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Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation DFO-Libr/MPO-Bibliotheque 10028345 ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY Bedford Institute, Dartmouth, N.S. Internal Note 1970-4-1 EVALUATION OF TAPE RECORDERS By J.J. Betlem (January, 1969) This note does not represent the view of the Bedford Institute or even necessarily the final views of the Author. It may not be quoted or used as a basis for policy or decisions, except as specified by the Author. Circulation is the Author's responsibility.
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Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

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Page 1: Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation DFO-Libr/MPO-Bibliotheque

10028345

ATLANTIC OCEANOGRAPHIC LABORATORY

Bedford Institute, Dartmouth, N.S.

Internal Note 1970-4-1

EVALUATION OF TAPE RECORDERS

By

J.J. Betlem

(January, 1969)

This note does not represent the view of the Bedford Institute or even necessarily the final views of the Author. It may not be quoted or used as a basis for policy or decisions, except as specified by the Author. Circulation is the Author's responsibility.

Page 2: Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

ABSTRACT

A comparison of a number of professional quality audio-frequency tape recorders was made in the latter part of 1968 from the point of view of analog data recording using the FM multiplex technique.

Specific performance characteristics have been measured and reported. A detailed discussion of mechanical transport performance is included, presenting specific data of the • machines under evaluation as well as general guidelines for judging transport performance and requirements for future applications. Appendix II covers the test methods used for evaluation and is a recommended guide for tape recorder main-tenance testing, adjustment and calibration.

Page 3: Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Abstract (i)

1. GENERAL 1

2. INITIATION OF PROGRAM 2

3. OBJECTIVE 3

4. PROGRAM 4

5. TEST RESULTS 6

6. CONCLUSIONS 12

TABLE I Summary of Evaluation Results . . 13

TABLE II Comparison of Specifications Transports 29

TABLE III Comparison of Specifications - Electronics, Record Channels . . 32

TABLE IV Comparison of Specifications -- Electronics, Reproduce Channels . 34

APPENDIX I TRANSPORT MECHANISMS Al

APPENDIX II Electrical Tests -- Test Methods . . . A11

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EVALUATION OF AUDIO-FREQUENCY TAPE RECORDERS FOR INSTRUMENTATION APPLICATIONS

1. GENERAL

For quite a few years we have more or less successfully managed recording data in one form or other with medium cost entertainment type tape re-corders such as the Philips 3539 and the professional quality Crown type BX 822. With more and more sophistication in measuring equipments, the age, the unsuitability for instrumentation work, and plain wear-out of the old faithfuls are beginning to show their effects.

A number of factors contributing to loss of data or poor performance upon playback, have been observed, however, which have nothing at all to do with the quality of the tape recorders. These should be discussed first.

1.1 Tape Handling

As is pointed out is all mmmals for the professional machines, the quality of the tape and the preservation of such quality, has a profound effect upon the quality of the output signal when the tape is reproduced.

Tape should never be stored in a condition of being wound with uneven tension, such as results from fast rewinding. It should be made standard practice to store tape as it comes off the machine while recording or re-producing. During this process the recorder maintains an even tension on the tape by controlling the torque of the take-up reel. The better the performance quality of the tape deck, the better this torque control will be maintained, as will be evident when the individual machines are dis-cussed later on. Therefore, the ideal storage condition for tape is as it is wound up on the take-up reel, during normal operation of the machine The tape should be rewound just prior to playback, and stored again on the take-up reel following playback. Storage in uneven wound condition causes tape stretching and warping, resulting in excessive wow and flutter (fre-quency, phase and amplitude variations) far in excess of the corresponding specifications of the recorder, and entirely outside of the control of the recorder itself. Other conditions for tape storage which should be kept in mind are temperature, humidity and magnetic environment. Tape stored in general laboratory conditions such as are encountered at the Institute, is not subjected to extremes of temperature and 1:timidity in most places and little or no problem should be expected in any area of our building, unless the storage place would be directly adjacent to some equipment which dissipates a great amount of heat. The effects of magnetic environment however, can be quite destructive. Power lines running in a wall behind the storage cabinet may emit a magnetic field sufficient to partially erase recorded information during prolonged storage, resulting in poor signals and high noise levels. This problem can be avoided by storing tape in mu-metal containers, available for that purpose. Aboard ship, deseccant bags should be placed in these containers, to keep the humidity level within reason Minimum and maximum storage conditions, are available from the manufacturers and can be ascertained for each type of professional tape in use.

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1.2 Recorder Maintenance

Overhaul and maintenance of the recorders and calibration of the electronics is the responsibility of the Instrument Maintenance group, Engineering Services. However, there is a certain amount of field main-tananme involved, with which each operator should be familiar. For example, Philips 3539's are consistently returned to the Lab with the speed/power switch in one of the "on" positions. This results in idler wheels with flats and bumps which are caused by leaving the capstan and the idler in contact when the tape recorder is stopped. The power switch disengages all idlers in the "off" position for obvious reasons.

All too often heads and guideposts are filthy with tape oxide, which is easily removed with a lint-free cloth dampened with alcohol. This is operator maintenance, and should be carried out regularly at intervals as outlined in the manuals. Head demagnetization is also a simple procedure well within the capability of the operator, and again the procedure and recommended interval can be found in the recorder manual. Field adjust-ment of reproduce level and head alignment are more involved; a standard reproduce alignment tape is needed and some experience in these procedures is also required for the operator. The feasibility of such adjustments in the field varies greatly with various makes of recorders. They are prac-tically impossible on the entertainment types. The Instrument Maintenance staff will gladly advise you in this matter. It is also a feature which will be discussed in the evaluation data.

2. INITIATION OF PROGRAM

The Air/Sea Interaction Group has the most stringent requirement for analog data recording on tape. Basirally the data are contained in a thirteen carrier FM Multiplex system with carrier frequencies ranging from 400 Hz to 14.7 kHz, the latter being a pilot tone for speed compensation. On the surface the system looks simple enough, but the multiplicity of carrier frequencies used, together with the bandwidth and sensitivity of the dis-criminators used in the reproduction system, demands the utmost in audio frequency tape recorder - reproducer performance. Major criteria of per-formance are: low distortion, low noise level, minimum phase flutter. The latter is a detail of the overall flutter as specified by the manu-facturer, which is a combination of amplitude and phase variations. Amplitude variations are rather harmless in this application, but phase variations are seen by the discriminator as an FM component and result in DC noise or offset. A phase flutter of *10 jisec is quite common for even a high quality professional tape recorder. In a discriminator tuned to a center frequency of 1 kHz, this will produce a noise level of 1% of range, at 10 kHz this will be 10%.

This phenomena is primarily a function of lateral tape movement over the reproduce head, directly proportional to head misalignment. Poor quality tape, which is stretched and warped, does not run properly over the heads producing exactly the same symptoms as a misaligned head; phase flutter will therefore be excessive. Head mounting and rigidity together with fairly easy azimuth adjustment is also an essential factor.

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Since these recorders are primarily used in field applications, involving frequent transportation by truck over rough terrain, the mechanical con-struction had to be studied carefully for sufficient ruggedness to with-stand the resultant vibration and shock. Experience with the recorders on hand had shown that a single trip could upset head alignment sufficiently to render the instrument useless for the intended application.

During the last 2 years Air/Sea has delivered a number of tape recorders to Standards Lab for evaluation or overhaul. I have written an earlier memo on the subject in September 1968, as an interim report (File 4590-5-1), showing rather disappointing results.

3. OBJECTIVE

Dr. R.G. Stevens from Air/Sea and myself have selected a number of recorders which in our estimation should measure up to the job. We arranged to have these machines on loan from the suppliers for exhaustive tests with the objective of finding the most suitable instrument for this application, and at the same time investigating the suitability of various instruments for audio frequency data recording or reproducing in other applications.

The basic target specifications were as follows:

Merbnnical: Two configurations -- rack mounting and portable (carrying case)

Weight -- under 100 lbs for portable, not over 200 lbs for other configurations

Ruggedness -- head mounts, reel motors and primary drive to be supported firmly enough to withstand vibration and shock from transportation and shipboard use, without causing serious misalignment

Electrical: Power consumption -- 175 watts max. for portable, otherwise, 115 V AC, 60 Hz not exceeding 250 watts

Tape speed -- 71/2P/sec, t0.5%

Frequency response -- ±2 db from 100 Hz to 15 kHz

Maximum harmonic distortion at mid band 1 kHz to 5 KHz --1%, not to exceed 2% over frequency range

Signal Noise Ratio -- 50 db min.

Maximum Phase Flutter -- 15 usec peak to peak

Wow and Flutter per Manufacturer's specifications -- better than 0.1%.

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4. PROGRAM

A total of five mprh4rps were either purchased on approval or obtained on loan and submitted to a rigid performance test:

Crown Corp. C.I. 722: Two channel, with instrumentation electronics and a low power consumption (700 series) transport for rack mounting or portable applications.

Crown Corp. C.I. 822: Two channel, with instrumentation electronics, and a programmable transport (800 series), for rack mounted installation.

