 2012 3 Research Fellow, Institute of Marine Sciences 2005 - 2007 4 Assistant Research Fellow, Institute of Marine Sciences 1990 - 2005 5 Tutorial Assistant, Institute of Marine Sciences 1988 - 1990 6 Teacher Grade 2D, Mwenge High School, Singida 1986 - 1987 7 Teacher Grade 3A Umbwe Secondary School, Kilimanjaro 1981 - 1982

mailto:[email protected]


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4.0 RESEARCH, COORDINATION AND TEACHING ACTIVITIES

1. Head of the Marine Technology and Innovation Section 2018 – Date 2. Head of the Physical and Environmental Marine Science Section 2012 – 2018 3. Coordinator of the Institute of Marine Science Mariculture Centre at Pangani 2012 – Date 4. Teaching MSc by Course Work and Dissertation 2011 – Date 5. Supervising MSc and PhD thesis students from 2005 – Date

5.0 SPECIFIC EXPERIENCES IN FISH FARMING AND OTHER MARICULTURE

ACTIVITIES 1. 1996 – 2003 Initiator and coordinator: Integrated Mariculture Pond System of milkfish,

bivalves and seaweed at Makoba Bay, Zanzibar, which marked the beginning of milkfish and half pearl mariculture in Tanzania

2. 2004 – 2009 Principal Investigator: Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems (SUCCESS), a USAID funded project which developed the pilot 1 Ha ponds in Mkuranga and Bagamoyo in Tanzania which developed three 1 Ha ponds and co-authored the guide to milkfish farming in the Western Indian Ocean Region. The pilot farming produced 1ton per ha of milkfish that earned the farmers 2 million Tzs making the first milkfish millionaire. Comparison with the production cost this indicated a break-even point in the 3rd year

3. 2004 – 2009 Coordinator and Trainer: Fisheries Officers from all coastal districts in Tanzania and recruited farmers in milkfish farming in 5 training workshops of groups of 25-30 each during the SUCCESS program which lead spread of milkfish farming in districts that were not reached directly by the project.

4. 2007 Participant: Survey to assess the impact of small scale community based mariculture activities in Tanzania.

5. 2007 – 2008 Member: National Aquaculture Development Strategy Task Force, which developed the national aquaculture and mariculture development strategies which are currently being implemented by the Department of Aquaculture in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (FAO funded and coordinated)

6. 2008 – 2010 Principal Investigator: Sustainable Milkfish Farming: Cost-Effective Methods to Increase Food Supply, Incomes and Employment in Mtwara/Lindi, Tanga and Pemba Coastal Communities of the Regional Program for the Sustainable Management of the Coastal Zones of the Countries of the Indian Ocean Countries (ReCoMaP I) which developed three pilot 1 Ha ponds one each for milkfish farming in Mtwara, Pemba and Tanga which spilled over to a total of 24 Ha in Mtwara, 9 Ha in Pemba and 5 Ha in Tanga making a total of 38 ha with the highest production of 7.5 tons/ha in Mtwara followed by Pemba 4 tons/ha and an average of 1.5 tons/year.

7. 2008 – 2010 Coordinator: Systematic training of a total of 76 farmers and fisheries officers in five 1 week long training workshops at each loci ahead of each fish farming implementation stage that included site selection, pond development engineering, pond

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preparation and stocking, pond management and harvesting, and marketing during the ReCoMaP I project. The farmers were also trained in crab fattening.

8. 2008 – 2010 Coordinator: Assessment of opportunities and actual milkfish, crabs fattening, seaweed and half pearl farming production in Tanzania including baselines and production of maps for integrated management of mariculture activities in Bagamoyo, Mkuranga, Rufiji, West B and Mtwara Districts.

9. 2009 – 2012 Coordinator: ReCoMaP II project (working with NGOs, Power and Electric Company and Rural Energy Agency) on development of low cost, environmentally friendly energy to improve efficiency in current mariculture systems in selected villages in Mtwara, Zanzibar, Pemba and Tanga, Tanzania which installed 2 wind turbines one each in Mtwara for marine water pumping and Zanzibar for domestic water pumping and shell polishing. The wind patterns for Kiuyu in Pemba and Kivindani in Tanga were also assessed for possible installation of wind turbines.

10. 2009 – 2012: Coordinator: ReCoMaP II, 5 training workshops conducted at each station, two each targeting the users of the wind turbines responsible on general operations, the technicians from the nearby Vocational Education Training Authority (in Mtwara and Tanga), Irrigation Department and Government Motor Garage (Zanzibar) and Association of Zanzibar Salt Processing Associations (Pemba) on maintenance and trouble shooting. Nine Women in Pemba were trained on pearl polishing.

11. 2009 – date: Founder and Coordinator: Institute of Marine Sciences Mariculture Centre at Pangani in 2009 in which I co-supervised 7 MScs in marine tilapia farming experiments from 2011- 2016, produced 1 PhD in 2017 and is currently hosting one of the two planned national centres for broodstock enhancement and breeding in Tanzania under the Directorate of Aquaculture in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Tanzania. The centre is currently training 4 PhDs in broodstock enhancement and breeding for marine tilapia species and 2 MScs for marine tilapia fingerling production and growth rate studies, 2 MScs in bacterial and 1 MSc in fungal infections in marine tilapia hatcheries

12. 2009 Investigator: Sida project “training and outreach in mariculture and climate change” responsible for the marine tilapia farming and related activities at Pangani mariculture centre

13. 2011 – 2015 Advisor: Mtwara Fish Farmers Association (Umoja wa Wafugaji wa Samaki Mtwara – UWASA), an NGO that started with 404 members (37.6% women) from 30 fish farming groups in 2011 and by 2014 had 188 (39.9% women) farmers from 21 groups.

14. 2011 Consultant to SWISSAID: Development of proposals and coordination of activities for UWASA for a 5 year project on milkfish farming in Mtwara the leading milkfish producer district in Tanzania at 6 tons and an average of 0.9 tons/Ha in 2013.

15. 2013 – 2018 Node Leader for University of Dar es Salaam: NORAD supported project on Capacity Building for Training and research in Aquatic and Environmental Health in Eastern and Southern Africa (TRAHESA) responsible for integrating veterinary and aquaculture. The project hosted at Sokoine University of Agriculture is training two PhDs and 4 MScs in aquatic health in each of its 5 namely Universities of Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, Zambia, Makerere and SUA in collaboration with Norwegian University of Life Sciences.

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16. 2014 – 2017 Investigator: Building Stronger Universities through Integrated Agriculture and Aquaculture Project for University of Dar es Salaam and Sokoine University of Agriculture in Tanzania, and Kwame Nkurumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana with funds from DANIDA.

17. 2015 Consultant: Two weeks training of selected milkfish farmers from Kilifi, Mombasa and Kwale counties on milkfish farming including aquaculture in general, site selection, pond construction, pond fertilization pond management, harvesting, preservation and marketing.

18. 2015 Consultant: Evaluation of a suitable site, partners and assessement of the feasibility for milkfish hatchery establishment and designs of a milkfish hatchery for Kilifi County including drawings, costs of construction and running the hatchery for 2 years.

19. 2016 Key Stakeholder: Attended the stakeholders meetings at Zanzibar Ocean View and Zanzibar Beach Resort as an expert to discuss the FAO proposal on construction of the milkfish, crab and sea cucumber hatchery at SUZA. I was also on behalf of IMS asked to and made comments on the FAO write up on the proposed hatchery at SUZA as well as the document on the possible environmental impact of the project on the environment.

20. September 2017 - June 2018 Appointed FAO Senior National Consultant and Acting Chief Technical Advisor and Project Manager for the KOICA funded and FAO executed Marine Multi-species Mariculture Hatchery and overseer of the Zanzibar Mariculture Development Project

21. MS Node Leader and Supervisor in Anthropology and Toxicology Training Project on relationships between ecosystem exposures of anthropogenic toxicants and chemical management strategies (waste handling and regulatory efforts).social processes related to the release and spread of toxicants, and activities leading to exposure and harmful effects, as well as local and international risk-containing and regulation efforts from January 1st, 2018 to December 31st, 2021.

6.0 CONSRULTANCYAND PUBLIC SERVICE ACTIVITIES 6.1 GENERAL ACTIVITIES

1. More than 20 years research and extension experience on pond milkfish and marine tilapia farming including pond construction, feed and feed formulation, pond water quality management, marketing and economics

2. More than 12 years’ experience in seaweed farming and related activities including research on seaweed die-offs, raft farming (floating farm systems), seaweed farming economics and dema trap fisheries in floating farm systems.

3. More than 12 years’ experience in shellfish and half pearl farming, shell polishing, marketing and general entrepreneurship

4. Long term experiences in proposal writing and project coordination on the environment including zoning plans and governance bylaws

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6.2 SPECIFIC ACTIVITY REPORTS

1. Mmochi A.J. 2017 Annual Report December 2016-November 2017 for the KOICA funded and FAO executed Zanzibar mariculture development Project

2. Mmochi A.J. 2018 Annual Report December, 2017 – June 2018 for the KOICA funded and FAO executed Zanzibar mariculture development Project

3. Mmochi A. J. 2016 Evaluation of a suitable site and partners and assessment of the feasibility for milkfish hatchery establishment, design and costs of the hatchery. Mission report to FAO Kenya-TCP/KEN/3502. 19 pp +3 Annexes

4. Mmochi A. J. 2016. Training report in milkfish farming. Mission report to FAO Kenya-TCP/KEN/3502. 23 pp

5. Mmochi, A. J. 2015. Evaluation of the state of milkfish farming and cattle keeping activities in Mtwara District. Report submitted to SWISSAID Tanzania July, 2015. 22 pp

6. Mmochi A. J. 2011. Feasibility Study for Finfish Project in Mtwara District. Report submitted to SWISSAID vide contract between SW TA and Dr Aviti Mmochi for carrying out a feasibility study on milkfish/finfish project in Mtwara June/July, 2011. 25 pp.

7. Mmochi, A. J. Jiddawi, N. Maalim, M. K. and Yahya, S. 2002. The occurrence of fish mortality in the North East Coast of Zanzibar. The final report requested for and submitted to the Fisheries Department, Zanzibar, 6th May, 2002.

8. Mmochi, A. J. 2001. The occurrence of fish mortality in the North East Coast of Zanzibar. Preliminary report requested for and submitted to the Fisheries Department Zanzibar, 11th December, 2001.

9. Mmochi A.J., 1998. SKANSKA Jensen International to determine the proper dosage of chlorination by doing coliform analyses from 9th July to 9th September, 1998

10. Mmochi, A. J. 1996. Environmental considerations for developing aquaculture farms at Pete. Report submitted to Mr Sherali Champsi an entrepreneur intending to developing aquaculture at Pete, Unguja, Tanzania. 21 pp.

11. Mmochi, A. J. 1996. Environmental considerations for possibilities of shellfish aquaculture at Makoba bay, Unguja, Tanzania. A report submitted to Prisons Department in Zanzibar 16 pp.

7.0 EXHIBITIONS

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1. Exhibitor and Winner: 6th prize in the 1st University of Dar es Salaam wide Research Week Exhibition with a theme “Milk Fish Farming: Utilization of Research Results for Improved Livelihood” in 2015 among 48 competitors from the 16 units of the University

2. Exhibitor and Winner: 2nd prize at the unit level (IMS) in the 1st University of Dar es Salaam Research Week Exhibition with a theme “Milkfish farming: Utilization of Research Results for Improved Livelihood” in 2015

3. Exhibitor: University of Dar es Salaam Pavilion in the Dar es Salaam International Trade Fair on theme finfish, shellfish, half pearl, seaweed farming and value addition from 2007 – 2016

4. Exhibitor: 50th Anniversary of the Revolutionary Government of on finfish, shellfish, half pearl, seaweed farming and value addition, SUZA, Nkurumah Grounds, Zanzibar 2014

5. Exhibitor: 50th Anniversary of the United Republic of Tanzania on finfish, shellfish, half pearl, seaweed farming and value addition, Mnazi Mmoja Grounds, Dar es Salaam, 2011

6. Exhibitor: Zanzibar International Trade Exhibition, Tunguu, Zanzibar Mariculture, 200

8.0 Participation in Video Production

1. Two 30 minutes video series televised by Zanzibar Broadcasting Corporation the Zanzibar Government Television, Environment Program on the management and use of pesticides in the retail shops and farms, October 2016.

2. Two minutes video news broadcast on marine finfish aquaculture by Azam TV, in 5th July 2016 following interview in University of Dar es Salaam Pavilion on the Dar es Salaam International Trade Exhibition, Dar es Salaam.

3. Twenty five minutes video televised by Kasim Mikongolo of Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation the Government Television in Tanzania on milkfish farming in Mtwara Tanzania during the laying of a foundation stone for Mbuo fish farm developed by ReCoMaP and launched by the Mtwara District Development Director for Mtwara District in October, 2009

4. Pearl farming and pearl polishing in Zanzibar. 20 minutes video produced by IMS, 2007 5. Pearl farming, shell polishing and entrepreneurship. 12 minutes made by Sprague for

WIOMSA and CRC, 2008 6. Seaweed farming and value addition in Zanzibar. Video developed by IMS with

stakeholders from the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar, Tusife Moyo Group at Kidoti and value addition stakeholders from seaweed farming and value addition experts on the 2nd August, 2006. 12 minutes.

7. Fish mortality in Makoba bay. 20 minutes video at IMS, 2000 8. Man and the environment (In Swahili) 15 minutes videos on "that were televised on

Television Zanzibar's Sunday program Tumwabudu Mungu by the Catholic Church in December 3rd and 17th, 1995.

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9.0 PUBLICATIONS A: Papers in international journals

1. Mwakalapa, E.B., Mmochi, A.J., Müller, M.H.B., Mdegela, R.H., Lyche, J.L.,Polder, A., 2018. Occurrence and levels of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in farmed and wild marine fish from Tanzania. A pilot study, Chemosphere (2018), doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.

2. Mapenzi, L.L. and Mmochi, A.J. 2016 Role of Salinity on Growth Performance of Oreochromis niloticus♀ and Oreochromis urolepis urolepis♂Hybrids. J Aquac Res Development 7: 431. doi:10.4172/2155-9546.1000431. Impact factor 1.3 and 2.47 (5 year).

3. Mapenzi L.L. and Mmochi, A. J. 2016. Effect of Stocking Density on Growth Performance of Hybrids of Oreochromis niloticus♀ and Oreochromis urolepis♂ in Saline Water. WIO Journal of Marine Science 15 (2) 2016 67-74

4. da Silva, M., Stadlinger, N., Mmochi, A. J. Lundborg C.S. and Marrone, G. 2016. Pesticide use and self-reported health symptoms among rice farmers in Zanzibar, Journal of Agromedicine, 21:4, 335-344, DOI: 10.1080/1059924X.2016.1211572

5. Mmochi, A.J. 2016 Community-Based Milkfish Farming in Tanzania. WIO Journal of Marine Science 15 (1) 2016 99-103

6. Hamed, S. S., Jiddawi, N. S., Bwathondi, P. O. J., Mmochi, A. J. 2016. Effect of feeding frequency and feeding rate on growth performance of juvenile silver pompano, Trachinotus blochii. WIO Journal of Marine Science 15 (1) 2016 39-47

7. Ulotu, E., Mmochi, A. J. and Lamtane, H.A. 2016. Effect of Salinity on the Survival and Growth of Rufiji Tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis urolepis) Fry. WIO Journal of Marine Science 15 (2) 2016 31-37

8. Nyanda, F., Mtei, R. P., Mohammed, S. M. and Mmochi, A.J. 2016. Nutrient and Bacteria Concentrations in the Coastal Waters off Zanzibar Town. WIO Journal of Marine Science 15 (2) 2016 9-17

9. Stadlinger, N., Mmochi, A.J. and Kumblad, L. 2013. Weak governmental institution impairs the management of pesticide import and sales in Tanzania. AMBIO 42 (1) 42:72-82.

10. Alex, N., Mmochi, A. J. and Mtolera, M. 2013 Survival and Growth of Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis urolepis urolepis (Order Perciformes; Family Cichlidae) in Seawater. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. Vol. 12. No. 1, pp. 37-45, 2013 © 2014 WIOMSA

11. Moynihan, M. A., Baker, D. M. and Mmochi, A. J. 2012. Isotopic and microbial indicators of sewage pollution from Stone Town,Zanzibar, Tanzania Marine Pollution Bulletin 64 (2012) 1348–1355

12. Ishengoma, E.B., Jiddawi N.S., Tamatama, R.A. and Mmochi, A. J. 2011. Wild Black-lip Pearl Oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) Spat Collection in Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean J. Mar. Sci. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 49-57, 2011

13. Stadlinger, N., Mmochi, A. J., Dobo, S. Gyllba¨ck E and Kumblad, L. 2011. Pesticide use among smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania, Environ Dev Sustain 13 (3) pp. 641-656

14. Haws, M., Crawford, B., Ellis,S., Jiddawi, N., Mmochi, A., Gaxiola-Camacho, E., Rodriguez-Dominguez, G., Rodriguez, G., Francis, J., LeClair, C.R., Saborio, A.,

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Hernandez, N., Sandoval, E., Dabrowski, K., Portella, M.C. and Jaroszewska, M. 2010. Aquaculture research and development as an entry-point and contributor to natural resources and coastal management. Coastal Management, Volume 38, Issue 3 May 2010, pages 238 – 261

15. Sulivan K.A., Mmochi, A.J., Crawford, B. 2010 Food security and poverty alleviation through milkfish farming: Is Tanzania ready? World Aquaculture, 2010, 50-58Robadue, D. Bowen, R., Caille, G., Paez, D. and Mmochi, A. 2010. How digital is What Divides Us? Global Networks of Practice for Coastal Management. Coastal Management, Volume 38, Issue 3 May 2010, pages 291 - 316

16. Rice M.A., Mmochi, A.J., Lugazo, Z. and Savoie, R.M. 2006. Aquaculture in Tanzania. World Aquaculture 37(4):50-57.

17. Kishimba M.A. Henry, L., Mwevura, H., Mmochi, A.J. Mihale, M. and Hellar, H. 2004. The Status of Pesticide Pollution in Tanzania. Talanta, 64 (2004) 48-54.

18. Ngusaru A. S. and Mmochi A. J. 2003. Salt balance, freshwater residence time and budget for non conservative materials for Makoba bay during wet season. Tanz. J. Sci. Vol, 29(2) pp 71-79 (2003)

19. Mmochi A. J. and Mwandya, A. W. 2013. Water quality in the integrated Mariculture Pond systems (IMPS) at Makoba Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean J. of Mar. Sci. Vol. 2(1) pp 15-23(2003)

20. Mmochi, A. J., Dubi, A. M. Mamboya, F. and Mwandya, A. 2002. Water quality variations in Makoba integrated mariculture pond system. Western Indian Ocean J. of Mar. Sci. Vol. 1(1) pp 53-63 (2002).

21. Mmochi, A. J. and Mberek R.S 1998. Trends in the types, amounts and toxicity of pesticides used in Tanzania: Efforts to control pesticide pollution in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Ambio vol. 27 No. 8 Dec. 1998. pp 669-676.

22. Mmochi, A.J. and Tokuyama, A. 1994. Role of mangroves in nutrient and sediment fluxes in Gesashi River, Higashi village, Okinawa, Japan. Proceedings of the VII Pacific Science Inter-congress, Mangrove session. International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems and Organising committee of VII Pacific Science Inter-Congress, pp 87-89.

B: Books, Chapters in a book, Conference Proceedings & Research Reports

1. Lamtane, H.A., Shoko, A.P., Madalla, N.A., Limbu, S.M., Ulotu, E.R., Lugomela, C.V., Nyomora, A.M.S., Kitula, R., Mmochi, A. J., Onyango, P.O., Bwathondi, P.O.J. na Ngoile, M. 2017. Mwongozo wa mseto wa ufugaji samaki, kuku na kilimo cha mboga mboga. Printed by Printkarjamer LTD, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 67 pp. ISBN: 978-9976-5099-0-8.

2. Mmochi A. Chapter 22. Mariculture. In UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA 2015. The Regional State of the Coast Report: Western Indian Ocean. UNEP and WIOMSA, Nairobi, Kenya, 546 pp. pp 289 – 303

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3. Yona G. and Mmochi, A.J. 2014. Case Study 1: The development of mariculture activities as an alternative livelihood option for coastal communities: Milkfish farming in Kilwa and Mtwara districts, United Republic of Tanzania pp 9-13 In UNDESA, UN-DOALOS/OLA, IAEA, IMO, IOC-UNESCO, UNDP, UNEP, UNWTO (2014): How oceans- and seas-related measures contribute to the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development: Local and regional experiences. Online publication. 109 pp.

4. Mohammed S. M., Stadlinger, N., Mmochi, A. and Kumblad, L. 2012. Nutrients and Pesticide Pollution in Chwaka Bay. In People, Nature and Research in Chwaka Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania, de la Torre-Castro, M. and T.J. Lyimo (eds.). pp. 147-141. ISBN: 978-9987-9559-1-6. Zanzibar Town: WIOMSA

5. Shoko, A. P., Lamtane H. A. Wetengere, K. Kajitanus. O. O., Msuya, F. E., Mmochi, A. J. and Mgaya, Y. D. 2011. The status of Development of Aquaculture in Tanzania, East Africa. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecosystem Conservation and Sustainable Development (ECOCASD 2011). Natarajan et al., (eds.,), 468p. Organized by Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia, 10-12, Feb.2011.

6. Troell, M., Hetcht, T., Beveridge, M., Stead, S., Bryceson, I., Kautsky, N., Ollevier, F. and Mmochi, A. 2011. Mariculture in the WIO Region "Challenges and Prospects" Proceedings from the Workshop on Mariculture, December, 2011. WIOMSA Book Series No 11. 72 pp.

7. Troell, M., Hetcht, T., Beveridge, M., Stead, S., Bryceson, I., Kautsky, N., Ollevier, F. and Mmochi, A. 2011. Mariculture in the Western Indian Ocean region. In Troell, M., Hetcht, T., Beveridge, M., Stead, S., Bryceson, I., Kautsky, N., Ollevier, F. and Mmochi, A. Part 1: Introduction. Mariculture in the WIO Region "Challenges and Prospects" Proceedings from the Workshop on Mariculture, Decembar, 2011. WIOMSA Book Series No 11. pp. 1-5

8. Mmochi, A. J. Overview of aquaculture activities in Tanzania. In Troell, M., Hetcht, T., Beveridge, M., Stead, S., Bryceson, I., Kautsky, N., Ollevier, F. and Mmochi, A. 2011. Mariculture in the WIO Region "Challenges and Prospects" Proceedings from the Workshop on Mariculture, December, 2011. WIOMSA Book Series No 11. pp. 9-11

9. Troell, M., Hetcht, T., Beveridge, M., Stead, S., Bryceson, I., Kautsky, N., Ollevier, F. and Mmochi, A. 2011 Mariculture in the Western Indian Ocean region. In Troell, M., Hetcht, T., Beveridge, M., Stead, S., Bryceson, I., Kautsky, N., Ollevier, F. and Mmochi, A. Part V: Discussion. Mariculture Development In the Western Indian Ocean-some conclusions from the workshop. In Proceedings from the Workshop on Mariculture, December, 2011. WIOMSA Book Series No 11. pp. 57-59

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10. Robadue, D. Bowen, R., Caille, G., Paez, D. and Mmochi, A. 2010. Global networks of practice for coastal management: Lessons from experience. Basins and coastal news. http://www.imcafs.org/. pp. 44 – 49.

11. Mmochi, A.J. 2010. Sustainable Milkfish Farming: Cost-Effective Methods to Increase Food Supply, Incomes and Employment in Mtwara/Lindi, Tanga and Pemba Coastal Communities. Report Sumbitted to WIOMSA vide Contract No: ReCoMaP/07/01/408. 28 pp

12. Mmochi A. J. 2010. Development of low cost, environmentally friendly energy to improve efficiency in current mariculture systems in selected villages in Tanzania. Final Narrative Report of the Project submitted to WIOMSA vide ReCoMaP/12771/273

13. Requintina, E.D., Mmochi, A.J. and Msuya F.E. 2008. A guide to milkfish farming in the Western Indian Ocean Region. Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, Institute of Marine Sciences and Coastal Resources Center of the University of Rhode Island. WIOMSA book series 38 pp.

14. Msuya, F.E., Shalli, M.S., Sullivan, K., Crawford, B., Tobey J. and Mmochi A.J. 2007. A Comparative Economic Analysis of Two Seaweed Farming Methods in Tanzania. The Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association. www.crc.uri.edu, www.wiomsa.org. 27p.

15. Sullivan, K. Mmochi, A.J. and Crawford, B. 2007. An Economic Analysis of Milkfish Farming in Tanzania: Potential for Economic Development and Policy Issues. The Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems Program. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island and the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association. www.crc.uri.edu, www.wiomsa.org. 23p.

16. Msuya, F. E and Mmochi A. J. 2007 Inventory of small scale mariculture in Tanzania. Report submitted to WIOMSA. 32 pp.

17. Ngowo, R. Jiddawi, N.S. Mmochi, A.J. and Crawford, B. 2007. Management plan for the cockle fishery on the fumba peninsular - Fumba, Bweleo and Nyamanzi villages. Report submitted to Menai Bay Conservation Area and Bylaws adopted by the three villages. 46 pp

18. Torell, E., Mmochi, A.J. and Spierling, P. 2006. Bagamoyo governance baseline. Coastal Resource Centre, University of Rhode Island. 24 pp. www.crc.uri.edu, www.wiomsa.org and www.ims.udsm.ac.tz

19. Torell, E., Mmochi, A.J. and Palmigiano K. 2006. Menai Bay governance baseline. Coastal Resource Centre, University of Rhode Island. 18 pp. www.crc.uri.edu,www.wiomsa.org and www.ims.udsm.ac.tz

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20. Torell, E. and Mmochi, A.J. 2006. Mkuranga governance baseline. Coastal Resource Centre, University of Rhode Island. 18 pp. www.crc.uri.edu www.wiomsa.org and www.ims.udsm.ac.tz

21. Mmochi, A.J., Shaghude, Y. W. and Msuya, F.E. 2005. Comparative Study of Seaweed Farms in Tanga, Tanzania. Report submitted to ACDI/VOCA SEEGAAD for a short term technical assistance contract No. J 409. 40 pp.

22. Kishimba M. A. and Mmochi A. J. 2005 Marine Science for Management (MASMA) Programme report of the regional workshop on ecotoxicological monitoring and control in the Western Indian Ocean Coastal Marine Environment, February, 14-16, 2005, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Report submitted to WIOMSA. 66 pp.

23. Mmochi, A.J. 2005 Chemodynamics of Pesticide Residues and Metabolites in Zanzibar Coastal Marine Environment, PhD Thesis, University of Dar es Salaam, 238 pp.

24. Kite-Powell, H. Jiddawi, N. and Mmochi, A.J., 2005. Integrated Seaweed and Shellfish Farming on Zanzibar: A pilot project. Final Report to the McNight Foundation, April 2005. 12 pp.

25. Mmochi, A.J., Dubi, A. N., Jiddawi, N.S., Kyewalyanga, M.S. Jiddawi, N.S., Msuya, F.E. and Ngazy, Z. 2014. Advances in mariculture of finfish, shellfish and seaweed in Tanzania. Report of Stakeholders Workshop Held at Mazson’s Hotel From 25th-27th October, 2004.

26. Mmochi, A.J. Mozes, N., Powell, H., Dubi, A.M., Gordin, H., Jiddawi, N., Kissil, G., Msuya, F. and Mwangamilo, J. 2001. Design and preliminary results of an integrated mariculture pond system (IMPS) at Makoba, Zanzibar, Tanzania. In Richmond, M.D. and Francis J. Proceedings of the 20th Anniversary on Advances of Marine Sciences in Tanzania. WIOMSA Book Series No. 1 pp 431-450 (2001).

27. Mmochi, A.J., Tobey, J., Jiddawi, N. and Masalu, D. 2001. Establishing the status of the environment and environmental changes in Tanzania Coastal waters for sustainable management and exploitation of natural resources. In Richmond, M.D. and Francis J. Proceedings of the 20th Anniversary on Advances of Marine Sciences in Tanzania. WIOMSA Book Series No. 1, 2001.

