unixlabmanual-120422134336-phpapp01

8/13/2019 unixlabmanual-120422134336-phpapp01

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Systems lab MCCS1.8

Cycle-1

1.unix commands:

a. Text processing and backup utilities:

1. head : It displays the first few lines of one or more files (page) .

Syntax: $ head !ilename"

It displays the first 10 lines of the file.

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat aaa

i am a good girl

hello

hw r

i am fine

how is it

are there any thing

india is my

conty

all are fine

it is better

dont do that

where are

hello hw r

is it o%%

what is that

than%

bye


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[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ head aaa

i am a good girl

hello

hw r

i am fine

how is it

are there any thing

india is my

conty

all are fine

it is better

Syntax: $ head #n !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ head &' aaa

i am a good girl

hello

hw r

syntax: $ cat !ilename" head -n - %t display !irst n lines

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat aaa head &

i am a good girl

hello

hw r

i am fine

&. tail : It displays last few records of one or more file


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Syntax: tail !ilename"

It displays last 10 lines.

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ tail aaa

conty

all are fine

it is better

dont do that

where are

hello hw r

is it o%%

what is that

than%

bye

Syntax: tail #n !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ tail &* aaa

than%

bye

syntax: cat !ilename" tail -n

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat aaa tail &1

bye

If u want to redirect to permanent

Ex: + head &*0 ,filename- tail & - file1 (file1 is newfile)

Ex: + tail /'0 ,filename- head & - file1 (file1 is newfile)

'. tr :ranslate characters by characters


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ranslate or delete characters

Syntax: $ tr (option) !ilename"

Ex: + [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat f'

welcome to first mtech

*010&11

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ tr wel 2,f'

222com2 to first mt2ch

*010&11

Duplicate characters avoid with sequential order

Ex: + tr &s 3r4 , filenameDelete the characters

Syntax: $ tr -d *r+ !ilename

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ tr &d e,f5wlcom to adithyacollgof technology

,. Sort: sort lines of text files according to the first character

Syntax: sort (option) !ilename"

6ptions:

&b7 &&ignore&leading&blan%s ignore leading blan%s

&d7 &&dictionary&order consider only blan%s and alphanmeric characters

&f7 &&ignore&case fold lower case to pper case characters

&g7 &&general&nmeric&sort compare according to general nmerical !ale

&i7 &&ignore&nonprinting consider only printable characters

&87 &&month&sort compare (n%nown) , 9;9

&n7 &&nmeric&sort compare according to string nmerical !ale

&r7 &&re!erse re!erse the reslt of comparisons


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Ex : sort stdent

student !ilename

01 !i?ay 50 0

1* anil A0 A

'* s?an 5 0

0 hari A0

** ra? B 0

. Cut:Cemo!e sections from each line of files.

1. Character cutting

Syntax: $ cut -c !ilename"

Dirst character of the all lines

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ct &c &10 f5

ome to

ege

echnol

Ex: + ct &c1 ,filename-

o ct the first >haracter 6f the all records

Ex: + ct &cB ,filename-

o ct the Bthcharacter in each line

Ex: + ct &c7 B ,filename-

o ct th

and Bth

>haracter In each line

Ex: + ct &c &B ,filename-

o ct thto Bth>haracters range

2. Field cutting


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&d field separator

Syntax: $ cut -d *:+ -!& !ilename"

>t *ndfield in all records

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat-bbb

aaa:fff:hhhh

ttt:

ghh:tgyh:y

ert:hg??%:hhh

['#/ topped cat - bbb

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ct &d : &f1 bbb

aaa

ttt

ghh

. /ni0: Cemo!e dplicate lines from a sorted file

Syntax: $ uni0 (option) !ilename"

6ptions:&c7 &&cont prefix lines by the nmber of occrrences

&d7 &&repeated only print dplicate lines

&=7 &&all&repeated[Fdelimit&method# print all dplicate linesdelimit&methodFGnone(defalt)7prepend7separateH =elimiting is done with blan%lines.

&f7 &&s%ip&fieldsF< a!oid comparing the first < fields

&i7 &&ignore&case


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ignore differences in case when comparing

&s7 &&s%ip&charsF< a!oid comparing the first < characters

&7 &&nie only print nie lines

&w7 &&chec%&charsF< compare no more than < characters in lines=isplays only the =plicate records

Ex: + ni &d ,filename -

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat-ccc

aaa

bbb

aaa

aaa

[A#/ topped cat - ccc

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ni &d ccc

aaa

Ex: + ni &= ,filename-

Jrint all dplicate Cecords and demeliting is done with blan% lines

Ex: + ni Kc ,filename-

Jrefix lines by the


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6ptions:

&a reat all files as text and compare them line&by&line7 e!en if they do not seem to be text.

&b Ignore changes in amont of white space.

&L Ignore changes that ?st insert or delete blan% lines.