Gen. Radio 1525 A Data Recorder, Portable, low power consumption, two channel-one calibrated for sound-survey with db measuring electronics.

Metrotech Type 543 A, rack mounting, programmable transport, two rhAnnel regular audio quality electronics.

Philips Model Pro-35, Type EL 3576/24A console mounted, non- programmable transport. High quality stereo electronics with db calibrated in and oiMputmonitors. Independent two channel playback.

4.1 Comparison of the Specifications=

The specifications, derived from the individual Immianmenrtmmxnals or specification sheets, are tabulated in Tables II through IV under the headings "Transports", Table II; "Electronics, Recorder Channels", Table III; and "Electronics, Reproduce Channels", Table Iv. These tables contain mainly measurable mechanical or electrical properties, some of which will be considered later under the heading "Test Results". However, many properties of the mechanical tape transport system cannot readily be measured with the facilities we have on hand, and yet have a profound influence on the overall performance of the instrument. For instance, an important phenomenom such as phase flutter is readily measured and observed with a dual beam oscilloscope, but is a result of many mechanical features of the recorder and also highly dependent on the quality of the tape being used for the tests.

It is obvious, therefore, that a simple statement of electrical per-formance as found in the test results is not sufficient for an overall evaluation of the qualities of a given machine and much weight must be given to the "feel" of the machine by the operator, while performing the various tests, and the convimience and necessity of adjustments made to obtain optimum performance.

A detailed discussion of the various features and shortcomings of the transports of each make and type is therefore in order and is included in Appendix I, "Transport Mechanisms",attached at the end of this report.

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4.2 Test Program

The recorders were all subjected to a three-stage performance test:

a) General Inspection and Observation

While perusing the operating and service manual for the individual machine, the general layout and mechanical features of the transport mechanism and the electronic assembly were surveyed and judged. Where practical, a transport was energized and its response to switch commands, development of reel torque and breaking action observed. Time and facilities did not permit any elaborate measurements of torque or tape tension The impressions, however, obtained at this stage together with the overall performance during subsequent operational tests are discussed in Appendix I, "Transport Mechanisms".

b) Playback (Reproduce) Characteristics

Standard alignment tapes, Ampex type 01-31311-01 at 15"/sec and 01-31321-01 at 71e/sec were reproduced on the recorder under test.

The following measurements were made and the results are summarized under the heading "Test Results" (5). See also Appendix II, "Test Methods".

i reproduce standard level

ii reproduce frequency response

iii reproduce phase error and phase flutter

iv transport speed error

c) Record - Reproduce Characteristics

Following the reproduce performance tests and, if required, the necessary corrective adjustments, the reproduce system can be con-sidered adequately calibrated to faithfully reproduce any flaws in the recording system.

Test signals of high quality and stability, maintained at a constant level over the frequency range were then recorded in phase, simul-taneously on both channels on tape supplied or recommended by the manufacturer for compatibility with the machine under test.

During recording the following features were monitored and measured:

i frequency and phase

ii recording level

iii harmonic distortion and noise of source signal at input and monitor output of recording amplifier

iv bias current and frequency

v tape saturation levels

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The recording tape was then played back measuring:

vi frequency and phase flUtter

vii standard reproduce level vs recording level

will record - reproduce frequency response

ix harmonic distortion and noise

x signal to noise ratio.

5. TEST RESULTS

5.1 The test results are presented in graphical form facilitating quick analysis, Fig. 1 through 13. The corresponding tabulated data are

filed chronologically with test reports in Instrument Maintenance, Engineering Services. The following is a brief summary of the major aspects of these graphs for each type of recorder evaluated; see also specifications, Tables II and III.

5.2 Cy wLi CI 722, Serial No. 09219 - I 1177, Fig. 1

Ref. test reports dated 6 Sept. 1968 and 13 Nov. 1968. Since this instrument was to be returned to the supplier for credit, time did not permit a full analysis. Furthermore the.CI electronic chassis is identical to the CI electronics supplied with the CI 822 models.

The instrument had passed incoming inspection tests on 6 Sept. 1968 and had been in use for a couple of months. When returned to the Lab it had a faulty tape sensor switch, which had to be repaired before tests could be performed.

Performance tests were limited to reproducing the standard alignment tapes.

With the exception of a 6 db low frequency roll-off below 50 Hz (normal) frequency response is excellent, within 1-1 db at both speeds.

The +1% db error of the -10 db level at 71/2P/sec is due to Vu meter error. The 0 dbm calibrating tone at 700 Hz registered at +0.3 and +0.1 dbm for Ohannpin 1 and 2 respectively.

Phase Flutter averaged 1-5 uses peak.

The transport had an average speed error of +1%.

5.3 Crown CI 822, Serial. No. J3414 - I 1175, AOL Inv. JEA 1095 and EA 1096.

Ref. test report dated 24 Sept. 1968.

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a) Standard Test Take - Reuoduce: Fit. 2

Frequency Response: -6 db low frequency roll-off below 50 Hz. +1 -0.3 db, 50 Hz to 10 kHz at 15"/sec. +2.5 at 15 kHz at 15"/sec. 700 Hz calibration level: 0 dbm.

Transport Speed Error: +0.8%.

Phase Error: not measured.

b) Record - Reproduce at 71/4"/sec. Fig.13

Tape used: Scotch 203.

Overall frequency response: within ±1 db, 100 Hz to 12 kHz.

Due to operating at 0 dbm level, tape saturation affected performance above 12 kHz, note increase in distortion curve at bottom of Fig. 3.

Signal to noise and ratio at 400 Hz: -54 db Ch #1 -59 db Ch #2

Recording amplifier, frequency response: ±0.5 db, 100 Hz to 20 kHz.

Distortion: Less than

Overall Distortion: Less than 1.5% up to 5 kHz 3% up to 12 kHz,

and deteriorating above 12 kHz due to increased noise and tape saturation.

Average Flutter (total, amplitude + phase): 0.25% average (manufacturer spec. 0.1% maximum).

c) Record - Reproduce at 15"/sec. Fit. 4

Tape used: BSAF supplied by Air/Sea for evaluation.

Overall frequency response: 0 + 3 db, 100 Hz to 30 kHz.

Tape started saturating at 25 kHz and 0 dbm.

Record amplifier response: ±0.7 db, 100 Hz to 25 kHz, +0.7 - 2 db, 100 Hz to 35 kHz.

Overall distortion: 0.8%, 1 kHz to 5-kHz, 1.5%, 400 Hz to 10 kHz, 2%, 100 Hz to 15 kHz, 2.5%, 100 Hz to 25 kHz.

Total Flutter: 0.1% up to 5 kHz, 0.2% at 10 kHz and up.

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d) Compatibility

Test tapes recorded on Philips Pro-35 were reproduced and signals measured.

Responses for 7"/sec and 15"/sec are plotted in broken lines on Fig. 9 and 10 respectively. dbm notations on the graph repretent Vu indications of Crown CI electronics.

5.4 Metrotech 543A (Serial No. 334)

Ref. Test Report, dated 23 October 1968.

a) Standard Test Tate - Rgroduce: Fig. 5

Frequency Response: 11.5 db, 50 Hz to 12.5 kHz at A"/sec. +1.5 db -2 db up to 15 kHz at 71/2"/sec. +2 -1 db, 30 Hz to 10 kHz at 15"/sec. +3 -1 db up to 15 kHz at 15"/sec.

Calibration level error: Both speeds +2 db.

Transport speed error. 10.2%.

Phase: Phase offset between Channels. 60 usec.

Phase flutter: ±5 to 10 usec peak.

b) Record - Reproduce at 11/2"/sec. Fig. 6

Tape used: Scotch 202 (supplied)

Overall frequency response: -0.5 to -3 db, 35 Hz to 4 kHz -6 db roll-off at 12.5 kHz

(Tape Saturation at 12.5 kHz) -15 db roll-off at 16 kHz.

Record amplifier response: +1.5 -0.5 db, 20 Hz to 10 kHz +2 for Ch #1 ) Up to 16 kHz +4 for Ch #2 )

Signal to noise ratio at 1 kHz -54 db.

Overall distortion: Fvepamive in Ch #2, 2-3% in Ch #1 up to 12.5 kHz.

Distortion of Record amplifiers: 0.15 to 0.5% (Spec. 0.25%)

Phase flutter 20 to 30 usec. p-p 4 to 16 kHz.

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c) Record-PlayResponse at 15"/sec. Fit. 7

Overall frequency response: -0.5 + 1.5 db, 100 Hz to 10 kHz, -3 db roll-off at 15 kHz, -10 db roll-off at 20 kHz

Tape saturation above 20 kHz.

Record amplifiers: Flat from 100 Hz to 4 kHz.

+2 db for Ch #1 ) at 20 kHz. +6 db for Ch #2 )

+4 db for Ch #1 at 25 kHz.

(Ch #2 Pre-emphasis excessive)

Signal to noise ratio at 1 kHz -51 db.

Overall distortion: Ch #1, 1.5 to 2%, 100 Hz to 10 kHz. Ch.#1 and #2, 3.5% at 20 kHz. Ch #2, 2.5 to 4%, 100 Hz to 10 kHz.