28. Ngusaru, A.S and Mmochi, A. J. 2001. Estuaries of Tanzania and Kenya; Makoba Bay, Zanzibar. In Dupra, V., Smith S.V., Crossland, J.J.M and Crossland, C.J. Estuarine Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa: Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fluxes. UNEP, LOICZ Reports and Studies No. 18, Texel. pp. 14-19.

29. Guard, M., Mmochi, A.J. and Horrill, C. Tanzania. In Shepard, C.R.C. (Ed) 2010. Seas at the Millenium: An environmental evaluation. Pergamon, Amsterdam, 2000. pp 83 – 98

30. Mmochi, A.J, Mtolera, M.S.P., Shunula, J.P. and Ndaro, S,G.M. 1999. Anthropogenically induced changes in groundwater outflow and quality, and the functioning of Zanzibar




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nearshore ecosystem part 1. In GROFLO Final Report part 2 1999. Anthropogenically induced changes in groundwater outflow and quality and the functioning of Eastern African Nearshore Ecosystems. Individuals Partner Reports INCO-DC: International Cooperation with Developing Countries 1994-1998. 135-173 pp.

31. Mmochi, A. J. 1998. Pesticide and nutrient pollution of the ground water outflow to the near shore waters of Zanzibar Island, the case of Chwaka bay, Paje, Fumba and Mahonda-Makoba basin. In Hemminga, M. A. 1998 antropogenically induced changes in groundwater outflow and quality, and functioning of the near shore ecosystems. Second annual activity report of the INCO project for the period of November, 1997 to April, 1998. 54 - 56 pp.

32. Mmochi, A. J., Dubi, A.M., Msuya, F.E., Jiddawi, N., Mozes, N., Gordin, H. and Bhai, A. 1997. Environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of integrated mariculture pond system at Makoba Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania. EIA submitted to the Department of Environment and Commission of Natural Resources, Zanzibar. Institute of Marine Sciences Series 1997/04

33. Mmochi, A. J. 1997. Pesticide and nutrient pollution of groundwater outflow to the near shore water of Zanzibar Island, the case of Chwaka bay, Paje, Fumba and Makoba bay. In Hemminga, M. A., Anthopogenically induced ground water outflow and quality, and the functioning of Eastern African near shore ecosystems. First annual report of the INCO project. Yerseke 117 - 122 pp.

34. Mozes, N. and Mmochi A. J. 1997. Models of integrated mariculture systems in different technological environments. GIFRID Annual Reports for 1997. IOLR Reports E13/97.19 pp.

35. Mmochi, A.J., Mwaipopo, O.U., Mtolera, M., Muhando, C. and Msuya, F.E. 1996. Environmental considerations for developing aquaculture farms at Pete, Unguja, Tanzania. Report submitted to the secretariat of UNESCO/IOC and the president of WIOMSA. IMS Series. 54 pp.

36. Mmochi, A.J. 1993. Ecology of mangrove ecosystems: Role of mangroves in dissolved inorganic nutrient fluxes, sediment budgets and litter supplies to Gesashi Bay, Higashi Village, Okinawa, Japan. Thesis submitted for partial fulfilment of MSc in Chemistry, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. 82 pp.

9.0 Co-supervision – Completed studies in Mariculture

1. Mulokozi D. P. L. 2016. Spirulina (Arthrospira spp) culture and its use as a protein source in Oreochromis pangani Lowe (1955) mariculture.

13

2. Ndaro M.C.K 2015. Bio-filtration Performance of Doum Palm (Hyphenae compressa) Fronds and Effective Microorganisms in Intensive Mariculture system, MSc Dissertation, IMS.

3. Mtaki, K. 2015. Percentage Male Tilapia Fingerling Growth and Survival Rate of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) female crossed with Rufiji Tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis urolepis) Male Hybrids Reared at Different Salinities, MSc Dissertation, IMS, 78 pp.

4. John M. 2015. Effect of Different Dietary Protein Sources on Growth Performance of Zanzibar Tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum.

5. Ulotu E. 2014. Development of Hatchery and Production of Tilapia Fingerlings for Mariculture Development, MSc Thesis, IMS

6. Hassan, A. 2011. Acclimatization, Survival and Growth Rates of Pangani Tilapia (Oreochromis pangani) in Different Salinities in TANZANIA. MSc Dissertation in partial fulfillment of Master of Science (Marine Sciences) of the University of Dar es Salaam.

7. Alex, N. 2011. Survival and growth rates of estuarine tilapia in marine environment for mariculture development. Master of Science Dissertation (Marine sciences) of the University of Dar es Salaam

10.0 Co-supervision – Ongoing studies

1. Mwakalapa, E. Z. 2014 Chemical Pollutants, Biotoxins and Diseases in Aquaculture. PhD sandwich proposal

2. Leornard L. 2015 Effects of Salinity, Temperature, Stocking Density and Dietary Probiotics on Growth Performance of Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis urolepis Hybrids. PhD Proposal

3. Magalaya, L. 2015 Sex ratio, growth performance and survival rate of hybrids from female Oreochromis niloticus and male Oreochromis urolepis hornorum reared at different salinities. MSc C. D. proposal.

4. Silas, G. Acclimatization, Survival and Growth rates of Zanzibar tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis hornorum Trewavas, 1966) at different salinities. MSc C. D. proposal.

5. Mohamed, H. Comparative adsorption performance of pesticides (dichlorvos) and heavy metal (zinc) by coal and its effect on the survival and growth performance of Zanzibar tilapia (Oreochromis urolopis hornorum). MSc C. D. proposal

6. Suleiman, F. A. Prevalence and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus on fresh Indian mackerel in Unguja Island. MSc C. D. proposal

7. Masoud U.A. Determination of prevalence and associated risk factors of Photobacterium damselae, Streptoccocus iniae and (Vibrio vulnificus) as zoonotic pathogens from farmed milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Zanzibar. MSc C. D. proposal

14

8. Simon C. 2016 Genomic selection for growth rate and disease resistance of Rufiji tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis urolepis) and hybrids (Oreochromis urolepis x Oreochromis niloticus). PhD sandwich proposal

Date: August, 2018 Signature:

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. PERSONAL PARTICULARS

Name: Dr. Regina Peter

Nationality: Tanzanian

Contact address: Chemistry Department,

University of Dar es Salaam

P. O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Tel: + 255 783269526

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

B. ACADEMIC BACKGROUND

2005-2011: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA; Ph.D.

(Chemistry). Title: Spectroscopic and Electronic Structure Studies of Bis-

Metallodithiolenes.

2002-2004: University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana; M.Sc. in Chemistry

(Natural Product). Title: Phytochemical Investigation and Biological

Activities Studies on Gardenia volkensii.

1999-2002: University of Dar-es-Salaam, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; B.Sc.

(Chemistry and Marine Biology). Title: Characterization of the Landward

Side of Fungu Yasin Patch Reef, the Survival and Growth Rates of Coral

Transplants.

1997-1999: Dar es Salaam Teachers’ college, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Diploma in

Education (Chemistry and Biology).

C. POSITION HELD AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

1. Feb 2013 – todate: Lecturer at the Chem. Dept. University of Dar es Salaam.

2. May 2011- Feb 2013: Lecture at the Institute of Marine Sciences, Zanzibar.

3. Feb 2005 - May 2011: Assistant Lecturer at the Institute of Marine Sciences,

Zanzibar.



D. RESEARCH AND TEACHING EXPERIENCES

1. Jan 2007-May 2011: Research Assistant at Department of Chemistry &

Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico.

2. Aug 2005-Dec 2006: Teaching Assistant at Department of Chemistry & Chemical

Biology, University of New Mexico.

3. Aug 2002-Aug 2004: Isolation and Characterization of Bioactive Natural Products

from Gardenia volkensii, University of Botswana.

E. MEMBERSHIP

1. 2013-todate: Member of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

(SETAC) Africa

2. 2009-todate: Member of American Chemical Society (ACS).

3. 2005-todate: Member of Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association

(WIOMSA).

4. 2003-todate: Member of Natural Product Research Network for East and Central

Africa (NAPRECA).

F. CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / WORKSHOPS ATTENDED

1. Analytical Chemistry Course under the Programme to Strengthen Cooperation

with Africa, Organized by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical

Weapons (OPCW), Pretoria, South Africa; April 30th – May 11th, 2012.

2. 237th American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition, Salt Lake City,

Utah, USA; March 22nd – 26th, 2009.

3. Regional Coral Reef Targeted Research (CRTR) and Capacity Building Project

Planning Workshop, Zanzibar, Tanzania; March 8 - 9th, 2005.

4. Intervarsity Chemistry graduate students seminar (University of Botswana,

University of North West and University of Potchefstroom). University of

Potchefstroom, South Africa; Nov 5th, 2003.

5. SEANAC (Southern & Eastern Africa Network of Analytical Chemistry.

Workshop, Gaborone, Botswana; July 5th-6th 2003.

6. SEANAC (Southern & Eastern Africa Network of Analytical Chemistry.

Conference, Gaborone, Botswana; July 7th – 10th, 2003.

G. ORAL PRESENTATION

1. Regina P. Mtei and Martin L. Kirk. Electronic Structure Contributions to Vectorial

Electron Transfer in Arsenite Oxidase. Paper Presentation at 237th American

Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA;

March 22nd – 26th, 2009. (Index # 0616).

H. PUBLICATIONS

1. John Andrew Marco Mahugija, Auguster Kayombo and Regina Peter (2017)

Pesticide Residues in Raw and Processed Maize Grains and Flour from

Selected Areas in Dar es Salaam and Ruvuma, Tanzania.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.014

2. Frank Nyanda, Regina P. Mtei, Salim M. Mohammed, Aviti J. Mmochi (2016)

Nutrient and Bacteria Concentrations in the Coastal Waters off Zanzibar Town.

WIO J. of Mar. Sci. 15 (2 ):9-17

3. Regina P. Mtei, Eranda Perera, Benjamin Mogesa, Benjamin Stein, Partha Basu

and Martin L. Kirk. (2011) A Valence Bond Description of Dizwitterionic

Dithiolene Character in an Oxomolybdenum-Bis(dithione) Complex. Eur. J. of

Inorg. Chem. 36:5467-5470. DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201101084

4. Kelly G. Matz, Regina P. Mtei, Rebecca Rothstein, Martin L. Kirk and Sharon J.

Nieter Burgmayer. (2011) Study of Molybdenum(4+) Quinoxalyldithiolenes as

Models for the Noninnocent Pyranopterin in the Molybdenum Cofactor. Inorg.

Chem. 50 (20):9804-9815 DOI: 10.1021/ic200783a

5. Regina P. Mtei, Ganna Lyashenko, Benjamin Stein, Rubie Nick, Russ Hille and

Martin L. Kirk. (2011) Spectroscopic and Electronic Structure Studies of a

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductase Catalytic Intermediate: Implications for Electron-

and Atom- Transfer Reactivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc, 133 (25):9762-9774 DOI:

10.1021/ja109178q.

6. Regina P. Mtei (2011) Spectroscopic and Electronic Structure Studies of Bis-

Metallodithiolenes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque,

New Mexico, USA. 292 pp. http://hdl.handle.net/1928/12884.

7. Hideki Sugimoto, Hiroyuki Tano, Koichiro Suyama, Tomoya Kobayashi, Hiroyuki

Miyake, Shinobu Itoh, Regina P. Mtei and Martin L. Kirk. (2011)

Chalcogenidobis(ene-1,2-dithiolate)molybdenum(IV) Complexes (Chalcogenide

E = O, S, Se): Probing Mo E and Ene-1,2-dithiolate Substituents Effects on


Geometric and Electronic Structure. Dalton Trans, 40 (5):1119-1131 DOI:

10.1039/C0DT00871K.

8. Hideki Sugimoto, Susumu Tatemoto, Koichiro Suyama, Hiroyuki Miyake, Regina

P. Mtei, Shinobu Itoh and Martin L. Kirk. (2010) Monooxo Molybdenum(VI)

Complexes Possessing Olefinic Dithiolene Ligands: Probing Mo-S Covalency

Contributions to Electron Transfer in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Reductase Family

Molybdoenzymes. Inorg. Chem. 49 (12):5368-5370 DOI: 10.1021/ic100825x.

9. Kelly G. Matz, Regina P. Mtei, Belinda Leung, Sharon J. Nieter Burgmayer and

Martin L. Kirk. (2010) Noninnocent Dithiolene Ligands: A New Oxomolybdenum

Complex Possessing a Donor-Acceptor Dithiolene Ligand. J. Am. Chem. Soc,

132 (23):7830-7831 DOI: 10.1021/ja100220x.

10. Regina P. (2004) Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Activities Studies

on Gardenia volkensii. M.Sc. Dissertation, University of Botswana, Gaborone,

Botswana. 122 pp.

11. Regina P. (2002) Characterization of the Landward Side of Fungu Yasin Patch

Reef, the Survival and Growth Rates of Coral Transplants. B.Sc. Project Report

University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 46 pp.

I. STUDENTS SUPERVISION

1. Angelina Isaack Makaye (ongoing) Investigations on Levels of Selected Heavy

Metals in Paints from Selected Industries in Dar Es Salaam. M.Sc. Dissertation.

2. Philipo Husein (ongoing) Assessment of Levels of Pesticide Residues in Honey

from Tabora, Singida and Dodoma. M.Sc. Dissertation.

3. Frank Nyanda (2015) Levels, Distribution and Fate of Pollutants in the Coastal

Waters Off Zanzibar Town. M.Sc. Thesis. Institute of Marine Sciences, University

of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

4. Auguster Kayombo (2014) Assessment of Levels of Pesticides Residue in Raw

and Processed Maize Grains and Flour from Selected Areas in Dar es Salaam

and Ruvuma. M.Sc. Dissertation. Chemistry Department, University of Dar es

Salaam, Tanzania.

5. Richard Paul Clement (2013) Phytochemical Investigations and Biological

Analyses on Launaea cornuta (Hochst. Ex Oliv. & Hiern) C. Jeffrey, 1966. M.Sc.

Thesis. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

6. Stephano Hanolo (2013) Phytochemical Investigations and Antimicrobial

Analysis of Caesalpinia Bonduc (L.) Roxb. M.Sc. Thesis. Institute of Marine

Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Signature……… ………..

ANCAP ABSTRACTS 2016

PESTICIDE USE AND SELF-REPORTED HEALTH SYMPTOMS AMONG RICE FARMERS IN ZANZIBAR

Marisa da Silva, Nadja Stadlinger, Aviti J. Mmochi, Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg, Gaetano Marrone

Journal of Agromedicine, 2016, 21(4): 335-344,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2016.121157

Abstract The agrarian population in low- and middle-income countries suffers from a number of adverse health effects due to pesticide exposure. In Zanzibar, the government subsidizes pesticides to enhance local rice production. The objectives of this study were to assess Zanzibar smallholder rice farmers’ pesticide use and self-reported health symptoms in relation to pesticide exposure, training, and use of protective measures and to raise awareness for future local policy formulation. An exploratory cross-sectional interviewer-administered study was conducted among 99 rice farmers. Participants were selected based on convenience sampling and stratified by expected exposure category. The study participants reported using pesticides in World Health Organization (WHO) Class II. Of pesticide users, 61% reported one or more symptoms of possible acute pesticide poisoning. Only 50% of pesticide users had received training in safe handling and application of pesticides, but those who had displayed a higher use of protective measures. Farmers who did not use protective measures were more likely to have reported skin irritation and headache, which, together with eye irritation, were the most commonly reported acute symptoms. The main sociodemographic differences between the expected exposure categories of pesticide users and nonusers were in gender and education level. Scaling up of training in safe handling and application of pesticides is needed. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanisms behind the choice to use pesticides or not.

FEASIBILITY OF AN ENHANCED WASHING PROCESS TO EXTRACT PBDES/HEAVY METALS/ANTIBIOTICS FROM ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

GENE-AFFECTED SOIL WITH AQUEOUS DNA FOLLOWED BY MICROBIAL AUGMENTATION

Mao Ye, Mingming Sun, Jinzhong Wan, Yu Zhao, Shanni Xie, Da Tian, Feng Hu, Huixin Li,

Lianggang Zong, Fredrick Orori Kengara, Jiang Xin

Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2016, 16(3): 954–965 doi:10.1007/s11368-015-1291-3

Abstract

Purpose Remediation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)/heavy metals/antibiotics mixed contaminated soil with high abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has being greatly challenging.

Materials and methods An elevated soil washing procedure was developed to investigate the potential of applying DNA solution to extract PBDEs, Cu, Pb, tetracycline, and sulfadiazine from a high abundance of ARG-affected soil, followed by microbial augmentation to restore the microbiological functioning of washed soil. Results and discussion Two successive washings with 15 g L−1 DNA solution plus ultrasonication (25 kHz for 15 min) were optimal for extracting 80.6 % BDE28, 85.2 % BDE47, 64.7 % Cu, 60.3 % Pb, 100 % tetracycline, and 100 % sulfadiazine. Simultaneously, the ARG abundance decreased to the level of 10−7–10−8 (ARGs copies/16S copies). Moreover, combined treatment with PBDE-degrading bacteria inoculation and nutrient application for 3 months to the second washed soil resulted in the further degradation of residual BDE28 and BDE47. Furthermore, the bacterial community composition was restored and the transfer risk of residual pollutants was limited, as indicated by high-throughput sequencing technology analysis and heavy metals stability model evaluation. Conclusions The combined cleanup technology is an environmentally friendly and effective technology to remediate mixed contaminated soils.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CUPRESSUS LUSITANICA AND EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA LEAF ESSENTIAL OILS AND BIOACTIVITY AGAINST MAJOR

INSECT PESTS OF STORED FOOD GRAINS

Philip K. Bett, Arop L. Deng, Joshua O. Ogendo, Samuel T. Kariuki, Maud Kamatenesi-Mugisha, Joel M. Mihale, Baldwyn Torto

Industrial Crops and Products, 2016, 82: 51–62 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.12.009

Abstract

The leaf essential oils from Cupressus lusitanica, Miller and Eucalyptus saligna, Smith obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed by GC/MS and also screened for their insecticidal and repellent effects against adult Tribolium castaneum, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Sitotroga cerealella and Sitophilus zeamais. The C. lusitanica oil contained mainly umbellulone (18.38%) and α-pinene (9.97%) whereas the E. saligna oil was dominated by α-pinene (24.40%) and 1,8-cineole (24.26%). Bioassays showed that of the four insect species tested, A. obtectus and S. cerealella were the most susceptible to the oils, with LC50 values of 0.05–0.11% v/w in contact toxicity and 4.07–7.02 µl/L air in space fumigation. Except in T. castaneum with percentage repellence (PR) values of 65–92.5%, the other test insects recorded PR values less than 30%. The PR values decreased with exposure time in all insects except in T. castaneum. Our results show that C. lusitanica and E. saligna essential oils are promising insecticides and repellents to be used against insect pests of stored food grains.

FUNCTION OF NITRATE ION AND TEA SAPONIN APPLICATION RATES IN ANEROBIC PAH DISSIPATION IN PADDY SOIL

Mingming Sun, Mao Ye, Fangyuan Shen, Jingjing Xu, Chenglong Ye, Li Yu, Feng Hu,

Huixin Li, Xin Jiang, Fredrick Orori Kengara

CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water, 2016, 44(6): 667–676 DOI: 10.1002/clen.201400545

Abstract

In the present study, KNO3 and tea saponin (TS) were applied to investigate systematically the potential impact of their concentrations on dissipation of anerobic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in paddy soils. After 150 days of incubation, the highest removals for total, 3-, 4-, and 5(+6)-ring PAHs were 84.3, 92.3, 85.6, and 69.3%, respectively, with the simultaneous application of 50 mM KNO3 and 2% TS, w/w. Moreover, using response surface methodology, the theoretical maximum removal for total PAHs in the 80–100% range can be achieved at>35 mM KNO3 and>1.5% TS, w/w. Meanwhile, Tenax1TA extraction and a first-three-compartment model method demonstrated that TS (w/w, 2%) could serve as an effective bioaccessibility-enhancing agent to increase the rapidly and slowly desorbing fractions of PAHs from 6 and 12% in the control to 29 and 42% (p<0.05), respectively. In addition, proper concentrations of KNO3 and TS in soil could enhance soil microbial characteristics, including denitrifying bacterial count, nitrate reductase activity, and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, suggesting at least the partial restoration of microbial biological function to the soil after remediation. The results are important in understanding the anerobic PAH dissipation in paddy soils.

HISTORICAL DEPOSITION OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN LAKE VICTORIA AND TWO ALPINE EQUATORIAL LAKES FROM EAST

AFRICA: INSIGHTS INTO ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION FROM SEDIMENTATION PROFILES

Kenneth Arinaitwe, Neil L. Rose, Derek C.G. Muir, Bernard T. Kiremire, John S. Balirwa,

Camilla Teixeira

Chemosphere, 2016, 144: 1815–1822 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.061

Abstract

Information on historical deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) for African lakes is very limited. We investigated historical deposition trends and sources of POPs in sediment cores from Lakes Victoria (SC1), Bujuku (Buju2) and Mahoma (Maho2). The latter two lakes are situated in the Rwenzori mountain range in western Uganda. SC1 was taken from a central depositional area within the Ugandan part of the lake. Profiles in Buju2 and Maho2 were used as a reference for historical atmospheric deposition. For the post-1940 sediment deposits in SC1, average focusing factor-adjusted fluxes (FFFs) of ΣDDTs, polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) and chlordanes (ΣCHLs) were 390, 230, 210 and 120 ng m−2 yr−1. Higher fluxes of ΣDDTs, ΣPCBs, and ΣCHLs were observed in Buju2 and Maho2. The average FFF of HCB in Buju2 was the highest while the values for Maho2 and SC1 were similar. The endosulfan FFFs in SC1 were lower than in the alpine lake cores. Generally, Buju2 was a better reference for historical atmospheric deposition of POPs

than Maho2 probably due to distortion of the latter's profile by Lake Mahoma's forested catchment. Profiles of p,p’-DDE, ΣCHLs and HCB in SC1 were consistent with atmospheric deposition while profiles of PCBs and HCHs were indicative of particle-bound loadings from additional sources. Profiles of endosulfans, DDTs, and chlordanes were consistent with influence of other factors such as anoxia, and dilution. Further studies of spatial resolution of historical deposition, especially in near-shore deposition areas of the lake are recommended.

AQUATIC GLOBAL PASSIVE SAMPLING (AQUA-GAPS) REVISITED: FIRST STEPS TOWARD A NETWORK OF NETWORKS FOR MONITORING ORGANIC

CONTAMINANTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

Rainer Lohmann, Derek Muir, Eddy Y. Zeng, Lian-Jun Bao, Ian J. Allan, Kenneth Arinaitwe, Kees Booij, Paul Helm, Sarit Kaserzon, Jochen F. Mueller, Yasuyuki Shibata, Foppe Smedes,

Manolis Tsapakis, Charles S. Wong, and Jing You

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 51 (3): 1060–1067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05159

Publication Date (Web): December 16, 2016

Abstract Organic contaminants, in particular persistent organic pollutants (POPs), adversely affect water quality and aquatic food webs across the globe. As of now, there is no globally consistent information available on concentrations of dissolved POPs in water bodies. The advance of passive sampling techniques has made it possible to establish a global monitoring program for these compounds in the waters of the world, which we call the Aquatic Global Passive Sampling (AQUA-GAPS) network. A recent expert meeting discussed the background, motivations, and strategic approaches of AQUA-GAPS, and its implementation as a network of networks for monitoring organic contaminants (e.g., POPs and others contaminants of concern). Initially, AQUA-GAPS will demonstrate its operating principle via two proof-of-concept studies focused on the detection of legacy and emerging POPs in freshwater and coastal marine sites using both polyethylene and silicone passive samplers. AQUA-GAPS is set up as a decentralized network, which is open to other participants from around the world to participate in deployments and to initiate new studies. In particular, participants are sought to initiate deployments and studies investigating the presence of legacy and emerging POPs in Africa, Central, and South America.

LEGACY AND CURRENTLY USED PESTICIDES IN THE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT OF LAKE VICTORIA, EAST AFRICA

Kenneth Arinaitwe, Bernard T. Kiremire, Derek C.G. Muir, Phil Fellinc, Henrik Li, Camilla

Teixeira, Drake N. Mubiru

Science of The Total Environment, 2016, 54(A): 9–18 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.146

Abstract

The Lake Victoria watershed has extensive agricultural activity with a long history of pesticide use but there is limited information on historical use or on environmental levels. To address this data gap, high volume air samples were collected from two sites close to the northern shore of Lake Victoria; Kakira (KAK) and Entebbe (EBB). The samples, to be

analyzed for pesticides, were collected over various periods between 1999 and 2004 inclusive (KAK 1999–2000, KAK 2003–2004, EBB 2003 and EBB 2004 sample sets) and from 2008 to 2010 inclusive (EBB 2008, EBB 2009 and EBB 2010 sample sets). The latter sample sets (which also included precipitation samples) were also analyzed for currently used pesticides (CUPs) including chlorpyrifos, chlorthalonil, metribuzin, trifluralin, malathion and dacthal. Chlorpyrifos was the predominant CUP in air samples with average concentrations of 93.5, 26.1 and 3.54 ng m− 3 for the EBB 2008, 2009, 2010 sample sets, respectively. Average concentrations of total endosulfan (ΣEndo), total DDT related compounds (ΣDDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (ΣHCHs) ranged from 12.3–282, 22.8–130 and 3.72–81.8 pg m−3, respectively, for all the sample sets. Atmospheric prevalence of residues of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) increased with fresh emissions of endosulfan, DDT and lindane. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and dieldrin were also detected in air samples. Transformation products, pentachloroanisole, 3,4,5-trichloroveratrole and 3,4,5,6-tetrachloroveratrole, were also detected. The five most prevalent compounds in the precipitation samples were in the order chlorpyrifos > chlorothalonil > ΣEndo > ΣDDTs > ΣHCHs with average fluxes of 1123, 396, 130, 41.7 and 41.3 ng m− 2 sample− 1, respectively. PeCB exceeded HCB in precipitation samples. The reverse was true for air samples. Backward air trajectories suggested transboundary and local emission sources of the analytes. The results underscore the need for a concerted regional vigilance in management of chemicals.

TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTLY POLLUTED DAM WATERS SPIKED WITH PESTICIDES ON FRESHWATER SNAILS LYMNAEA NATALENSIS

Majaya Rachel Delfina, Donald Tapfuma, Sanele Mnkandla, Norah Basopo

International Journal of Chemistry, 2016, 8(3): 1-8

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v8n3p1

Abstract Pesticides extensively used in agricultural fields to ensure high quality crop yields indirectly find their way to aquatic bodies where they affect aquatic biota. We investigated the effects of pesticides in different dam waters on esterase enzyme activity of the freshwater snail species Lymnaea natalensis. Groups of adult snails were exposed to 0.006 ppm chlorpyrifos and 0.003 ppm aldicarb in polluted water from Umguza dam and relatively pristine water from Hillside dam for 14 days. Carboxylesterase, acetylcholinesterase and arylesterase activities were measured. Both pesticides caused significant inhibition of esterase activity after the 14 day exposure period, with exposures to Umguza dam water showing higher inhibition as compared to exposures to Hillside dam water. Aldicarb and chlorpyrifos both showed a time-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity, the former causing a higher inhibitory effect as compared to the latter. Acetylcholinesterase was inhibited up to 80% following exposure to aldicarb while exposure to chlorpyrifos in Umguza water caused only 40% inhibition. Carboxylesterases were similarly inhibited with higher inhibition observed in snails exposed to Umguza dam water when compared to snails exposed to Hillside dam water, while arylesterases were inhibited in the range 80-90%, with an exception of chlorpyrifos spiked Hillside dam water which caused 45% inhibition. Contaminated Umguza dam water also appeared to enhance the effects of pesticides when compared to the relatively pristine Hillside dam water. Alteration of esterase activity can be used as an early warning signal indicating exposure to environmental pollutants. The results of this study therefore,

highlight the adverse effects of pesticides on non-target aquatic organisms, evidenced by the inhibition of esterase activity.