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat-lc%y

apple

bannana

orange

pineapple

cat

rat

[#/ topped cat - lc%y

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat-%eert

apple

banana

oringe

pineapple

mat

pen

[10#/ topped cat - %eert

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ diff lc%y %eert

*7'c*7'

, bannana


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, orange

&&&

- banana

- oringe

75c75

, cat

, rat

&&&

- mat

- pen

Comm.:compare two sorted files line by line

Syntax: comm (23T%24)... 5%671 5%67&

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ comm lc%y %eert

apple

banana

bannana

orange

oringe

pineapple

cat

mat

pen

rat

. tee : It displays and redirects the same time


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read from standard inpt and write to standard otpt and files

Ex: + ls &l ,filename-

+ ls &l tee ,filename-

+ ls &&fll&time tee &a ,filename- & appending existing file


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Ex: + find " &type d &name 3ra?4

It searches the absolte path of the =irectories

Ex: + find " &type f &name 3file14 exce catGHPQ

It searches the absolte path of the filename and displays the contents of file.

Ex: + find " &type f &name 3file14 exce cat GHP exce rmGHPQ

It searches the absolte path of the filename and displays the content of file7 and remo!es at the

same time.

Ex: + find " &type f &perm 5

It searches the file nder with 5 permission

Ex: + find " &type f &perm 5 &exce chmod 50 GHPQ

It searches the filename nder with permission 5 and change the file permissions to 50.

Ex: + find " &type f siRe 0Q

It earches the Sero byte files

Linux: 512 bytes 1 block

Ex: + find " &type f siRe 100c (Exactly 100 bytes file)

+ find " &type f siRe /100c (abo!e 100 bytes file)

+ find " &type f siRe &100c (below 100 bytes file)

Ex: + find " &type d siRe Bb


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It searches the Bbytes =irectories

Ex: + find " &type f &i nm 310B4

It searches the file with inode nmber

Ex: + find " type d K inm 310*4

It searches the directories with inode nmber

Time

&a K ;ccess

&c K >hanged

&m K 8odified

Ex: + find " &type f Ka min '0It searches the file before '0 min access

Ex: + find " &type f Ka time KnNnN/nIt searches the file before few days

9. rep

he grep tilities are a family of Tnix tools7 inclding grep7 egrep7 and fgrep7 that performrepetiti!e searching tas%s. he tools in the grep family are !ery similar7 and all are sed forsearching the contents of files for information that matches particlar criteria. Dor most prposes7yoUll want to se fgrep7 since itUs generally the fastest

he general syntax of the grep commands is:

yntax: grep [&options# pattern [filename#


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Vo can se fgrep to find all the lines of a file that contain a particlar word. Dor example7 to listall the lines of a file named my file in the crrent directory that contain the word dog7 enter atthe Tnix prompt:Ex: fgrep dog myfile

his will also retrn lines where dog is embedded in larger words7 sch as dogma ordogged. Vo can se the &w option with the grep command to retrn only lines where dog isinclded as a separate word:

Ex: grep &w dog myfile

o search for se!eral words separated by spaces7 enclose the whole search string in otes7 for

example:

Ex: fgrep dog named >hec%ers myfile

he fgrep command is case sensiti!eQ specifying dog will not match =og or =6W. Vo canse the &i option with the grep command to match both pper& and lowercase letters:

Ex: grep &i dog myfile

o list the lines of myfile that do not contain dog7 se the &! option:

Ex: fgrep &! dog myfile

If yo want to search for lines that contain any of se!eral different words7 yo can create a

second file (named second file in the following example) that contains those words7 and then se

the &f option:

Ex: fgrep &f second file my file

Vo can also se wildcards to instrct fgrep to search any files that match a particlar pattern.Dor example7 if yo wanted to find lines containing dog in any of the files in yor directorywith names beginning with my7 yo cold enter:


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Ex: fgrep dog my2

his command wold search files with names sch as my file7 my.hw17 and my stff in thecrrent directory. Each line retrned wold be prefaced with the name of the file where thematch was fond.

Ly sing pipes andNor redirection7 yo can se the otpt from any of these commands withother Tnix tools7 sch as more7 sort7 and ct. Dor example7 to print the fifth word of e!ery line ofmy file containing dog7 sort the words alphabetically7 and then filter the otpt throgh themore command for easy reading7 yo wold enter at the Tnix prompt:

Ex: fgrep dog myfile ct &f &d sort more

If yo want to sa!e the otpt in a file in the crrent directory named new file7 enter:

Ex: fgrep dog my file ct &f &d sort - new file

+ grep Kn ,file- & o display record nmber

+ grep &i,file- & o ignore record

+ grep Kc ,file- & o cont in how many records expression

+ grep KE ,file- & o search for mltiple expression

+ grep KX ,file- & It gi!e the file name and which the

reglar expression

+ grep Kr ,file- & o search regressi!ely and present wor%ing


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directory

+ grep Kw ,file- & o search for the exact match for the word

+ grep Ks ,file- & o sppress errors

+ grep 3?ai4 ,file- & It prints the expressi!e record which

ha!e got the 3?ai4

+ grep Kn 3?ai4 ,file- & It display the record nmber and

expression what we gi!e 3?ai4

+ grep Kin 3?ay4 ,file- & It ignore and prints the record

3ay4

+ grep KE 3?ay prem4 ,file- & It search for mltiple

expressions and prints the record

+ grep Kl 3?ay42 & It displays the filename which the

3ay4 expression is

!"