Phase flutter 10 usec p-p, 10 to 20 kHz.

5.5 Philips Pro-35, Model EL 3567/24A, Serial No. 2078.

Ref. Test Report dated 20 December 1968.

a) Standard Test Tapes - Reproduce: Fig: 8

1. Ampex Test Tapes

Frequency response: within specified limits of ±1 db, 60 Hz to 15 kHz.

Calibration error at 700 Hz of recorder's metering system: 0 Vu: output +6 dbm + 0 to -0.2 at 71/2"/sec. 0 V: output +6 dbm + 0 to +0.4 at 15"/sec.

-10 Vu: output -4 dbm + 0.4 to 0 dbm at 71/2"/sec.

Transport speed error: -0.2% average at 15"/sec. -0.25% average at 71/2"/sec.

2. Philips Test Tapes: BSAF L GS - 52R

See lower section of Fig. 8.

Frequencies: 60 Hz, 1 kHz, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kHz at 15"/sec.

Response levels: at 1 kHz -14 and -17.6 dbm.

Ref. level: +5.8 dbm Ch #1 and +5.2 dbm Ch #2.

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Response: +0.5 db or less, 10 Hz to 10 kHz. -2 db roll-off at 15 kHz. -6 db roll-off at 20 kHz.

Phase flutter: 2 to 5 usec p-p at 10 to 20 kHz.

Harm. distortion at reference level: 0.65%.

b) Record - Reproduce at 7'1"/sec. Fig. 9

Tape used: BASF LGS - 52R (supplied).

Recording at two levels: +6 dbm up to 1 kHz and -4 dbm above 1 kHz to avoid prommacced tape

saturation for this particular brand (see plot). The overall frequency response exceeded the spec limit by +0.2 db at 60 Hz and +0.4 db at 12 kHz. If the reproduce level bad been set at 0.5 db less, the frequency response spec. of ±1 db would have been satiafied.

Record level response: flat up to 12.5 kHz, roll-off -1.2 db at 18 kHz overall harmonic distortion averages 0.8% to 1 kHz and 1.25% to 10 kHz, increasing to 23% at 18 kHz as saturation region is reached.

Phase flutter (combined effect of record and reproduce beads)- 5 wee p-p or less, compared to 25 usec phase offset with t5 usec flutter when the same tape was reproduced on the Crown CI 822 (see 7.2(d)).

c) Record - Reproduce at 15"/sec: Pis: 10

Tape'used: BSAF LGS - 52R.

Frequency Response: Flat 100 Hz to 1 kHz, +0.5 db to 10 kHz.

Roll-off -2 db at 16 kHz, -5.5 db at 20 kHz (Tape saturation)

Record level response flat to -0.5 db at 10 kHz. -1.7 db at 20 kHz.

Distortion: Average 0.8% to 5 kHz. 1.4% to 10 kHz.

Increqsing to 2% at 20 kHz.

Phase flutter: ±7 usec at 5 kHz. ±3 usec 10 to 20 kHz.

Crown reproduced with 10 usec phase off set and -13 usec flutter.

5.6 G.R. 1525A Data Recorder, AOL #EE 1092.

Ref. Test Report Dated 10 October 1968.

Page 14: Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

This instrument was initially rejected in August 1968 for poor electrical performance and returned to the supplier for warranty repairs.

Upon receipt it still required head alignment (both reproduce and record heads) before reasonably accurate measurements could be per-formed.

a) Standard Alignment Tape - Reproduce: Fig. 11: 01-31321-01, 71/2"/sec. Fig. 12: 01-31311-01, 15"/sec.

Two frequency response settings are possible for the two speeds and valid for both channels. "Flat" is essentially without equalization, and plotted in broken lines. The "NAB" position switches standard NAB equalization circuits for 71"/sec or 15"/sec as required.

This response is plotted in solid lines. Since the test tapes are purposely prepared for calibration to NAB equalization standards, the solid curves fall within a nominal ±1 db limit

700 Hz calibration level at 7e/sec: GR metering calibrated for +10 db ±0.2 db. Transport speed error: Average 0 at 71/2"/sec.

Average 0.1% at 15"/sec.

(Ampex Deck and Ampex test tapes!)

b) Record-Reproduce at 15"/sec: Fit. 13

Flat response, using Ampex 641 tape (supplied). In accordance with the operation/instruction manual, this mode of operation offers the best accuracy for quantitative data recording and reproduction for both channels.

Analysis of the plotted response curves ironically shows the uncalibrated channel 2 to be better with a total spread of 1.2 db up to 16 kHz than the calibrated measuring channel #1, which runs -0.8 to +1.7 db over the same span. The specification limits are ±2 db.

Harmonic distortion remains below the specified maximum of 2% for all frequencies.

Phase flutter: Less than 10 usec p-p at 10 kHz.

Channel 1 calibration accuracy: The record level as indicated on the panel meter is also a relative measurement of input voltage.

With the input level set at 300 mV, and gain set for a 4.0 db meter indication at 1 kHz, the frequency response of the record level meter-ing system is shown to be 0 to 0.5 db from 100 Hz to 20 kHz for Ch. #1, and -0.9 to +2.0 db from 100 Hz to 20 kHz for Ch. #2.

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6. CONCLUSIONS

Table I has been compiled using the comparison of specifications, Tables II, III and IV as reference and evaluating the observations and test results discussed in the foregoing paragraphs on a 0-10 point scale. A simple cal-culation will point out the most suitable machine for AOL applications. Five points is the acceptance mark for meeting manufacturer's specifications or specific AOL criteria. The number of points above or below 5 indicates the degree of pass or fail.

The final conclusion is that the Philips Pro-35 is the best all-around per-former for our purpose inspite of transport programming limitations.

The General Radio portable data recorder is second best and the Crown CI 822 comes third. Positive points for the Crown system are its extremely flPiriblp transport control system and an electronics chassis especially designed for instrumentation work.

Two instruments, GR on one channel and Crown on both, will accept a wide range of input signals from 100 u volts to several volts at high input impedance. All other systems require external pre-amplifiers for signal levels below 100 mV or from sources which will be affected by loading effects a 600 ohm line input system.

The Crown CI 722 and the Metrotech 500 are not recommended for instrumenta-tion applications.

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TABLE I

SUMMARY OF EVALUATION RESULTS

TABLE 6 REF. NO. CROWN CI CROWN CI

722 822 METROTECH

500 PHILIPS

PRO-35 G.R. 1525A

TABLE II

2 7 7 10 5 5 3 10 10 7 7 7 4 3 4 6 7 8 5 6 3 5 9 7 6 5 7 6 7 7 7 5 6 6 8 7 8 4 4 6 10 8 9 6 9 8 8 10

10 6 8 7 9 10 11 6 10 8 5 •6 12 6 6 5 8 4 13 5 5 8 8 4 14 5 8 8 4 8 15 4 4 4 10 9 16 4 4 4 10 9 17 8 5 6 6 9

TOTAL FOR TRANSPORT 90 100 104 120 120 AVERAGE 5.3 5.9 6.1 7 7

TABLE III C.I. ELECTRONICS

1 7 5 8 14

2 a 5 7 7 3 8 4 9 6

TABLE IV

1 8 5 9 6 2 5 4 5 5. 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 5 6 5 5 6 4 5 5 6 4 4 4 2 7 7 2 8 6

TOTAI ELECTRONICS• 62 43 67 53

AVERAGE 6.2 4.3 6.7 5.3

OVERALL AVERAGE 5.6 6 5.5 6.9 6.4

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13

Page 30: Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

-29-

TARTM II

COMPARISON OF SPECIFICATIONS, TRANSPORTS

CROWN 800 SERIES and 700 SERIES

1. Tape width: 341"

2. Reel size Max. 10;g" NAB or

EIA hub Min. 5"

3. Speeds: 3 3/4, 7 1/2 and 15"/ sec.

4. Speed regulation: -20.2% with -210% line voltage change

5. Wow & flutter. 15"/sec, 0.06% Max. 71/2"/sec, 0.09% max. 31/2"/sec, 0.18% max.

6. Start time to reach: W&F; within 2 sec. Rated speed: 0.1 sec

7. Fast (re)wind: 1200 ft, 7" reel 45 sec 2400 ft, 101/2" reel, 58 sec.

8. Capstan drive: 4 lb fly wheel, belt and pulley from sync. hysteresis motor

METROTECH 500 SERIES

14

101/2" NAB or EIA hub

7"

7 1/2 & 15"/sec

±0.2%

0.08% RMS max.

less than 0.1 sec

3600 ft. 100 sec

Flywheel, belt & pulley from sync. hysteresis motor (dual speed)

PHILIPS PRO-35

111/2" NAB or EIA hub

5"

7 1/2 6 15"/sec

less than 0.3% from beginning to end of tape

0.12% p-p, 0.07% RMS. 0.18% p-p, 0.10% RMS.

less than 2 sec less than 0 5 sec

3300 ft. 120 sec max.

Direct from dual speed external rotor hysteresis sync. motor.

G.R. 1525 A.