EFFECTS OF SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ON QUALITY OF GRAVITY FLOW WATER IN KYANAMIRA SUB-COUNTY,

KABALE DISTRICT, UGANDA

Hannington Ngabirano, Denis Byamugisha, Emmanuel Ntambi

Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2016, 8: 1297-1309, ISSN Online: 1945-3108

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.813099

Abstract The effect of seasonal variations in physical parameters on quality of gravity flow water was investigated in Kyanamira Sub-County, Kabale District, Uganda. The seasonal variations in the physical parameters (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, colour, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total suspended solids (TSS)) were determined during wet and dry seasons. Composite samples from gravity flow water sources were collected monthly from March to August, 2014 and then analyzed. Temperature was measured using thermometer; pH, EC and TDS were determined using a multimeter, turbidity, colour and total suspended solids were determined by spectrophotometric method. TDS, pH and temperature were the most contributing parameters to water quality variations in both seasons. The mean pH values varied between 3.78- 4.84 from March to August, 2014 at all study sites. These pH values were consistently below the WHO permissible range of 6.5- 8.5. Similarly, total suspended solids varied between 0.66- 2.17 mg·L−1and were well above the recommended WHO limit of zero mg·L−1 at all study sites. Turbidity mean values varied between 0.83- 3.7 NTU and were outside the recommended limits of 3 NTU at Kigata (3.7 NTU) only. Temperatures (20.3 oC- 21.15 oC) for all the study sites were within the recommended limit of 20 oC - 30 oC in water for domestic purposes. The mean values of physical parameters for the wet season were: temperature (21.12 oC), colour (12.5 PtCoU), turbidity (3.4 NTU), TDS (76.76 mg·L−1), TSS (2.13 mg·L−1), pH (4.19) and EC (152.7 µS·cm−1) were different from those of the dry season (temperature (20.99 oC), colour (0.93 PtCoU), turbidity (0.53 NTU), TDS (77.33 mg·L−1), TSS (0.67 mg·L−1), pH (4.86) and EC (158.65 µS·cm−1). Basing on these findings above, it was evident to justify discouraging the use of gravity flow water at these study sites for domestic purposes without proper treatment.

MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMERS FOR THE ANALYSIS AND REMOVAL OF POLYCHLORINATED AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN THE

ENVIRONMENT: A REVIEW

Elizabeth N. Ndunda and Boris Mizaikoff

Analyst, 2016, 141: 3141-3156 DOI: 10.1039/C6AN00293E

Abstract

Synthetic receptors and in particular molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are gaining relevance as selective sorbent materials and biomimetic recognition elements for analyzing polychlorinated aromatic compounds (PACs) in the environment. PACs are still ubiquitous

toxic pollutants requiring their continuous environmental assessment for protecting humans and animals from exposure. Since nowadays most PACs occur at ultra-trace concentration levels and in complex matrices, the selectivity of MIPs renders them ideally suited for facilitating either sample pre-treatment and quantitative enrichment, or acting as biomimetic recognition elements as an integral component of corresponding sensing schemes. Due to the diversity of PACs, imprinting polymers for these constituents appears particularly challenging. This review focuses on prevalent strategies towards successfully templating polymer materials towards polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxy forms, chlorophenols, dioxins and furans, and organochlorine pesticides, and successful applications of the polymer materials in monitoring of these compounds at trace-levels in real-world environmental matrices. Discussed are also group-selective sorbents for facilitating simultaneous detection and quantification of PACs

ADSORPTION OF VOLATILE POLAR ORGANIC SOLVENTS ON WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) ROOT BIOMASS: THERMODYNAMIC

PARAMETERS AND MECHANISM

N. Mukaratirwa-Muchanyereyi, J. Kugara, M.F. Zaranyika

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2016, 13(8): 1941–1950

doi:10.1007/s13762-016-1016-1

Abstract The adsorbent properties of dried water hyacinth root biomass towards four polar solvents (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and acetone) were studied by inverse gas chromatography between 40 and 70 °C. The enthalpy of adsorption values obtained for the adsorption of the four solvents on untreated root biomass range from −51.234 kJ mol−1 for acetone, an amphoteric solvent, to −74.658 kJ mol−1 for dichloromethane, an acidic solvent. Mineral acid and organic solvent treatment led to reduction in the values of the enthalpy of adsorption for all four solvents. The Lewis acidity parameters calculated from the enthalpy of adsorption values were 0.408, 0.267 and 0.356, while the corresponding Lewis basicity parameters were 3.76, 1.80 and 2.34, respectively, for untreated, mineral acid-treated and organic solvent-treated water hyacinth root biomass. The Lewis basicity parameter-to-Lewis acidity parameter ratios for the untreated, acid-treated and organic solvent-treated biomass

were found to be 9.22, 6.74 and 6.57, respectively, indicating (a) that all the surfaces of the untreated, mineral acid-treated and organic solvent-treated water hyacinth root biomass are basic in nature and (b) that for all volatile polar solvents studied, the adsorption interaction involves the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the solvent as the electron acceptor and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the water hyacinth root biomass surface adsorbent site as the electron donor.

SURFACE COMPOSITION AND SURFACE PROPERTIES OF WATER HYACINTH (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) ROOT BIOMASS: EFFECT OF

MINERAL ACID AND ORGANIC SOLVENT TREATMENT

Netai Mukaratirwa-Muchanyereyi, Jameson Kugara, Mark Fungayi Zaranyika

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2016, 15(21): 897-909 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2015.15068, ISSN 1684-5315

Abstract

The surface composition and surface properties of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) root biomass were studied before and after extraction with dilute nitric acid and toluene/ethanol (2/1, v/v) followed by ethanol, using Fourier Transform Infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. FT-IR absorption bands were obtained at 3421, 2855, 1457 and 1035 cm-1 (O-H stretch, C-H vibration, C-H asymmetric deformation, and C-O stretch, respectively) and 1508, 1541 and 1559 cm-1 (all aromatic skeletal vibrations characteristic of lignin), as well as a C=O carboxylate stretch vibrational band at 1654 cm-1. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the root biomass to be amorphous and not to have a strongly structured surface. The dilute mineral acid and organic solvent treatment increased crystallinity. Thermogravimetric analysis Studies show that the treated biomass are more thermally stable than the untreated biomass. Data are presented showing that dilute mineral acid and organic solvent treatment resulted in a decrease in the amount of lignin in the biomass. The implications of the decrease in the percentage of lignin on the adsorption of volatile polar organic solvents and non-polar n-alkane hydrocarbons is discussed. EVALUATION OF ACARICIDAL EFFICACY OF SYNADENIUM GLAUCESCENS

(EUPHORBIACEAE) AGAINST BOOPHILUS SPECIES

Vitus Alberto Nyigo, Robinson Hermmerton Mdegela, Hamisi Massanja Malebo, Faith Philemon Mabiki and Gerda Fouche

Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2016, 10(21): 278-285

DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2016.6099, ISSN 1996-0875

Abstract Synadenium glaucescens is a traditional medicinal plant used by some communities in Tanzania for the management of various diseases in animals and human including the use for control of ticks in cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the ‘acaricidal effect’ of extracts from this plant on Boophilus decoloratus and B. microplus. The methodology involved the use of larval and adult immersion tests. Results indicated low larvicidal (corrected mortality 37.5%) and adulticidal (corrected mortality 33.33%, LC50 666.91) activities respectively for methanol and ethanol extracts from leaves. Other extracts of this

plant showed a non-significant activity of mortality. Thus, it is not recommended for field trials, rather additional research is needed to determine its potentials especially using fresh plant material

HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN AGRICULTURAL FARMS IN HOMA HILLS HOMA BAY COUNTY, KENYA

Teresa Akenga, Vincent Sudoi, Walter Machuka, Emmy Kerich

International Journal of Science and Research, 2016, 5(10): 1164-1669

DOI: 10.21275/ART20161170, ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Abstract Intensified agricultural activities in Kenya over the past few years has led to an increased and persistent use of fertilizers, pesticides, manure, use of machinery in order to increase yield for economic development and achieve the goals of vision 2030. Large quantities of agrochemicals are regularly added to soils in intensive farming systems to provide adequate nutrients for plant growth. The compounds used to supply these elements contain trace amounts of heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb) as impurities, which, after continued fertilizer application may significantly increase their content in the soil. There is need to study impact of intensive use of use of agrochemicals in the farms. Therefore, this study set out to determine the concentrations of the different heavy metals in the soil from agricultural farms of Homa Hills, Homa Bay County. The soil samples were obtained from two agro-ecological zones LM3 (Lower Midland3) and LM4 (Lower Midland 4) zone, around the areas of intense maize farming. Six farms in each zone were randomly selected to obtain soil samples. Sampling was done twice; for the dry and wet seasons. Different samples were also collected at two different sampling depths (0-10cm and 11-20cm) for each sampling point. The concentrations of selected heavy metals for each sample were determined using Inductive couple plasma. Data was presented using tables and figures. T-test was used to compare the variation of heavy metal concentration in the different agro-ecological zones and the different sampling depths. The results obtained showed that the mean concentration of Pb, Cd, Co, Zn and Cu ranged between 17.7–31.7 ppm, 7.3–8.3 ppm, 2.5–5.0 ppm, 4.5–30.5 ppm, 10.7–13.3 ppm respectively in LM3at the depth of (0-10cm and 11-20cm). In LM4 the mean concentration of Pb, Cd, Co, Zn and Cu ranged between17.75–35.5 ppm, 7.08–8 ppm, 4.9–5.3 ppm, 4.25–17.16 ppm, 12.41–19.25 ppm respectively at the depth of (0-10cm and 11-20cm. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, and Pb in soil sample exceeded WHO limits. The 10–20 cm depth had higher concentrations as compared to 0–10 cm sampling depth this could be due to leaching of heavy metals to the lower strata. Finally, the concentrations were higher during the wet season as compared to the dry season. From the findings, farmers are from this area are advise to avoid using chemicals that introduce such elements to the soil.

MORINGA OLEIFERA AND CERAMIC FILTERS FOR ESCHERICHIA COLI AND TURBIDITY REMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER

Jane W. Macharia, Shem O. Wandiga, Lydia W. Njenga, Vincent O. Madadi

Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC), 2016, 9(5): 46-55

e-ISSN: 2278-5736.

Abstract: Porous ceramic filters were prepared by incorporating burnout material into the clay and their efficiency in removal of turbidity and Escherichia coli tested. Moringa oleifera seeds were also tested for their biocoagulant and phytodisinfectant ability in purifying water. The filters reduced E. coli from 390±10 CFU/ml to 0.00 - 0.03 CFU/ml corresponding to an efficiency range of 99.1 to 100%. Turbidity reduced from 64.13±0.75 NTU to 0.92-1.77 NTU equivalent to 97.2 - 98.6% reduction. M. oleifera seeds reduced turbidity of artificially turbid at 100 NTU to 0.83 NTU corresponding to a 99.2 %. With naturally occurring turbid water at initial turbidity of 22.2 NTU, the residue turbidity was 4.02 NTU indicating lower removal efficacy. 1g/l of the seeds reduced E. coli load from 260 CFU/ml to 14.5 CFU/ml equivalent to 94.4% removal. De-oiling the seeds and using the seed cake residue showed similar efficiency in turbidity removal.

CLIMATE CHANGE DETECTION ACROSS ALL LIVELIHOOD ZONES IN THARAKANITHI COUNTY

V Gioto, S. Wandiga and C. Oludhe

J. Meteorol. Related. Sci., 2016, 9(2) 11-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20987/jmrs.2.08.2016

Abstract

Kenyan agriculture is largely rain-fed and principally dependent on rainfall. According to FEWS NET report for Kenya in August 2010 based on historical data from 70 rainfall stations and 17 air temperature stations to interpolate the long-rains precipitation and temperature trends for all of Kenya from 1960 to 2009 (Funk et al, 2010). The FEWS NET report indicates that in Kenya long-rains traditionally occur between March and June and short rains in October to December. The authors report that Kenya has experienced trend of decreasing rainfall and rising temperatures as Sudan. In Central Kenya, one of the country’s key agricultural regions, the area receiving adequate rainfall to support reliable rain-fed agriculture has declined by roughly 45 per cent since the mid 1970s (Funk et al, 2010). This study investigates change in temperature and rainfall pattern across all livelihood zones in TharakaNithi County. Data was collected for 39 years (1976 - 2015) period for the area of Study and in addition divisions were made to three non overlapping climate period of 30 years (1982 - 1991, 1992 – 200 and 2002 - 2012). The data were subjected to Gaussian kernel analysis, moments, regression, and non-parametric approaches based on Mann-Kendal statistics to justify any change in the average monthly and annually rain fall and temperature trend. The results indicate common change points and transitions from wet to dry (upward shift). The test indicates rainfall variation over the study area is significant (p= 0.05). The study recommended on the use of the information for Agricultural development and general socio-economic improvement.

METHANE AND HEAVY METALS LEVELS FROM LEACHATES AT DANDORA DUMPSITE, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA.

Tsuma J P E, Wandiga S O, Abong’o D A.

IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2016, 9(9): 39-46

e-ISSN: 2278-5736.

Abstract Rate of urbanization in Kenya has increased, resulting to increased generation of solid and liquid wastes. This has increased the use of landfills and dumpsites to manage wastes as well to reduce pollution. Landfills and dumpsites are the contributing sources of methane into the atmosphere and heavy metals in the environment. This study was to quantify the levels of methane and heavy metals in leachates from Dandora dumpsite, in Nairobi County. Methane and leachates samples were collected from twenty and ten sampling sites representative of the Dandora dumpsite, in a period of six months from November 2012 to April 2013. The sampling periods presented the short, dry and wet rainy seasons. This was to determine the effect of seasons on the level of analytes. Leachates were scooped from ten sampling trenches in Dandora dumpsite to analyse level of heavy metals viz Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. Methane was collected using head space chambers. The levels of zinc metal were highest, at 3.58x105 µg/kg in November and lowest at 4.6x104 µg/kg in April. Levels of lead were also considerably high, ranging from 4.65x104 µg/kg in November to 9.58x103 µg/kg in April. Copper metal levels ranged from 1.61x104 µg/kg in November to 5.57x103 µg/kg in April. Nickel metal levels ranged from 7.92x103 µg/kg in November to 1.18x103 µg/kg in April. Levels of chromium metal were between 7.04x103 µg/kg in March to 1.43x103 µg/kg in November. Cadmium was only found at three sampling sites in December with total mean concentration 9.0x101 µg/kg. The part of dumpsite covered by vegetation, the inactive sites had lowest level of methane. The levels of methane ranged from below detectable level to as high as 3.78x106 µg/kg. Methane flux ranged from 0 ≤4.89x104 µg C m-2 h-1. It was found that the part of the dumpsite covered by vegetation, bear dry ground or/and the inactive site had lowest levels of methane or no methane was detected.

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES RESIDUES IN WATER AND SEDIMENT FROM RUSINGA ISLAND, LAKE VICTORIA, KENYA

Osoro EM, Wandiga SO, Abongo DA, Madadi V O and Macharia J W.

IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2016, 9(9): 56-63.

e-ISSN: 2278-5736.

Abstract This study was carried out to investigate the organochlorine pesticide residue level in representative sites in Rusinga Island of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Sediment and water samples from five sites along the shores of Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria were collected and analysed for selected organochlorine pesticides (OCP) using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector and confirmed using GC/MS. The pesticides targeted were p,p’-DDT, γ- HCH, α- HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, endrin, endrin, aldehyde, endosulfan sulfate, methoxychlor and endosulfan. The samples were collected seasonally between the months of September 2012 to May 2013. The residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in water samples during

dry season ranged between BDL to 9.84±1.20µg/L. The levels in wet season ranged between below detection limit (BDL) to 15.53±0.20 µg/L. Organochlorine pesticide detected in sediment during dry season ranged between BDL to 32.91 ± 3.84. Wet season the levels ranged between below detection limit (BDL) to 24.84±2.65 µg/Kg. The present result shows that organochlorines pesticides are still detected in our environment which can negatively affect our environment. This study provides baseline data on the levels of OCP residues in sediment and water from Lake Victoria. This will inform policy makers on the quality of water of Lake Victoria Basin as well as supplement the country’s studies as an obligation for all parties to the Stockholm Convention on POPs. TITANIUM (IV)OXIDE-TUNGSTEN (VI) OXIDE COMPOSITE NANOPARTICLES

HAS PHOTO-CATALYTIC POTENTIAL TO DEGRADE SELECTED HEAVY METALS AND PESTICIDES POLLUTANTS IN WATER

Wandiga S.O., Kamau G.N., Mbugua S.N.

International Journal of Photocatalysis. Photon 2016, 121: 235-245.

Abstract

Provision of potable water for rural and peri-urban communities remains a challenge in Africa. Removal of selected heavy metals and pesticides from water by nanoparticle photocatalysts of Tungsten (VI) Oxide doped onto Titanium (IV) Oxide surface give an alternative point of use purification system. Experiments to determine the composite nanoparticle efficacy on degradation of heavy metals and pesticides were performed under UV/VIS illumination using PHILIPS lamps emitting between 350-600nm as energy source. Solid Phase Extraction and GC-MS were used for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides namely; α-HCH, β-Lindane, BHC and for δ-HCH. Two heavy metals; copper and lead, were selected for their common occurrence in ground water, and were used as sample heavy metal pollutants. Results on heavy metals showed 98.77% of copper (II) ions and 97.48% of lead (II) ions removal efficiency from water. Results on pesticide photocatalysis showed a residual fraction for α-HCH-0.0517, β-Lindane- 0.0900 and BHC- 0.0176 after a four hour photocatalysis period. δ-HCH was not detected, implying either a complete mineralization, or, below the detection limit of the instrument used. The composite photo-catalytic potential offers an alternative less costly process for water purification.

SINGLE DROP MICROEXTRACTION ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUE FOR SIMULTANEOUS SEPARATION AND TRACE ENRICHMENT OF ATRAZINE

AND ITS MAJOR DEGRADATION PRODUCTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS FOLLOWED BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION

Alula Yohannes, Tesfaye Tolesa, Yared Merdassa and Negussie Megersa

Journal of Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques, 2016, 7(5): 1-8

DOI: 10.4172/2155-9872.1000330

Abstract In this work, a method of single drop microextraction (SDME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) was studied for trace level enrichment as well as simultaneous determination of atrazine (ATZ) and its major degradation products such as desethylatrazine (DEA) and desisopropylatrazine (DIA)

in environmental waters. The main factors influencing the extraction procedure including types and volume of extraction solvent, sample stirring rate, sample solution pH, extraction temperature, extraction time, and salting out effect were optimized. The method detection limits were as low as 0.01 for ATZ and 0.05 for both DIA and DEA, with coefficients of determination better than 0.998 within a linear range of 0.5-150 µg L-1. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method was applied for the analysis of real water samples and good spiked recoveries in the range of 65.6%-96.3% with relative standard deviation of less than 5% were obtained. The results confirmed that the proposed procedure provides reliable precision, linearity and sensitivity and is very effective for analyzing the target compounds in environmental waters. Therefore, the developed SDME method coupled

LEVELS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FROM MARKETS IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

John A.M. Mahugija, Farhat A. Khamis and Esther H.J. Lugwisha

Proceedings of the 8th International Toxicology Symposium in Africa held at Gawharet Al Ahram hotel in Giza-Cairo, Egypt, 29th–31st August 2016, pp32–33

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the levels of contamination by pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from markets in Dar es Salaam city. Fresh fruits and vegetables from selected major local markets were analysed for eighteen (18) organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide residues. Pesticide residues were detected in 81.7% of all the samples. The detected pesticide residues were p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDD, o,p' DDD, p,p'-DDE, α-HCH, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Their highest concentrations varied from 0.002 mg/kg to 3.81 mg/kg. The concentrations of some of the contaminants in the samples were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs). The findings indicated risks and concerns for public health

ANCAP THESES 2016

LEVELS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POULTRY FEED AND PRODUCTS IN SELECTED POULTRY FARMS IN ILALA AND KIBAHA DISTRICTS, TANZANIA

Patrick Edward Chibura

M.Sc. (Chemistry) Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam, July, 2016

(StartedJuly 2014; supported by ANCAP, under support to students, to carry out lab analyses at Makerere University Uganda for one month in August 2015; also attended the summer

school in July 2015)

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the levels of pesticide residues in poultry feed and products in selected poultry farms in Ilala and Kibaha districts, Tanzania. A total of 70 samples of poultry feed, chicken organs and eggs from six poultry farms were analysed for seventeen (17) pesticides and metabolites. Extraction was performed by solid dispersion method using cyclohexane/ethyl acetate. The extracts were cleaned up using florisil and eluted with cyclohexane/acetone. The analytes were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The detection frequencies varied from 40% to 95.2%. The highest concentrations of the compounds in feed, chicken organs and eggs were as follows, respectively: total HCH 1.8, 10.4 and 5.76 mg/kg; total DDT 4093.7, 2810 and 1897 mg/kg; total endosulfan 12.53, 499 and 66.5 mg/kg; aldrin 395, 46.5, and 3.6 mg/kg; dieldrin 451, 32.6 and 38 mg/kg; chlorpyrifos 486, 154 and 17.6 mg/kg; pirimiphos methyl 22.11, 108.1 and 80.6 mg/kg and fenitrothion 4.9, 22.4 and 17 mg/kg. The most frequently detected compounds were p,p’-DDD and pirimiphos methyl. Poultry feed were found to be the most contaminated followed by kidneys, muscles, uncooked eggs, livers and finally cooked eggs. The total concentrations among the sampling sites ranked as follows: Kitunda> Banana >Nyumbu> Misugusugu> PichayaNdege> Kwa Mathias. Most of the concentrations were above the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) indicating risks and concerns.

DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVE SORBENT MATERIALS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) IN THE

ENVIRONMENT

Ndunda, Elizabeth

Open Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.18725/OPARU-4142

Abstract

In this thesis, synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers with molecular recognition for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as well as the application of the polymers as pre-concentration and clean-up sorbents in the determination of these compounds in various environmental matrices is described. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are also investigated as alternative sorbents for the determination of PCBs in aqueous environment.

ANALYSIS OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, HEAVY METALS, E. COLI AND COLIFORM CONTAMINATION IN SOIL, VEGETABLES AND IRRIGATION

WATER FROM SELECTED SITES IN NAIVASHA

Gladys Too Chebet

Master of Science Degree in Chemistry of the University of Nairobi, 2016

Abstract This study assessed organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, E. coli and coliform contamination of soil, kales (Brassica oleracea Acephala)and irrigation water within Naivasha Sub County. Sampling was done during the wet and dry seasons. The sampling sites covered three farms and three markets within Government of Kenya (GOK) Prison, Karagita and Naivasha town. A total of 36 soil samples, 18 irrigation water samples and 36 vegetables samples were analyzed for 17 selected organochlorine pesticides residues using GC-ECD. Five selected heavy metals were also analysed using using AAS and microbial contaminants (coli forms and E. coli) using plate-count techniques (3M TMPetrifilmsTM). The average values of physicochemical parameters of irrigation water were as follow: temperature ranged between 23±0.00 - 25.60±1.00 °C, pH 7.75±0.04 - 8.12±0.04,TSS 26.33±0.58 - 108.67±0.58 mg/L,conductivity792.33±0.58 - 1,132.67±1.15 µS/cm and TDS 395.33±1.15 - 566±1.00 mg/L. The fluorides concentration in irrigation water ranged between 2.21 - 6.57 mg/L. For soil samples pH ranged between 6.27±0.06 - 7.17±0.06 and organic carbon 2.58±0.16 - 5.29±0.09 %. The mean concentrations of trace heavy metals in irrigation water were as follows: Zn 96.67±5.77 - 173.33±20.82µg/L ; Cu 20.00±7.07 - 73.33±5.77; Cd<20.00µg/L; Cr 13.33±5.77 - 90.00±10.00 µg/L and Pb<0.06µg/L; while in vegetable samples the concentration ranges were as follows: Cu 73.33±5.77 - 496.00±14.42 µg/kg; Zn 196.67±15.28 - 496.00±14.42 µg/kg; Cr 26.67±5.77 - 556.67±15.28 µg/kg and Pb 483.33±11.55 - 2,013.33±15.28 µg/kg. The mean concentrations in soil samples were: Cu 23.33±5.77 - 663.33±5.77 µg/kg; Zn 890.00±0.00 – 1,410.00±10.00 µg/kg; Cd BDL - 83.33±5.77 µg/kg; Cr 13.33±5.77 - 223.33±5.77 µg/kgand Pb 556.67±5.77 - 2,186.67±11.55 µg/kg. The mean concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues in soil samples ranged from BDL - 91.87±27.97 µg/kg. The highest concentration was p,p’-DDE detected at Naivasha farm during the wet season. In irrigation water, pesticide residue levels varied from BDL - 645.53±0.00 ng/L. Endosulfan sulfate was the highest pesticide detected in irrigation water sample collected from Naivasha farm during the wet season. While in vegetables samples, the concentrations ranged between BDL - 83.31±0.00 µg/kg (p,p’-DDT) recorded at Naivasha farm vegetables during dry season. The total coli forms in irrigation water samples ranged between 3±1- 22±2cfu/mL while E. coli ranged between 0 - 12±2cfu/mL. For soil sample they were in the range: coli form 5±1 - 24±1cfu/g; E. coli 0 - 29±1cfu/g and range of coliforms in vegetables was 2±1- 28 ±1 cfu/g and 0- 8±1cfu/g E. coli. The results showed that the banned organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, DDT and its metabolites are still present in environmental samples from Naivasha. The level of organochlorine pesticides, heavy metals, E. coli and total coliform contamination in irrigation water, soil and Kales were not uniform. The disparities were attributed to differences in the locations of the site, human activities, seasonal changes and environmental factors.Presence of high levels of lead in vegetables should be taken seriously

by public health authorities. The vegetables should not be consumed since they expose people to dangers caused by the contaminants such as cancer. ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENTS, FLUORIDES, PESTICIDES AND SELECTED HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN LAKE ELEMENTAITA DRAINAGE BASIN

Vane Bonareri Ondiere

Master of Science Degree in Chemistry of the University of Nairobi, 2016 Abstract

This study was aimed at assessing nutrients, fluoride, pesticides and selected heavy metals contamination in Lake Elementaita drainage basin. Water pollution has been identified globally as one of the most serious problems in environmental conservation. Pesticides, heavy metals and nutrients are of concern in the world waters and have been considered as long-term worldwide water pollutants since they cause deterioration of water quality and cause adverse effects on the lake ecosystem. Water, sediments and soil were collected from seven sites within Lake Elementaita drainage basin and analysed for physico-chemical parameters, nutrients, fluoride, heavy metals and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) residues. The sampling strategy covered dry (October 2014) and wet (April 2015) season. Analysis of the 17 OCPs was done using gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD), whereas for heavy metals analysis atomic absorption spectrometer was used. Physico-chemical parameters analysed included electrical conductivity, pH, TDS, TSS and temperature. Nitrate and phosphate concentrations were below WHO maximum limits with dry season recording higher values. Phosphates concentrations ranged from 0.02±0.00 to 0.38±0.07 mg/L, 0.45±0.02 to 10.04±0.10 mg/kg and 0.78±0.00 to 4.47±0.03 mg/Kg in water, sediment and soil, respectively. Nitrates ranged from 0.43±0.04 to 3.00±0.36 mg/L, 0.36±0.06 to 2.21.02±0.18 mg/kg and 0.65±0.05 to 4.90±0.29 mg/kg in water, sediment and soil, respectively. All the 17 OCPs were detected with concentrations below WHO maximum limits. The OCPs residues ranged from BDL to 0.49±0.09 µg/L, BDL to 762.27±91.70 µg/kg and BDL to 615.93±119.21 µg/kg in water, sediment and soil samples, respectively in dry season and BDL to 0.16±0.00 µg/l, BDL to 42.97±1.00 µg/kg and BDL to 13.92±0.21 µg/kg in water, sediment and soil samples, respectively in wet season. Endosulphan sulphate recorded high concentration in soil and sediment samples in both seasons. Concentrations of cadmium, copper, zinc and lead were above WHO maximum limits for water in some samples analysed with the wet season recording high values. Cadmium values ranged between 0.04±0.00 and 0.35±0.02 mg/L, 2.06±0.42 and 16.07±0.02 mg/kg, 2.78±0.08 and 29.75±0.14 mg/kg in water, sediment and soil, respectively. Copper concentrations ranged between 0.07±0.04 and 8.49±0.40 mg/L, 2.93±0.66 and 861.76±80.58 mg/kg, 2.96±0.39 and 865.83±5.76 mg/kg in water, sediment and soil, respectively. Lead concentrations ranged between BDL to 9.28±0.9 mg/L, BDL to 475.75±16.61mg/kg, 10.38±0.99 and 502.18±20.76 mg/kg in water, sediment and soil, respectively. Zinc concentration ranged between 0.14±0.00 and 0.41±0.02 mg/L, 45.73±9.44 and 106.28±2.89 mg/kg, 57.95±6.68 and 86.95±5.55 mg/kg in water, sediment and soil, respectively. Fluoride concentration in water ranged between 1.70±0.28 to 977.80±0.01 mg/L in Mbaruk River and Lake Elementaita North, respectively.