;YZ is a simple and elegant pattern scanning and processing langage

;YZ is also the most portable scripting langage


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It was created in late A0th of the last centry. he name was composed from the initial letters ofthree original athors ;lfred . ;ho7 Lrian Y. Zernighan7 and Jeter . Yeinberger. It iscommonly sed as a command&line filter in pipes to reformat the otpt of other commands. ItUsthe precrsor and the main inspiration of Jerl. ;lthogh originated in Tnix it is a!ailable and

widely sed in Yindows en!ironment too.

;YZ ta%es two inpts: data file and command file. he command file can be absent andnecessary commands can be passed as agments. ;s Conald J. Xoi aptly noted aw i! "er#under appreciated language$

he main ad!antage of ;YZ is that nli%e Jerl and other scripting monsters that it is !ery slim

withot featre creep so characteristic of Jerl and ths it can be !ery efficiently sed with pipes.

;lso it has rather simple7 clean syntax and li%e mch hea!ier >X can be sed with > for dal&

langage implementations.

aw%Us fa!or compared to perl:

& aw% is simpler (especially important if deciding which to learn first)& aw% syntax is far more reglar (another ad!antage for the beginner7 e!en withot considering syntax&highlighting editors)& yo may already %now aw% well enogh for the tas% at hand& yo may ha!e only aw% installed& aw% can be smaller7 ths mch ic%er to execte for small programs& aw% !ariables donUt ha!e \+U in front of them :&)& clear perl code is better than nclear aw% codeQ bt


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prede#ined variables in awk

all predefined !ariables are in pper cases

D & Inpt field separator

6D & 6pt field separator


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aw% has got ' sections

1. LIWI8= '1'B ptsN1 00:00:00 bash '1A ptsN1 00:00:00 ps

&. kill:Terminating a processZill is sed to terminate the exection of a bac%grond process. he process&id of the

process to be terminated mst be specified with %ill command. If process id ]0 (Rero)M isspecified7 all processes in the process are signed.

Syntax: $kill process id"

6ptions:n where n is larger than 0. he process with pid n will be signaled.

0 ;ll processes in the crrent process grop are signaled.

&1 ;ll processes with pid larger than 1 will be signaled.

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ %ill & 0


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'.at:at command allows the ser to specify the time when a command is to be exected. hecommand ta%es two argments7 the time at which the command is to be exected7 and thecommand to be exected.

Syntax: at time(date) (increment)

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ at 1*.'0pm ?an 1'at- cat f'at- ,E6-?ob ' at *011&01&1' 1*:'0

,.nice:Tnix also allows the ser to specify the priority of commands. he nice command is sedto rn a command at a specified schedling priority.

Syntax: nice (-increment) command (argument)

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ nice

nice0

. >ho:who command shows who is logged on7as well as information abot the system.

Syntax: $>ho

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ whoroot :0 *011&01&1' 0:*5root ptsN1 *011&01&1' 0: (1A*.15.5.*0)

.>ho am i:=isplays crrent ser.

Syntax:$>ho am i

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ who am iroot ptsN1 *011&01&1' 0: (1A*.15.5.*0)

.>:w command printf smmaries of system sage7 crrently logged&in sers7 and what they aredoing.

Syntax: > (option) (user)

6ptions:& Ignores the sername while figring ot the crrent process and cp times. odemonstrate this7 do a s and do a w and a w &.

&s Tse the short format. =on9t print the login time7 >JT or J>JT times.&l =isplay information in long format.

& =isplay !ersion information.


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Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ w10:**:' p 1:0A7 * sers7 load a!erage: 0.107 0.0*7 0.01TEC V DC68 X6WIJT J>JT YO;root :0 & 0:*5 `xdm` 1'.0's 0.11s NsrNbinNgnome&session

root ptsN1 1A*.15.5.*0 0: 0.00s 0.0As 0.00s wB. 5ile le?el security:Tnix ses an elaborate method of file access permissions to maintain file secrity.

Dile access permissions: Each file and directory has an

1. ;n owner: he ser who created the file.*. ; grop: ; grop of sers ha!e access to the file.'. 6thers: 6ther sers of the system.

he permissions can be granted or denied to these three classes of sers.

hree types of file access permissions are there7 they are

read: ; file can be read7 displayed on terminal7 copied and compiled.write: ; file can be read modified and deleted.exected: ; file can be exected as a program.

hey are represented as

&rwx&&&&&&drwxr&&r&&&rwx&w&&w&& & Diled & =irectoryw & Yrirer & Ceadx & Exectable


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yntax: chmod mode fileshe mode is the permission to be assigned. 8ode can be specified in two ways

1.