14

7" EIA hub

5"

7 1/2 6 15"/sec

Below 0.2% RES

less 'Ulm 0.1 sec

1200 ft. 90 sec

Flywheel, belt & pulley from sync. hysteresis motor.

continued ../15

Page 31: Unpublished, Unedited Manuscript for Internal Circulation

- 30 -

TABLE II (continued)

SERIES SERIES

METROTECH 500 SERIES :PHILIPS PRO-35 G.R. 1525 A.

tors & Torque Torque motors, AC Torque motors, AC Drive supplied by AC driven

ind, low drive, high or low. Solenoid operated

drive, Manual speed control for (re)wind

capstan motor, Electro-

torque on directional bent Low torque with sen- magnetical clutch of tape,

d for .) ekes. sor controlled

breakes for pay-out g brakes, DC currentoontrolle directional belt break for stop.

cal break- stop.

nsion:

and stop.

ined, but ntrolled.

s:

no spec. smooth ..d gentle tape handling.

100 grams approx. record g play, held constant over range of reel load.

to 611 ounces, rec.-play.

tate ectronic Solid Relay system actu- Electrical inter- nic mem- e control

State logic control actuated by moment-

ated Electro- mechanical, inter-

locking control, local control by

local g commands

ary contact closures local or remote.

locking switches, remote play or re-

contact closure, remove rec. or

utary con- cemd ON/OFF by play ON/OFF by osures or age/cur-- puts. (800

switch closure. momentary contact closure..

• Elec •

zal, inte switches, ON/OFF by closure ales).

Ilerb: rods lift Tape tension & cap- One rod g capstan Tape always ea.:- rto heads - n. pressure roll pressure roll en- gages heads. :o guides u.:.ger tape with gages tape with Manually operated 'free. tape r•,,-._. for p1/rec. heads on pl/rec. lifters push tape from heads pulled away by Tape away from away for fast :des except . -- in all other heads in all other - winding. :des on ma )wind.

mists or

nodes.

aide rollers on

modes.

Guide/damper rollers Solid guide post ;. None eh end of head each side of head on input side of position- ....--'y with tension assty tension arms head ass'y. Ldes in -- ■ n on each. Tape control reel hub Tension arm on membly. I., -akage protection breaks. , capstan side,

tape breakage protection only.

CROWN 800 and 700

9. Reel mo brakes: motors, for rew AC for pay-out DC fiel electri ing and

10. Tape t not de well c

11. Centro. Solid elects ory ty system remote by mom tact c. DC vol rent is series mechan lockin, remote switch (700 s

12. Tape GlAcc tape and in on pie loose and gn end gu fast (

13. Guide roller except ing gu head a

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TABLE II (continued)

CROWN 800 SERIES and 700 SERIES

NETROTECH 500 SERIES PHILIPS PRO-35 G.R. 1525 A.

14. Tape breakage pro-tection: light source 6 photo-cell.

15. Head assemblies: -- Dual channel 1/2 track. 3 heads in-line; erase, record, play parabolic faces, pressure pad on rec. head only.

16. Head mountings• Tripod 6 clips tri-axial adjust-ments interacting not suitable for operator.

two heads on arc seg-ment: erase/record, plak; erase/record head, arced face, play head parabolic.

Tripod 6 clips, tri-axial adjustments interacting, not suitable for operator

3 heads on arc erase, space for pilot record 6 play, all heads ferroxcube high finish arced faces, minimum tape residue fouling 10,000 hours life guaranteed.

Solid plug-in type base plate, heads swing for azimuth only, easily field adjusted.

3 heads on arc erase, space record 6 play, plotted 6 lamin-ated parabolic faces.

Heads in solid frame, bi -axial adjustment, azimuth only field adjustable.

17. Power require-ments, includ-ing all electronics: 117V AC, 60 Hz, 230 watts max (800) 175 watts max (700)

117V, 60 Hz, 200 W 10 to 220 V, 60 Hz 00 watts max.

105 to 125 V, 60 Hz, 135 watts

* * *

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15 to +6 dbm in 600 ohms.

charnels

level control calibrated.

- 32 -

TABLE III

COMPARISON OF SPECIFICATIONS - ELECTRONICS, RECORD CHAIM=

CROWN 800 SERIES and 700 SERIES

METROTECH 500 SERIES PHILIPS PRO-35 G.R. 1525 A.

General: 2 rhAroP1 1. chassis with in-

terchangeable plug-in boards, solid state cir-cuitry. In-dependent meter-ing for each Channel.

Channel rhAxsis 'th plug-in boards olid state circuit- . Independent tering for each

rhmmtpl.

Stereo console, cab-inet optionally modified for two independent channel operation. All active units are interchangeable plug-in modules; solid state circuitry, independent metering both channels.

2 channel chassis, solid state cir-cuitry on fixed boards. Metering shared, one chan-nel at the time.

Inputs: (NOTE: all levels relate to OVU meter indica-tion (+10 db on GR).

2a High imp. unbal- anced: 0.03 mV to No low level inputs 250 my. 350 kohm Low imp. balanced line: Z; 250 ohm, 0.01 mV to 78 mV. high level, (line): High im imp. Z: 100 K ohm, 50 mV to 3.8 V unbal.

2b Line, balanced: Z: 600 ohms, Bridged, 100 k ohms: 18 mV to 10 V. High low inputs thru 38 db calibr atten. low level has also a 30 db preset cal.

No low level inputs

0 to +25 dbm cal-ibr. atten. and dual sens. meter, 0 or -10 db both Channels. Z: 600 ohms, bal-anced and floating.

for calibration accuracy see frequency response.

Low level Ch. #1 only: 10 u V to. I V, thru 130 db atten. and preset cal. control. (calibrated ch.) High level ch. 02 only: 700 mV for full scale meter ind. cont. variable level control. (uncalibr. Channel).

for calibration accuracy see frequency response.

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PHILIPS PRO-35 G.R. 1525 A.

94 *1 kHz 95 kHz

1 to 20 mA 60 to 120 mA.

6.5 mA max.

92 kHz

sr

-33 -

TABLE III (continued)

CROWN 800 SERIES NETROTECH

and 700 SERIES 500 SERIES

Distortion control_ through metering/ monitor circuit out-put and other par-ameters.

3. Dist.: less than than 0.25% Less than 0.3% N/A 0.2% Freq. reap. ±0.5 db 10 Hz to 50 kHz Equivalent noisb level of shorted mike input: -115 db.

Bias/Erase Frequency 100 kHz. Bias current: 1.5 mA Erase Voltage/curry

55V. Record current: 0.17 mA.

* * *

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TABLE IV

COMPARISON OF SPECIFICATIONS - ELECTRONICS, REPRODUCE CHANNELS

CROWN 800 SERIES and 700 SERIES

METROTECH 500 SERIES PHILIPS PRO-35 G.R. 1525 A.

1. Output levels: (0 dbm equals 0.778 V RMS across a 600 ohm load) related to O VU meter ind.

Line unbal. +8 dbm Source imp. 50 ohms Line bal. +8 dbm Source imp. 150 ohm Phone (minitor +8

dbm Source imp. 600 ohm

0, +4, +8 dbm bal. or unbal., selected by transformer taps. Max. capability +25 dbm.

-13 to +12 dbm bal-anced and floating. Imp. 600 ohms or-

200 ohms by selecting trasf. tap. Max. capabil-ity +17 dbm. Source imp. 30 ohms, 30 Hz to 15 kHz.

(+10 db on G.R.) Monitor: 1.5 V open circuit, source imp. 330 ohms. Play back 0.5 V open cir-cuit, source imp. 10 kohm (meter parallel to monitor output).

2. Distortion: less than 0.2%

Less than 0.25% at +8 dbm

at 1 kHz and max. mtput- less than

0.25%

NAB

3. Frequency . response:

±0.5 db 10 Hz to 50 Khz

Equalization: NAB

same as overall record/play freq. reap.

IEC or NAB

see overall rec./ play freq. reap.

Ch #1 NAB & "flat" (coast. current) on playback. NAB, Flat A A, B, C and D sound meter-weighing on record. Ch. #2: NAB and Flat on playback, Flat only on rec.

no spec. no spec.

4. Background noise level:

no spec. 30 to 20 kHz, filter: -3 cm at 20 k Hz, measured per NAB std.: -62 db at 71/2"/sec. -64 db at 15"/sec.

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TABLE IV (continued)

CROWN 800 SERIES and 700 SERIES

METROTECH 500 SERIES PHILIPS PRO-35 G.R. 1525 A.