The results revealed high levels of heavy metals in water, soil and sediments which exceeded WHO maximum limits, whereas the concentrations of pesticides were below the maximum limits. Therefore heavy metal contamination was of concern for sustainable management of the lake water quality and biodiversity. Pesticide levels measured could also cause longer-term concern due to potential bioaccumulation and biomagnifications in the food chain. Further studies are recommended to establish the effect of measured contaminants on the lake ecosystems and flamingoes. Keywords: Lake Elementaita, organochlorine residues, sediment, soil and water, pollution. © 2016 DETECTION OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN HUMAN URINE AS BIOINDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN TWO LOCALITIES IN GEZIRA STATE,

SUDAN

Marwa Mohammed Eisa Eltohami

Ph. D. Thesis, University of Ghezira. 2016

Abstract Among toxic heavy metals, lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) rank as the most serious environmental poisons all over the world. Exposure to Pb and Cd at home and work places result in health hazards to both adults and children. This study aims to determine levels of Pb and Cd in the urine among adults(males and females; 20 samples/sex/village) and children (5 yr. of age or less; 20 samples/sex/village) in two villages (Regwa and Wadelsaid) within two localities ( Umelgura and Eastern Gezira, respectively) in Gezira State, Central Sudan, and to compare the values with the international and regional limits. The study aims also to trace the sources of Pb and Cd in fresh, cooked and canned food, River Nile and wells water, dust, paints and petroleum derivatives based on the prepared questionnaire. Recorded levels of Pb and Cd were then related to the different professions (farmers, industry workers, drivers, teachers, house wives and others) of the tested groups. The age groups were 15-20, 25-35, 40-50 and 55-65 years old. Data obtained by questionnaire through health centers were used to monitor health conditions in relation to Pb and Cd levels and their sources. Urine samples (total of 160) collected from these groups were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) according to al. (1971) method at Shambat Central Laboratory, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used. The results revealed presence of Pb and Cd in urine with no exception. Detailed results based on gender and age were as follows: Pb levels in urine of females in Rigwa (Umelgura) showed means of 0.343 , 0.099, 0.092, 0.138 and 0.200 mg/L (ppm), for ≤ 5, 15-20, 25-35, 40-50 and 55-65 yr. old, respectively. The levels of males showed means of 0.162, 0.110, 0.103, 0.190 and 0.298 mg/L(ppm),respectively, for the same previously mentioned order of age. On the other hand, Pb levels in urine of females in Wadelsid (East Gezira) reflected means of 0.336, 0.117, 0.211, 0.317 and 0.148 mg/L (ppm),respectively, for five age categories. However, following the same order of age, Pb levels in urine of males registered means of 0.101,0.049, 0.089, 0.400 and 0.198 mg/L (ppm). Moreover, the means for Cd levels in urine of females in Rigwa were 0.289, 0.113, 0.203, 0.283 and 0.199 mg/L (ppm) for ≤ 5, 15-20, 25-35, 40-50 and 55-65 yr. old, respectively. The Cd levels of males had means of 0.087, 0.069, 0.288, 0.274 and 0.288 mg/L (ppm), respectively, for the same age groups. Regarding Wadelsaid females Cd levels in urine had means of 0.014, 0.020, 0.015, 0.022 and 0.040 mg/L (ppm), respectively, following the same order as above. .The means for the males were 0.122, 0.129, 0.051, 0.089 and 0.099 mg/L (ppm) for ≤ 5, 15-20, 25-35,

40-50 and 55-65 yr. old, respectively. The acceptable limits for Pb and Cd are 0.48 and 0.36 mg/L (ppm), respectively. The study recommended that implementation of international and national polices and establishment of occupational health and safety units (OHSU) in schemes, corporations and factories are of great importance in prevention of environmental health hazards.

ANCAP ABSTRACTS 2017

LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND SEDIMENTS IN EASTERN LAKE TANGANYIKA ENVIRONS

John A.M. Mahugija, Lutamyo Nambela, Aviti J. Mmochi

International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2017, 11(5): 2537-2547

ISSN: 1997-342X

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the types, levels and distribution of pesticide residues in Eastern Lake Tanganyika basin in Tanzania. Water, soil and sediments samples were collected from various sites in Kigoma region. Analyses of cleaned sample extracts were performed using gas chromatographyelectron capture detection (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six pesticide residues and metabolites were detected, namely, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. DDT, DDD and DDE were the predominantly detected compounds in all of the samples. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos were detected in soil samples only. The highest concentrations of total DDT in sediments and soil ranged from 10.02 to 116 µg/kg dry weight (dw) and 7.5 to 564.2 µg/kg dw, respectively. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon had concentrations up to 36 and 184 µg/kg dw, respectively. The concentrations of DDT residues were greater in soil samples than in sediments. The highest concentrations of DDT residues were detected in soil samples. The ratios of (p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD)/p,p'-DDT indicated recent inputs in most samples. The study reveals that there were recent uses of DDT, diazinon and chlorpyrifos in the region. Continued use of DDT indicates risks and may result into serious environmental problems. The area therefore needs serious environmental monitoring.

EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM APPLICATION OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON PRIMARY MACRONUTRIENTS IN TRANS NZOIA MAIZE FARM SOILS

Keny Judith Kananu, Vincent O. Madadi and Geoffrey N. Kamau

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology

IIJSRSET, 2017, 3(5): 120-125 ISSN: 1997-342X

Abstract

The study investigated primary soil macronutrients accumulation in Kerita maize farm soils after more than 20 years of application of inorganic fertilizers. 12 samples of soil were collected from Kerita farm and 2 from a control site of Kiptuimet primary school. Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium contents in soils were determined using Kjeldahl method for nitrogen analysis, UV-visible spectroscopy and flame photometry, respectively. The results revealed that maize farm soils had higher phosphorous levels with a mean concentration of 39.33±2.96 ppm compared to the control site which had mean concentration of 15 ppm. Total nitrogen in Kerita maize farm soil was lower at 0.109±0.01% compared to the control site which had 0.12±0.00%, while mean concentration of potassium in the farm soils was much depleted at 0.5433±08% compared to the control site which had 1.15±0.14%. The results suggest that long term application of inorganic fertilizers had raised soil phosphorous level in Kerita maize farm but influenced depletion of potassium and nitrogen. Although the

concentration of phosphorus in the farm was considered adequate for maize cultivation, the levels of nitrogen and potassium in soils were below the required concentration hence affecting maize production in the farm. Therefore proper balancing of macronutrients is required while selecting commercial fertilizers to meet crop needs. In addition, supplementing commercial fertilizers with compost manure is recommended to boost nutrient deficiencies in the farm soils

DRINKING WATER QUALITY CHALLENGES IN NAKURU COUNTY, KENYA

Vincent O. Madadi, Mary W. Ngotho, Florence A. Masese

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology IIJSRSET, 2017, 3(6): 1-11.

ISSN: 1997-342X

Abstract Adequate quantity of safe drinking water is necessary for human health and development. However increasing population coupled with high demand of water for agriculture, households and industrial uses and power generation have led to declining quantity and quality of the life essential commodity. Nakuru is the fourth largest town in Kenya, located 160 kilometres northwest of Nairobi, and is one of the Kenyan towns that are seriously impacted by limited availability of water, leading to frequent water rationing. This study investigated the quality of the main drinking water sources of Nakuru town namely tap water, boreholes and Njoro River. We analysed physicochemical parameters including pH, TDS, TSS and Electrical conductivity; heavy metals such as Pb, Mn, Cd, Cr and microbiological contaminants E. coli and total coliforms. We collected water samples from eight different sources and analysed them following standard methods. The results showed variation in the concentrations of different parameters across the sources. The mean Electrical conductivity varied from 169.2 -2,169.5 µS/cm, TDS from 84.66-1,082.5 mg/l, pH from 7.80-8.55, TSS from 27.5-93.5 mg/l, E. Coli from 0-233 CFU/ml and Total coliforms from 1-343 CFU/ml. Lead is the only heavy metal that was detected in significant amounts in water with concentration varying from bdl-0.057 mg/l. Except for pH and TSS, most of the parameters were above the WHO maximum guidelines for drinking water and the Kenya National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) guidelines. The results suggest that apart from the tap water, the ground and surface water of Nakuru was not safe for direct human consumption and therefore proper pre-treatment must be undertaken.

MODELING OF EXPERIMENTAL ADSORPTION ISOTHERM DATA FOR CHLOROTHALONIL BY NAIROBI RIVER SEDIMENT

James K. Mbugua, Peterson M. Guto, Vincent O. Madadi and Geoffrey N. Kamau


IIJSRSET, 2017, 3(5): 259-268. ISSN: 1997-342X

Abstract

The investigated adsorption data of chlorothalonil on Nairobi River sediment using different models. Effects of initial concentration, different shaking time and contact time were investigated. The concentration of chlorothalonil in the clear aqueous solution (Ce) was

determined by reversed phase HPLC. Determinations were made using the 15cm MCH-5- N-CAP C18 column and 85% HPLC grade acetonitrile in distilled water as the mobile phase. Adsorption isotherm study indicated that the Quasi Langmuir (Scatchard plot) fitted the experimental data with heist regression values range of 99.8 to 100. Thermodynamic study calculations showed that the Gibbs free energy for chlorothalonil was -9.2687 kj/mol calculated using Freundlich and Langmuir constants. The maximum adsorption capacity of Nairobi River sediment was 33.389 mg/ml. Kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption of chlorothalonil onto Nairobi river sediment followed a pseudo-second order kinetics

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION IN LAKE ELEMENTAITA DRAINAGE BASIN, KENYA

Vane B. Ondiere, Madadi O. Vincent, Austin A. Ochieng and Fredrick D.O. Oduor


IIJSRSET 2017, 3(5): 283-289 ISSN: 1997-342X

Abstract

The future of Lake Elementaita, Kenya, hangs in the balance between environmental conservation and exploitation of the catchment resources for agricultural and industrial development. In the recent past the Lake has experienced water quality deterioration that is likely to lead to adverse ecological effects of the lake biodiversity. This study aimed at determining the impact of human activities in the catchment on contamination of heavy metals namely; cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. We collected water, sediments and soil samples from seven sites in the lake drainage basin to determine the extent of physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals concentrations. Samples for heavy metals determination were digested using aqua regia solution followed by perchloric acid and analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, while physico-chemical parameters were analysed using portable meters. Water pH ranged from 6.94 to 10.84, TDS from 0.07 g/L to 4.21 g/L, TSS from 0.01 g/L to 0.07 g/L, while electrical conductivity ranged from 0.14 mS/cm to 8.40 mS/cm. Heavy metals concentrations in water ranged from 0.04 mg/L to 3.14 mg/L, whereas the levels in sediments ranged from bdl to 134 mg/kg and from 2.78 mg/kg to 86.95 mg/kg in soil samples. Except for zinc, the levels of the rest of the metals in water were above WHO recommended limits for drinking water suggesting that the water is not safe for life. The results revealed that human activities are contributing to heavy metals contamination in Lake Elementaita drainage basin and management effort is required to control contamination to protect the lake ecosystem and biodiversity

FATE PROCESSES OF CHLOROBENZENES IN SOIL AND POTENTIAL REMEDIATION STRATEGIES: A REVIEW

Ferdi Brahushi, Fredrick Oror Kengara, Yang Song Xinjiang, Jean Charles Munch, Fang

wang

Pedosphere, 2017, 27(3): 407-420, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60338-2

ISSN 1002-0160

Abstract Chlorobenzenes (CBs) are a group of organic pollutants that pose a high environmental risk due to their toxicity, persistence and possible transfer in the food chain. Available data in literature show that CBs are detected in different environmental compartments such as soil, water, air and sediment. The widespread presence of CBs in the environment is related to their former extensive use in agriculture and industry. Some CBs are ranked in the list of priority pollutants by the Stockholm Convention, and their reduction or elimination from the environment is therefore of high importance. Environmental risk assessment of CBs requires knowledge on the role and importance of the main environmental fate processes, especially in soil. Furthermore, development of remediation strategies for reduction or elimination of CBs from the environment is related to the enhancement of fate processes that increase their dissipation in various environmental compartments. The main objectives of the current review were to present up-to-date data on fate processes of CBs in the soil environment and to explore possible remediation strategies for soils contaminated with CBs. Dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes is the main degradation pathway under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of lower-chlorinated benzenes. Biodegradation of lower-chlorinated benzenes is well documented, especially by strains of adapted or specialized microorganisms. Development of techniques that combine dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes with biodegradation or biomineralization of lower-chlorinated benzenes can result in useful tools for remediation of soils contaminated with CBs. In addition, immobilization of CBs in soil by use of different amendments is a useful method for reducing the environmental risk of CBs.

RESIDUAL CONTACT TOXICITY AND REPELLENCE OF CUPRESSUS LUSITANICA MILLER AND EUCALYPTUS SALIGNA SMITH ESSENTIAL OILS

AGAINST MAJOR STORED PRODUCT INSECT PESTS

Philip K. Bett, Arop L. Deng, Joshua O. Ogendo, Samuel T. Kariuki, Maud Kamatenesi-Mugishad, Joel M.Mihale, Baldwyn Tortof

Industrial Crops and Products, 2017, 110: 65-74

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.046 ISSN 0926-6690

Abstract

In an effort to find eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides in grain storage, residual contact toxicity and repellence of Cupressus lusitanica and Eucalyptus saligna leaf essential oils were evaluated against adult Tribolium castaneum, Acanthoscelides obtectus and Sitophilus zeamais. In bioassays, oil was applied at 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% v/w to wheat and bean grains and stored for 30–120 days after which test insects were introduced into sub-samples of treated grains. Both oils at 0.20% v/w and 120 days grain storage

duration caused a mortality of 5.0–65.0% in test insects whereas in the repellence bioassay, at same doses and grain storage duration produced percent repellence values of 34–52.4% of test insects. Considering other pesticidal properties of C. lusitanica and E. saligna oils, current results point oils as potential residual contact toxicants and repellents for possible integration into insect pest management practices.

EFFECTS OF PHYTOLACCA DODECANDRA EXTRACTS ON THE QUALITY PARAMETERS OF STORED MAIZE GRAINS

Michael Qwarse, J. Mihale Matobola, Leonia Henry, Joseph Sempombe, Veronica

Mugoyela, Fortunatus Sung'hwa

Journal of Applied Biosciences, 2017, 112: 11005-11015 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v112i1.5

ISSN 1997-5902

Abstract Objective: subsistence farmers in Mbulu district to control grain pests in stores use Phytolacca dodecandra leaves. The study evaluated the effects of leaf and root extracts of P. dodecandra on grain quality: moisture content, insect infestation, seeds germination, colour and odour over 150 days of storage. Methodology and Results: P. dodecandra plants were collected, identified, processed and extracted using ethanol (95% v/v) and extracts stored at -4 °C for quality tests. Synthetic pesticide (Actellic gold TM dust) at 0.05 g/kg and untreated maize sample were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. No significant increase of moisture content (p <0.05) was observed in treated maize compared to controls. Leaf and root extracts minimized grain damage to <5% and <6%, respectively after 150 days post treatment. Both extracts did not affect odour, though leaf extracts affected grains colour. Both extracts insignificantly reduced seed germination index (p > 0.05) to 29%. Conclusion and Application of findings: P. dodecandra extracts have little impact on the moisture content of the stored maize grains. Germination index of the treated maize was affected neither by the extracts nor by the storage duration up to 150 days. These marginal changes in grains moisture, odour and colour have no significant impact on the local market value of the maize grains. P. dodecandra extracts for use as biopesticide are recommended as a sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides in maize grains storage especially

AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION AS RISK TO ENDANGERED WILDLIFE: PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN WILD CHIMPANZEES AND BABOONS DISPLAYING

FACIAL DYSPLASIA

SabrinaKrief, Philippe Berny, Francis Gumisiriza, Régine Gross, Barbara Demeneix, Jean Baptiste Fini, Colin A. Chapman, Lauren J. Chapman, Andrew Seguya and John Wasswa

Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 598: 647-656

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.11 ISSN: 0048-9697

Abstract

Prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors can affect development and induce irreversible abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. The northern part of Kibale National

Park, a mid-altitude rainforest in western Uganda, is largely surrounded by industrial tea plantations and wildlife using this area (Sebitoli) must cope with proximity to human populations and their activities. The chimpanzees and baboons in this area raid crops (primarily maize) in neighboring gardens. Sixteen young individuals of the 66 chimpanzees monitored (25%) exhibit abnormalities including reduced nostrils, cleft lip, limb deformities, reproductive problems and hypopigmentation. Each pathology could have a congenital component, potentially exacerbated by environmental factors. In addition, at least six of 35 photographed baboons from a Sebitoli troop (17%) have similar severe nasal deformities. Our inquiries in villages and tea factories near Sebitoli revealed use of eight pesticides (glyphosate, cypermethrin, profenofos, mancozeb, metalaxyl, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and 2,4-D amine). Chemical analysis of samples collected from 2014 to 2016 showed that mean levels of pesticides in fresh maize stems and seeds, soils, and river sediments in the vicinity of the chimpanzee territory exceed recommended limits. Notably, excess levels were found for total DDT and its metabolite pp′-DDE and for chlorpyrifos in fresh maize seeds and in fish from Sebitoli. Imidacloprid was detected in coated maize seeds planted at the edge the forest and in fish samples from the Sebitoli area, while no pesticides were detected in fish from central park areas. Since some of these pesticides are thyroid hormone disruptors, we postulate that excessive pesticide use in the Sebitoli area may contribute to facial dysplasia in chimpanzees and baboons through this endocrine pathway. Chimpanzees are considered as endangered by IUCN and besides their intrinsic value and status as closely related to humans, they have major economic value in Uganda via ecotourism. Identifying and limiting potential threats to their survival such be a conservation priority

ASSESSMENT OF SEASONAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY IN RIVER RWIZI USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES, MBARARA

MUNICIPALITY, UGANDA

Walter Ojok, John Wasswa, Emmanuel Ntambi

Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2017, 9: 83-97 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.91007

ISSN Online: 1945-3108 ISSN Print: 1945-3094

Abstract Assessment of seasonal variations in surface water quality characteristics is an essential aspect for evaluating water pollution due to both natural and anthropogenic influences on water resources. In this study, temporal variations of water quality in river Rwizi section within Mbarara municipality, Uganda, were assessed using multivariate statistical methods. This river section is a major source of water for the inhabitants of Mbarara municipality. Water samples from five sites were analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, EC, turbidity, temperature, TSS, TDS, alkalinity, salinity, colour, NH3-N, 2 SO4 − , total hardness, BOD, COD, DO, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn. About 50% of sites recorded colour above 800 Pt Co, 60% of sites recorded turbidity above maximum permissible limit of 100 mg/l, attributable to erosion and mineral matter. pH for dry season ranged between 6.5 and 8.5 whereas for rainy season was below 6.0. All study sites recorded total Fe above 0.3 mg/l and Mn below 0.5 mg/l, attributable to chemical weathering of host rock materials as well as from industrial effluent. About 60% of sites recorded COD above 100 mg/l, 40% and 80% of study sites showed BOD above 50 mg/l in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Hardness ranged between 50 and 100 mg/l indicating that the water is moderately soft. Colour, turbidity, alkalinity, TSS, TDS, salinity, pH, hardness, Fe, Mn, NH3-N, BOD, COD, and DO were

higher in rainy season, as a result of erosion, discharge of domestic and industrial waste. Mg, Ca, and 2 SO4 − were higher during dry season due to high evaporation of water from the river. PCA/FA determined that 81.2% of the total variance was explained by the first factor for the dry season and 69.2% for rain season. These results revealed that water pollution resulted primarily from domestic waste water, agricultural runoff and industrial effluents.

CONCENTRATIONS AND SOURCES APPORTIONMENT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SEDIMENTS FROM THE UGANDA SIDE OF

LAKE VICTORIA

Nasifu Kerebba, Patrick Ssebugere, Justus Kwetegyeka, Kenneth Arinaitwe and John Wasswa

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2017, 19(4): 570-577 DOI:10.1039/C7EM00017K

Abstract

This study presents the levels and possible sources of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Napoleon Gulf and Murchison Bay of Lake Victoria. Sediment samples were extracted and cleaned up for PAHs using UNEP, 1992, and EPA method 3630C protocols. The analysis of sample extracts was carried out using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. Fifteen congeners, mostly the high molecular weight PAHs (HPAHs) (4–6 rings) were detected. Total (∑) concentrations varied from 44.2 to 80.2 ng g−1 dry weight (d.w.) at the Napoleon Gulf, while those at the Murchison Bay ranged from 17.0 to 55.0 ng g−1 d.w. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference in the concentrations of PAHs among sites (p < 0.05, ANOVA). It was noted that the concentrations for most sampling sites were far below the lowest effect levels based on the Sediment Quality Guidelines, except for one station at the Napoleon Gulf. Principal component analysis and diagnostic ratios indicated that PAHs of combustion and petroleum origin were dominant and brought about mainly by atmospheric deposition.

THE IMPACT OF SEPTIC SYSTEMS DENSITY AND NEARNESS TO SPRING

WATER POINTS, ON WATER QUALITY

B. Arwenyo, J. Wasswa, M. Nyeko, G.N. Kasozi

African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 2017, 11(1): 11-18 DOI: 10.5897/AJEST2016.2216

ISSN: 1996-0786

Abstract Worldwide, 1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water and as a result, 2 million children die annually due to preventable waterborne diseases. In Uganda, 440 Children die every week of waterborne diseases. High prevalence of this death is reported in the peri urban areas. It is still unclear however the causes of water pollution in the peri-urban areas. The improper use of onsite sanitation facilities such as latrines and septic systems may lead to groundwater contamination. It is true that drain field of septic system located too close to water point, and or over population of the septic systems in a small area can lead to pollution of groundwater. Our study investigated the impact of septic systems density and nearness to water points on spring water quality. Samples from 15 spring wells were analysed for pH, nitrate and faecal coliform contamination. Locations and distances of spring from septic

systems were determined using global positioning system (GPS) device and ArcGIS software, respectively. Water samples from all the spring wells had pH value less than 6.5, 66.7% had faecal coliform and 53% had nitrate above 2 mg L-1. While sample from one of the springs had nitrate concentration above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) standard of 10 mg L-1. It was also noted that coliform counts and nitrate concentrations increases with increase in number of septic systems surrounding the spring well. In addition, increase in distance between spring wells and septic systems indicated decrease in both coliform counts and nitrate concentration. It is therefore concluded that improper use of septic systems is one of the causes of groundwater pollution in the peri urban areas. The study recommends treatments of water from groundwater sources, regular monitoring of groundwater sources and proper design and siting of septic systems using more robust methodologies

CONCENTRATIONS OF METALLIC ELEMENTS IN KIDNEY, LIVER, AND LUNG TISSUE OF INDO-PACIFIC BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN TURSIOPS

ADUNCUS FROM COASTAL WATERS OF ZANZIBAR, TANZANIA

Edgar C.Mapunda, Othman C.Othman, Leonard D. Akwilapo, HindrikBouwman,

HajiMwevurac

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 122(1–2): 483-48 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.055

ISSN: 0025-326X

Abstract Concentrations of metallic elements in kidney, liver and lung tissues of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus from coastal waters of Zanzibar were determined using inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy. Cadmium, chromium, copper, and zinc were quantifiable in all tissues at concentration ranges of 0.10–150, 0.08–3.2, 1.1–88 and 14–210 µg/g dry mass, respectively. Copper and zinc was significantly higher in liver, and females had significantly higher Cd in liver, and chromium in lung. Generally, T. aduncus dolphins from coastal waters around Zanzibar carry low concentrations of metals compared with dolphins from other areas. Cadmium increased significantly with age in kidney and lung. Copper decreased significantly with age in liver, probably due to foetal metallothionein. This study supplied baseline data against which future trends in marine mammals in the Indian Ocean, the world's third largest, can be assesse

QUANTIFICATION OF HEAVY METALS IN BREAST MILK SAMPLES SAMPLED FROM KILIMANI/KIDOTI IN ZANZIBAR

Haji Khamisa, Kituyi Luswetib, Haji Mwevura

American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, ASRJETS,

2017, 31(1): 295-308

Abstract People of Zanzibar are perpetual users of tomatoes. Different varieties of tomatoes are regularly consumed in day-to-day meals in Zanzibar. These fruits are farmed under different settings varying from purely organic mode to extensive use of agrochemicals. It is well known that the use of agrochemicals may give rise to heavy metals contaminations with

significant health impacts to consumers. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in some areas during cultivation may bring about individuals to eat tomatoes together with harmful heavy metals. However, no study has been done to find the quantity of heavy metals entered in consumers’ bodies. The objective of this study was to quantify heavy metals present in breast milk of individual tomato consumers. The methodology used was sampling, processing, digestion and analysis. The instrument used for analysis was Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Samples were collected, digested with HNO3 and H2O2 in a semi– closed glass digestion apparatus. After cooling, volume was adjusted to 25 ml with distilled water and analyzed by AAS. Zinc detected by AA spectrometer ranged from 231 µg/l to 1466 µg/l of milk, with average of 900±457 µg/l. Cadmium ranged from 24.1 µg/l to 35.9 µg/l with average of 31.1±3.46 µg/l. Lead ranged from 32.4 to 1630 µg/l with average of 707±582 µg/l. The concentration of Al metal, which was detected in only one sample, was 0.91 µg/l. The results show that breast milk contains heavy metals contaminants necessary to be removed before infant feeding

AQUATIC GLOBAL PASSIVE SAMPLING (AQUA-GAPS) REVISITED: FIRST STEPS TOWARD A NETWORK OF NETWORKS FOR MONITORING ORGANIC

CONTAMINANTS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Rainer Lohmann, Derek Muir, Eddy Y. Zeng, Lian-Jun Bao, Ian J. Allan, Kenneth Arinaitwe, Kees Booij, Paul Helm, Sarit Kaserzon, Jochen F. Mueller, Yasuyuki Shibata, Foppe Smedes,

Manolis Tsapakis, Charles S. Wong, and Jing You

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 51(3): 1060–1067 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05159

Abstract

Organic contaminants, in particular persistent organic pollutants (POPs), adversely affect water quality and aquatic food webs across the globe. As of now, there is no globally consistent information available on concentrations of dissolved POPs in water bodies. The advance of passive sampling techniques has made it possible to establish a global monitoring program for these compounds in the waters of the world, which we call the Aquatic Global Passive Sampling (AQUA-GAPS) network. A recent expert meeting discussed the background, motivations, and strategic approaches of AQUA-GAPS, and its implementation as a network of networks for monitoring organic contaminants (e.g., POPs and others contaminants of concern). Initially, AQUA-GAPS will demonstrate its operating principle via two proof-of-concept studies focused on the detection of legacy and emerging POPs in freshwater and coastal marine sites using both polyethylene and silicone passive samplers. AQUA-GAPS is set up as a decentralized network, which is open to other participants from around the world to participate in deployments and to initiate new studies. In particular, participants are sought to initiate deployments and studies investigating the presence of legacy and emerging POPs in Africa, Central, and South America.

PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN RAW AND PROCESSED MAIZE GRAINS AND FLOUR FROM SELECTED AREAS IN DAR ES SALAAM AND RUVUMA, TANZANIA

John Andrew Marc oMahugija, Auguster Kayombo, Regina Peter

Chemosphere, 2017, 185: 137-144

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.014 ISSN: 0045-6535

Abstract

This study investigated the levels of pesticide residues in maize grains and flour and the effects of processing methods on their levels in maize products in samples collected in Dar es Salaam and Ruvuma regions. Analysis of cleaned-up extracts was done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twelve pesticides were detected in maize grains and their highest concentrations were up to 676.1, 11200 and 14 µg/kg for organochlorines, organophosphorous and pyrethroid pesticides, respectively. In maize flour, eight pesticides were detected and the concentrations for organochlorines, organophosphorous and pyrethroid pesticides were up to 333.3, 2220 and 2 µg/kg, respectively. Only dieldrin was detected in cooked samples at a concentration of 2 µg/kg. The concentrations of p,p’-DDD, aldrin, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos methyl in some grains and flour samples exceeded the maximum residue limit (MRLs). The findings indicate risks and concerns for public health. Processing methods were found to cause transformation and reduction of the pesticides.

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) CONTAMINATION IN COASTAL MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE ZANZIBAR ARCHIPELAGO

John A.M. Mahugija, Kamaria N. Ahmed, Yahya M.M. Makame

Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2017, 16(1): 25-34

ISSN: 0856-860X

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and crabs in the mangrove ecosystems of Zanzibar. Sediments and crabs from eight sampling sites were analysed for eleven selected PAHs. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane by ultrasonication, cleaned-up using column chromatography, and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. GC-MS was used in the analysis of the samples. In general, all eleven PAHs were detected in crab and sediment samples. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 1.70 to 28.66 ng/g fresh weight (fw) in crabs, and from 20.14 to 81.94 ng/g dry weight (dw) in the sediments. The levels of the PAHs are thought to be related mostly to petrogenic and pyrogenic sources from anthropogenic activities. The results from this study demonstrated the existence of PAHs contamination in mangrove ecosystems of Zanzibar, and it is recommended that a PAHs contamination monitoring programme be established.

ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN TOMATOES AND WATERMELONS (FRUITS) FROM MARKETS IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA

John A.M. Mahugija, Farhat A. Khamis, Esther H.J. Lugwisha

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage.

2017, 21(3): 497-501 tp://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v21i3.10

ISSN: 1119-8362

Abstract This study investigated the levels of pesticide residues in selected fruits from major markets in Dar es Salaam city. Samples of tomatoes and watermelons were analysed for eighteen organochlorine, organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide residues. Extraction was performed using acetone followed by dichloromethane: cyclohexane mixture and the extracts were cleanedup using florisil. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Pesticides and metabolites were detected in 95.8% of the samples. The compounds detected included chlorpyrifos, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and cypermethrin and their highest concentrations were 3810 ± 50, 370 ± 20, 120 ± 6 and 50 ± 4 ng/g, respectively. Others were p,p'- DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE and α-HCH with highest concentrations varying from 1 ± 0.5 to 20 ± 1.2 ng/g. There were no significant variations in concentrations of the pesticide residues between the fruits and among the sampling sites, indicating similarities in contamination patterns. The concentrations of the contaminants were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 41.7% to 50% of the tomatoes and watermelons indicating risks and concerns for public health. The Tanzanian agrochemicals and food regulatory agencies (e.g. TPRI, TFDA and TBS) and the government in general should ensure strict applications of laws that regulate pesticides in the country and develop effective educational programmes for farmers to apply good agricultural practices such as reducing the use of pesticides, applying appropriate pesticides and doses, and restrict the spray before harvesting. The consumers should thoroughly wash or process the fruits to reduce the levels.

DETERMINATION OF LEVELS OF ORGANOCHLORINE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, AND PYRETHROID PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN

VEGETABLES FROM MARKETS IN DAR ES SALAAM BY GC-MS

John A. M. Mahugija, Farhat A. Khamis, and Esther H. J. Lugwisha

International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2017, Article ID 4676724, 1- 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4676724

Abstract

This study investigated the levels of pesticides and metabolites in vegetables from major markets in Dar es Salaam city, Tanzania. Samples of fresh cabbage, spinach, and onions from the markets were analysed for pesticide residues. Extraction was performed using acetone followed by dichloromethane : cyclohexane mixture and the extracts were cleaned up using Florisil. The compounds were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pesticides and metabolites were detected in 72.2% of the samples. The detected pesticide residues and their highest mean concentrations were p,p′-DDT 4.00 × 10−3 mg/kg, p,p′-DDD 6.40 × 10−1 mg/kg, o,p′-DDD 1.00 × 10−2 mg/kg, α-endosulfan 6.00 ×

10−1 mg/kg, β-endosulfan 2.10 × 10−1 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos 3.00 mg/kg, and cypermethrin 4.00 × 10−2 mg/kg. The most frequently detected compounds werep,p′-DDD and chlorpyrifos. The order of contamination was spinach > cabbage > onions. Generally, there were no significant variations in concentrations of pesticide residues among samples and sampling sites, which indicated similarities in contamination patterns. The concentrations of contaminants were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in 33.3–50% of the samples. The findings indicated risks and concerns for public heal

LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL AND SEDIMENTS IN EASTERN LAKE TANGANYIKA ENVIRONS

John A.M. Mahugija, Lutamyo Nambela, Aviti J. Mmochi

Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci., 2017, 11(5): 2537-2547

ISSN 1997-342X (Online), ISSN 1991-8631 (Print)

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the types, levels and distribution of pesticide residues in Eastern Lake Tanganyika basin in Tanzania. Water, soil and sediments samples were collected from various sites in Kigoma region. Analyses of cleaned sample extracts were performed using gas chromatographyelectron capture detection (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Six pesticide residues and metabolites were detected, namely, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, diazinon and chlorpyrifos. DDT, DDD and DDE were the predominantly detected compounds in all of the samples. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos were detected in soil samples only. The highest concentrations of total DDT in sediments and soil ranged from 10.02 to 116 µg/kg dry weight (dw) and 7.5 to 564.2 µg/kg dw, respectively. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon had concentrations up to 36 and 184 µg/kg dw, respectively. The concentrations of DDT residues were greater in soil samples than in sediments. The highest concentrations of DDT residues were detected in soil samples. The ratios of (p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD)/p,p'-DDT indicated recent inputs in most samples. The study reveals that there were recent uses of DDT, diazinon and chlorpyrifos in the region. Continued use of DDT indicates risks and may result into serious environmental problems. The area therefore needs serious environmental monitoring.

ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN VEGETABLES FROM THE WESTERN USAMBARA AND URUGURU MOUNTAINS IN TANZANIA

Lewis A. Mtashobya

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Environ Monit Assess., 2017, 189: 519.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6226- Online ISSN 1573-2959, Print ISSN0167-6369

Abstract

Assessment of levels of pesticide residues in vegetables was carried out in some villages in the Western Usambara and Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania where varieties of vegetables are grown. Tomatoes and cabbages were the most popular enterprise grown all year round and therefore were selected as the model crops for this study. Analysis of the cleaned sample extracts on a gas chromatography with electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and confirmation on the Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed dominance of

organochlorine pesticides. Organophosphorous pesticides (parathion and marathion) were only detected in some samples, however, in most cases with higher concentrations compared to organochlorine pesticides. Levels of pesticide residues detected in vegetables were up to: parathion 5.07 µg/Kg, marathion 3.73 µg/Kg, α-endosulfan 0.32 µg/Kg, β-endosulfan 0.53 µg/Kg, dieldrin 1.36 µg/Kg, γ-HCH 0.25 µg/Kg, α-HCH 0.09 µg/Kg, and p, p′-DDT 0.64 µg/Kg. These results clearly show that vegetables are contaminated with different pesticide residues. However, the total levels of pesticide residues in both tomatoes and cabbages are lower than their respective codex alimentarius maximum residue levels (MRLs). This means that the vegetables produced in the area are suitable for human consumption.

CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS OF THE NORTH END LAKE, PORT ELIZABETH, SOUTH AFRICA

E Kampire, G Rubidge, JB Adams

Water SA, 2017, 43(4); 646-654

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v43i4.12 On-line ISSN 1816-7950, Print ISSN 0378-4738

Abstract

The distribution and concentrations of 6 indicator polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, nos. 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180, were determined in surface sediments from the North End Lake in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Forty-two surficial sediment samples were collected from different locations covering the region that receives the majority of the industrial waste, urban effluents and runoff and thus expected to be contaminated with different degrees of contamination. The analysis was achieved by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using the internal standard method. The total PCB concentrations in the samples ranged from 1.60 to 3.06 ng·g-1 dry weight (dw). The concentrations of congener profiles showed significant differences. Generally, the highest PCB concentrations were associated with high organic matter contents and small grain size. The highly chlorinated PCBs dominated with regards to the levels in sediments. PCB 138 was the major contributor to the total PCBs and was detected at 100% of sites. This study provided a snapshot of the PCB contamination status in the North End Lake sediments, and allowed for a comparison between the investigated system and other systems worldwide.

ANOTHER DECADE OF WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT STUDIES IN TANZANIA: STATUS, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Harieth Hellar-Kihampa

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2017, 11(7): 349-360

https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST2017.2319 ISSN: 1996-0786

Abstract

Increased population pressure and environmental stressors have amplified research on water quality both locally and globally. In Tanzania, water quality assessment is a mature discipline, with an over four-decade history. In this article, studies on water quality assessment in Tanzania from 2006 through 2016 are reviewed. The approach used is to scan selected publications to gather data and information on types and concentration levels of

contaminants measured in surface and ground waters; their status, trends and potential health risks. The aim is to establish research gaps that call for further investigations and factors that hinder such efforts so as to provide insight that can facilitate future studies. Significant outputs were found in terms of study focuses and investigated locations. Lack of analytical facilities, complexity in the interpretation of toxicological data and data management practices represent major setbacks, while land-use practices, sea water intrusion, climate change and biogeochemical features continue to the scale-up threat on surface and ground water quality in the country. It is pragmatic that there is still a gap in research on such subjects as effects of climate change; effects of mixed toxicity of chemicals; risk characterization; analysis of emerging contaminants of concern and development of remediation plans for specific contamination problems. Some strategies towards ameliorating the challenges are suggested. The study puts forwards some recommendations, including the establishment of a National Water Quality Assessment Programme that will provide central water quality descriptions of the nation water resources.

TROPHIC TRANSFER OF HEXABROMOCYCLODODECANE IN THE TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC FOOD WEBS FROM AN E-WASTE

DISMANTLING REGION IN EAST CHINA

Chaofei Zhu, Pu Wang, Yingming Li, Zhaojing Chen, Honghua Li, Patrick Ssebugere, Qinghua Zhang and Guibin Jiang

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2017, 19: 154-160 DOI: 10.1039/C6EM00617E

Abstract

Trophic transfer of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) was investigated in both the terrestrial and aquatic food webs from an e-waste dismantling region in East China. The mean Σ3HBCD concentrations in the terrestrial species varied from 0.91 (0.16–1.85) ng g−1 lipid weight (lw) in dragonflies (Pantala flavescens) to 40.3 (22.1–51.1) ng g−1 lw in rats (Rattus norvegicus). The isomeric profile indicated that α-HBCD presented a decreasing trend along the trophic level (TL) (from 97.2% to 16.3% of Σ3HBCDs), while γ-HBCD showed a reverse trend (from 2.8% to 73.6% of Σ3HBCDs). The trophic magnification factor (TMF) derived from the slope of the regression line between TLs and ln-transferred Σ3HBCDs was 0.10, suggesting a trophic dilution of HBCD in the terrestrial food web. By contrast, in the aquatic species, Σ3HBCD concentrations varied from 5.02 (3.5–6.55) ng g−1 lw in apple snails (Ampullaria gigas spix) to 45.9 (14.9–67.8) ng g−1 lw in grass carps (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). α-HBCD was the dominant isomer, followed by γ-HBCD in the majority of species. A positive linear relationship was observed in the plots of ln Σ3HBCDs versus TLs (R2 = 0.81, p = 0.06). The TMF for Σ3HBCDs was 6.36, indicating a trophic magnification of HBCD in the aquatic food web. Although these results demonstrated the distinct trophic transfer of Σ3HBCDs in different ecosystems, further research is needed to eliminate the uncertainty of the tendencies, due to the non-significant relationship and limited species

DISTRIBUTION, SEASONAL VARIATION AND INHALATION RISKS OF POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS AND DIBENZOFURANS,

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF BEIJING, CHINA

Yanfen Hao, Yingming LiE, Thanh Wang, Yongbiao Hu, Huizhong Sun, Julius Matsiko,

Shucheng Zheng, Pu Wang, Qinghua Zhang

Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2017, pp 1–12 doi: 10.1007/s10653-017-9961-2

ISSN: 0269-4042 (Print) 1573-2983 (Online)

Abstract Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and potential inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Beijing, using passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs, ΣPCBs and ΣPBDEs ranged from 8.4 to 179 fg WHO2005-TEQ/m3, 38.6–139 and 1.5–176 pg/m3, respectively. PCDFs showed higher air concentrations than those of PCDDs, indicating the influence of industrial activities and other combustion processes. The non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, was detected in air (12.3–99.4 pg/m3) and dominated the PCB congener profiles (61.7–71.5% to ∑PCBs). The congener patterns of PBDEs showed signatures from both penta-BDE and octa-BDE products. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs at the industrial and residential sites were higher than those at rural site, indicating human activities in urban area as potential sources. Higher air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were observed in summer, which could be associated with atmospheric deposition process, re-volatilization from soil surface and volatilization from use of technical products, respectively. Results of inhalation exposure and cancer risk showed that atmospheric PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDEs did not cause high risks to the local residents of Beijing. This study provides further aid in evaluating emission sources, influencing factors and potential inhalation risks of the persistent organic pollutants to human health in mega-cities of China. ATMOSPHERIC LEVELS AND DISTRIBUTION OF DECHLORANE PLUS IN AN

E-WASTE DISMANTLING REGION OF EAST CHINA

Huizhong Sun, Yingming Li, Pu Wang, Shucheng Zheng, Julius Matsiko, Dou Wang, Weiwei Zhang, Yanfen Hao, Qinghua Zhang, Guibin Jiang

Science China Chemistry, 2017, 60(2): 305–310 |

doi: 10.1007/s11426-016-0261-6 ISSN: 1674-7291 (Print) 1869-1870 (Online)

Abstract

Atmospheric concentrations of Dechlorane Plus (DP) were investigated in Taizhou, an electronic-waste (E-waste) dismantling region in East China. Passive air samplers with polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed every three months during the sampling period of September 2009–August 2010. The total DP (syn- and anti-DP) concentrations in air ranged from not detected to 277 pg/m3, with a mean concentration of 53.9 pg/m3. A generally declining trend of DP levels was found from the E-waste dismantling region to the

peripheral areas. The median values of total DP concentrations in autumn, winter, spring and summer were 52.2, 28.8, 39.7 and 30.1 pg/m3, respectively. The seasonal variations of DP concentrations were mainly associated with the intensity of E-waste dismantling activities and meteorological conditions. The mean value of anti-DP fractional abundance (f anti) was 0.74±0.08, which was consistent with those in the commercial DP products. This study confirmed a significant emission source related to the distribution of atmospheric DP in the E-waste dismantling area and supplied information for the seasonal variation of DP in the atmosphere. DETERMINATION OF PCDD/FS AND DIOXIN-LIKE PCBS IN FOOD AND FEED

USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETRY

Huizhong Sun, Pu Wang, Honghua Li, Yingming Li, Shucheng Zheng, Julius Matsiko,

Yanfen Hao, Weiwei Zhang, Dou Wang, Qinghua Zhang

Science China Chemistry, 2017, 60(5): 670–677 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-016-9017-9


Abstract A method was developed on a gas chromatograph coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (GC-MS/MS) for trace level determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in food and feed. The results demonstrated mL−1 for 2,3,7,8-TCDD/F), as well as wide linear response of over 3 or 4 orders of magnitude in concentration ranges; 0.5–200 ng mL−1 for PeCDD/F and 0.2–2000 ng mL−1 for DL-PCBs. The method detection limits for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs were in the range from 0.018–0.17 pg g−1 to 0good sensitivity and repeatability for PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs at an extremely low level (10 pg.13–0.36 pg g−1, respectively. The performance of the GC-MS/MS for food and feed sample analysis showed high precision and accuracy compared to the high resolution gas chromatograph/high resolution mass spectrometer. The results indicated the feasibility of GC-MS/MS as a confirmatory method for the measurement of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in food and feed as required by European Union legislation.

AIRBORNE PERSISTENT TOXIC SUBSTANCES (PTSS) IN CHINA: OCCURRENCE AND ITS IMPLICATION ASSOCIATED WITH AIR POLLUTION

Pu Wang,, Qinghua Zhang, Yingming Li, Julius Matsiko, Ya Zhang and Guibin Jiang

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 2017, 19: 983-999

DOI: 10.1039/C7EM00187H

Abstract In recent years, China suffered from extensive air pollution due to the rapidly expanding economic and industrial developments. Its severe impact on human health has raised great concern currently. Persistent toxic substances (PTSs), a large group of environmental pollutants, have also received much attention due to their adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. However, limited studies have been conducted to reveal the airborne PTSs associated with air pollution at the national scale in China. In this review, we

summarized the occurrence and variation of airborne PTSs in China, especially in megacities. These PTSs included polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. The implication of their occurrence associated with air pollution was discussed, and the emission source of these chemicals was concluded. Most reviewed studies have been conducted in east and south China with more developed economy and industry. Severe contamination of airborne PTSs generally occurred in megacities with large populations, such as Guangzhou, Shanghai and Beijing. However, the summarized results suggested that industrial production and product consumption are the major sources of most PTSs in the urban environment, while unintentional emission during anthropogenic activities is an important contributor to airborne PTSs. It is important that fine particles serve as a major carrier of most airborne PTSs, which facilitates the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of PTSs, and therefore, increases the exposure risk of the human body to these pollutants. This implied that not only the concentration and chemical composition of fine particles but also the absorbed PTSs are of particular concern when air pollution occurs

ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES (OCPS) AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) IN HUMAN BREAST MILK AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH

RISKS TO NURSING INFANTS IN NORTHERN TANZANIA M.H.B.Müller, A.Polder, O.B.Brynildsrud, M.KarimiaE.Lie, W.B.Manyilizu, R.H.Mdegela,

F.Mokiti, M.Murtadha, H.E.Nonga, J.U.Skaare, J.L.Lych

Environmental Research, 2017, 154: 425-434 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.031

ISSN: 0013-9351

Abstract This is the first study to report organochlorines (OCs), including chlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk from Tanzania. The main aims of this study were to assess the level of contamination and the possible health risks related to OC exposure in nursing infants from the Northern parts of Tanzania. Ninety-five healthy mother-infant couples attending Mount Meru Regional Referral Hospital (MMRRH), Arusha, Tanzania, were assessed for associations between maternal/infant characteristics, i.e. mother's age, BMI, gestational weight gain, occupation, residence and fetal growth parameters and breast milk levels of OCPs, such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites, dieldrin and PCBs. p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT were detected in 100% and 75% of the breast milk samples, respectively, and ranged between 24 and 2400 ng/g lipid weight (lw) and <LOD and 133 ng/g lw, respectively. Dieldrin was detected in 66% of the samples in levels up to 937 ng/g lw. ∑7PCBs ranged between <LOD and 157 ng/g lw. Other OCPs were detected in low levels. For assessment of health risks, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) was calculated by comparing estimated daily intakes of OCPs and PCBs with health based guidance values. The estimated daily intake (ng/kg body weight/day) of ∑DDTs, dieldrin and nondioxin-like PCBs (∑6PCBs) exceeded the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) in two, six and forty-eight of the nursing infants, respectively, suggesting potential health risks. In addition, head circumference were negatively associated with p,p´-DDE in female infants, suggesting that OC exposure during pregnancy may influence fetal growth.

BIOACCUMULATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF TRACE METALS IN EDIBLE TISSUES OF THE CRUSTACEANS SCYLLA SERRATA AND

PENAEUS MONODON FROM THE TANZANIAN COAST

Cyrus Rumisha, Martine Leermaker, Robinson H. Mdegela, Marc Kochzius, Marc Elsken

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017, 189:529 HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1007/S10661-017-6248-0


Abstract The coastal population in East Africa is growing rapidly but sewage treatment and recycling facilities in major cities and towns are poorly developed. Since estuarine mangroves are the main hotspots for pollutants, there is a potential for contaminants to accumulate in edible fauna and threaten public health. This study analysed trace metals in muscle tissues of the giant mud crabs (Scylla serrata) and the giant tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) from the Tanzanian coast, in order to determine the extent of bioaccumulation and public health risks. A total of 180 samples of muscle tissues of S. serrata and 80 of P. monodon were collected from nine sites along the coast. Both species showed high levels of trace metals in the wet season and significant bioaccumulation of As, Cu and Zn. Due to their burrowing and feeding habits, mud crabs were more contaminated compared to tiger prawns sampled from the same sites. Apart from that, the measured levels of Cd, Cr and Pb did not exceed maximum limits for human consumption. Based on the current trend of fish consumption in Tanzania (7.7 kg/person/year), the measured elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) are not likely to present health risks to shellfish consumers. Nevertheless, potential risks of As and Cu cannot be ruled out if the average per capita consumption is exceeded. This calls for strengthened waste management systems and pollution control measures. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE GIANT TIGER PRAWN PENAEUS MONODON IN

RELATION TO TRACE METAL POLLUTION AT THE TANZANIAN COAST

Cyrus Rumisha, Martine Leermakers, Marc Elskens, Robinson H. Mdegela, Paul Gwakisa, Marc Kochzius

Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2017, 114(2): 759-767 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.057

ISSN: 0025-326X

Abstract The genetic diversity of giant tiger prawns in relation to trace metals (TMs) pollution was analysed using 159 individuals from eight sites at the Tanzanian coast. The seven microsatellites analysed showed high degree of polymorphism (4–44 alleles). The measured genetic diversity (Ho = 0.592 ± 0.047) was comparable to that of populations in the Western Indian Ocean. Apart from that, correlation analysis revealed significant negative associations between genetic diversity and TMs pollution (p < 0.05), supporting the genetic erosion hypothesis. Limited gene flow was indicated by a significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.059, p < 0.05). The Mantel test rejected the isolation-by-distance hypothesis, but revealed that gene flow along the Tanzanian coast is limited by TMs pollution. This suggests that TMs affect larvae settlement and it may account for the measured deficiency of heterozygosity.

This calls for strengthened pollution control measures in order to conserve this commercially important species.

CYANOBACTERIA AND CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS IN THE ALKALINE-SALINE LAKES NATRON AND MOMELA, TANZANIA

H.E. Nonga, R.H. Mdegela, M Sandvik, E Lie, C.O. Miles, J.U. Skaare

Tanzania Veterinary Journal, 2017, 32(1): 108-116

ISSN: 0856-1451

Abstract Physicochemical parameters, phytoplankton communities, microcystin (MC) concentrations and potential MC-producing cyanobacteria were investigated in Lakes Natron and Momela, Tanzania. In Lake Big Momela, concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia were 7.1, 2.6 and 0.9 µg/L, respectively, while dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity and pH were 9.4 mg/L, 19‰, 30 mS/cm and 9.7, respectively. The concentrations of soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia in Lake Natron were 129.4, 8.1 and 58 µg/L, respectively, while dissolved oxygen, conductivity and pH were 8 mg/L, 52 mS/cm and 9.5 respectively. The phytoplankton communities in both lakes were dominated by cyanobacteria, particularly Arthrospira fusiformis. Navicula and Nitzschia diatoms, and Chlorella, Chlorococcum and Scenedesmus green algae were common in Lakes Momela and Natron. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis phytoplankton detected four microcystin variants namely MC-RR, -YR, -LR and -RY. The total MC concentrations in Lake Natron were 0.1–4.5 µg/mL of phytoplankton scum and in Lake Momela were below quantifiable levels. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of phytoplankton revealed presence of Microcystis and the Microcystis mcyB gene in some samples. Finding of potential MC-producing cyanobacteria and MCs in study lakes poses a health risk to Lesser Flamingo which feed on cyanobacteria.

WATER QUALITY STATUS OF SELECTED SOURCES OF DOMESTIC WATER IN KENYA

Masese F. A., Wandiga S.O., Madadi V.O. and Mbui D. N

International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,

IJSRSET, 2017, 3(8): 193-198 Print ISSN: 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099

Abstract

In Kenya, water scarcity is a major issue due to destruction of water catchment, poor management of water supply and contamination of national water resources. The government’s long-term objective is to ensure that all citizens have access to safe drinking water. Although the government has increased the budget for improving access to water, many citizens still do not have access to potable water. The study analysed contaminants from selected sources of domestic water in the counties of Machakos, Nakuru, Kiambu and Nairobi. The following physico-chemical parameters were investigated – pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), anions (Cl- and PO43-), E. Coli and total coliforms. Water samples were collected from eight sampling sites in dry and wet seasons and analysed

following standard methods. pH values varied from 6.3 – 9.1 in the dry season, and 6.9 – 9.5 in the wet season, conductivity from 244.0 – 5758.0 µS/cm in the dry season and 141.0 – 2004.0 µS/cm in the wet season, TDS from 113.0 – 5,824.0 mg/L in the dry season and 82.0 – 183.0 in the wet season, temperature from 24.1 – 25.2°C in the dry season and 25.3 – 25.8°C in the wet season, TSS from 0.00 – 0.01 mg/L in the dry season and 0.01 – 0.02 mg/L in the wet season, COD from 112.0 – 255.0 mg/L in the dry season and 90.6 – 154.0 mg/L in the wet season, DO varied from 2.8 – 4.2 mg/L in the dry season and 3.1 – 4.2 mg/L in the wet season, nitrates from 2.5 – 19.6 ppm, phosphates from 0.03 – 2.24 mg/L, while E. Coli varied from 13 – 4,300 CFU/ml. The values obtained for most parameters were within WHO and National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) guidelines for domestic water, except for two sites (Athi River and Portland), where pH, TDS and conductivity exceeded the guidelines. Most sites had biological contamination indicating anthropogenic contamination, rendering water unsafe. The water needs to be decontaminated to safeguard human health. Keywords: Domestic water quality, Physico-chemical parameters, Nutrient levels and Biological contamination

QUANTIFICATION OF LYCOPENE FROM TOMATOES AND WATERMELONS BY USING BEER-LAMBERT PRINCIPLE

Haji Khamisa, Kituyi Lusweti, Haji Mwevura, Steven Nyanzid, B.T. Kiremire

American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences

(ASRJETS), 2017, 38(2): 119-133 ISSN (Print) 2313-4410, ISSN (Online) 2313-4402

Abstract

Red tomatoes and red-fleshed watermelons contain a high level of lycopene. It is well known that lycopene is precursor to vitamin A. In Uganda, and East Africa in general, there are so many tomato and watermelon varieties with little information on their lycopene content. However, no study has been done to estimate the quantity of lycopene in fresh tomatoes and watermelons in Uganda. The objective of this study was to quantify lycopene by using Beer-Lambert Principle. The varieties were bought from Nakulabye market in Kampala, and extracted by using solvent system of acetone/ethanol/ hexane (5ml/5ml/10ml). Stirring on ice was done for 15 minutes. 3 ml of deionized water was added after shaking. Samples were shaken for 5 minutes on ice and then left at room temperature for 5 minutes to allow the separation of phases. The lycopene layer were then separated and scanned in UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results showed that the lycopene concentration ranged from 27 µg/g to 115 µg/g with % relative error ranged from 2.86 to 3.14, the standard error ranged from ± 0.013 to ± 0.015, and standard deviation ranged from 7.38 to 29.5. Both watermelons and tomato varieties contain the appreciable quantities of lycopene which is the significant nutrient for human body in daily life. Keywords: Lycopene; concentration; fortified; vitamin A; spectrophotometry; solvent system; deionized.