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&rw&&&x&&& 1 root root 1 an 1* 0A: f5[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ chmod &w f5[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls Kl&r&&&&x&&& 1 root root 1 an 1* 0A: f5

To =emo?e the Drite and execute permissions to roup and 2thers

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &ltotal *drwxrwxrwx * root root 05 an 1* 0:'5 d'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ chmod g&wx7o&wx d'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &ltotal *drwxr&&r&& * root root 05 an 1* 0:'5 d'

n Achange o>nerB E chgrp Achange groupB: chown changes file ownership and


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reassign the ownership of the file from one ser to another.Syntax: cho>n (option) ne>o>ner !ilename

6ptions:&c7 &&changes&li%e !erbose bt report only when a change is made

&h7 &&no&dereference&affect each symbolic lin% instead of any referenced file

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &l&&&xr&&rwx 1 root root '1 an 10 1':** f'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ chown mic f'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &l&&&xr&&rwx 1 mic root '1 an 10 1':** f'

Chgrpalso changes ownership. It changes the grop ownership of the file.Syntax: chgrp (option) groupname !ilename

6ptions:&c7 &&changes& li%e !erbose bt report only when a change is made

&h7 &&no&dereference&affect each symbolic lin% instead of any referenced file &&preser!e&rootfail to operate recrsi!ely on 9N9

&f7 &&silent7 &&iet sppress most error message &C7 &&recrsi!e operate on files and directories recrsi!elyEx: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &l&&&xr&&rwx 1 mic root '1 an 10 1':** f'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ chgrp mic f'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &l&&&xr&&rwx 1 mic mic '1 an 10 1':** f'

1F.ne>grp :changes grop.Syntax: ne>grp group

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ newgrp mic

c.4et>orking commands:

1. !tp :his command is sed to connect to any other compter on yor networ% rnning ftp.tart it with the following[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ ftpftpftp- ` Oere in the ftp prompt we ha!e to specify special ftp commands.ype a ` or help toprompt commands.he following table lists the most freently sed commands

Command =esult

ascii Tses7 ascii as a file transfer type

bell Cings the bell when file transfer is


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completed

Linary Tses binary as file transfer type

it or bye erminates ftp session

close Ends ftp connection with remote machine7bt %eeps local ftp program rnning

cd >hanges directory on remote machineget filename Wets the filename from remote machine

pwd Xists the crrent wor%ing directory onremote machine

ftp- open 1A*.15.5.100>onnected to 1A*.15.5.100.**0 dcalabnixser!er DJ ser!er (ersion .50) ready.


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login: mca0''Jassword:Xast login: e 6ct 1 0:0:*0 from 1A*.15.5.'1[mca0''@dcalabnixser!er "#+ pwdNhomeNmca0''

[mca0''@dcalabnixser!er "#+ exit>onnection closed by foreign host.[mic@dcalabnixser!er "#+ pwdNhomeNmic

. 5inger :his command displays information abot system sers.

2ptions:

&s display the otpt in short form&l display th otpt in long form&m coese finger to search only in login names that match with argment name.Ex: [mic@dcalabnixser!er "#+ finger micXogin: mic


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To Create a 5ile:

Syntax: $ cat (option) " !ilename"

he option can be any one of the below

.no

6ption Dnction

1. &! It is sed to display nonprintable characters.

*. &n It is sed to nmbering lines inotpt.

'. &b It sed to nmber nonblan%otpt lines.

. &e It display + at end of each line.

. &; hows all

5. &s ne!er more than one singleblan% line

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$cat - file1

Oello..

his is my first Dile

Oa!e a trl/d (a!e)

To Gie> a already existing 5ile:

Syntax: $ cat !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$cat file1Oello..


Oa!e a


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his is simple file

his is a simple file*

he contents of second file are shown immediately after the first file.

To append data to an existing !ile

Syntax: $ cat "" !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$cat -- file1Oello..


Oa!e a ith help o! cat command

Syntax: $ cat !ilename1 !ilename& ...!ilename AnB "

Ex[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$cat -f1 -f* -f' -f

Oello....

his is file nmber f

Ye create mltiple files

d (a!e)

isplay the record number to the particular !ile

Syntax: $ cat #n !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat &n f1 1 welcome to adithya * college ' of technology

To ignore the blank =ecords


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Syntax: $ cat #b !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat &n f 1 hg?fdh *

' sd?fh!idf sd%lf?g!i?[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat &b f 1 hg?fdh

* sd?fh!idf

' sd%lf?g!i?

Create a Hidden !ile

Syntax: $ cat (option) !ilename"

Ex: + cat -.file1[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat -.f

hai

hello

isplay the record >ith single blank line.

[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat f5

gdfahf?

gfhdgh?

hgdfhdi

?hd?f?i%

[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat &s f5

gdfahf?


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gfhdgh?

hgdfhdi

?hd?f?i%

[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat f

cat: f: ith common strings can be displayed using cat as:

syntax:$cat !ileI

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat f`

welcome to adithya

college

of technology


*010&11


*010&11

hg?fdh

sd?fh!idf

sd%lf?g!i?

gdfahf?


