University University Ridge Ridge at at E E ast Stroudsburg University ast Stroudsburg University Matthew Carr Matthew Carr Spring 2007 Spring 2007 Mechanical Option Mechanical Option Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut
Jan 04, 2016
UniversityUniversity Ridge Ridge atat
EEast Stroudsburg Universityast Stroudsburg University
Matthew CarrMatthew Carr
Spring 2007Spring 2007
Mechanical OptionMechanical Option
Faculty Advisor: Dr. FreihautFaculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut
UniversityUniversity Ridge Ridge atat
East Stroudsburg UniversityEast Stroudsburg University
Outline Project Team Building Information Existing Mechanical Conditions Redesign Goals Mechanical Redesign Redesign Analysis Photovoltaic Breadth Recommendations & Conclusions Acknowledgements Questions
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Building Name:University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Building Owner:University Properties Inc.
Building Developer:Capstone Development Corp.
Architect:Design Collective Inc.
Engineers:Greenman-Pedersen Inc.
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Project TeamProject Team
Location:
East Stroudsburg, PA on the East Stroudsburg University Campus
Building Statistics: Student Residence – Apartments 541 Beds – 136 Units 3 stories plus an occupied walk in basement 140,000 square feet – 10 Buildings Development Cost: $27,200,000 Construction Cost: $15,750,000 Construction: August 2004 – August 2005
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Building InformationBuilding Information
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Building InformationBuilding Information
Building Site Plan:
Heating System: Hot water coil duct furnaces – Dedicated unit for each housing unit Hot water supplied by a dedicated residential hot water heater Electric unit heaters for unoccupied spaces.
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Existing Mechanical Existing Mechanical ConditionsConditions
Cooling System: Chilled water coil duct furnaces – Dedicated unit for each housing unit Chilled water supplied by a dedicated DX condensing unit
General: Individual exhaust fans for bathrooms Naturally ventilated living spaces to decrease load
Combined Heat & Power Goals: Reduce emissions while increasing overall fuel usage
for producing power Provide space heating using waste heat from power
production Provide chilled water with absorption cooling which
utilizes the waste heat from power production Reduce fossil fuel usage Determine feasibility of a payback period
Decrease annual operating cost
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign GoalsRedesign Goals
What is Combined Heat and Power? Electricity is generated on site by a prime mover Waste heat is used for the heating and cooling processes CHP typically runs at a lower operating cost but has a higher first cost Load leveling increases operating efficiency
Main Components of Combined Heat and Power? Prime Movers (gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.) Absorption Chillers Chilled Water Storage Tanks Cooling Towers Pumps and Distribution
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Spark Gap Feasibility Analysis? Determination of difference between natural gas and electricity cost:
Natural Gas:
$1.33/therm
Electricity:
$0.0919/kWh
$26.94 - $13.30 = $13.64
A spark gap of $12.00 or greater is usually considered a viable solution.
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Determination of Prime Mover Building electric demand load of 366 kW Building heating load of 775 MBH Building cooling load of 177 tons
Prime Movers Considered Reciprocating Engines Fuel Cells Natural Gas Turbines
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Natural Gas Micro-turbine & Absorption Chiller Selection Integrated micro-turbine and chiller/heater power system Comes as packaged unit integrated with controls Unit made up of 60 kW micro-turbines Heat exchanger contained within the absorption chiller Good under part load condition as micro-turbines can be
selectively turned off or on as needed Fewer moving parts than internal combustion engines Typically reduced emissions over internal combustion
engines Integrated inverter optimizes efficiency Integrated system allows for reduced installation cost.
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Integrated Micro-turbine Chiller/Heater System Specs:
4 – 60 kWe Micro-turbines
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Net Power
Output (kWe)
Fuel Consumption LHV (MBH)
Cooling Output (Tons)
Heating Output (MBH)
Flow Rate (gpm)
Net System Efficiency
ISO Day (59F) 227 3,000 142 1,282 297 84%
Design CoolingDay (95F)
193 2,800 124 - 297 76%
Heating Day (32F) 231 2,800 - 1,100 297 68%
Heat Recovery: Waste heat from turbines recovered in the absorption chiller High temperature generator and evaporator sections used as heat
exchanger Production of 140°F water used for hot water heating in the fan coil
units.
