UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PROJECT 005: POWER QUALITY MONITORING UNIT AUTHOR: NJOGU SWALEH KAMUTHIERE REG NO: F17/21669/2007 SUPERVISOR: PROF. ELIJAH MWANGI EXAMINER: Mr. S.A. AHMED A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND INFORMATION ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF BSc. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENG. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. MAY, 2016
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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
PROJECT 005: POWER QUALITY MONITORING UNIT
AUTHOR: NJOGU SWALEH KAMUTHIERE
REG NO: F17/21669/2007
SUPERVISOR: PROF. ELIJAH MWANGI
EXAMINER: Mr. S.A. AHMED
A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICALAND INFORMATION ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THEREQUIREMENTS OF BSc. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENG. OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI.
MAY, 2016
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
NAME OF STUDENT: Njogu Swaleh Kamuthiere
REGISTRATION NUMBER: F17/21669/2007
COLLEGE: Architecture and Engineering
FACULTY/SCHOOL/INSTITUTE: Engineering
DEPARTMENT: Electrical and Information Engineering
COURSE NAME: Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering
TITLE OF WORK: Microcontroller based power quality measurement
1. I understand what plagiarism is and I am aware of the university policy in this regard.2. I declare that this project is my original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for
examination, award of a degree or publication. Where other peoples work or my ownwork has been used, this has properly been acknowledged and referenced inaccordance with the University Of Nairobi
3. I have not sought or used the services of any professional agencies to produce this work.4. I have not allowed, and shall not allow anyone to copy my work with the intention of
passing it off as his/her own work.5. I understand that any false claim in respect of this work shall result in disciplinary action, in
accordance with University anti-plagiarism policy.
Signature:……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Date ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
This report has been submitted to the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering,The University of Nairobi with my approval as supervisor:
Signature:…………………………………………………………………………………..
Name: Prof. E. Mwangi
DEDICATION
To my dear parents, family and friends for their continuous support and encouragement throughoutthis course.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank God for giving me the strength and ability andguidance to carry out this project and complete the project successfully.
I would also like to thank my supervisor, Prof. E. Mwangi, for being a source of guidanceThroughout the duration of the project. The solutions to the cosine function in assembly languagewas a big help.
My sincere gratitude goes out to my classmates for their suggestions, opinions, and help inthis project.
I would like to thank my family for their support financially.
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2-1 in phase sinusoidal waveforms ……………………………………………………………………………………..5
Fig 2-2 phase relations waveforms……………………………………………………………………………………………8
Fig 2-3 in phase sinusoidal waveforms………………………………………………………………………………………9
Fig 2-4 30 degrees out of phase waveforms……………………………………………………………………………..10
Fig 2-5 phase difference between a Sine wave and Cosine wave………………………………………………12
Fig 2-6 PIC16F690 Pin Diagram…………………………………………………………………………………………………..20
Fig 2-7 PIC16F690 PIN SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………………21
Fig 2-8 PIC16F690 pin diagram……………………………………………………………………………………………………22
Fig 2-9 memory organization of PIC16f690…………………………………………………………………………………24
Fig 2-10 above are the PIC16F690 Special Function Registers……………………………………………………26
Fig 2-11 ADC CONVERTER BLOCK DIAGRAM………………………………………………………………………………27
Fig 2-12 results formatting………………………………………………………………………………………………………..29
Fig 2-13 above is the capture mode…………………………………………………………………………………………..30
Fig 2-13 LCD Pin diagram and instructions…………………………………………………………………………………..32
Fig 2-14 initializing by internal reset circuit diagram…………………………………………………………………..35
Fig 2-15 8-bit initialization………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
Fig 2-16 4-bit initialization………………………………………………………………………………………………………….38
Fig 2-17 LCD instruction set……………………………………………………………………………………………………….39
Fig 3-1 online LCD images………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
Fig 3-2 simulation circuit op amp ……………………………………………………………………………………………….44
Fig 3-3 power supply circuit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………45
Fig 3-4current zero crossing detection circuit……………………………………………………………………………..46
Fig 3-5 voltage zero crossing detection circuit…………………………………………………………………………….46
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4-1 simulated results ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..49
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A/D Analog to digital
AC Alternating Current
ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit
ASCII Arithmetic Standard Code for Information Interchange
CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer
CPU Control Processing Unit
DDRAM Double Data Random Access Memory
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
HZ Hertz
I/O Input/Output
KPLC Kenya Power and Lighting Company
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
RAM Random Access Memory
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer
ROM Read Only Memory
TMR1 Timer One
TMR0 Timer Zero
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………………………………………………… i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii
LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv
LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….. vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1
1.1 Background study……………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
1.2 Problem definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………….1
1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. .2
1.4 Justification................................................................................................................3
1.5 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Waveforms ................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 Phase Difference……………………………………………………………………………………..6
2.2.2 Phase Relationship of a Sinusoidal Waveform…………………………………………8
2.4 MICROCONTROLLER………………………………………………………………………………………………..14
2.4.1 Microcontrollers and Microprocessors…………………………………………………….14
2.4.2 Microcontroller types……………………………………………………………………………...14
2.4.3 Microcontroller structure…………………………………………………………………………17
2.5 Pic architecture………………………………………………………………………………………………………..19
2.6 PIC16F690…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………19
2.6.1 PIC16F690 pin diagram……………………………………………………………………………..20
2.6.2 PIC16F690 pin summary…………………………………………………………………………...21
2.6.3 PIC16F690 properties………………………………………………………………………………..23
2.6.4 Memory Organization……………………………………………………………………………….24
2.6.4.1 Program Memory Organization………………………………………………...24
2.6.4.2 Data Memory Organization……………………………………………………….25
2.6.5 Analog to Digital Converter………………………………………………………………………27
2.6.6 Interrupts………………………………………………………………………………………………….29
2.6.7 Capture mode…………………………………………………………………………………………..30
2.6.8 Timers……………………………………………………………………………………………………….31
2.7 Liquid Crystal Display………………………………………………………………………………………………..31
2.7.1 DDRAM - Display Data RAM……………………………………………………………………..33
2.7.2 CGROM - Character Generator ROM……………………………………………………….33
2.7.3 CGRAM - Character Generator RAM………………………………………………………..33
2.7.4 BF - Busy Flag……………………………………………………………………………………………33
2.7.5 Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)………………………………………34
2.7.6 Commands and Instruction set………………………………………………………………..34
2.7.7 LCD initialization……………………………………………………………………………………….34
2.7.7.1 Initializing by Internal Reset Circuit…………………………………………..35
2.7.7.2 Initialization by Instruction……………………………………………………….36
2.7.7.2.1 8-Bit Interface, Initialization by Instruction……………….37
2.7.7.2.2 4-Bit Interface, Initialization by Instruction……………….38
2.7.8 LCD instruction set……………………………………………………………………………………39
2.7.9 LCD connection…………………………………………………………………………………………39
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………………………………………….40
3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
3.2 Hardware section…………………………………………………………………………………………………….42
3.2.1 LCD…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..42
3.2.2 Operational Amplifier………………………………………………………………………………44
3.2.3 Power Supply…………………………………………………………………………………………..44
3.2.4 Zero Crossing Detection………………………………………………………………………….46
3.3 Programming………………………………………………………………………………………………………….46
CHAPTER 4: Results and Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………47
4.2 Simulation results…………………………………………………………………………………………………..48
4.3 Simulated circuit…………………………………………………………………………………………………….49
4.4 Practical results………………………………………………………………………………………………………50
CHAPTER 5: Conclusions And Recommendations…………………………………………………………………….52
5.1 Conclusions …………………………………….…………………………………………………………………….525.2 Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………………………..52
REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………53
APPENDIX A: Assembly Language Code…………………………………………………………………………………….54
APPENDIX B: Cost Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………………………84
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1. BACKGROUND STUDY
Power factor is basically due to lag and lead concept of current and voltage. When
current waveform lags behinds the voltage by some angle, power factor will be lagging and when
current wave form leads the voltage by some angle, power factor will be leading. Inductor causes
a lagging power factor and capacitors produces leading power factor. Hence capacitors improve
power factor by providing leading VARS or reactive power to system which cancels the lagging
power factor effect of inductors.
Power factor was measured using a pic microcontroller. To measure power factor it was
needed to measure phase angle difference between voltage and current wave form. The cosine of
this phase angle is power factor. Power factor is also represented by following formula:
Power factor = Cos (θ)
Where θ is basically phase angle difference between voltage and current wave form.