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gfhdgh?

hgdfhdi

?hd?f?i%

'.CC command: used to compile one or more C source !iles.

Syntax: $cc !irst.c

,. lsAlistB :

It is a command to list the files and directories in the present wor%ing =irectory

$ ls - a : It is a command to display all files and =irectories inclding hidden files and

=irectories.

$ls J: Xist information abot the Diles (the crrent directory by defalt). ort entries

alphabetically

$ls K: It list the all Lac%p files

$ls L: It list the all lin%ed files and =irectories

$ls -d: It =isplays the present wor%ing =irectory.

$ls -i: It =isplays the inode nmbers of files and =irectories

$ls -s: It =isplays the siRes in bloc%s (Diles _ =irectories)

$ls -l: It =isplays the long listing files and directories in present wor%ing directory

6isting directory contents:

$ ls list a directory$ ls -l list a directory in long (detailed) format

Dor example:

$ ls -l


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drwxr&xr&x !i?ay ser 10* n 1B 0:0 Y;IC6


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anaconda&%s.cfg exam.c pser.c strclii.c

[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ ls &l

total 151B

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root * 6ct *1 1':5 *

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root 10 ;g 1B 1B:5 ;

&rw&r&&r1 root root 11' ;g 1B 1B: a.c

&rw&r&&r1 root root A5 6ct *1 1':0 add1.sh

drwxr&xr&x * root root 05 an 1':*B =es%top

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root 1*1 6ct *1 1':1* e*.c

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root 11B 6ct *1 1':1A e'.c

%. MO&' COMMANDS$

his command is sed to mo!e the files and directories one place to another place

Syntax: $ m? (option) Source !ileirectory" Target !ileirectory"

6ptions:

.no

6ption Dnction

1. &b he file1 mo!e to file* withbac%p.

*. &f he file1 mo!e to file* withforcibly.

'. &if he file1 mo!e to file* withinteracti!e and forcibly mode.

hese are basically ' types

1. Dile to Dile

*. Dile to =irectory

'. =irectory to =irectory

1. 5ile to 5ile


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Syntax: $ m? (option) Source !ile" Target !ile"

[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ m! old new

[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cat old

cat: old: ith backup mode

Ex: +m! &f file1 =ir14ote: The !ile1 mo?e to ir1 >ith !orcibly mode

Ex: +m! &if file1 =ir14ote: The !ile1 mo?e to ir1 >ith interacti?e and !orcibly mode.


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'. irectory to irectory

Syntax: $ m? (option) Source irectory" Target irectory"

Ex: + [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir1 dir* f1 f* f'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ m! dir1 dir*[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* f1 f* f' f[root@dcalabnixser!er dir*#$ lsdir1 f* f'Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cp .Ndir*Ndir1N2 ..Ncp: o!erwrite \..Nf1U` y[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &a. .. dir* f1 f* f' f4ote: The content o! ir1 mo?es to ir&

Ex: + m! &b =ir1 =ir*4ote: The contents o! ir1 mo?e to ir& >ith backup

Ex: + m! &f =ir1 =ir*4ote: The contents o! ir1 mo?es to ir& >ith !orcibly

Ex: + m! &if =ir1 =ir*4ote: The contents o! ir1 mo?es to ir& >ith interacti?e and !orcibly mode.

.CO() COMMANDS$Xi%e m! command7 cp is sed to create new files or mo!e the contentsof file to another location . Tnli%e mo!e7 howe!er7 cp lea!es the original file intact at its

location.

Syntax: $cp (option) source !ile" estination !ile"

6ptions 7

&a7 &&archi!e

same as &dC &&preser!eFall

&&bac%p[F>6


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&f7 &&force if an existing destination file cannot be opened7 remo!e it and try again

&i7 &&interacti!e prompt before o!erwrite

&O follow command&line symbolic lin%s

&l7 &&lin% & lin% files instead of copying

&X7 &&dereference & always follow symbolic lin%s

&J7 &&no&dereference

hese are basically ' types

1. Dile to a Dile

*. Dile to a =ictionary

'. =irectory to =irectory

5ile to 5ile

Syntax : $cp source !ile" estination !ile"

Ex : [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls

dir* f1 f* f' f

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cp f f

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls

dir* f1 f* f' f f

....new file

Ex :[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat f1

welcome to adithya

college

of technology

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat f*



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*010&11

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cp f1 f*

cp: o!erwrite \f*U` y

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat f*

welcome to adithya

college

of technology

... Existing file

4ote: The content o! ohn !ile o?er>rite >ith ?enkat

Ex Q +cp &f !en%at %mar4ote : %t is copy the !ile !orcibly ?enkat to kumar >ithout any permission

Ex : +cp &i !en%at gandhi4ote : %t is copy the !ile interacti?e mode ?enkat to kumar >ith permissions

&. 5ile to irectory

Syntax N $ cp source !ile" estination irectory"

Ex Q [root@dcalabnixser!er dir*#$ ls

dir1 f* f'

[root@dcalabnixser!er dir*#$ cd ..