SURFACE BOUND RADICALS, CHAR YIELD AND PARTICULATE SIZE FROM THE BURNING OF TOBACCO CIGARETTE

Audriy Jebet, Joshua Kibet, Lucy Ombaka and Thomas Kinyanjui

Chemistry Central Journal, 2017, 11:79

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0311-3 ISSN: 1752-153X

Abstract

Background: Tobacco smoke is a toxic gas-phase cocktail consisting of a broad range of organics, and free radical intermediates. The formation of smoke from a burning cigarette depends on a series of mechanisms, including generation of products by pyrolysis and combustion, aerosol formation, and physical mass transfer processes. Methods: The current study simulates the deposition of particulate matter on the human lung surface by trapping the tobacco smoke particulates in itu on silica gel. To mimic this phenomenon, the cigarette was smoked directly on siliga gel. The surface morphology of smoke condensate trapped on silica gel, and pure silica gel (control) was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to explore the presence of free radicals on the particulate matter trapped on silica. Standard procedures for cigarette smoking (ISO 3402:1999) were adopted. The char yields of tobacco cigarette in the temperature range 200–700 °C was also investigated in an inert atmosphere using a quartz reactor. Results: SEM images showed the surface morphology of pure silica gel was smooth while silica gel on which cigarette smoke was smoked on contained particulates of various sizes. Generally, the particulate size of cigarette smoke adsorbed on silica was found to be 2.47 ± 0.0043 µm (~PM2.5). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results showed a g-value of 2.0037 typically that of a carbon-centred radical. Conclusions: It is therefore evident from this investigation that cigarette smoke contains surface bound radicals considered harmful to the health of cigarette smokers. The particulate size of tobacco smoke (PM2.5) can impact severely on the lives of the cigarette smoking community because of its near ultrafine nature. This significantly small particulate size in cigarette smoke can be inhaled deeper into the lungs thus causing serious cell injury and possible tumour growth in addition to other grave diseases.

CHARACTERIZATION OF FOREST FIRE EMISSIONS AND THEIR POSSIBLE

TOXICOLOGICAL IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

Joshua Kibet, Josephate Bosire, Thomas Kinyanjui, Moses Lang’at and Nicholas Rono

Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, 2017, 33(2): 113-121 https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2017.33.2.113,

pISSN: 2288-9744, eISSN: 2288-9752,

Abstract In flight particulate matter particularly emissions generated by incomplete combustion processes has become a subject of global concern due to the health problems and environmental impacts associated with them. This has compelled most countries to set standards for coarse and fine particles due to their conspicuous impacts on environment and public health. This contribution therefore explores forest fire emissions and how its

particulates affects air quality, damage to vegetation, water bodies and biological functions as architects for lung diseases and other degenerative illnesses such as oxidative stress and aging. Soot was collected from simulated forest fire using a clean glass surface and carefully transferred into amber vials for analysis. Volatile components of soot were collected over 10 mL dichloromethane and analyzed using a QTOF Premier-Water Corp Liquid Chromatography hyphenated to a mass selective detector (MSD), and Gas Chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). To characterize the size and surface morphology of soot, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. The characterization of molecular volatiles from simulated forest fire emissions revealed long chain compounds including octadec-9-enoic acid, octadec-6-enoic acid, cyclotetracosane, cyclotetradecane, and a few aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and naphthalene). Special classes of organics (dibenzo-p-dioxin and 2H-benzopyran) were also detected as minor products. Dibenzo-p-dioxin for instance in chlorinated form is one of the deadliest environmental organic toxins. The average particulate size of emissions using SEM was found to be 11.51±4.91 µm. This study has shown that most of the emissions from simulated forest fire fall within PM10 particulate size. The molecular by-products of forest fire and particulate emissions may be toxic to both human and natural ecosystems, and are possible precursors for various respiratory ailments and cancers. The burning of a forest by natural disasters or man-made fires results in the destruction of natural habitats and serious air pollution. Key Words: simulated forest fire, particulates, PM10, SEM, toxicity

HEAVY METALS UPTAKE IN MAIZE GRAINS AND LEAVES IN DIFFERENT AGRO ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN UASIN GISHU COUNTY

Teresa Akenga, Vincent Sudoi, Walter Machuka, Emmy Kerich, ElkanaRonoh

Journal of Environmental Protection, 2017, 8: 1435-1444

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2017.812087, ISSN Online: 2152-2219, ISSN Print: 2152-2197

Abstract

Maize grain is the second most vital food after wheat to humans and forms an important part of a human diet due to its nutrients. In Kenya, it is estimated that one out of every two acres of land put to crop production is under maize crop. Maize can also be fed whole to livestock (grazed or chopped and ensiled). Due to increased demand and the need for higher productivity, farmers have adopted modern farming methods which include use of fertilizers, pesticides, compost manure, and irrigation. Uses of these products elevate amounts of heavy metals in the soil. Such heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and cadmium when taken up by plants accumulate in the plants becoming toxic at high levels. It is essential to monitor these levels in grains and leaves to ensure they do not exceed the WHO permissible limits. This study aimed at monitoring the levels of heavy metals uptake in maize (Zea mays) grains and leaves is within permissible levels. Level of heavy metals in maize grains from different ecological zones in UG County had mean concentration of Zn 0.122, Cd 0.03, Cu 0.111, Co 0.04, and Pb 0.33 mg/kg. These results were below WHO standards except for Cadmium, Co, and Pb which were slightly higher than recommended standard. The study also found that maize leaves had mean concentration of Zn 0.115, Cd 0.04, Cu 0.117, Co. 0.041 and Pb 0.323 mg/kg. The results were below WHO standards except Co and Pb which had slightly higher levels than the recommended WHO standards. The analytical results from this study provided important baseline statistics on the concentration of selected heavy metals in maize grains

and leaves besides being an important assessment of environmental pollution in rural areas where maize farming is predominant.

EFFICIENT REMOVAL OF LEAD(II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS USING METHYL-Β-CYCLODEXTRIN MODIFIED GRAPHENE OXIDE

Wilfrida Nyanduko Nyairo, Yasin Ramazan Eker, Chrispin Kowenje, Erhan Zor, Haluk

Bingol, Ali Tor, David Mokono Ongeri

Water Air Soil Pollut., 2017, 228: 406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3589-9

Online ISSN 1573-2932, Print ISSN 0049-6979

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide modified with methyl-β-cyclodextrin denoted as GO-mβCD were prepared and applied as adsorbents to determine the adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The characteristic results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that mβCD was successfully physically attached to GO to form the GO-mβCD nanocomposite. The adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of the adsorbents were well described by Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of GO-mβCD (at pH = 6 and room temperature) was determined as 312.5 mg/g which was significantly higher than that of GO (217.39 mg/g). This indicates that the modification of GO with mβCD enhances the adsorption capacity of GO. The desorption studies show that the adsorbent GO-mβCD can be used for at least five cycles with non-significant loss of its initial adsorption capacity for Pb(II) ions. SINGLE AND COMPETITIVE REMOVAL OF SULFACHLOROPYRIDAZINEAND

SULFADIMETHOXINE ONTO NATURAL KAOLINITE CLAY: KINETICS, ISOTHERMS AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDIES

Victor O. Shikuku, Renato Zanella, Chrispin O. Kowenje, Filipe F. Donato, Nelson

Bandeiraand Osmar D. Prestes

S. Afr. J. Chem., 2017, 70: 120–126, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/0379-4350/2017/v70a17

ISSN 0379-4350 Online /

Abstract In this study, local untreated clay was tested for its ability to adsorb sulfonamides, namely, sulfachloropyridazine (SCP) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) from synthetic wastewater by batch equilibration. The time-dependent adsorption data followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic law while the equilibrium adsorption data were adequately described by the Langmuir model. The monolayer adsorption density (Qo) of the clay was higher for SCP than SDM in single solute system. In binary solute solutions, an antagonistic adsorption process of SDM (Rq,SCP = 0.453) in the presence of SCP (Rq,SDM = 0.915) was observed, suggesting replacement adsorption. Additionally, the calculated thermodynamic parameters, namely: enthalpy (ÄH), Gibbs free energy (ÄG), entropy (ÄS), Arrhenius activation energy (ÄEa), and sticking probability (S*) indicated SCP and SDM adsorption to be spontaneous,

exothermic and physical in nature. Based on Langmuir isotherm, the mass of clay required for 99 % removal of the tested sulfonamides for a specified volume of effluent in a single batch system was predicted. The results show the tested clay may be used as a low-cost adsorbent for removal of pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater in its untreated form.

POTENTIAL OF ARTOCARPUSHETEROPHYLLUS SEED POWDER IN THE ADSORPTION OF CHROMIUM(VI) FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Cranmer Lubanga, Emmanuel Ntambi, Christopher Adaku

Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2017, 9: 614-628

ISSN Online: 1945-3108, ISSN Print: 1945-3094

Abstract Abstract The potential of Artocarpu sheterophyllus (Jackfruit) seed powder in adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution was studied using batch technique. The performance of the adsorption process was evaluated against contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial chromium(VI) ion concentration. The influence of the presence of interfering anionic species including chlorides, nitrates and sulphates on the adsorption process was also evaluated. The adsorption of chromium(VI) by Jackfruit seed powder reached equilibrium after 60 minutes. Higher chromium(VI) adsorption was observed at lower pH values with maximum removal (96.05%) occurring at pH 2. A great deal of adsorption (92.53%) was observed at the adsorbent dosage level of 1.0 g/100 ml solution. There was an improvement in the adsorption process when the temperature was increased from 25°C (95.35%) to 60°C (99.56%) followed by a decrease to 98.76% at 70°C. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial chromium(VI) ion concentration. The adsorption followed both Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models with correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.994 respectively, and Qm of 0.57 mg/g. The presence of nitrate and chloride ions significantly lowered the adsorption, with all the p values < 0.05 at 95% significant level. Meanwhile, the presence of sulphate ions enhanced chromium(VI) adsorption as most of the p values were >0.05. From the obtained Qm, Jackfruit Seed Powder is a good adsorbent for the aqueous solutions of Cr(VI). The adsorption process is slowed by the presence of the interfering anionic species.

DETOXIFICATION OF NYAR-UDOTA CASSAVA VARIETY IN ZOMBODISTRICT BY FERMENTATION

Benson Oloya1, Christopher Adaku, Emmanuel Ntambi, Morgan Andama

International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2017; 6(3): 118-121

doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170603.11 ISSN: 2327-2694 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2716 (Online)

Abstract

Fermentation is capable of detoxifying cassava cultivars. Cassava is one of the most important food crops in the world and in Uganda it is the second most consumed food crop after bananas. However, cassava has some toxic compounds, the cyanogenic glycosides such as linamarin and lotaustralin. Ingestion of the toxins in abundant quantities can be harmful to the health of both humans and animals. Cassava may hence, present a potential health risk to the consumers. Information regarding better detoxifying methods and processing conditions of cyanogenic glycosides content in cassava is vital for avoidance of health risks associated

with cassava consumption. Accordingly, one local cultivar, Nyar-udota, was subjected to fermentation for detoxification of their cyanogenic content. Fermentation achieved significant detoxification of the cyanogenic glycosides in the cassava cultivar up to 64.7% and the decrease varied with period of fermentation

CYANOGENIC POTENTIAL OF SELECTED CASSAVA VARIETIES IN ZOMBO

DISTRICT, UGANDA

Benson Oloya, Christopher Adaku, Emmanuel Ntambi, Morgan Andama

International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2017; 6(3): 144-148, doi: 10.11648/j.ijnfs.20170603.16,

ISSN: 2327-2694 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2716 (Online)

Abstract Both improved and local cassava varieties are widely grown and also, consumed in Zombo district as well as West Nile Sub region and Uganda as a whole. However, all cassava varieties contain cyanogenic glycosides which are toxic, although the amounts in each cultivar may vary considerably. Consumption of such toxins in sufficient quantities poses a health risk since they can cause acute cyanide poisoning and death in humans and animals. As such, information concerning the cyanogenic glycosides content in cassava cultivars is indispensable in averting health risks linked with cassava consumption. In this study, the cyanogenic content of the most common local cassava varieties (Bisimwenge, Nyar-anderiano, Nya-matia, Nya-pamitu, Nya-papoga and Nyar-udota) grown in Zombo district and six improved cassava varieties (NASE 3, NASE 9, NASE 14, NASE 19, TME 14 and TME 204) were investigated. Generally, the improved cassava varieties revealed lower levels (mean value was 108.75 mg/kg) of cyanogens than the local varieties (mean value was 201.65 mg/kg). The concentrations of the cyanogen in all the cultivars investigated were far above the FAO/WHO recommended value (<10 mg/kg). hence adequate detoxification and reduced frequency of consumption of these cassava cultivars are necessary in order to limit the ingestion of toxic levels of cyanide. EFFECT OF NATURAL BLUE-GREEN ALGAL CELLS LYSIS ONFRESHWATER

QUALITY

Kessy F.Kilulya, Titus A.M. Msagati, and Bhekie B. Mamba

Tanzania Journal of Science, 2017, 43(10): 83-94 ISSN: 2507-7961

Abstract

Blue-green algae grow in freshwater bodies when they are provided with suitable factors such as nutrients and appropriate weather conditions. Their cell lysis occurs naturally when they encounter unfavourable conditions. This study reports on the types and amounts of fatty acids added into freshwater due to the algal cell lysis. The investigation on the amount of fatty acids released into water due to algal cells lysis was performed by placing samples in two compartments, one with no light allowing the algae cells to die while the other compartment was kept in favourable conditions enough to sustain the life of algae. Fatty acids were then extracted from both dead and living cells as well as their respective water filtrates. Determination of fatty acids was performed using GCxGC-TOF-MS. Identified fatty acids

were mainly; tetradecanoic acid, 7-hexadecenoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 6,9,12,15- octadecatetraenoic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic, 9-octadecenoic and octadecanoic acids. It was found that water from the dead cells had higher amounts of fatty acids than water samples from the living cells. Unsaturated fatty acids increased from 0.85 mg/L to 2.70 mg/L in filtrate water from the dead algae. The pH of water samples from the dead cells decreased from 6.8 to 6.1.

COMPARATIVE BIOSORPTION OF Pb2+ IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING MORINGAOLEIFERA PLANT PARTS: EQUILIBRIUM, KINETICS AND

THERMODYNAMIC STUDIES

Stephen Nyoni, Edmore Satiya, NetaiMukaratirwa-Muchanyereyi and Munyaradzi Shumba

African Journal of Biotechnology, 2017, 16(48): 2215-2231 DOI: 10.5897/AJB2017.16066

ISSN 1684-5315

Abstract This research article presents a comparative study of the adsorption properties of Moringaoleifera biomass using Pb2+ ions as test analyte. The investigated parameters which affected the adsorption process were the effect of pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature. The comparison of adsorption process was evaluated in the pH range of 3 to 8, concentration range from 5 to 20 ppm, temperature varied from 25 to 80°C, variation of contact time from 15 to 80 min, and dose of the adsorbent from 0.3 to 1.2 g. The results obtained showed that a high adsorbent dose is required for high adsorption capacity. The pH of 7 was most effective with temperature set at 25°C and contact time of 60 min. The Temkin, Dubunin-Radushkevich, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were applied and fitted well to the data and values of the parameters of these isotherm equations were calculated. The Langmuir isotherm proved to be the overall best isotherm. The adsorbent surface functional groups were identified with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 98% for seed, 96% for blended, 94% for pods, and 92% for leaves. Better thermodynamic and kinetic properties were obtained with the seeds and the blended samples. In total, these results indicate that the blended moringabiosobent can be employed as a low-cost biosorbent for the removal of lead ions from water.

SPECIATION AND MOBILITY STUDY OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN KOFEDUMPSITE SOIL OF JIMMA TOWN, JIMMA, ETHIOPIA

Kassim Kedir, Abera Gure and Yared Merdassa

Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies & Management, 2017, 10(5): 629 – 641.

doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v10i5.7 ISSN:1998-0507

Abstract

Speciation and mobility of selected heavy metals including Cd, Pb and Fe were investigated in Kofe dumpsite soils of Jimma Town, Jimma, Ethiopia. To study vertical mobility of the metals, soil samples were collected at three depth profiles comprising surface soil (0-10 cm), subsoil (20-30 cm), and bottom soil (40-50 cm) using soil auger. Similarly, for horizontal

mobility assessment, soil samples were collected from 5 m, 10 m and 15 m distances starting from the edge of the dumpsite in east, west, north and south directions. Control soil samples were also collected at the same depth profiles, from 200 m away from the dumpsite. The collected samples were air dried, sieved as well as ground before processing utilizing a Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The fraction of the target metals in the extracted samples were then determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). The mobility factor (%MF) of the target metals was investigated in both vertical and horizontal variations and the obtained results showed that the target metals have exhibited both vertical and horizontal mobility. The texture, organic matter and pH of the soil samples were also analyzed for correlation study. Variation among obtained results, i.e., %MF and concentration of analytes, were evaluated using one way ANOVA at (P≤0.05). It was observed that Cd and Pb exhibited vertical mobility and thus could lead to pollution of the underground water. Similarly, the highest amount of Pb in the bioavailable fraction may also indicate its horizontal mobility and its high tendency to pollute surface water, sediment as well as agricultural products.

VORTEX-ASSISTED LOW DENSITY BASED DISPERSIVE LIQUID-LIQUID MICROEXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FOR DETERMINATION OF THREE PESTICIDES

RESIDUES FROM WATER SAMPLES

Bafe Baykedagn, Yared Merdassa and AberaGure

Iranian Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2017, 4(1): 25-33 Print ISSN 2383-2207, Online ISSN 2538-5054

Abstract

In this study, vortex-assisted low density based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector has been developed for the determination of three pesticides including chlorflurenol-methyl, chlorfenvinphos, and diazinon from environmental water samples. Different parameters influencing the extraction efficiency such as the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvent, sample pH, salt addition as well as vortex and centrifugation time were investigated and the optimal conditions were obtained. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 8.5–100, 3.1–100 and 36.5–600 ng/mL for chlorflurenol-Methyl, chlorfenvinphos and diazinon, respectively, with coefficient of determination (r2 ) of 0.993 or better. The limits of detection and quantification of the analytes, which were determined at 3 and 10 signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ranged from 0.9–11 and 3.1–36.8 ng/mL, respectively. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of real water samples. The relative recoveries (%RR) studied at two spiking concentration levels were ranging from 76–108%, with the corresponding relative standard deviation (%RSD) ranging from 1.9–9.9%. The results of study demonstrated that the proposed method is efficient for extraction and/or preconcentration of the three pesticides prior to quantitative determination utilizing HPLC–UV/Vis instrument.

PHYTOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA (LAM.) DE WIT. FOR HEAVY METAL-POLLUTED AND HEAVY METAL-DEGRADED

ENVIRONMENTS

Ssenku J.E., Ntale M., Backeus I., Oryem-Origa H.

Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Plants 2017, 189-209 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3084-0_7

Online ISBN: 978-981-10-3084-0, Print ISBN 978-981-10-3083-3

Abstract Regeneration of heavy metal-polluted and heavy metal-degraded sites has remained a global challenge despite the existence of numerous conventional physico-chemical techniques that can be applied. In view of the large size of the degraded areas and the cost implications, the application of the inexpensive “green” and sustainable technique of phytoremediation is unrivalled by any other possible alternative techniques. However, its effectiveness is largely dependent on judicious selection of the plant to be used. We thus assessed the suitability of Leucaenaleucocephala for phytoremediation of heavy metal-polluted and heavy metal-degraded sites. L. leucocephala has numerous inherent characteristics that can be exploited to augment phytoremediation and lower the cost of regeneration. The species can survive in harsh environmental conditions with the exception of heavily frosted conditions and occurs in a wide range of ecological settings. The species is fast growing, capable of reaching maturity in 6 to 7 months to produce a vast amount of seeds that can germinate into numerous seedlings to carry on further remediation of the polluted site. It can produce large quantities of phytomass that can accumulate heavy metals and can repeatedly be harvested to regenerate a polluted area through phytoextraction. Heavy metal-laden phytomass of L. leucocephala moulds into furniture and is used for construction to preclude contamination at the site of use. It is excellent on coppicing, thus eliminating the costs of replanting during the phytoremediation programme. The species is endowed with high proficiency for nitrogen fixation through nodule formation and can substantially revitalize microbial mass and micro-bioactivities to pave way for re-establishment of self-sustaining plant communities over the polluted sites. Its flexibility to nodulate with rhizobia of other legumes and its rhizobia to nodulate with other legumes could optimize nitrogen content revitalization of the polluted soils. However, the species is invasive and could be adopted under stringent measures to avoid its spread. It is also very palatable to animals and may thus be of limited application in the phytoremediation of areas accessible to animals. Suitability of the species in heavily polluted areas is minimal as many of the inherent characteristics may not fully be expressed.

ANCAP THESES 2017

SPECIATION AND PERSISTENCE OF TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT: CHARACTERIZATION IN TERMS OF A LINEAR

RATE MODEL

Dzomba, Pamhidzai

Ph D. Thesis, 2017, Faculty: Faculty of Science

Institution: University of Zimbabwe

Abstract The present work aimed at studying the degradation of tetracycline antibiotics in the aquatic environment with a view of arriving at a linear rate model taking into account microbial, photolytic and hydrolytic degradation, as well as adsorption/desorption equilibria. The degradation of the antibiotics was monitored both in river water and sediment of the aquatic microcosm experiments, as well as in control experiments consisting of distilled water over a period of 90 days. Ultrasonic assisted dispersive solid phase extraction was used to extract the antibiotics from water and sediment samples. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to a variable ultra violet detector was used to determine the changes in concentration of antibiotics over the period of 90 days. An initial loss of up to 35% at most, due to adsorption by the sediment was observed in the microcosm experiments soon after charging. Triphasic linear rates attributed to microbial degradation of free and sediment or colloidal particle 1 and 2 adsorbed antibiotic for both water phase and sediment phase of the aquatic microcosm experiments were observed for oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and tetracycline, while biphasic kinetics attributed to degradation of free, colloidal or sediment particle bound antibiotic were observed for doxycycline. The initial rates of degradation ranged from 1.35 - 3.07 x 10-2 µg/g/day (water phase), and 7.90 x 10-3 to 4.79 x 10-2 µg/g/day (sediment phase). Oxytetracycline exhibited the highest rate of degradation while that for tetracycline was the least. The covered distilled water control experiments for all the antibiotics showed a biphasic degradation pattern attributed to hydrolysis ranging from 2 x 10-6 to 5 x 10-4µg/g/day and microbial degradation ranging from 1.8 - 2.7 x 10-3 µg/g/day. In the distilled water exposed to natural light experiments, monophasic degradation (6.9 x 10-3µg/g/day) was observed for oxytetracycline, while biphasic degradation was observed for the other antibiotics. Addition of nitrates increased slightly the initial degradation rates for the light exposed distilled water experiments while the rates increased significantly in the microcosm experiments. The slight increase observed in the control experiments consisting of distilled water is attributed to photosensitization by the nitrate ions, which form hydroxyl radicals that further degrade the antibiotics while the huge increase in the microcosm experiments is attributed to increased population of microorganisms, due to availability of nutrients (added nitrates). The addition of nitrates did not affect the subsequent slow degradation rates. This is because the degradation rates depend on the rate of desorption of the antibiotic from colloidal and sediment particle surfaces. A kinetic model taking into account hydrolysis, photolysis, microbial degradation, as well as adsorption/ desorption equilibrium is presented to explain the observed zero order kinetics in the present study.

EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDAL POTENCY OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF THE BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM

TAGETES MINUTA'.

Kyarimpa, Chrisitine

Ph D. Thesis, 2017, Faculty: Faculty of Science

Institution: Makerere University

Abstract Essential oil and solvent extracts from Tagetes minuta (Marigold) were investigated for their efficacy as potent insecticides against mosquito larvae. Results from the essential oil revealed five major compounds. The larvicidal assay results suggest that T. minuta essential oil is an effective larvicide. Phytochemical investigation on the solvent extracts yielded several pure compounds belonging to different classes thereby accounting for the vast traditional use of T. minuta. The pure compounds have been studied further for their anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-plasmodial properties and have proved effective. Essential oil from Tagetes minuta should be developed further into an insecticide for commercial purposes after ascertaining its toxicity. This study was funded by Belgian Technical Co-orporation, RISE-AFNET, and Kyambogo University.

LEVELS OF AFLATOXINS IN MAIZE AND MAIZE PRODUCTS FROM SELECTED REGIONS OF TANZANIA

Macarius Pancras Mtega

M. Sc D. Dissertation, 2017,

Chemistry Department University of Dar es Salaam

Abstract

The production and storage of food crops in Tanzania is affected by aflatoxins, which are known to be carcinogenic and mutagenic to human and domestic animals. This study aimed at investigating the levels of aflatoxins in maize and maize products from Kongwa district (Dodoma region) and Njombe district (Njombe region). The raw maize samples were collected from maize fields, farmers' stores and markets. Maize flour was collected from the markets. Cooked maize products were obtained from maize samples which had significant levels of aflatoxins. The samples were extracted with methanol:water (80:20), and cleaned with immunoaffinity columns. 44 extracts of maize samples from Kibaigwa ward, 48 extracts of maize samples from Njombe and Uwemba wards, and 12 extracts of maize products were analyzed for aflatoxins using HPLC-DAD. The mean concentration of aflatoxins detected in samples from Njombe ward and Uwemba ward were; 2.48 ± 0.19 µg/kg (spoiled maize), 2.78 ± 0.19 µg/kg (field non-spoiled maize), 9.99 ± 0.14 µg/kg (store maize), 1.02 ± 0.1 µg/kg (maize flour). Aflatoxins in Kibaigwa ward were; 6.29 ± 0.14 µg/kg (spoiled maize), 2.87±0.02 µg/kg (field non-spoiled maize), 8.55 ± 0.67 µg/kg (village store), 10.07 ± 0.03µg/kg (market maize). Aflatoxins in cooked maize products were 0.45 ± 0.05 µg/kg for "Sembe", 1.39 ± 0.02 µg/kg for "Dona", and 0.584 ± 0.06 µg/kg for "Kande". Aflatoxins in Kibaigwa ward were above the maximum tolerable level set by WHO, however, in Njombe and Uwemba wards they were below the set level. Aflatoxins in cooked samples were lower

than the levels in the uncooked samples. With these findings, there is a need for close monitoring on how the farmers produce and store their maize.

MOSQUITO REPELLENT PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM SELECTED TANZANIAN PLANT SPECIES

Tatu Kiyuga Kilatu

M. Sc D. Dissertation, 2017,

Chemistry Department University of Dar es Salaam

Abstract

The investigation whose results are reported in this study involve essential oil composition of four selected Tanzanian aromatic plant species which are Tagetes minuta, Ocimum basilicum, Satureja imbricata and Ethulia conyzoides. The oils content from whole plant of S. imbricata, ariel parts of O. basilicum, leaves of T. minuta and leaves of E. conyzoides were obtained by water stem distillation using dean-stark distillation apparatus. The essential oils components were analysed using Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) in which O. basilicum found to contain highest amount of oil content (0.48%) while E. conyzoides contained lowest amount of oil content (0.006%). Furthermore, essential oil from T. minuta was dominated by monoterpene while E. conyzoides contained highly amount of unsaturated sesquiterpenes while essential oils of S. imbricata and O. basilicum were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes. Results from RC50 value indicated that T. minuta has more strong repellent activities (2.849x10-5 mg/cm2) against female Anopheles gambiae compared to O. basilicum, E. conyzoides and S. imbricata with RC50 value of 5.489x10-5 mg/cm2, 1.145x10-3 mg/cm2 and 3.21x10-3 mg/cm2 respectively. However results from number of mosquitoes bite and time before bite showed that O. basilicum is more repellent compared to those essential oils of plants species under investigation. Considering the repellency activities of four plants O. basilicum and T. minuta are more repellent against female Anopheles gambiae than E. conyzoides and S. imbricata. Although the two plants have promising repellency activities, they have higher RC50 value compared to standard citronellal, which has RC50 value of 4.431x10-7 mg/cm2. Furthermore, the repellency in number of mosquitoes bite and time before bite the standard citronellal showed to have high repellent activities compared to essential oils of those four plants species. Considering the results of previous study and the current study, it can be concluded that all essential oils from four plants they repel mosquitoes, may be further studies on individual plants essential oil, isolate pure component and characterized the chemicals that have repellent properties.

DISSIPATION STUDIES OF RIDOMIL GOLD (METALAXYL M) AND ACTARA 25WG (THIAMETHOXAM) PESTICIDES ON IRISH POTATOES (SOLANUM

TUBEROSUM) AND SNOW PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM) IN NYANDARUA COUNTY.