5. Overall record/ Play performance

Frequency Response for NAB equaliza-tion:

3 3/4"/sec +2, -3 db 40 Hz ---- ---- -10 kHz

±2 db, 20 Hz to 10 kHz

+2, -6 db 30 Hz -12 kHz

71/4"/sec ±2 db 40 Hz to 12 ±1 db 60 Hz to 12 ±2 db 20 Hz to 10 kHz kHz kHz

±2 db 50 Hz to 15 ±2, -4 db 30 Hz ±1.5 db 40 Hz to +2, -4 db 50 Hz kHz -15 kHz 15 kHz to 15 kHz

15"/sec. ±1 db 60 Hz to 15 kHz

±2 db 50 Hz -15 kHz

±2 db 30 Hz to 30 ---- ±1.5 db 40 Hz to +2, -4 db 30 Hz tc kHz 18 kHz 18 kHz

6. Signal to Noise ratio:.

-60 db 3 3/4"/see -55 db from 3 tape moduJaebofrom 2% distortiol 7 1/2"/sec -60 db distortion level, level per NAB:

per NAB standard: better than -54 d1 71/2"/see. -57 db

peak 15"/sec. -59 db

peak

7. Overall distortion less than 1.5% at 1 kHz, Odb on

. at 1 kHz and 32 mM/ mm tape flux

----

VU (approx. +3 db record level) less than 2%.

a

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APPENDIX I

TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

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TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

1. Definition

The transport or "tape deck" is the mechanical machinery which moves and positions the tape past the erase, record and play heads. It contains the prime drive mechanism, capstan and capstan motor, tape supply and take-up reel hubs with their drive and brake systems, the electronic and/or electro-mechanical control system and finally the head assembly, and its associated tapeguiding system.

2. Common Features

2.1 All transports of the recorders under evaluation with the exception of the G.R., are of the three motor tape; i.e., each reel hub is driven

or braked by its own torque motor independent from the capstan drive.

2.2 The supply reel torque is always applied in clockwise (cw) direction and take-up torque is counter clockwise (ccw). Full torque is applied

to the appropriate motor for fast winding. Reduced torque or controlled DC current is used on the supply reel for control of tape tension during play or record operations. At the same time, medium or controlled torque is applied to the take-up reel for the same purpose. Depending on the control system used, as described in detail later on, torque control is also used on whichever reel hub supplies during fast winding.

2.3 The head assemblies feature separate record and play (reproduce) heads, facilitating monitoring of the recorded signal while recording. This

is a standard feature for any decent professional quality instrument.

2.4 All systems, except the Philips Console Model consist of two major assemblies, transport and electronics, mounted on standard 19" panels,

which can readily be installed in standard rack frames or cabinets. Carry-ing cases, when supplied, contain mounting channels at 19" spacing to receive the transport and electronic assembly panels

3. Individual Transport Characteristics and Performance Observations

3.1 Crown 700 Series (See also Table I)

Basically the 700 transport is a simplified version of the 800 series, and exhibits the main features of the 800 except for the sophisticated con-trol system. Control is by mechanically interlocked on-off type pushbutton switches, directly engaging fast winding or braking torque on the reel motors and operating the capstan solenoid. The latter circuit can be inter-rupted by a tape sensing microswitch, stopping the tape movement when supply runs out or the tape breaks, while recording or playing. This safety switch is in-operative during fast winding, when most breakage occurs and, berefore, rather useless. Relays are not used and the operating possibilities of this transport are therefore limited to the essential functions.

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3.1.1 Reel hub brakes are dynamic, no brake bands are used. Braking is achieved by applying a DC current to the reel motor coils and

the braking torque is directly proportional to the hubs rotational speed. Differential braking between the two motors with reference to torque required for nearly empty or nearly full reels is achieved by inserting a variable resistance in the current circuit by means of tungsten lamps.

3.1.2 In general the 700 transport is rather crude and offers no improvement in performance over the old tube type BX 822, except

for reduced power consumption.

3.1.3 The tape guidance system and head assembly as well as the cap-stan drive are identical to the 800 series.

3.2 Crown 800 Series

3.2.1 Controls: The new 800 transports offer the ultimate in control; four momentary pushbuttons enter commands into the electronic

memory control system, which automatirAlly activates the transport in the proper sequence, responding to the last command given. Control signals can also be supplied remotely by means of momentary contact closures, or DC logic levels per specification.

The sequence of control signals cannot interfere with safe operation, since the control system will always interject a stop command before switching to the next command given. Tape breakage or supply runout will stop the machine in any mode of operation.

3.2.2 Torque Control and Brakes: Reel hub braking is electrodynamic, brake bands are not used. Differential braking is controlled

by the electronic control circuitry and includes a direction sensing device on the supply reel motor, which supplies control signals for the take-up reel brake control system. Tape handling is smooth with extremely fast responses. Yet the "snap" observed in the old Crown transports and the 700 Series is fully eliminated. Specifications for reel motor torque and the corresponding operational tape tensions are not given, but the overall performance of the transport proves that the tape tension is quite constant over the operational range from a full to empty lov, reel.

Tape tension is not controlled during either fast winding mode, except that either supply reel has a very low reverse torque applied.

An improved NAB (large opening) reel adapter is supplied, which ensures proper centering of the large reels and consequently better balancing for fast winding. However, discrepancies were noted in the alignment of the hub discs, which did not always provide proper align-ment of the smaller (5" to 7") EIA type reels with the tape guides on the head assemblies. Adjustments had to be made to prevent the tape from rubbing on the reel flanges and eliminating the resulting phase flutter.

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3.2.3 Capstan Drive: The capstan shaft is supported by friction type oilite bearings requiring a minimum of maintenance and lubrica-

tion, but subject to wear with age as demonstrated by the older machines. A 4", 4 lb. flywheel is belt driven from a stepped pulley on the con-stant speed hysteresis drive motor. The belt stretches sufficiently to be placed on the appropriate step for the desired speed. A bail and pad thrust bearing prevents lateral movement of the capstan, however, this arrangement is too crude for fine control of this critical move-ment, directly responsible for lateral movements of the tape over the nearby play head (stewing) and resulting phase errors. Frequent attention to this thrust bearing is necessary for proper performance. Tolerances for adjustment are not given.

3.2.3.1 Capstan Drive Speed: Capstan speed (tape speed or timing) is factory adjusted by machining the motor

pulley to optimum size. The synchronous motor is wholely dependent on the power line frequency. The capstan pressure roll has some influence to the effect that excessive pressure slows the machine down. As evident in the test results, speed discrepancies were observed. To date no satisfactory answer has been obtained from the supplier regard-ing this fault.

3.2.4 Head Assembly and Tape Guides: The Crown head assembly features Nortronics parabolic reproduce and record heads, which are

available in any desired track configuration from full (single) track to four individthal1/4 tracks, all spaced for use with V tape. The heads are mounted on tripod type mounting plates with standard Nortronics clips. Adjustment in three planes is achieved by holding the tripod plates with three screws against the head assembly frame on a pressure pad fashioned from a large rubber grommet. The three heads, erase, record and play, are placed in-line on the frame, with bossed tape guide pins between them. The end guides are placed in such a position that the tape does not touch the heads with the capstan pressure roll disengaged. During fast winding only the two end guides contact the tape. When recording or reproducing the pressure roll is lifted towards the capstan and the same solenoid moves the tape lifter, a holder with three glass rods, which lifts the tape to the exact position for the proper wrap over each bead face.

One indication that this system is not perfect is that a pressure pad is used over the record head for proper tape contact, in spite of the parabolic head face, which normally eliminates the use of pressure pads Pressure pads introduce another wear factor in the tape transport system as well as an additional variable in the overall alignment pro-cedure.

The head assembly also includes the photo cell housing on the 800 series transport, which is placed just ahead of the erase head. The head assembly is mounted on a rigid aluminum frame readily remove-able from the transport. Positioning with relation to the capstan, pressure roll arm and tape lifter is accurate enough to insure easy assembly and disassembly. However, the head mounts and the associated adjustment arrangements are too flimsy to survive this simple operation without possible mis-alignment. Signal cables are connected to the heads with miniature plug connectors, however, strain relief clamps are

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not provided. The mechanical strain of removing these connectors also affects head alignment. This type of head mounting in my opinion is not suitable for use in high vibration environments. Field adjustment by the operator of head azimuth for optimum phase accuracy is not recommended.

3.2.5 Observations: The tape guidance system lacks a damping roll ahead of the head assembly. Any discrepancy in tape feed from

the supply reel, such as a poorly wound reel as obtained from fast rewinding results in an increase in wow and flutter of the reproduced signal. The capstan with its large pressure roll operating at nearly 4 lbs. of pressure is placed directly adjacent to the play head. This arrangement allows barely sufficient isolation from irregularities in take-up torque such as occurs with a warped reel rubbing the tape. Tape tension throughout the transport system is governed by the electro-dymsmic brake action and associated control system on the supply reel.

3.3 Metrotech 500 Series Transport

3.3.1 Controls: This transport system, has many similarities with the Crown 800 described above, however, in many respects the ad-

vantages of solid state logic control have not been carried through to the fine sophistication as found in the Crown system and its versatility, therefore, is more limited. On the other hand, speed switching is also electrical and interlocked with the equalization selection in the reproduce and record amplifiers, which is a separate function on the Crown. Speed selection is limited to two speeds, preselected by choice of drive motor pulleys and evslization boards in the electronics assembly, normally factory installed.