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cp f dir*

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cd dir*

[root@dcalabnixser!er dir*#$ ls

dir1 f* f' f

Ex : [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cp &d f1 sril[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cd sril[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsf14ote : %t copys the !1!ile to srilu irectory >ith backup


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Ex : [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cp &bf f1 sril[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cd sril[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsf14ote N %t copys the !1 !ile to srilu irectory >ith !orcibly backup

Ex : + [root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cp &ibf f1 sril[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cd sril[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsf14ote : %t copys the !1 !ile to srilu irectory >ith backup interacti?ely and !orcibly

Ex : [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsf1[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cd[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cp f1 f* f' sril[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$ cd sril[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsf1 f* f'4ote : %t copies the no o! !ile to irectory

'. irectory to irectory

Syntax : $ cp Source irectory" estination irectory"

Ex : + cp =ra!id WanglyEx : + cp &r 8ody en%at4ote : %t copies the irectory to irectory Aincluding all !iles and irectoriesB

Ex : + cp &ir ,=irectory 1- ,=irectory *-4ote : %t copies the irectory to irectory Aincluding >ith all !iles and directories >ith

interacti?e modeB

Ex : + cp &rf ,=ir 1 - ,=ir *- ,=ir '- ,=estination =irectory-4ote : %t copies the multiple irectories >ith !orcibly and recessi?ely mode

. rmAremo?ing a !ileB:

he rm command is sed to delete a file.

To =emo?e a !ile


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SyntaxN $ rm (option) !ilename"

6ptions:

Cemo!e (nlin%) the DIXE(s).

&f7 &&force ignore nonexistent files7 ne!er prompt

&i7 &&interacti!e prompt before any remo!al

&r7 &C7 &&recrsi!e remo!e directories and their contents recrsi!ely

&!7 &&!erbose

explain what is being done

Ly defalt7 rm does not remo!e directories. Tse the &&recrsi!e (&r or &C) option to remo!eeach listed directory7 too7 along with all of its contents.

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* f1 f* f' f f[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ rm frm: remo!e reglar file \fU` y[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* f1 f* f' f

To =emo?e Multiple 5iles

Syntax: $ rm (option) !ilenames "

Ex: + rm f1 f* f' f

To remo?e !iles 5orcibly

Syntax: $ rm (option) !ilename"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ rm &f f[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* f1 f* f'

To =emo?e %nteracti?e Mode

Syntax: $ rm (option) !ilename"


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Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* f1 f* f'[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ rm &i f'rm: remo!e reglar file \f'U` n[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls

dir* f1 f* f'

To =emo?e irectory

Syntax: $ rm (option) irectory 4ame"

To =emo?e all irectories and subdirectories

Syntax: $ rm -r irectory 4ame"

Ex: $ [root@dcalabunixserver srilu]# rm -r dir3rm: descend into directory `dir3'? y

rm: remove directory `dir3/aaa'? y

rm: descend into directory `dir3/d'? y

rm: descend into directory `dir3/d/d3'? y

rm: remove directory `dir3/d/d3/d!'? y

rm: remove directory `dir3/d/d3'? y

rm: remove directory `dir3/d'? y

rm: remove directory `dir3'? y

[root@dcalabunixserver srilu]# ls

dir dir! "3 " " "% "&

To =emo?e irectories 5orcibly

SyntaxN $ rm -r! irectory 4ame"

Ex: $ [root@dcalabunixserver srilu]# rm -r" dir!

[root@dcalabunixserver srilu]# ls

dir "3 " " "% "&

. touch: he toch command is sed to pdate the timestamp on the named file. he time stamp

the last time the file was altered or accessed.

Syntax: touch (option) !ilename

6ptions:

&a change only the access time

&c7 &&no&create & do not create any files


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&f (ignored)

&m change only the modification time

&r7 &&referenceFDIXE& se this file9s times instead of crrent time

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls

dir* f1 f* f'

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ toch f


dir* f1 f* f' f

4ote: %! the !ile name issued as an argument does not eistsO touch creates it as an empty !ile.


dir* f1 f* f' f

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ toch &c f5


dir* f1 f* f' f

8. >c: wc command to determine the length of a gi!en file. Ly defalt7 the otpt shows thelength in lines7 words7 characters.

Syntax: $ >c (option) !ilename"

6ptions:

&c7 &&bytes print the byte conts

&m7 &&chars print the character conts

&l7 &&lines print the newline conts


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&X7 &&max&line&length print the length of the longest line

&w7 &&words

print the word conts

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ wc f1' 5 1 f1

no of new line!$

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cat f1welcome to adithyacollegeof technology

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ wc &l f1' f1

8. lnAcreating linksB:ln command is sed to create lin%s for files and allowing them to be

accessed by different names.