Boniface Nderi Kamau

M. Sc. Thesis, 2017, University of Nairobi

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to assess the dissipation rates of methyl N-(methoxyacetyl)-N-(2, 6-xylyl)-D-alaninate (ridomil gold; metalaxyl M) and 3-(2-chloro-1, 3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)-5-methyl-[1, 3, 5]-oxadiazinan-4-yllidine (nitro) amine (Actara 25WG; thiamethoxam) pesticides applied on potatoes and snow peas in Nyandarua County where potatoes and snow peas farming are ventures that are helping the small scale farmers to boost their income. However, the yields are profoundly affected by fungi and insect pest. The average yield of <10 t/ha is low compared to 40-50 t/ha obtained in countries with well-developed potato production system in America and Europe. Pesticides are very important in agriculture in Kenya because of decreasing quality and quantity of crop production due to diseases and pest infestations. Whereas pesticides are capable of controlling crops and livestock diseases and pests, they are also poisons that can affect non-target organisms such as human and wildlife. Farmers in Nyandarua County had registered complaints about lack of effectiveness of the Ridomil Gold used to control fungi on potatoes. In addition, stringent regulations in the European market limit the maximum residual levels on exported products that have seen the rejection of Kenyan snow peas from the EU market due to high residues of pesticides. Samples were collected and Soxhlet extracted using organic solvents, and quantified for Metalaxyl M using GC-MS while Thiamethoxam was analysed using GC-FID. The half-lives of Metalaxyl M and Thiamethoxam dissipation were calculated using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model equation and regression curves drawn to get the rate constants. Results obtained showed Metalaxyl M dissipation half-life of 3.13 days and 3.61 days in potatoes and soil, respectively, while Thiamethoxam had a dissipation half- life of 9.34 days and 13.13 days in snow peas and soil, respectively. vi The concentration of on thiamethoxam on snow peas on the pre-harvest interval (PHI) day was lower than both the EU and Codex MRLs. Metalaxyl M residues on potato leaves after day 7 were below the limit of detection, clearly indicating that after day 7 the pesticide is not effective to control the early and late blight. All the potato samples collected from the three markets (Njabini, Kiburu and Tulaga) open air markets had Metalaxyl M residues below detection limit. The concentrations of Thiamethoxam residues during wet season were 0.44 mg/Kg, 0.41 mg/Kg and <LOD for Njabini, Kiburu and Tulaga, respectively, while during the dry season the levels were 0.49 mg/Kg, 0.46 mg/Kg and 0.43 mg/Kg, respectively. The results revealed higher pesticide concentrations during the dry season. The most commonly used pesticides in the region were organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. Despite the fact that they are highly toxic compounds, most farmers in the study area did not adhere to the guidelines on the safe use of pesticides. The findings of this study revealed that lack of appropriate data on dissipation rates and proper use of pesticides contributed to ineffective control of pest and high maximum residual levels in post-harvest products.

WATER PURIFICATION USING ORIANG’ WOMEN CLAY POTS WITH N-DOPED TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Maurine Atieno Otieno


Abstract

Our water bodies are constantly impacted by ecological and environmental changes emanating from natural and anthropogenic activities. A research conducted by UN indicated that about 2.2 million deaths occur yearly in the world linked to water-related diseases with majority being children. UN research also recorded that this situation will not get better, projecting that by the year 2025, potable water shortage will be experienced by 2.7 billion people. The aim of this research was to provide a low cost, low energy and low environmental impact water treatment solution, suitable for use in rural areas. This research focused on the application of modified TiO2 based photocatalyst for water purification process. N-doped TiO2 was prepared using Sol-gel process at room temperature using a precursor termed as titania- Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide and 25% Ammonia Solution as Nitrogen source. The synthesized compound was calcined at 673 K. The structure and morphology of N-doped TiO2 powder were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the particle size using the Debye-Scherrer‘s formula. The XRD gave a particle size of 18.372 nm. The synthesised N-doped TiO2 was dissolved into a paste using Polyethylene glycol and coated onto the inner surface of the pots, impregnated into the pore structure and tested against inactivation of E. coli and total coliforms. From the results, it indicated that N-doped TiO2 completely inactivated E. coli at 98.5% compared to un-doped TiO2 and SODIS at 81.1 and 76.7%, respectively. The N-doped TiO2 paste in pots that had >0.2 g of the photocatalyst deactivated E. coli to near 100% compared to 95.5% for the pot only. Further studies on the activity of the p Maurine Atieno Otieno hotocatalyst on photodecomposition of chemical using methylene blue and methyl red dyes showed that the photocatalyst achieved up to 99.6% and 97.8% degradation efficiency, respectively. The results suggest that photo catalytic decomposition of methylene blue followed first order with a deceptive reaction rate constant, k app. 1.9 X 10-2 min-1. Reaction kinetics was fitted into the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model for pseudo first order rates.

ASSESSMENT OF THE FATE OF SELECTED PESTICIDES ON VEGETABLES IN NAIVASHA AREA

Emily K Okworo

M. Sc. Thesis, 2017,

University of Nairobi

Abstract This study assessed the fate of pesticides used on vegetables in Naivasha area. The harmful effects of pesticides make them pose a serious threat to some of the non-target organisms including human and wild life. The concentrations of two organophosphate pesticides (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) and organochlorine pesticide residues (heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin, α-HCH, γ-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH, endosulphan I, endosulphan II, p,p’- DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endrin aldehyde, methoxychlor, p,p’-DDD, p,p’-DDT and endosulphan sulphate) were determined in kales, soil and water samples from Naivasha area. Standard procedures were used in sample collection and preparation. Determination of pesticide concentrations in the water, soil and kale samples was done using a GC-MS (GC- 6890, MSD 5972-2) and a gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890N) combined with an auto sampler (Agilent 7683 Series injector), and an electron capture detector (µ-ECD). The organophosphate pesticides were not recorded in any of the samples. Varying concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were detected in the samples. In kales, methoxychlor was the highest detected pesticide with concentration of 75.41±7.71 µg/kg. aldrin recorded the highest concentration (218.47±6.76 µg/kg) in the soil samples while in the water samples, methoxychlor was the highest detected pesticide with a concentration of 0.68±0.01µg/l. The results suggest contamination of vegetables with pesticide residues that need to be monitored to reduce the risk of exposure to the unsuspecting consumers. Results of dissipation study of chlorpyrifos revealed concentration in kale leaves at 75.82±3.56 mg/kg on day 0 while on day 7 the residues were 2.82±0.03 mg/kg. In stems, roots and soil samples, initial chlorpyrifos concentrations were 61.36±7.52 mg/kg, <LOD and 42.03±0.00 mg/kg, while the final levels were 1.13±0.06 mg/kg, 1.56±0.00 mg/kg and 1.05±0.04 mg/kg, vi respectively. The half-lives in the leaves, stems, roots and soil were 0.63, 0.67, 1.1 and 0.5 days, respectively. Diazinon concentration in leaves on day zero was 49.02±6.26 mg/kg while final concentration was 3.12±0.14 mg/kg for day 11. Beyond the 11th day the concentration was below detection limit. Diazinon concentrations in stems, roots and soil on day zero were 37.88±3.32, <LOD and 38.25±0.00 mg/kg respectively while the final detectable concentrations were 5.16±0.17, 1.00±0.07 and 1.67±0.02 mg/kg for stems, roots and soil, respectively. The half-lives were 0.42, 0.62 and 0.43 days for stems, roots and soil, respectively. In both dissipation studies (diazinon and dursban), higher concentrations were observed on the leaves in day zero, followed by stems, soil and roots. From the dissipation studies, chlorpyrifos had longer persistence on the crops and soil compared to diazinon applied under the same environmental conditions. Based on the organophosphate (diazinon and Chlorpyrifos) residue levels detected farmers and consumers should be educated on post-harvest interval to be observed before harvesting of vegetables.

INVESTIGATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INTERFERING PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS OF WOOD DEBRIS IN FIRE ARSON ANALYSIS

Ronald O Okonjo



Abstract Laboratory identification of flammable products in fire debris is vital in crime scene investigations. Debris collected from a fire scene is intricate and contains background compounds from the substrate material and pyrolysis products that arise from combustion and pyrolysis of the material produced in the fire. Effective isolation of the target compounds from the pyrolysis products is one of the main problems encountered by forensic scientists in any fire arson analysis. This study focused on interference caused by pyrolysis products of wood debris. The main objective was to investigate and characterize selected pyrolysis products of wood debris in fire arson analysis. Mahogany, Medium Density Fiberboard, chipboard and block board were pyrolyzed using a muffle furnace at a controlled temperature of 350 °C and 450 °C for thirty minutes. The sample analysis was done in triplicates to establish reproducibility. The interfering pyrolysis products obtained ranged from straight chained aliphatic hydrocarbons to highly fused aromatic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons were found to elute at retention times similar to certain specific target compounds of gasoline and diesel. However pyrolysis products of chipboard showed very little interference with Ignitable Liquid residues (ILR) of diesel and gasoline. Chromatographic analysis based on retention time of the compounds eluted revealed possible conflicts between some of the pyrolysis compounds and the target ILR compounds of gasoline and diesel. Some of the compounds in diesel, for example 17-pentatriacontene, were found to be present in the pyrolysis compounds. The % abundance of these pyrolysis products in the samples were determined and compared with the % abundance of the target compounds in gasoline and diesel. The % abundance of the pyrolysis products were higher than the target compounds of gasoline and diesel hence possible shielding of the target compounds during analysis. The presence of pyrolysis products makes it difficult to elucidate and analyze the vi chromatograms effectively hence may lead to false positive interpretations. On the other hand, a false negative conclusion may be reached if the pyrolysis compounds are not known hence disregarding compounds originating from ILR. Therefore Creation of databases of pyrolysis products and ILR are important. Further studies are recommended on clean wood samples to set a database of their pyrolysis and interfering products. Keywords: Pyrolysis, fire, debris.

DEGRADATION AND ADSORPTION OF LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN ON ATHI RIVER AND COASTAL SOILS AND SEDIMENTS IN KENYA

Salia S Sheriff



Abstract Lambda-Cyhalothrin is extensively used in agriculture, horticulture and public health management in Kenya. The pesticide is effective against many vegetable pests, rice and other related disease vectors. This study investigated adsorption of L-Cyhalothrin onto sediments of Athi River and degradation on Kwale and Athi River soils. Sample analysis was conducted using UV-Visible spectrophotometry and the results were analyzed by fitting data into isotherm models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushvich and Scathard plot to understand the environmental impacts of this pesticide. The models presented different numerical values but the results demonstrated similar characteristics. It stands out that Dubinin-Radushvich (D-R) with average R2: 93.48, 93.75 and 89.8 fitted best in this experiment followed by Freudlich R2: 78.28, 89.95 and 81.18 and Quasi-Langmuir R2: 81.6, 87.45 and 70.53 for all samples from the upstream, midstream, and downstream of Athi River, respectively. The spontaneity of the adsorption process was also realized in ΔG values as predicted by Langmuir and Freundlich. In both models, the ΔG values for the midstream were negatives -9.781 KJ/Kmol and -2.720 KJ/Kmol for Langmuir and Freudlich, respectively. This showed complete spontaneous characteristics, whereas the ΔG value for upstream was positive (9.286 KJ/Kmol) for Langmuir and negative (-4.462.12 KJ/Kmol) for Freundlich. The downstream recorded a positive ΔG value (3.0968 KJ/Kmol) for Freudlich while Langmur was negative (-5.4415KJ/Kmol). Other important parameters in Freudlich, such as the number of adsorbed molecules, n and the apparent equilibrium constant K were determined. The average values were 1.04, 0.73, and 0.39 for n and 6.36, 2.89, and 0.54 for K, for upstream, midstream and downstream, respectively. Degradation of L-Cyhalothrin was faster in Kwale soil than Athi River soil with half-life between 4 to 5 weeks for Kwale soil was faster than Athi River soil. Adsorption modeling and degradation studies of pesticide residues are vital to environmentalist and policy makers in determining the application and disposal mechanisms for these pollutants. DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW COST WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM – A CASE

STUDY CERAMIC FILTERS AND MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS

Macharia Jane Wanjiru


Abstract

Majority of people living in developing world do not have access to quality water. These people rely on readily available sources which are normally of low quality thus exposing them to waterborne diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of clay filters and Moringa oleifera seeds in water purification. The study involved making porous clay pots by incorporating burnout material into the clay when moulding it and testing the

coagulant and disinfectant ability of M. oleifera seeds. Four ration by volume i.e. 50:50, 55:45, 60:40 and 65:35 (Clay: Sawdust) were selected and filters prepared from them in triplicates. The filters were fired at 850°C for 8 hours by first drying them at 100°C for two hours. Another set of filters was prepared in the same way but fired at 650°C. The M. oleifera wood powder and seed husks were also used as the burnout material to prepare a different set of filters. Majority of people living in developing world do not have access to quality water. These people rely on readily available sources which are normally of low quality thus exposing them to waterborne diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of clay filters and Moringa oleifera seeds in water purification. The study involved making porous clay pots by incorporating burnout material into the clay when moulding it and testing the coagulant and disinfectant ability of M. oleifera seeds. Four ration by volume i.e. 50:50, 55:45, 60:40 and 65:35 (Clay: Sawdust) were selected and filters prepared from them in triplicates. The filters were fired at 850°C for 8 hours by first drying them at 100°C for two hours. Another set of filters was prepared in the same way but fired at 650°C. The M. oleifera wood powder and seed husks were also used as the burnout material to prepare a different set of filters. The efficiency of the filters and M. oleifera seeds in treating water was tested against selected microbial, chemical and physicochemical parameters and also by determining the flow rates. Turbidity and Feacal Coliforms were the most affected parameters by the two POU interventions. The filters made from local sawdust had flow rates ranging between 28.0 and 104.5ml/hr. The filters made from M. oleifera wood and husks powder recorded the lowest flowrates of 11.5 – 17.8ml/hr. The filters reduced Escherischia coli with an efficiency ranging from 99.1 to 100%. This corresponded to an average numerical reduction from an initial E coli count of 390±10/ml to 0.08±0.1 CFU/ml. Turbidity was reduced by an efficiency ranging between 97.2 and 98.6%. For all the filters, turbidity of water was reduced to below 1.7 NTU. The filters were also found to adsorb lead and copper ions with an adsorption efficiency of 96.5- 99.8 % and 99.5-99.98% respectively. The other parameters tested on the filters were TDS and pH. The filters had minimal effect on total dissolved substances with a reduction efficiency range of 10.1-12.5%. The effect on pH was negligible ranging between -0.34 and 1.7%. All the filters were found to be equally effective in purifying water. Varying the combustible material, firing temperature and ratio of clay to the combustible material did not affect the xiii efficiency of the filters in removing contaminants. The variations only affected the flow rates of the filters. Tests with M. oleifera seeds indicated that the seeds had both biocoagulant and phytodisinfectant ability. A dosage of 0.2 g/l reduced turbidity of artificial turbid water with a reduction efficiency of upto 99.2 %. With naturally occurring turbid water, the efficiency was lower at 59.0 % removal. Tests with E. coli and other Coliforms indicated that the seeds could reduce them with a reduction efficiency of 86.8% and 82.7% respectively. TSS removal was at 53.2% while TDS, pH, and conductivity removal was at approximately 5%. The seeds did not affect the alkalinity, nitrates and nitrites concentration of the sample. A test on the effect of pH revealed that the seeds were more effective in slightly basic conditions though the difference was minimal. Deoiling the seeds and using the seed cake residue

showed similar efficiency and therefore the edible oil could be extracted first before the seeds are used in water treatment. Sequential use of the two POU would produce quality water and also prevent clogging of filters. The seeds could be used in the pretreatment step to lower the turbidity of the water and also lower the Microbial contaminants. On passing this water through the filters, the E. coli would be completely eliminated and turbidity lowered to below 2 NTU

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SYNERGYSTIC EFFECTS OF TITANIUM (IV)

OXIDE MODIFIED CLAY IN DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION OF WATER

David Owuor Ojok M. Sc. Thesis, 2017,


Abstract Access to potable water is a problem facing developing countries worldwide. This water problem is expected to worsen with the population increase in the developing countries. It is in view of the water crisis that a series of research studies have been conducted with sole aim of alleviating the problem and coming up with a cost effective point of use water treatment method. This study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of titanium (iv) oxide (TiO2) modified clay in water purification. Clay soils were collected from Kenyatta University, department of ceramics and Got Ramogi, in Thika and Bondo sub-counties respectively. Chemical compositions of the two clay samples were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) machine. Titanium (iv) oxide (TiO2) used was DEGUSSA P25 and calcination was done in an oven. The calcination temperature was 600oC. Methyl orange was degraded by TiO2 to determine its photocatalytic activity. The residual concentration of the degraded methyl orange was determined using UV spectrophotometer, model Shimadzu pharmaspec UV 1700. The ceramic filter was coated with TiO2. Water samples used in the analysis of physico-chemical parameters and E. coli were collected from Usenge beach in Bondo sub-county and Nairobi River in Nairobi county. Triple distilled water was spiked with different concentrations of copper and lead salts then filtered. A measured concentration of organochlorine pesticides mixture was spiked in triple distilled water then filtered. Analyses of various parameters were done on the water samples before and after ceramic filtration to determine the efficiency before subjecting the filters to field sample analysis. Parameters analyzed include turbidity, pH, TSS, TDS, E. coli, pesticides and heavy metals. E. coli analysis was done by transferring the sample to a 3M test kit, then incubating at 37.2oC for 24 hours. Heavy metal analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic machine model Spectra AA.10. Labtec. Pesticide extraction was done using Solid Phase Extraction cartridge from Superlco Analytical TM U.S.A and analysis was done by gas chromatography mass spectroscopy machine of model Varian Cp 3800 GC/MS. Results showed that TiO2 modified clay filter reduced turbidity from 24.667± 0.0577 NTU to 0.0212 ± 0.0016 NTU.TSS in water were reduced by filters from 276 ± 14.730 mg/L to 1.00 ± 0.328 mg/L. The filtered water had E. coli colonies reduced from 4310.83 ± 15.718 c.f.u/100ml to 0.00 c.f.u/100ml, the modified clay filters reduced up to 1000ppm of lead and copper to below detection level. OCP pesticides in water were all reduced by the filters to below detection levels except δ-HCH which had residual 390 ± 108.45 ng/l out of the initial

2512.479 ng/l. Improved efficiency of the TiO2 modified filters was noted in their enhanced ability to reduce the contaminant levels in water.

ANCAP PUBLICATIONS 2018 OCCURRENCE AND LEVELS OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS)

IN FARMED AND WILD MARINE FISH FROM TANZANIA. A PILOT STUDY

Eliezer Brown Mwakalapa, Aviti JohnMmochi, Mette Helen Bjorge Müller, Robinson Hammerthon Mdegela and Anuschka Polder

Chemosphere, 2018, 191: 438-449 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.121

Abstract

In 2016, farmed and wild milkfish (Chanos chanos) and mullet (Mugil cephalus) from Tanzania mainland (Mtwara) and Zanzibar islands (Pemba and Unguja) were collected for analyses of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Fish livers were analysed for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Muscle tissue was used for analyses of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The major contaminant was p,p′-DDE. The highest p,p′-DDE concentration was found in wild milkfish from Mtwara (715.27 ng/g lipidweight (lw)). This was 572 times higher than the maximum level detected in farmed milkfish from the same area. The ratios of p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT in wild milkfish and mullet from Mtwara and Pemba indicate historical use of DDT. In contrast, ratios in farmed milkfish from Unguja and Mtwara, suggest recent use. The levels of HCB, HCHs and trans-nonachlor were low. ∑10PCBs levels were low, ranging from <LOD to 8.13 ng/g lw with the highest mean level found in farmed milkfish from Shakani, Unguja (3.94ng/g lw). The PCB pattern was dominated by PCB -153>-180> -138. PBDEs were detected in low and varying levels in all locations. BDE-47 was the dominating congener, and the highest level was found in farmed milkfish from Jozani (1.55 ng/g lw). HBCDD was only detected in wild mullet from Pemba at a level of 16.93 ng/g lw. PFAS was not detected in any of the samples. POP levels differed between geographic areas and between farmed and wild fish. Human activities seem to influence levels on PCBs and PBDEs on Unguja.

HEALTH PROBLEMS RELATED TO ALGAL BLOOM AMONG SEAWEED FARMERS IN COASTAL AREAS OF TANZANIA

Aziza H. Said, Flower E. Msuya, Margareth S. Kyewalyanga, Aviti J. Mmochi, Evalyn W.

Mwihia, Eystein Skjerve, Helena A. Ngowi and Jan L. Lyche

Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology, 2018, 10(8): 303-312 DOI: 10.5897/JPHE2018.1020

Abstract

There is a scarcity of research-based data on the factors associated with skin irritation due to algal blooms in seaweed farming. Changes in temperature with an increase in nutrients levels lead to the growth of harmful algal blooms, which produce many active metabolites, some of which induce toxic responses in human including skin irritation. The objective of this study was to identify health problems experienced by seaweed farmers and the seasons when they occur, and how these are treated. A crosssectional study design was used to gather data using structured questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The study was conducted between June and August 2015, in six villages, two from Mainland, and four from Zanzibar Islands, Tanzania. Study revealed that seaweed more than 50% of farmers experienced skin irritation problem, followed by 30.4% who had eye related problems, and

only 19.6% had respiratory disorders as the most serious. Hot season, which is associated with algal blooms, was the period with the highest occurrence of skin irritation. No specific medication was used to treat the health problems reported. In some severely affected areas, farmers could not tend to their farms for months, a situation which affected their income. It is suggested that the findings from this study would reduce this knowledge gap and motivate stakeholders especially the policy makers to implement measures, which reduce the health problems observed due to algal blooms in the seaweed farmers. DETERMINATION OF DICHLORODIPHENYLTRICHLOROETHANE (DDT) AND

METABOLITES RESIDUES IN FISH SPECIES FROM EASTERN LAKE TANGANYIKA

John A.M. Mahugija, Lutamyo Nambelab and Aviti J. Mmochi

S. Afr. J. Chem 2018, 71:86–93.

Abstract In this study, the levels and status of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) residues in fish samples collected from Eastern Lake Tanganyika were investigated. The analytes were determined using gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector (GC–ECD) and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compounds p,p’-DDE (4,4’-DDE), p,p’-DDD (4,4’-DDD), o,p’-DDT (2,4’-DDT) and p,p’-DDT (4,4’-DDT) were detected in all the samples, with total DDT concentrations ranging from 23 ± 8.3 to 339 ± 27 µg kg–1 fresh weight and 1736 ± 1388 µg kg–1 to 25 552 ± 4241 µg kg–1 lipid weight. The highest concentrations of total DDT were detected in Lates stappersii species. The ratios of the metabolites (DDD + DDE) to the parent compound (p,p’-DDT) were low (< 1) in all the fish samples, indicating exposure to fresh DDT. The concentrations of the DDT residues exceeded the extraneous maximum residue limit of 1.0 µg kg–1, indicating risks and concerns for public health and the environment because of the indication of fresh application of banned pesticides and bioaccumulation. There is need for continued monitoring of the residues in Lake Tanganyika environs and controlling the pesticides used in the area THE MECHANISM OF 2-CHLOROBIPHENYL OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION BY NANOSCALE ZERO-VALENT IRON IN THE PRESENCE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Yu Wang, Linhao Liu, Guodong Fang Lei WangFredrick Orori Kengara and Changyin Zhu

Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(3): 2265–2272|

Abstract It has recently been demonstrated that the addition of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) to oxygen-containing water or soil aquifers results in the oxidation of organic compounds. However, there has been little insight about the generation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that play a vital role in the transformation of contaminants in the presence of nZVI. This study investigated (i) the degradation of 2-chlorobiphenyl (2-CB) by nZVI; (ii) the generation and role of ROS in this process. Under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, the removal efficiency of 2-CB was 65.5 and 59.4%, respectively, after 4 h at a pH of 5.0. The results demonstrated that both the reductive and oxidative processes account for 2-CB degradation under aerobic conditions. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated by nZVI at low pH could efficiently degrade 2-CB, the main reductive dechlorination product was biphenyl. Two other hydroxylation products (2-chlorophenol and 2-hydroxybiphenyl) were

also examined. There was a higher degradation efficiency of 2-CB under acidic conditions than basic conditions because more ·OH was generated by nZVI. The presence of natural organic matters (NOMs), including humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), galic acid (GA), and tannic acid (TA), increased the degradation efficiency of 2-CB (k values ranged from 0.0041 to 0.0042 min−1), because NOMs can mediate the electron transfer from the nZVI surface to O2, and facilitate the production of Fe2+ and H2O2 that subsequently form OH. The mechanisms of these processes have provided new insights into the role of nZVI in the transformation of organic compounds

INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES AND SEASONS ON HEAVY METALS IN SPRING WATER ALONG AMALA AND NYANGORES

TRIBUTARIES OF THE MARA RIVER BASIN

Owuor, James J.; Owuor, Philip O.; Kengara, Fredrick O.; Ofula, Ayub V. O.; Matano, Ally-Said

URI: https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/658, 2018-07

Abstract

Anthropogenic activities, including replacing natural forests with human settlements and increased agricultural activities have environmental impacts. The activities can contaminate aquatic ecosystems including spring waters that are sources of major rivers like the Amala and Nyangores, tributaries of Mara River in Mau Complex. In the complex, forestlands have been converted to human settlements and agricultural lands. Although residents of the Mara River Basin use the spring waters for domestic and animal watering purposes, evaluation of the impact the activities have on the spring water quality has not been done. This study evaluated the site and seasonal variations of zinc, copper, selenium, manganese, chromium, cadmium and lead concentrations in spring waters within the Mau Complex where forests have been cleared and converted to anthropogenic activities. The study covered areas along Amala and Nyangores rivers. There were variations (p≤0.05) in the heavy metals levels with sites and seasons. Except for Mn, Cu and Cd which were lower, the levels of the other heavy metals in water from the control points (undisturbed forest areas) were higher in downstream areas that had undergone massive anthropogenic activities. Although there were seasonal variations (p≤0.05), the pattern was not clear. Some heavy metals levels were higher in wet seasons while others were higher in dry season. But the heavy metals levels were within the recommended international standards for domestic/animal use. These results demonstrate that the anthropogenic activities were not yet causing pollution of the spring waters. Maintaining the anthropogenic activities at present levels is recommended. However, periodic monitoring to ascertain the quality of the spring water is necessary to mitigate increase to detrimental levels with time. These results contribute knowledge helping regulatory agencies and management of Lake Victoria basin to formulate monitoring polices to curb water quality deterioration.