3.3.2 Torque Control & Brakes: The brake system is mechanical, solenoid operated, used in the stop mode only. The supply reel

drag for play/record modes is derived from a low reverse torque placed on the supply reel motor in these modes. The specifications and functional descriptions in the manual did not reveal any references to control of this torque with reference to reel loading other than a manual switch for operation with small or large reels, independently on either supply or take-up motors. Yet the performance of the trans-port showed every evidence of good torque control, smooth starting and stopping with fast response. An interesting note is that this trans-port is designed for playing or recording in either direction, with automatic switchover at either end of the tape, commands to be initiated by a conductive strip attached to the tape.

3.3.3 Capstan Drive: The capstan shaft is supported by permanently lubricated ball bearings, the large flywheel has stepped dual

grooves for a dual rubber belt drive from the two speed synchronous hysteresis drive motor. A single pulley of proper size for the two desired speeds is installed and aligned with the corresponding grooves in the flywheel. Selection of other speed combinations than initially supplied, requires a few part changes and is a service shop operation rather than a field modification.

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3.3.4 Head Assembly: Four spaces are available for head mounts; two on each side of the capstan and pressure roll. The model

evaluated was set up for single direction operation and had only two heads installed to the left of the capstan. Erase and record functions were combined in one head, the second (play) head was located adjacent to the capstan. Head mounts were tripods, similar to the Crown system, supporting parabolic Nortronic heads held in clips. The heads were tilted in a fashion that good tape contact was achieved when the tape engaged the capstan, being lifted by the pressure roll; pressure pads were not used. Positioning of the tape at both ends of the head assembly is determined by the two main guide rollers, separate lift rods disengage tape from the heads when not engaged by the capstan and pressure roll.

3.3.5 Tape Guides: Fixed positioning guide pins are placed near the head mounts to ensure proper tracking. Guide and damping rol-

lers in slotted housings are placed on both ends of the head assembly and capstan housing accurately guiding the tape onto the heads in either running direction. Both guide roll assemblies include tension arms actuating micro-switches which interlock the control system, stopping the machine if tape tension is lost from any cause and in any mode of operation. Provision was made for optional control circuitry, using the guide roll and tension arm as continuity sensing points for automatic tape motion reversal by means of conductive leaders at the tape ends.

3.3.6 Observations: This transport operated very smoothly, using large reels as well as smaller or mixed sizes. Tape handling

was good except in the fast winding modes which lacked tension control. The quick disconnect type reel clamps with self-centering edges for the large NAB hubs worked very well. It is specifically designed for long term automatic unattended operation. On the other hand the mechanical construction was not considered rugged enough for portable use or shipboard applications.

3.4 Philips PRO-35

3.4.1 General Features: The model evaluated (EL 3576/24A) had the most ruggedly built transport of the five models under evalua-

tion. All parts are mounted on a rectangular cast aluminum frame with stubs at the four corners enabling it to be placed on any side on the bench for servicing without interference with any functional components. It normally rests on four nylon feet in the console frame which also supports the electronics chassis and contains all interconnecting wiring between transport, electronics assembly and external connections. A special adapter frame is required for rackmounting. The portable version is packaged in two wooden cases, one for the transport and one for the electronics assembly, with the necessary interconnections between the two.

3.4.2 Controls. Control of all transport functions is electro-mechanical. Basic functions are actuated by mechanically inter-

locked pushbutton switches, a number of rotary or lever switches control

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tape speed, winding speed, reel torque (large or small), etc. Relays and solenoids follow up switch commands in the proper sequence and also control relays in the electronics assembly for proper speed equalization, application of bias and erase current, etc.

3.4.3 Brakes and Torque Control: Both reel motors are AC operated, their current supply and resulting torque is controlled by an

SCR circuit. Mechanical brakes are used, differentially controlled by solenoids and a tensioning system which is actuated by the tape tension sensing arms; i.e., when either tension arm is released by lack of tape tension, it permits brake application to the associated reel hub whether the stop solenoid is actuated or not. This means that when the recorder in either play/record or winding mode reaches the end of the tape, or when the tape breaks (virtually impossible), both reels slow down, preventing tape spill. The machine does not stop automatically, it needs more operator attendance than the Crown of Metrotech transports which are better equipped for remotely controlled, unattended operation.

The differential brake and torque control system meets specified limits for tape tension and drag on the transport system as a whole. Tape tension as well as the maximum speed differential from full to empty supply reel are specified (see spec.'s Table I).

Three winding speeds can be selected for either forward or reverse winding. Tape tension control is minimum at high speed wind-ing, when a 3300 foot reel is rewound in 2 minutes. Very even re-winding in about 5 minutes is possible with the operator selecting a speed setting, and varying it to suit the torque and brake action as the reel fills up. The reel is then wound in a satisfactory condition for storage.

3.4.4 Capstan and Capstan Motor: The capstan is an integral part of the capstan motor shaft. It is supported in permanently

lubricated precision ball bearings and a thrust pad. The motor is the usual synchronous hysteresis type. This model, however, has an external rotor acting as the capstan flywheel. The motor is wound for dual speed operation, 500 and 1,000 RPM, resulting in tape speeds of 7h and 15"/sec respectively. Speed accuracy was found to be better than ±0.2% under all conditions, including reduced line voltage to -10%.

3.4.5 Head Assembly: The head assembly normally contains three heads in the usual sequence: erase, record and reproduce, with the

reproduce head adjacent to the capstan. Space is provided for an optional pilot head between the record and reprodute heads, to be used for recording and reproducing a pilot tone for synchronization of other equipment. The heads are mounted in individual swivel assemblies on a rigid base plate including a multi-contact connector. The plate is positively located on two posts on the transport frame and held by two large screws. It can readily be removed and re-installed" without affecting head alignment. Removal is actually recommended for head demagnetization. The swivel mount allows for azimuth adjustment only, achieved by a convenient adjustment screw and pressure spring. Tracking adjustment is achieved by adjustment of the guide pins located near the play and record heads. Each pin has only one collar; on one pin

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above, on the other below the tape. Precision adjustment is possible by threading the pins in or out and securing them with a lock nut. This is primarily a factory adjustment, but feasible in the lab with the proper tools. Wrap adjustment is not provided, the heads are located on an arc and have parabolic faces, the position relative to the capstan and lift pin together with damper rolls at each end of the head assembly and precise tape tension control ensures accurate tape contact at all times. During winding and stop modes, the pressure roll and lift pin fall away, the tape straightens out from one damper to the other and the tape is entirely free from the heads. One guide roll drives a mechanical counter which runs at constant speed and is calibrated in minutes and seconds of record/play time.

The heads are unique, they are constructed from ferrite material (ferroxcube), and finished to a high gloss contact surface. Head life is guaranteed for 10,000 hours, versus 2000 to 4000 for high quality Nortronics heads. After some 20 hours of operation during evaluation tests, there was not a trace of tape oxide residue on these heads. All others had to be cleaned after roughly the same period of use.

3.4.6 Observations: The PRO-35 was definitely the most stable trans- port evaluated. Its operation was extremely smooth, in spite of

transportation damage. The instrument had received very rough treatment in shipping and the capstan motor had been dislocated and jammed. The brake system is critical, however, and was obviously adjusted in favour of the large (10 to 11") NAB reels. Some difficulty was experienced with 5 and 7" EIA reels, to obtain sufficient acceleration on the take-up reel to engage and hold the tension arm, which controls the dif-ferential brake. Also no EIA hub adaptors were provided and a make-shift arrangement had to be used to fit the small reels, The ruggedly constructed transport is well suited for application in any environment.

3.5 General Radio Data Recorder, Type 1525A

3.5.1 General Features: The G.R. 1525A consists of an Ampex transport combined with a G.R. designed and manufactured

electronics chassis. Both units are mounted in a convenient carrying case with standard 19" rack panels. They can readily be removed for installation in a standard 19" rack. Additional hardware is supplied for this purpose. Special brackets and guide rolls are also supplied to adapt the transport for closed tape loop operation facilitating long-term analysis of a short duration signal. Continuous loops from 20" to 33" can be accommodated.

3.5.2 Controls: Transport control is electromechanical. Momentary pushbutton switches, activate electrically interlocking relays

and solenoids. Remote control terminals for momentary contact closures are provided. A tape tension arm sensing tape tension between the capstan and take-up reel, operates a safety switch. When tension is lost, all power is removed from the transport, including the brake solenoids, and the whole mechanism stops instantly.

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3.5.3 Brakes and Torque Control: Electra-dynamic as well as mechan- ical brakes are used. The mechanical brakes are used only in

the stop mode. All other brake or torque control functions are electrically controlled by a torque motor on each reel hub. The torque motors are of a special design. A sintered iron slug or core is belt driven from the capstan motor. Rotational torque is transferred from the core to a concentric copper cup, attached to the reel hub shaft. Both parts rotate in the magnetic field from an energizing coil. Full torque for fast winding or reduced torque for supply reel drag and take-up torque is controlled by the DC current applied through the coils combined with the rotational speed of the copper cup in the field. As the cup spins faster, eddy currents produce a higher braking force. The result is a constant tape tension, during the play or record mode over the full range of reel loading. Tape tension is specified and readily adjusted by means of a variable resistor in the coil current supply circuit.