>all the lin% fnction to create a lin% to a file.>all the lin% fnction to create a lin% named DIXE* to an existing DIXE1

1. Oard lin%*. oft Xin%

Syntax: ln (option) !ile1 !ile&

ln (option) !ile directory

6ptions:

&b li%e &&bac%p bt does not accept an argment

&f7 &&force&remo!e existing destination files

&n7 &&no&dereference&treat destination that is a symlin% to a directory as if it were a normal

file

&i7 &&interacti!e&prompt whether to remo!e destinations

&s7 &&symbolic&ma%e symbolic lin%s instead of hard lin%s


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1. Hard link: Oard lin% can be bild single file systemOard lin% can recogniRed it lin%s same permissions and same siRe7 same i&node nmberIf the data in sorce is loss we can get it from hard lin%i&node nmber is gi!en space allocatedi&node nmbers can recogniRed different logical names

Syntax : ln source !ile" target !ile"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &l

total 15

drwxr&xr&x ' root root 05 an 11 1*: dir*

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f*

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root '1 an 10 1':** f'

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root 0 an 1* 0A:0 f

&rw&r&&r&& 1 root root 1 an 1* 0A: f5

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ln f* f1


dir* f1 f* f' f f5

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ln f* fA

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ls &l

total *


&rw&r&&r&& ' root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f1

&rw&r&&r&& ' root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f*




&rw&r&&r&& ' root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 fA


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[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ln f* fB


total *B


&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f1

&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f*




&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 fA

&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 fB


dir* f1 f* f' f f5 fA fB

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ rm f*

rm: remo!e reglar file \f*U` y


dir* f1 f' f f5 fA fB

&.So!t link:

It can be bilt across the file systemIf the sorce file is delete we canUt retrie!e from target file

Syntax : ln -s source !ile" target !ile"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ ln &s f* f


total *B


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&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f1

&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 f*




&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 fA

&rw&r&&r&& root root 1 an 1* 0A:0 fB

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root * an 1* 0B:1* f &- f*


dir* f1 f* f' f f5 fA fB

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ rm f*

rm: remo!e reglar file \f*U` y


dir* f1 f' f f5 fA fB f

9.unlink:se nlin% to delete the name and possibly the file it referMs to.

Syntax:$ unlink !ilename"


dir* f1 f' f f5 fA fB

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ nlin% f1


dir* f' f f5 fA fB

1F. mkdir E rmdir: (8a%ing and Cemo!ing directories)

m%dir creates the new directory in which we can store files and other directories.


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Syntax: $ mkdir (option) irectory name"

6ptions:&m7 &&modeF86=E set permission mode (as in chmod)7 not rwxrwxrwx & mas%

&p7 &&parents no error if existing7 ma%e parent directories as needed

&!7 &&!erbose print a message for each created directory

&S7 &&contextF>66


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Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ m%dir &p dir'Naaa dirNbbb[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cd dir'[root@dcalabnixser!er dir'#$ lsaaa d*

[root@dcalabnixser!er dir'#$ cd ..[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ cd dir[root@dcalabnixser!er dir#$ lsbbb

rmdir:sed to remo!e directories if they are empty.

Syntax:rmdir (option) directory name"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* dir' dir dir f' f f5 fA fB

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ rmdir dir[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#$ lsdir* dir' dir f' f f5 fA fB

11. cdAchange directoryB:he cd command enables yo to mo!e arond with in the file system.Tsed withot argments it retrns to yor home directory. o mo!e to another directory directoryname is reired as an argment.

Syntax: cd directory name"

To Change the irectory

Syntax: $ cd irectory name"

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er dir'#$ cd aaa[root@dcalabnixser!er aaa#$To change the directory !or>ard

Syntax: $ cd ..

Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er aaa#$ cd ..[root@dcalabnixser!er dir'#$

To Mo?e parent irectory ArootB

Syntax: $ cd


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Ex: [root@dcalabnixser!er dir'#$ cd[root@dcalabnixser!er "#$

&. Shell programming

i.


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[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#+cat factorial.sh

echo Enter n !ale

read n

let iF1

let fF1

while [ +i &le +n #

do

let fFf2i

let iFi/1

done

echo factorial of +n is +f

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#+ sh factorial.sh

Enter n !ale

factorial of is 1*0

ii.hich the user has readO >rite and

execute permissions.

S2/=C7 C27:


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[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#+ cat dirlist.sh

ls - c

$ cat c

exec , c

while read line

do

if test &f +lite

then

if test &r +line

then

if test &w +line

then

if test &x +line

then

echo +line

fi

fi

fi

fi

done

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#+ sh dirlist.sh

a.ot sample11.txt

iii.ing string operations.

a. To extract a substring !rom a gi?en string.