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Double-effect Absorption Chiller: Waste heat used to regenerate LiBr solution which acts as the
condenser which is usually electrically powered Cooling tower needed for heat removal from the condenser Use of LiBr and water eliminates for ozone depleting refrigerants
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Existing Installation Example:
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Chilled Water Storage: Chilled water storage used to level and shift the cooling load to
increase efficiency Allows for chiller size reduction
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Mechanical RedesignMechanical Redesign
Energy Analysis: Energy analysis was done using RETscreen CHP energy analysis
program Analysis run using UTC Pure Comfort system, the determined cost data
and calculated loads The following table shows the operating capacity of the system
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
Electricity delivered to
load
Electricity exported to
grid
Remainingelectricityrequired
Heatrecovered
Remainingheat
requiredPower
system fuelOperating
profit (loss) Efficiency
Operating strategy MWh MWh MWh million Btu million Btu million Btu $ %
Full power capacity output 2,102 1 509 7,100 206 27,423 175,052 52.0%
Power load following 2,102 0 509 7,095 211 27,413 174,987 52.0%
Heating load following 1,030 1 1,581 5,955 1,350 13,442 59,762 70.5%
Monthly System Characteristics:
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
Existing Cost: Existing mechanical system cost determined to be $2.1 million dollars
as built
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
Estimated First Cost:Equipment Size Installed Cost Quantity Total
Prime Mover 240 kW $2,500 240 $600,000
Cooling Tower 205 (tons) $95.50 (per ton) 2 $39,155
Absorption Chiller 142 (tons) $1197 (per ton) 1 $170,000
Storage Tank - $17,000 - $17,000
Expansion tank 2 - 266 (gal) $3,325 2 $6,650
4" Service pad 2835 s.f. $180 (per c.y.) 35 (c.y.) $6,300
Chilled Water Pumps 1 1/2" 100gpm $3,875 8 $31,000
Cooling Water Pumps 3" 385 gpm $6,175 2 $12,350
Piping - - - $264,332
$1,146,787
System Payback: System payback was also calculated using RETscreen CHP energy
analysis program
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
System Payback:
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
Cumulative cash flows graph
Year
Emissions Analysis: The following tables were generated using manufacturers data and the
national grid average for emissions
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
lbm Pollutantj /kWh U.S.
Fuel % Mix U.S. Particulates SO2/kWh NOx/kWh CO2/kWh
Coal 55.7 6.13E-04 7.12E-03 4.13E-03 1.20E+00
Oil 2.8 3.03E-05 4.24E-04 7.78E-05 5.81E-02
Nat. Gas 9.3 0.00E+00 1.26E-06 2.36E-04 1.25E-01
Nuclear 22.8 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Hydro/Wind 9.4 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Totals 100.0 6.43E-04 7.54E-03 4.44E-03 1.38E+00
lbm Pollutant /kWh Prime Mover
Fuel ParticulatesSO2/kWh NOx/kWh CO/kWh
Nat. Gas. 2.37E-04 n/a 2.15E-04 8.60E-05
Emissions Analysis: RETscreen CHP energy analysis program was also determined the GHG
emissions produced by the proposed system and compared to the base case
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Redesign AnalysisRedesign Analysis
Years of occurrenc
e
Base caseGHG
emission
Proposed caseGHG
emission
Gross annualGHG
emissionreduction
GHG credits
transaction fee
Net annualGHG
emissionreduction
Combined cooling, heating & power project
yr tCO2 tCO2 tCO2 % tCO2
1 to 2 2,282 2,046 236 0% 236
Net annual GHG emission reduction 236 tCO2
is equivalent
to 48.0 Cars & light trucks not used
Photovoltaic Basis: Photovoltaic shingles built into sloped roof Able to offset peak power loads during the day reducing the grid
dependency of the CHP system Drawbacks: expensive, inefficient, minimal architectural effect
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Photovoltaic BreadthPhotovoltaic Breadth
PV Capacity and Cost Analysis: The analysis of the PV cells was done using RETscreen PV
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Photovoltaic BreadthPhotovoltaic Breadth
PV Cost: $557,476
Energy Delivered: 49 MWh/yr
Simple Payback: 12.4 yrs.
Conclusion: Increased total energy and fuel efficiency Lowered operating cost Higher initial cost Lower emissions and greenhouse gases
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
Recommendations & Recommendations & ConclusionsConclusions
Recommendations:Given the previously determined data and facts, it is recommended that this CHP tri-generation system be implemented as it has a payback timeframe for that of a university and would save money and energy use in the long run
Thanks to the Following:
Architectural Engineering Faculty and Staff Faculty Advisor: Dr. Freihaut The AE Class of 2007 My Friends The GPI Mechanical Department My Family
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Penn State Architectural Engineering Thesis
University Ridge at East Stroudsburg
Matthew Carr
Mechanical OptionSpring 2007
QuestionsQuestions