INFLUENCE OF LAND USE PRACTICES ON WATER PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND NUTRIENTS LOADING ALONG THE MARA RIVER OF

EAST AFRICA Wafula, Martin S.M.; Owuor, Philip O.; Kengara, Fredrick O.; Ofula, Ayub V. O.; Matano,

Said-Ally

URI: https://repository.maseno.ac.ke/handle/123456789/657, 2018-07

Abstract Mara River originates from the Mau Forest and traverses through landscapes with varying activities. Over the years, Mara River Basin has witnessed population increase, accompanied with conversion of forestlands into agricultural farms, human settlements, industrial and tourist activities and development of urban centres. Land uses along riverine areas have influence on water quality and may affect health of surrounding ecosystems. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of land use activities on the river water quality using samples collected along the river. A spring within the Mau Forest (Ainabsabet spring) and a stream emanating from forested land draining into the river after the mine site were controls. The samples were analyzed for water physicochemical parameters, which registered the following ranges of results; water pH (5.23 ± 0.01 to 8.04 ± 0.01), temperature (11.5 ± 0.06 to 23.73 ± 0.06°C), turbidity (65.77 ± 21.58 to 369.47 ± 15.69 NTU), dissolved oxygen (6.14 ± 1.55 to 8.18 ± 0.03 mg/l), total dissolved solids (45.22 ± 0.65 to 308.33 ± 2.08 mg/l), total soluble solids (6.33 ± 2.31 to 110.56 ± 1.50 mg/l), electrical conductivity (34.32 ± 0.45 to 252.00 ± 5.57 µS/cm), water nutrient loads; total nitrogen derivatives (223.57 ± 2.22 to 1630 ± 96.56 µg/l), total phosphates (42.32 ± 0.34 to 681.23 ± 68.8 µg/l) and silicates (up to 65.77 ± 0.65mg/l). Levels of most parameters increased (p≤0.05) downstream the river. Emarti site, close to large-scale maize farms, registered highest nutrient levels. Water from livestock and wildlife grazing areas (Tarime sites) that had gullies and bare soils, registered the highest levels of total soluble solids. The Kirumi wetland reduced (p≤0.05) nutrients oncentrations entering Lake Victoria. Although land uses along the river contribute to nutrients loading into the water system, nutrient levels were within acceptable limits. There is need to conserve and protect the wetland and control activities along the Mara River, to mitigate future contamination of the Mara River which would pollute the Lake Victoria water. ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF MEDICINAL AND PESTICIDAL PLANTS USED BY AGROPASTORAL COMMUNITIES IN MBULU DISTRICT, TANZANIA

Michael Qwarse, Matobola J. Mihale, Joseph, Sempombe Veronica Mugoyela, Leonia Henry, and Fortunatus Sunghwa

Tanzania J. Sci & Technol. 2018, 1(1): 22- 35

Abstract

Ethnobotanical study was carried out to establish an inventory of medicinal and pesticidal plant species currently used by agro-pastoralist communities in Mbulu district, Tanzania. The survey involved collecting information on available plant species, plant parts used, route of administration and method of preparation during use using semi-structured interviews and field observation. Sixty five plant species that belong to 41 families were identified. Dominant families in use are Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Euphobiaceae, accounting for 43.9%

of all identified species. Results indicated that 55% of the plant species are used for medicinal purposes, 29% are used for pesticidal purposes and 16% are used for both medicinal and pesticidal purposes. Forty six percent (46%) of the plants were prepared and administered orally, while 21% were administered by spotting. Whereas 27% of the plants involved the use of leaves during preparation, 22% involve the use of roots. Preparing a juice and soaking in water were the major methods of preparing medicinal and pesticidal formulations. However, ascertaining the specific amount of dose for both medicinal and pesticidal formulations was difficult. There is a need to scientifically test the plant extracts that are active against pests and pathogens. The urgency of identifying and recording this knowledge before its disappearance from the community particularly when there is advancement of farmers’ age. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS DETECTION IN DRY FORESTED ECOSYSTEM

AS INDICATED BY VEGETATION COVER CHANGE IN —LAIKIPIA, OF KENYA

Kiambi Gilbert M’mboroki, Shem Wandiga, Silas Odongo Oriaso

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018, 190: 255

Abstract

The objective of the study was to detect and identify land cover changes in Laikipia County of Kenya that have occurred during the last three decades. The land use types of study area are six, of which three are the main and the other three are the minor. The main three, forest, shrub or bush land and grassland, changed during the period, of which grasslands reduced by 5864 ha (40%), forest by 3071 ha (24%) and shrub and bush land increased by 8912 ha (43%). The other three minor land use types were bare land which had reduced by 238 ha (45%), river bed vegetation increased by 209 ha (72%) and agriculture increased by 52 ha (600%) over the period decades. Differences in spatiotemporal variations of vegetation could be largely attributed to the effects of climate factors, anthropogenic activities and their interactions. Precipitation and temperature have been demonstrated to be the key climate factors for plant growth and vegetation development where rainfall decreased by 200 mm and temperatures increased by 1.5 °C over the period. Also, the opinion of the community on the change of land use and management was attributed to climate change and also adaptation strategies applied by the community over time. For example unlike the common understanding that forest resources utilisation increases with increasing human population, Mukogodo dry forested ecosystem case is different in that the majority of the respondents (78.9%) reported that the forest resource use was more in that period than now and also a similar majority (74.2%) had the same opinion that forest resource utilisation was low compared to last 30 years. In Yaaku community, change impacts were evidenced and thus mitigation measures suggested to address the impacts which included the following: controlled bush management and indigenous grass reseeding programme were advocated to restore original grasslands, and agricultural (crop farming) activities are carried out in designated areas outside the forest conservation areas (ecosystem zoning) all in consultation with government (political class), community and other stakeholders. Groups are organised (environmental management committee) to address conservation, political and vulnerability issues in the pastoral dry forested ecosystem which will sustain pastoralism in the ecosystem.

ANALYSIS OF TOTAL PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN WATER FROM NGONG AND MATHARE RIVERS, NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Edna M. Masenge1, Shem O. Wandiga, Paul M. Shiundu, Vincent O. Madadi

Int J S Res Sci. Engg. Tech. 2018, 4(8): 252-256

Abstract

Unsustainable industrial development has created negative impacts to global ecosystem quality and biodiversity due to increased load of chemical and biological contaminants released into environment. Ecological sustainability of Nairobi River Basin in Kenya, hangs in the balance between socioeconomic exploitation and environmental management. Nairobi, Ngong and Mathare rivers constitute the three main tributaries of Nairobi River Basin. The basin has witnesssed increased pollution load, destruction of the wetlands and encroachment of the buffer zones due to rapid urbanisation. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) contamination in Mathare and Ngong rivers. We collected water from eight sampling sites constituting the upstream, midstream and downstream of the two rivers. The samples were extracted using HPLC grade dichloromathane and analysed for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) using a Gas Chromatography equipped with Flame Ionisation Detector. TPH in Mathare River ranged from 59.66±8.64 to 463.92±2.63 µg/L, whereas levels in Ngong’ River ranged from 11.85±0.10 to 1,219.95 µg/L. The concentration increased downstream indicating the influence of industrial and urbanistion on the pollution load. The results suggest that industries and municipal activities in the City are contributing to TPH contamination in the Nairobi River Basin tributaries and therefore they are likely to jeopardize ecological quality of the rivers ecosystems if protective measures are not taken.

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF POLYMER LAYERED SILICATE

NANOCOMPOSITES FOR WATER PURIFICATION

Damaris W Mbui, Dickson M Andala, Deborah A Abong’o and John N Mmbaga

African Materials Research Society, 2018, 3(36): 2099-2107 https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.169

Abstract

Zeolite and cellulose-acetate nanocomposites were fabricated in this study using a combination of melt blending and solution mixing. The nanocomposites were optimized for heavy metal adsorption using spiked lead and cadmium solutions. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Powder X-Ray diffraction crystallography were used for physical characterization. Fourier Transform Infrared spectra showed a reduction of the hydroxyl peak for cellulose acetate and that of the residual silanol group for zeolites symbolizing bonding during nanocomposite formation. Scanning Electron Microscope results showed an increase in voids with zeolite loading in the nanocomposites, a useful characteristic of good adsorbents. Powder X-ray diffraction crystallography results showed a reduction in 2 theta values for the nanocomposites due to penetration of the polymer into the silicate lattice e.g. zeolite 2 theta peak at 7.44° reduced to 7.09° in the nanocomposites signifying an increase in crystal lattice d- spacing from 1.188 nm to 1.247 nm. The nanocomposites adsorbed a maximum of 97.20% lead ions and 85.06% cadmium ions from solution.

PREVALENCE AND SOURCES OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN THE

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT OF LAKE VICTORIA, EAST AFRICA

Kenneth Arinaitwe, Derek C.G. Muir, Bernard T. Kiremire, Phil Fellin, Henrik Li, Camilla Teixeira, Drake N. Mubiru

Chemosphere, 2018, 193: 343-350


Abstract The large surface area of Lake Victoria (about 68,800 km2) makes it vulnerable to high atmospheric deposition of chemical pollutants. We present measurements of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the lake's atmospheric environment. High volume air (24 h) samples were collected within the northern Lake Victoria watershed in Uganda over two periods; 1999–2004 [at Kakira (KAK) and Entebbe (EBB)] and 2008–2010 (at EBB only). Precipitation samples were also collected monthly during the 2008–2010 period at EBB. Analysis for PCBs was done using GC-µECD in a dual column approach. The ranges of ΣPCB concentrations in the KAK air samples were 154–462 pg m−3 (KAK 1999–2000), 26.7–226 pg m−3 (KAK 2003–2004), 27.0–186 pg m−3 (EBB 2003), 46.8–174 pg m−3 (EBB 2004), 19.2–128 pg m−3 (EBB 2008), 45.8–237 pg m−3 (EBB 2009) and 65.6–244 pg m−3 (EBB 2010). The di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-PCBs were predominant in air sample sets while the tetra- and penta-PCBs were predominant in precipitation samples. The mean flux of ΣPCBs in the precipitation samples was 26.9 ng m−2 (range of 14.8–41.5 and median of 27.5). Concentrations at EBB were lower than those reported elsewhere for urban sites in the East and Central African region. Multivariate analysis and analysis of air mass movements suggested influence of combustionsources on the PCB profiles from the region, especially, from the major East African urbanized regions.

RESIDUES OF PESTICIDES AND METABOLITES IN CHICKEN KIDNEY, LIVER

AND MUSCLE SAMPLES FROM POULTRY FARMS IN DAR ES SALAAM AND PWANI, TANZANIA

John A.M. Mahugija, Patrick E. Chibura, Esther H.J. Lugwisha

Chemosphere, 2018, 193:869-874


Abstract The concentrations of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites were investigated in chicken kidney, liver and muscle samples obtained from chickens collected from four poultry farms in Dar es Salaam and Pwani regions in Tanzania. The samples were extracted by solid dispersion using cyclohexane:ethyl acetate. The extracts were cleaned by adsorption column chromatography. The analytes were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of total DDT, total endosulfan and total HCHs in the samples ranged from 0.71 to 26, 0.3 to 7.9 and 0.02–10.4 mg/kg lipid weight (lw), respectively. The highest concentrations of aldrin, dieldrin, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and pirimiphos methyl were 5.5, 4.8, 9.7, 5.6 and 7.8 mg/kg lw, respectively. The highest concentrations of the contaminants were found in the kidney and liver samples. The sites in Dar es Salaam showed the highest concentrations of

the compounds. Most of the concentrations were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) indicating risks and concerns for livestock and public health.

EFFECTS OF WASHING ON THE POLYCYCLIC ROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) CONTENTS IN SMOKED FISH

John A.M. Mahugija, Emmanue Njale

Food Control, 2018, 93:139-143

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.050

Abstract This study investigated the effects of washing on the contents of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fish. Portions of smoked fish samples were washed with warm water (60 °C). The unwashed and washed fish samples were separately homogenized, extracted, cleaned-up and screened for thirteen PAHs. The PAHs were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Washing of the fish samples reduced the concentrations of the individual PAHs by 35.8%–100% in almost all S. victoria samples, 0.6%–100% in most L. niloticus samples and 2.9%–100% in some Haplochromis spp samples. The concentrations of total PAHs in S. victoriae samples were reduced by 77.4%–99.5% in washed samples compared to the concentrations in the unwashed samples. The concentrations of the total PAHs in most washed L. niloticussamples were less by 5.8%–77.4% than the concentrations in the unwashed samples. The concentrations of total PAHs in washed samples of Haplochromis spp were reduced by 7.2% in one third of the washed samples but were not reduced in other samples. Therefore, washing reduced or eliminated the PAHs in smoked fish depending on the fish species, although the levels still exceeded the permissible levels.

LEVELS OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN SMOKED

AND SUN-DRIED FISH SAMPLES FROM AREAS IN LAKE VICTORIA IN MWANZA, TANZANIA

John Andrew Marco Mahugija, Emmanuel Njale

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2018, 73:39-46

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2018.07.010

Abstract This study investigated the concentrations of 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked and sun-dried fish samples of three species (Synodontis victoriae, Haplochromis spp and Lates niloticus) from areas in Lake Victoria in Mwanza region, Tanzania. The PAHs in cleaned extracts were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The concentrations of total PAHs in sun-dried fish samples were up to 0.13 mg/kg in S. victoria and Haplochromis spp and ranged from 0.08 to 0.3 mg/kg in L. niloticus. The concentrations of total PAHs in smoked fish samples ranged from 12.1 to 31.4, 21.8 to 27.4 and 19.5 to 33.9 mg/kg in S. victoriae, Haplochromis spp and L. niloticus, respectively. The concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene in all the smoked fish samples exceeded the European Union (EU) maximum permissible level (0.002 mg/kg) and the sum of the concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene and chrysene in all the smoked fish samples exceeded the EU maximum permissible level (0.012 mg/kg), but were generally

below these limits in the sun-dried fish samples. The concentrations of the PAHs in smoked fish samples were significantly greater than in the sun-dried samples.

OCCURRENCE OF ORGANOCHLORINE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS

PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POULTRY FEEDS, RAW AND COOKED EGGS FROM SELECTED FARMS IN ILALA AND KIBAHA DISTRICTS, TANZANIA

J.A.M. Mahugija, P.E. Chibura, E.H.J. Lugwisha

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2018, 22(2):

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i2.6

Abstract This study assessed the levels of seventeen pesticides and metabolites residues in chicken feeds and raw eggs as well as the effects of processing methods on the levels in eggs in samples obtained from six poultry farms in Ilala and Kibaha districts, Tanzania. Extraction was performed by solid dispersion method and the extracts were cleaned-up by adsorption column chromatography. The analytes were determined by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest mean concentrations of the contaminants in feeds and eggs were as follows, respectively: aldrin 0.62 and 2 mg/kg, dieldrin 0.71 and 1.3 mg/kg, total DDT 6.68 and 8.14 mg/kg, total endosulfan 3.53 and 3.74 mg/kg, total HCHs 0.91 and 1.21 mg/kg, chlorpyrifos 12.2 and 0.59 mg/kg, fenitrothion 4.9 and 0.64 mg/kg and pirimiphos methyl 22.11 and 1.6 mg/kg. Chicken feeds were found to be the most contaminated followed by raw eggs and finally cooked eggs. Most of the concentrations were above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) indicating risks and concerns. Proper selection and preparation of poultry feeds could reduce the levels in the feeds and eggs.

LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS IN DRINKING WATER, COSMETICS AND FRUIT JUICES FROM SELECTED AREAS IN DAR ES SALAAM

John AM Mahugija

Tanzania Journal of Science, 2018, 44(1): 1-11,

Abstract

Heavy metals were determined in samples of drinking water, cosmetics (nail polish, lip glosses and hair dye) and fresh fruit juices in Dar es Salaam. The samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) after digestion with concentrated acids, filtration and dilution. Lead, zinc and iron were detected in the water samples and the concentration ranges were below detection limit (BDL) to 0.114, 0.01 to 1.47 and 0.027 to 0.39 mg/L, respectively, whereas cadmium was not detected. The concentrations of lead in 70.83% of the samples exceeded the WHO permissible limit, implying that the water in most of the areas was not suitable for human consumption. Lead, zinc, and cadmium were detected in all the cosmetics at concentrations ranging from 6.6 to 37400, 21.5 to 2600, and up to 0.25 mg/kg, respectively. Most of the concentrations of lead in cosmetics exceeded the EU/US permissible limits. The continued use of products containing such heavy metals may increase the body intake of the metals and cause harmful effects. Only copper was detected in the fruit juices and the water used for their preparations at concentrations ranging from 0.008 ± 0.003 to 0.215 ± 0.014 mg/L, which were below the WHO permissible limit.

STATUS OF SELECTED HEAVY METALS DISPERSION FROM TOP SOIL IN AND AROUND AUTOMOBILE WORKSHOP AREAS IN ZANZIBAR

MUNICIPALITY, TANZANIA

John Mahugija, Hawa Sheikh

Tanzania Journal of Science 44(1): 12-23, 2018

Abstract The distributions of selected heavy metals in top soil in areas with and without automobile workshops in Zanzibar municipality were investigated. Sampling was done during dry and rainy seasons. The samples were digested with aqua regia (HCl and HNO3, 3:1) and analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The concentrations of zinc, copper and lead in the samples ranged 0.27–419.2, 0.10–167 and 0.02–271 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The concentrations were higher in areas with automobile workshops than those without. The concentrations of the heavy metals were highest at point sources and decreased with increase in distance during the dry season. The concentrations increased with increase in distance during the rainy season, indicating that the dispersion was highly influenced by runoff water. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of the metals between the sampling periods. The zinc concentrations in 51.11% of the samples exceeded the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) permissible limit (150 mg/kg). The concentrations of copper in 40% of the samples from the point sources and the concentrations of lead in 18% of the samples exceeded the WHO permissible limit (100 mg/kg). Control measures should be taken to stop and clean-up the workshops in residential areas.

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC DIETHYLENE GLYCOL IN TOOTHPASTES IN DAR ES SALAAM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AND COLORIMETRIC METHODS

John Andrew Marco Mahugija

Tanzania Journal of Science, 44(2): 117-127, 2018

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the presence and the levels of diethylene glycol (DEG) in toothpaste products commonly used in Dar es Salaam. Forty five samples of different brands of imported and locally manufactured toothpastes were collected and processed prior to analysis. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used for the qualitative detection of diethylene glycol in the toothpastes. In quantitative analysis, a colorimetric method that involved ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometric measurements of absorbances of prepared coloured samples and standards was used. DEG was found in 37.8% of the tested samples. The concentrations of the DEG detected in the samples varied from 0.106 to 7.71 mg/g. The results indicated that 88.2% of the samples found with DEG were obtained from imported toothpastes and 11.8% of the samples found with DEG were from local pharmaceutical industries. The findings indicate public health risks because, according to the WHO standards, toothpastes should have no traces of DEG as it is toxic. There is a need for regular checking of the composition of both imported and locally manufactured toothpastes by the regulatory authorities.

EFFICIENT ADSORPTION OF LEAD (II) AND COPPER (II) FROM AQUEOUS PHASE USING OXIDIZED MULTIWALLED CARBON

NANOTUBES/POLYPYRROLE COMPOSITE

Wilfrida Nyanduko Nyairo, Yasin Ramazan Eker, Chrispin Kowenje, Ilker Akin, Haluk Bingol, Ali Tor

Separation Science and Technology, 2018, 53(10): 1498-1510 |

https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2018.1424203

Abstract Polypyrrole coated oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (oMWCNT/Ppy) were applied to determine the adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from their aqueous solutions. Structural and morphological characterization studies using scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy showed successful preparation of the oMWCNT/Ppy composite. The influence of pH, contact time, and initial metal ion concentration on the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) was studied. The adsorption processes fitted well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The maximum adsorption capacities for Pb(II) and Cu(II) were determined as 26.32 and 24.39 mg/g, respectively. Desorption studies indicated that the oMWCNT/Ppy composite could be reused for five cycles with minimum loss of its initial adsorption capacity.

OPTIMIZING PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL CATALYSED BY CHEMICALLY TUNED NATURAL ZEOLITES

Stephen O. Otieno, Chrispin O. Kowenje, AudryOkoyo, David M. Onyango, Kevin O. Amisi,

Kelvin M. Nzioka

Materials Today: Proceedings, 2018, 5(4, part 2): 10561-10569 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.388

Abstract

The twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation coupled with their unpredictable prices is a reality. Biodiesel is a promising, viable and environmentally friendly alternative. However, production of biodiesel from agro-based oils has challenges such as high cost of catalysts. The use of heterogeneous catalysts such as zeolites is more promising. Synthetic and natural zeolites are potentially viable catalysts though the latter belongs to less effective class of zeolites. Here, an environmentally sustainable, cheaper and easily available alternative natural zeolite from Kenya (NZK) is presented. Cation exchange into the zeolite improves its catalysis. The NZK was characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy as belonging to clinoptilolite type. The iodine value, viscosity, cloud point, specific density and acid value were among parameters used to identify the biodiesel produced. A successful optimization order of Na-NZK>Cu-NZK>Pb–NZK in transesterification of Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel was obtained.

FLUORIDE VARIATIONS IN RIVERS ON THE SLOPES OF MOUNT MERU IN TANZANIA

Aldo J. Kitalika, Revocatus L. Machunda, Hans C. Komakech, and Karoli N. Njau

Journal of Chemistry, 2018, Article ID 7140902

https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7140902

Abstract This study reports the variations of fluoride ions in rivers on the slopes of Mount Meru in the northern part of Tanzania. More than 318 water samples were collected from Temi, Nduruma, Tengeru, and Maji ya Chai Rivers in both wet (mid-March and April) and dry (August) seasons. The samples were analyzed for fluoride levels using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE). The minimum and maximum average fluoride levels in the wet season were mg/l and mg/l, respectively, whereas the average lowest and highest levels in the dry season were mg/l and mg/l, respectively. Tengeru River had the lowest fluoride levels in both seasons, whereas Maji ya Chai recorded the highest fluoride levels in both seasons. The headwater of all rivers with the exception of Maji ya Chai met the World Health Organization’s (WHO) maximum acceptable fluoride levels of 1.50 mg/l and the downstream environment qualified for Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS) maximum permissible fluoride concentration in drinking water of 4.00 mg/l. Also, the laboratory experiments showed that fluoride containing rocks exposed to pH above 7.6 display high leaching of F− in solution which gradually increased with the increase in pH, indicating that dissolution of fluoride in water is a function of pH

ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY VARIATION IN RIVERS THROUGH COMPARATIVE INDEX TECHNIQUE AND ITS RELIABILITY FOR

DECISION MAKING

Aldo Kitalika, Revocatus Machunda, Hans Komakech, Karoli Njau

Tanzania Journal of Science, 2018, 44(3): 163-193

Abstract The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and Weighed Arithmetic Index (WAI) methods for water quality index (WQI) have been studied to evaluate their reliability in water quality assessment in rivers. Water samples were collected in various GPS predetermined points in Temi, Nduruma, Tengeru and Maji ya Chai rivers-Tanzania during wet and dry seasons and were analyzed for several water quality parameters using standard methods as per APHA. Medium to excellent water qualities were observed for pristine environment in three rivers except Maji ya Chai under NSF and WIA methods, respectively. Excellent water quality was observed in the pristine environment of Temi and Tengeru rivers during wet season. Maji ya Chai water was identified unsuitable for drinking throughout the year. Fecal Coliforms (FC), Nutrients content, BOD and Fluorides (F-) were the major contributors to the poor water quality in Maji ya Chai whereas FC and Nutrients were a serious problem in flood-plain for other rivers. The two methods showed different overall Water Quality Indices using the same data thus, making them unreliable tools for water quality assessment when used simultaneously for the same purpose. Therefore selection of the method for water quality assessment and decision making may depend on the water use.

TISSUE DISTRIBUTION AND MATERNAL TRANSFER OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN KENTISH PLOVERS (Charadrius alexandrines) FROM

CANGZHOU WETLAND, BOHAI BAY, CHINA

Shucheng Zheng, Pu Wang, Huizhong Sun, Julius Matsiko, Yanfen Hao, Derong Meng, Yingming Li, Guogang Zhang, Qinghua Zhang, Guibin Jiang

Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 612: 1105-1113

Abstract

Several persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), were comprehensively investigated in the egg, muscle and liver samples of Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrines) collected from Cangzhou Wetland in western Bohai Bay, China. DDTs were the most abundant contaminants (35.4–9853 ng g−1lipid weight, lw), followed by HCHs, PCBs, PBDEs and HCB. PCDD/Fs exhibited the lowest concentrations in all tissues (8.74–4763 pg g−1lw). PCBs and PCDD/Fs were dominated by penta- and hexa-homologs, and PBDEs mostly consisted of the signature congeners of BDE formulations, such as BDE-209, −47, −153 and −99. Significant correlations were found between the lipid-normalized concentrations in muscle and liver (r: 0.37–0.90, p<0.05) and no significant differences (p<0.05), indicating the homogenous distribution of POPs in tissue lipids at steady state. The ratios of concentrations in muscle and liver (M/L) ranged from 0.20 to 1.51, and higher ratios of M/L were found for those compounds with log Kw in the range of 6.5–7.0, suggesting the preferential accumulation of mid-halogenated compounds in muscle. Significant correlations were generally observed between the concentrations in egg and the maternal tissue (p<0.05). The concentration ratios of egg to liver (E/L) were in the range of 0.10–1.24 except for p,p’-DDT (12.7), and compounds with log Kow of 6.5–7.0 exhibited higher E/L ratios, suggesting the selective maternal transfer of mid-halogenated compounds.

STIR BAR SORPTIVE EXTRACTION AND THERMAL DESORPTION – GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR DETERMINING

PHOSPHORUS FLAME RETARDANTS IN AIR SAMPLES

Julius Matsiko, Honghua Li, Pu Wang, Huizhong Sun, Shucheng Zheng, Dou Wang Weiwei Zhang, Yanfen Hao, Yingming Li, Qinghua Zhang and Guibin Jiang

Anal. Methods, 2018, 10: 1918-1927

DOI:10.1039/C8AY00138C

Abstract Stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC/MS) was utilized to determine phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) in air samples. The one variable at a time (OVAT) approach was used to select the optimal conditions of the parameters that affect the SBSE procedure during thermal desorption. Desorption was carried out at 300 °C at a desorption flow rate of 76 mL min−1 for 10 minutes with the transfer line set at 320 °C. The analytes were cryofocused at −40 °C and then cryo-desorbed at 320 °C for 2 minutes. The optimal desorption conditions were then used to validate the method. The method validation showed good linearity (r2 > 0.9960), good precision (CVs ≤ 20%), low limits of detection (8.7–14.0 pg), good recoveries (>70%) and high reliability. Passive air sampling based

on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated stir bars together with high volume-active air sampling (HV-AAS) (for comparison and calibration) was used to ascertain the appropriateness of the proposed method to determine the concentrations of PFRs in real air samples. The concentration results obtained by the two sampling techniques were comparable for compounds, whose passive samplers' accumulated masses were above the limits of quantitation and showed good uptake linearity over a specific period of time during the deployment. This work therefore affirms that the proposed method performs well and thus can be a suitable and cheaper alternative to active air sampling for gas phase PFRs.

GENETICDIVERSITYANDGENEFLOWAMONGTHEGIANTMUDCRABS(SCYLLASERRATA)INANTHROPOGENIC-POLLUTEDMANGROVESOFMAINLANDTANZANIA:IMPLICATIONS

FORCONSERVATION

Cyrus Rumisha, Robinson H. Mdegela, Paul S. Gwakisa, Marc Kochzius

Fisheries Research, 2018, 205: 96-104 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2018.04.015

Abstract

The rapidly growing coastal population in East Africa has led to increased exploitation of shellfish and incidences of habitat degradation. This study analysed fragments (554 base pairs) of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene and eight microsatellite loci from 199 DNA extracts of giant mud crabs collected from anthropogenic-polluted mangroves of mainland Tanzania in order to describe the patterns of genetic diversity and gene flow. Correlation and regression analysis showed that the measured indices of genetic diversity and connectivity are not associated with the reported levels of trace metal pollution. Both mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA did not show significant differentiation, suggesting that gene flow is high enough to counteract the effect of pollution on genetic diversity and differentiation. Apart from that, microsatellite DNA showed that mangroves in major coastal cities and mangroves affected by salt farming activities are associated with low effective population size compared to mangroves in protected areas. Since the human coastal population is expanding rapidly, measures should be taken to strengthen the existing marine parks and reserves and to promote sustainable use of coastal resources.

ANCAP THESES 2018

LEVELS OF AFLATOXINS IN SPICES PRODUCED AND/OR MARKETED IN

ZANZIBAR AND DAR ES SALAAM

Khadija Salum Ali

M.Sc. (Chemistry) Dissertation, 2017 University of Dar es Salaam

Abstract

Aflatoxins are components of the naturally occurring mycotoxins that are found in soil, food, human and animal. Human beings are exposed to aflatoxin contamination from various sources including foods such as milk, cereal, grains, tea, rice, maize and spices. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of aflatoxins in spices produced and/or marketed in Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. A total of 72 samples of spices (25 cinnamon, 16 ginger, 20 cloves and 11 mixed spices) collected from farms (in Zanzibar), markets and stores of Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar, were analyzed for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and total aflatoxins (TAF) using HPLC-FLD. A mixture of Acetonitrile:methanol:water (70:20:10 v/v) was used as a mobile phase and SPE Immunoaffinity columns were used for cleaning of sample extracts. A total of 24 (33 %) samples out of 72 of the analyzed samples were found to be contaminated with aflatoxin B1 but did not exceed the maximum tolerable levels set by European Countries / South Africa of 5 ngg-1. Furthermore, it was observed that 53 (73.6 %) samples out of 72 were contaminated with TAF but only 2 samples exceeded the maximum permissible limits of 10 ngg-1 set by European Countries/South Africa. Statistically there was no significant difference between TAF contamination levels of spices samples collected from Zanzibar and those collected from Dar es Salaam Although in most of the sampling sites the mean levels of all types of aflatoxins contamination were found to be low, a close monitoring should be made.

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Com

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ports

A

vaila

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stud

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