S2/=C7 C27:


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[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#+ cat sample.sh

echo enter any string

read s

echo enter range

read n

read m

echo \+sct &c +m&+n\

[root@dcalabnixser!er sril#+ sh sample.sh

enter any string

ansha

enter range

*


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S2/=C7 C27:

$inclde,stdio.h-main()G

int s[10#7p[10#7n7i7?7wiF07w[10#7t[10#7 st[10#7t7tstF0Qint ttF07twF0Qfloat aw atQprintf(enter no.of process)Qscanf(d7_n)Qprintf(Pn enter time anm)Qscanf(d7_t)Qprintf(Pn enter process_ser!ice time)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)scanf(dd7_p[i#7_s[i#)Q

for(iF0Qi,nQi//)st[i#Fs[i#QtstFtst/s[i#Qfor(?F0Q?,tstQ?//)for(iF0Qi,nQi//)Gif(s[i#-t)Gs[i#Fs[i#&tQw1Fw1/tQt[i#Fw1Qw[i#Ft[i#&st[i#QHelse if(s[i#^F0)Gw1Fw1/tQt[i#Fw1Qw[i#Ft[i#&st[i#Qs[i#Fs[i#&tQHHfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)GtwFtw/w[i#QttFtt/t[i#QHawFtwNnQatFttNnQprintf(processPtstPtwtPttt)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)printf(dPtdPtdPtd7p[i#7st[i#7w[i#7t[i#)Q


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printf(awtFd7aw)Qprintf(attFd7at)QH

%nput:

enter no of process 'enter time antm *enter process_ser!ice time1*5'*

2utput:

process st >t tt 1 B * 5 5 1* ' * 5;wt F .000000att F B.000000

b. SQ5


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$inclde,stdio.h-main()Gint i7?7bt[10#7n7pt[10#7wt[10#7tt[10#7t7%7l7w1F07t1F0Q

float at7awQprintf(3enter no of ?obs4)Qscanf(3d47_n)Qprintf(3enter brst time4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)scanf4(d47_bt[i#)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)for(?F0Q?,nQ?//)

if(bt[i#,bt[?#)

GtFbt[i#Qbt[i#Fbt[?#Qbt[?#FtQHfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)Gwt[i/1#Fbt[i#/wt[i#Qtt[i/1#Ftt[i#/bt[i#Qw1Fw1/wt[i#Qt1Ft1/tt[i#QH

awFw1NnQatFt1NnQprintf(3PnbtPtwtPttt4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)printf(3dPtdPtdPn47bt[i#7wt[i#7tt[i#)Qprintf(3awFdPnatFd47aw7at)Qgetch()QH

%nput:

Enter no of ?obs

Enter brst time1*B*02utput:

Pt >t tt


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0 1* 1'B 1' **0 * awF10.A000

atF**.000000

c. 5C5S


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S2/=C7 C27:

inclde,stdio.h-main()G

int i7?7bt[10#7n7pt[10#7wt[10#7tt[10#7t7%7l7w1F07t1F0Qfloat at7awQprintf(3enter no of ?obs4)Qscanf(3d47_n)Qprintf(3enter brst time4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)scanf4(d47_bt[i#)Q

for(iF0Qi,nQi//)Gwt[i/1#Fbt[i#/wt[i#Qtt[i/1#Ftt[i#/bt[i#Qw1Fw1/wt[i#Qt1Ft1/tt[i#QHawFw1NnQatFt1NnQprintf(3PnbtPtwtPttt4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)printf(3dPtdPtdPn47bt[i#7wt[i#7tt[i#)Qprintf(3awFdPnatFd47aw7at)Qgetch()QH

%nput:

enter no of ?obs'enter brsttime1*B*0output:

bt >t tt

1* 0 1*B 1* *0*0 *0 0awF10.5555A0atF*.00000

d. 3=%2=%TR


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S2/=C7 C27:

$inclde,stdio.h-main()

Gint i7?7bt[10#7n7pt[10#7wt[10#7tt[10#7t7%7l7w1F07t1F0Qfloat at7awQprintf(3enter no of ?obs4)Qscanf(3d47_n)Qprintf(3enter brst time4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)scanf4(d47_bt[i#)Qprintf(3enter priority !ales4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)scanf(3d47_pt[i#)Q

for(iF0Qi,nQi//)for(?F0Q?,nQ?//)if(pt[i#,pt[?#)GtFpt[i#Qpt[i#Fpt[?#Qpt[?#FtQ%Fbt[i#Qbt[i#Fbt[?#Qbt[?#F%QHfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)Gwt[i/1#Fbt[i#/wt[i#Qtt[i/1#Ftt[i#/bt[i#Qw1Fw1/wt[i#Qt1Ft1/tt[i#QHawFw1NnQatFt1NnQprintf(3PnbtPtprorityPtwtPttt4)Qfor(iF0Qi,nQi//)printf(3dPtdPtdPtdPn47bt[i#7pt[i#7wt[i#7tt[i#)Qprintf(3awFdPnatFd47aw7at)Qgetch()QH

%nput:

Enter no of ?obs


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Enter brsttime10*

AEnter priority !ales*1'

2utput:

Pt priority >t tt

1 0

* * 5A ' 5 1'10 1' *'awF.A0000atF1*.00000

,. >rite programs !or !orkO ?!ork.


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