3.5.4 Capstan Drive: The capstan and associated flywheel are supported in oilite bearings and are belt driven from the drive motor.

Stepped pulleys are used and the belt can be shifted with a lever mechanism actuated by a front panel control knob. The flyWheel has to be supported by a special foam pad during transport or shipment in the carrying case. This is a nuisance since the electronics chassis has to be removed from the case to install or remove this pad.

3.5.5 Head Assembly and Tape Guides: The head assembly is ruggedly mounted on a cast frame, arranged on an arc section. The heads

are parabolic and positioned between a grooved guide post at the supply side and the capstan at the other end so that the tape makes proper contact with each head. Contact is also assured by the precise tape tension control during play or record operations. Two forked guides control lateral position of the tape. These guides can be manually shifted forward to lift the tape away from the heads for fast winding. Closing the shield cover over the head assembly automatically retracts the guides for normal operation.

The heads are swivel mounted in the assembly frame with individual adjustment screws for azimuth and height (tracking). All adjustments are positive and stable. Azimuth adjustment in the field for optimum phasing is possible. A spare space for an optional fourth head is pro-vided.

3.5.6 Observations: The G.R. 1525 A is an ideal recorder for data work where a portable machine capable of reasonable accuracy is

required. Its power consumption is sufficiently low (135 watts max.) to operate from a battery supply through an inverter, provided the latter is capable of delivering AC power at 60 Hz within ±0.01%. Voltage tolerance is ±10%. It is available as a "general issue" instrument on Engineering Services Inventory No. EE 1092.

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APPENDIX II

ELECTRICAL TESTS -- TEST METHODS

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ELECTRICAL TESTS -- TEST METHODS

1. Test Equipment Used and Their Major Characteristics

1.1 The following test tapes and instruments were used in tests performed 4

during the evaluation program and are recommended for future test and maintenance operations.

a) Signal Sources

1. Ampex Testapes - Full track, recorded over full width of tape to close tolerances for azimuth orientation, flux level and signal frequency, as listed below: (Flux levels relate to an induced signal level of 0 dbm in 600 ohms at 700 Hz in a calibrated reproduce system).

PURPOSE OF SIGNAL

TAPE

01-31321-01, 7h"/sec

TAPE

01-31311-01, 15"/sec

Frequency Hz

Level db

Frequency Hz

Level db

Reference 700 -10 700

0 0 0

0 0 0

0

0 0

0 0 0 0

Head Alignment 15,000 -10 15,000 " . 12,500 -10 12,500

Frequency Response 10,000 -10 10,000

" 7,500 -10 7,500 " 5,000 -10 5,000 n 2,500 -10 2,500 n 1,000 -10 1,000

" 500 -10 500 " 250 -10 250 " 100 -10 100 n 50 -10 50

Calibration 700 0 30

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2. H.P. 205AG audio signal generator -- AOL #ES 97.

Frequency Range: 20 Hz to 24.5 kHz

Output: Max. 5 watts (55 volts at 600 ohm) into a calibrated attenuator.

Level and Impedance used: 10 volts into 600 ohm, attenuator set to match recorder input level.

Performance at Operating Level:

Total distortion and noise, 41.1.- riding output level stability•

100 Hz to 5 kHz:

Better than 0.1%

50 Hz to 15 kHz:

Better than 0.15%

20 Hz to Max:

Better than 0.4%

Frequency Stahility• Better than ±0.002% for 5 Min.

Phase Stability of Balanced Output: 180° ±1 usec.

NOTE: Balanced output was used for recorder electronics having a 600 ohm balanced input system, or to obtain two equal unbalanced signals in opposite phase (and a k of calibrated amplitude) for dual channel re-cording. Normally all chpmnpl inputs were fed in parallel and signals recorded in phase.

(b) Measuring and Monitoring Instruments

3. H.P. 403B AC Voltmeter (ES 969)

Ranges: 1 mV to 300 V, 5 Hz to 2 MHz

Accuracy: ±2% of F.S.

Use: Input Level Monitor

4. H.P. 332 A Noise and Distortion Analyzer

Ranges: 300 uV to 300 V, 10 Hz to 600 kHz

Accuracy: ±2% of F.S.

Relative: (Noise and distortion measurements): 0 to -80 db or 100 to 0.1%. Max. noise and distortion level at 0.1% (300 uV) Range: 25 uV (-91 db).

Filter: Tunable notch filter rejects fundamental. Rejection: 80 db min.

Range: 5 Hz to 600 kHz

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Use: Reproduce output level meter, noise and distortion mea-surements. Filtered amplifier for oscilloscope and counter (bias frequency).

5. H.P. Electronic Counter (ES 1053)

Range: DC to 12.5 MHz

Accuracy: ±3 PPM

Sensitivity: 10mV

Use: Frequency monitor

6. G.R. 1840A Audio Power Meter (ES 516)

Range: 2 mW to 20 W

Accuracy: ±5%

Impedance used: 600 ohm

Use: Power level meter for 600 ohm line outputs

7. Philips PM 3230 dual beam oscilloscope (EE 1016)

Sensitivity: 2mV/cm max.

Time Base Accuracy: ±3%

Use: Signal observation for wow and flutter, identification of background noise and harmonics in residual output from dist. analyzer. Phase error and phase flutter measurement.

1.2 Test Methods

1.2.1 The following is a recommended procedure for test,-evaluation, calibration, and adjustment of audio frequency tape recorders,

to be used if the instruction manual for the individual instrument is not sufficiently detailed. It is developed from procedures adopted for the evaluation program described in this note.

1.2.2 Test Methods; Reproduce System

a) Output Level and Loading: Determine output level and matching impedance from specification. Outputs are usually designed to drive a standard 600 ohm line at some level relative to 0 dbm (1 m watt - 0.777 volts). The specified level will correspond with a 0 reading on the Vu meter of the recorder. Use G.R. 1840A as

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load and level meter (db scale can be read directly in dbm). Un-less parallel outputs are provided as is the case on the Crown CI electronics, the 332A analyzer should be connected in parallel with the power meter or terminated with a separate 600 ohm resistor.

Monitor outputs are usually not rAlibrated and can only handle high impedance leads; i.e., distortion analyzer for relative measurements, oscilloscope, counter, etc.

b) Standard Levels: Play alignment tapes and monitor each channel separately for specified output levels per specification (Table III) using instrumentation per 1.2.2 a). Ascertain output level and Vu meter reading for the 700 Hz calib-ration tone, adjust reproduce level and Vu meter calibration if necessary.

c) Reproduce Head Azimuth: Serious phase and amplitude deviations observed under 1.2.2 b) specifically at the higher frequencies are usually due to head misalignment.

While playing the 15 kHz alignment tone at 71/2"/sec and monitoring both output channels on the oscilloscope, triggered on one channel, observe phase error between the two wave forms. Adjust azimuth for maximum amplitude first, then for minimum phase deviation. A good transport should produce phase deviations averaging 5 usec P-P not exceeding 10 usec. P-P.

Repeat and touch up adjustment at 15"/sec. If necessary, compromise between readings obtained for each speed.

Excessive phase flutter is caused by improper guidance of the tape over the reproduce head.

CHECK

1. Instruction Manual

2. Tape: worn and warped alignment tape is useless

3. Guides: align if necessary

4. Capstan: (end play in Crown)

5. Reels and flanges: Use take-up reel with large hub. Assure flanges are not rubbing, adjust reel alignment if so.

d) Frequency Response Measurements of 1.2.2 (b) and (c) have yielded sufficient points for a frequency response plot. (See Fig. 1, etc.) Confirm tolerances per specification. Following serious head mis-alignment, repeat (b) before proceeding, and adjust frequency response per manufacturer's instructions until specifications are met.

e) Repeat all measurements at second speed.

f) For measurements at other speeds than 71/2 and 15"/sec, see Crown CI 822 manual for procedure and precautions.

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g) Transport speed or timing: If counter readings were taken during 1.2.2 (b), using 1 sec gate time, average all readings over 1 kHz (4 digits). Timing should be accurate to ±0.5%, allowing 0.2% for tape error and phase flutter.

Repeat procedure at -10% nominal line voltage where such speed deviation is specified. If too slow or fast by more than 0.5%, check reel torque and capstan roll pressure per specification. Serious speed errors are subject to factory correction only.

1.2.3 Test Methods - Record System

General

a) The playback system monitors record performance and all con-ditions of 1.2.2 must be met within specified tolerances, be-fore any serious testing of the record system can be attempted.

b) Input Levels and Impedance: Input impedances are usually high, to the extent that no significant load is presented to the signal source even if the input system is nominally specified as a 600 ohm line input.

(NOTE: The 205 AG signal generator has an internal load, en-sure that the internal load switch is on when required to obtain properly ralibrated output.) Apply and if necessary monitor the specified voltage at center frequency, usually 1kHz, for standard record level. The Vu meter should read.0 in record monitor position, for the input level control setting as specified in the instruction manual. If a monitor output is available, this signal can be used to measure the record amplifier performance; i.e., distortion, noise level and fre-quency response. Using the 332A monitor record level and measure its distortion. Turn input off and take noise level reading (leave analyzer in distortion mode, residual level is noise from record amplifier).

With signal input restored, record signal. Note the bias wave form super-imposed on the audio signal from monitor output. Attempted distortion measurement which suppresses the funda-mental signal will yield the relative level of bias voltage, which will be available at 332A output terminals for analysis by scope and frequency counter.

Measure bias current with Vu meter (possible in most recorders) or oscilloscope current probe, ascertain conformance to spec.

Recommended recording time for each signal: 3 minutes to facilitate sufficient time for performing measurements on re-produce system. NOTE: This 1 kHz signal is your 0 reference for all subsequent tests and measurements. Confirm proper reproduce level through monitor output by switching from "monitor record or source" to "monitor tape".

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c) Signal to Noise Ratio: Step input level (either at recorder or signal source) up 3 db or more for maximum Vu meter indication (usually +3 db and record this 1 kHz signal for approximately 1 more minute, and remove input signal. If the tape has already been recorded, keep machine going in record mode, erasing signal with no input for one minute. If blank tape is used, either record, rewind and erase, and then advance blank tape for one minute.

This procedure yields one minute maximum signal followed by a period of no recording which is essential for signal to noise measurements while reproducing. To test, erase efficiency two sequences, one with erased signal, one with virgin tape will be required. The resulting differential in noise measurement will indicate the erase level of the recorder if it is specified.

d) Tape saturation:

1. Due to the magnetic characteristics of the tape and record head, a level of record current can be reached, where an increase in record current no longer results in an equal increase of tape magnetization. This is the level of tape saturation. It can be reached at any frequency, but up to around 1 kHz the saturation level for most tapes is beyond the maximum flux capability of the record head.

When plotted versus frequency, as indicated in some record-reproduce response curves (Fig. 4, 9 and 10), one finds that the record current level at which saturation occurs decreases at a rate of 6 db per octave with increasing frequency. The point at which this line intersects the standard record-reproduce level of 0 dbm determines the maximum operating level for recording a series of tones at equal level for a record-play frequency response run.

It is also evident that this point varies with tape speed. The saturation frequency point is directly proportional to tape speed. There is also some variation with individual tapes. The European BSAF tapes supplied by P flips showed lower saturation levels than the Scotch 202 and 203 tapes used with the American machines.

2. Measurement: Saturation level can readily be measured by re-cording at an arbitrarily r•hrssen frequency; say 10 kHz. In-crease the input signal in 1 db steps while monitoring the reproduced output, observe increase in reproduce level. As soon as this level does not follow exactly the 1 db steps of increased record signals, the saturation point has been reached for the tape used.

Distortion measurement at this level of recorded signal should be between 2 and 3%. Further increase in record current will result in signal clipping and a corresponding sharp increase of distortion readings. Another interesting point is also

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that if the record head is capable of magnetizing tape to . saturation at 1 kHz (at 71/2"/sec or slower speed) only, this level when used for signal to noise measurement, will give results as specified by most manufacturers as "in accordance with NAB standards".

Repeat the above procedure for two or three higher frequencies, and observe that the measured levels follow the 6 db per octave curve. The level reached for the highest desired frequency for the frequency response test determines the operating level for the test.

Using a standard level of 0 dbm for lower frequencies up to 1 or 5 kHz and -10 or -15 dbm for the remaining high frequencies is another solution to avoid the saturation problem. The advantage of this method is that it provides good signals for meaningful distortion measurements at the lower frequencies.

e) Optimum Bias Current: Most electronic assemblies provide a Vu meter facility to monitor bias current and usually the system is calibrated at 0 Vu to yield proper bias current for the tape recommended in the specifications.

If in doubt and if the current value is specified (see manual), the bias current can readily be measured by clamping an oscillo-scope current probe around the appropriate lead to the record head. Alternative methods using a dropping resistor and vtvm are often given in the manuals, this resistor is usually permanently installed in the bias circuit.

Optimum bias current for a given tape can only be determined by trial and error. Use the same procedure as described under 1.2.3 d) (2) measuring saturation level and aim for minimum distortion at beginning of saturation by slightly varying bias current in small steps. In addition, monitor record-play performance at +3 dbm at 1 kHz and 400 Hz. The bias current variations should not cause appreciable deviations in record-play level response at the lower frequencies. A compromise must be found between best low and high frequency performance.

NOTE: The same procedure described in the above first two para-graphs apply for measuring erase current.

f) Recording for Frequency Response: Observing all criteria discussed in 1.2.3 (a) through (e) record a sequence of signals from 20 Hz to 15 or 30 kHz (as required to confirm specifications) at constant input voltage. The Vu meter reading and record monitor output voltages will slightly deviate 0.5 to 2 db, depending on accuracy of recorder) from the reference level determined in 1.2.3 (b). This is a function of the recorder amplifier and monitor circuit frequency response and is part of the overall characteristics of the machine we are testing. Monitor and record these readings, also measure distortion at a number of frequencies before starting the record mechanism which also switches the bias current. on. The latter will dominate the signal and you are measuring bias level rather than distortion 1.2.3 (b)).

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The recommended duration for each recorded signal is 3 minutes. It is also recommended to use exact frequencies, (use counter to set generator frequency) this will provide valnabla reference data for speed deviation tests at varying line -voltages and for speed comparisons between different recorders.

While recording monitor reproduce output, level and phasing are important.

g) Record Head Azimuth Alignment: If the reproduced signal phsaing during recording of high frequency signals is mot satisfactory with deviations exceeding 15 usec. p-p, the record bead azimuth should be adjusted in the same manner as for the reproduce bead21.2.2 (c). This adjustment is made while recording a 10 to 15 kHz signal. Check and compromise if necessary at two speeds. Refer to the manual for the exact procedure. Following head alignment, check record levels and adjust if necessary.

1.2.4 Summary - Record - Reproduce Tests

1. Record reference signal of 1 kHz for 3 minutes.

2. Increase reference signal 3 db or more for maximum recording level (Vu meter full scale) for 1 min.

3. 1 minute of no recording on erase or 1 minute erase and 1 min. virgin tape.

4. Record a sequence of test signals 3 min. each, over the desired spectrum per specification.

5. Just before and wbila recording, monitor and analyze the re-cording amplifier output, check Vu meter and bias current. Monitor the reproduce output during recording and observe phase and Vu meter readings.

6. Before spending time on detailed record-play measurements, -sweep the generator through the frequency range, alternately monitoring record and reproduce levels and phasing on the oscilloscope, check the criteria as discussed in 142.3 (a) through (g) for confirmation to specified tolerances.

1.2.5 Measurement of Recorded Test Signals in Reproduce Mode

a) General

The purpose of this series of measurements is to measure the capability of the recording system to reproduce recorded input signals within the tolerances specified by the manufacturer and in addition within the tolerance requirements dictated by AOL applications.

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Due to special AOL requirements more attention will be given to phase accuracy and harmonic distortion than is required by the manufacturer's specification. From this point of view, source signals of high purity are used and all recordings made at constant input level rather than constant recording level. Also for final analysis more accurate instrumentation is used than the VU meter of the recorders, which is usually indicated by the manufacturer as a convenient indicating device for record and reproduce measurements.

NOTE: References to Vu meter readings in Fig. 1 through 13 are derived from external instrument readings relative to an output voltage obtained at 1 kHz and .0 Vu on the recorder Vu meter.

b) Measurements

1. While reproducing the recorded test signals, the signal levels and other characteristics are measured in accordance with the procedures outlined in 1.2.2 (a) through (g) as applicable.

2. Harmonic Distortion: In addition to the measurements re-quired under 41) the Harmonic Distortion is measured for all standard level signals using the 332A distortion analyzer.

At lower signal levels, the signal to noise ratio becomes smaller than the distortion ratio, and one is in fact measuring background noise levels. This reading can con-veniently be made in db and by adding the dbm signal level figure and the signal to noise ratio reference level at 1 kHz (+3 dbm min.) the actual signal to noise ratio can be calculated. This is interesting when compared with the figures obtained in the formal signal to noise ratio measurement (3).

Monitoring the 332A output with the osrillnqcope is useful in identifying harmonics and noise.

3. Signal to Noise Ratio

1. While reproducing the 1 kHz + 3 dbm S/N reference signal set the 332A dist. analyzer for convenient reference level (set level - 0 db) for each channel. Compromise for small differences in level between channels, usually not more than 0.5 db.

2. When the signal cuts out, increase 332A sensitivity, measure and record the noise levels for each channel, note whether the tape has been erased or never been recorded.

Erased noise level should not exceed virgin tape noise by more than 3 db.

Usual noise levels are from -50 to -60 db.

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3. Stop tape motion -- and measure noise levels again. This is the overall reproduce system noise and should In all cases yield a signal to noise ratio greater , than 55 db. If not, check the mArnini for reproduce mplifier-and reproduce head noise characteristics, AmAlding, etc.

If the differential in noise levels between moving and stopped tape is greater than 5 db, certainly for virgin tape, poor quality or worn tape is being used. Most high quality professional grade tapes were found to add less than 3 db noise in the system when new.