The phase angle is the lateral difference between two waveforms as per our case. That is
voltage and current along a common axis. Low power factor causes increase in current drawn by
load. This results in use of larger equipment on distribution systems and also an increase in the
amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere.
2. PROBLEM DEFINITION
In order to measure the power factor it was required to obtain the phase angle in order to
obtain the power factor by calculating the cosine of the phase angle. It is required to measure the
power factor accurately because of its importance to the consumer and the supplier. In this
project a microcontroller was used to measure the phase angle and calculate the power factor.
With the power factor low as mentioned earlier a lot of current is drawn by the consumers
or the load connected. The drawing of current leads to more losses being encountered. Which
affects the profits in distribution companies.
From the resistance equation it can be observed that resistance is inversely proportional
to the area of the conductor. Maintaining the voltage in ohms law V=IR ( where V=Voltage,
I=Current and R=Resistance) increase in current leads to reduction in the current. As the
resistance decreases the area of the conductor must increase according to the resistance equation
with the inverse relation between resistance and area of the conductor. Increase in the area of the
conductor assuming copper means that more copper will be used thus increasing the distribution
cost.
It should be noted that KPLC require their consumers to keep thepower factor close to
one as possible.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The main objective was to design and implement a system that will measure the phase
difference in a single phase supply and compute the power factor. The power factor was to be
displayed on an LCD. That is a liquid crystal display. The circuit was supposed to also measure
the frequency and the amplitude.
Compare two sinusoidal waves ie voltage and current and obtain their
phase difference. That is check if they are in phase or not.
Calculate the power factor by finding the cos of the phase angle.
Compute the frequency of the single phase supply and record.
Obtain the amplitude and record.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
There are different methods to measure the phase angle. For instance the use of an
oscilloscope. But this has limitations like the cost of a modern oscilloscope is very high. And an
oscilloscope has errors too which are due to;
Present dc offset errors present
Reduced precision near certain angles
Incorrect solution possibility
By obtaining the power factor power factor correction measures can be implemented in
order to reduce the phase angle. Large phase angle leads to a lot of power being drawn leading to
very high costs which are unnecessary. But first the phase angle must be measured very
accurately so that the required corrections xan be made to reduce the costs. Large consumers
require very accurate data.
Microcontrollers are very efficient and fast. Being fast the power factor will obtained fast
and displayed instantly. Other methods of power factor measurement are full of errors and and
tiresome.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The project will deal with the problem of power factor measurement by measuring the
phase angle from a single phase supply and calculating the power factor by obtaining the the cos
of the phase angle. The power factor is to be displayed on an LCD. The power factor will not be
displayed as leading or lagging because in the project we wont know which wave form will be
leading or lagging. Timers will be employed, in this case we will use TMR1 for the phase
measurement. Where the rising edge of the first waveform will be recorded and the timer will be
activated. The timer will count until the second rising edge which will stop the timer and this will
be considered as sample one. To be accurate five readings will be taken and the average power
factor will be obtained, this improves the accuracy of our project.
The average phase angle will then be used to compute the power factor which will be
displayed on the LCD. For the frequency the rising edge at the zero crossing will be detected and
the falling edge will also be detected. This is a quarter of the period of the wave. The timer will
record the rising edge time and the falling edge time. Thus obtaining the time difference which
will be multiplied by four to obtain the entire period. The frequency will be the reciprocal of the
entire period. Which can also be displayed on the LCD.
CHAPTER 2:LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, we will describe the various researches that has been carried out from
various sources such as the internet, textbooks, online articles. This information is essential to
the development of the project. The power quality monitoring unit is made up of the following :
PIC16F690 Microcontroller-
This is the heart of the whole monitoring unit. It is the main device in which the project
will be based on. Interfacing the PIC microcontroller with external devices is made
possible with the various I/O pins that the PIC microcontroller has.
Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)-
Facilitates the viewing of the power factor, the peak voltage and frequency that is
required of this project.
OP-AMP
2.2 WAVEFORMS
A waveform is the result of plotting values of quantities which vary with time (t). It is in
the form of a graph. As for alternating waveforms like in the case of single phase the wave
changes direction that is it has positive and negative values as shown in the image above.
A period is defined as the time taken by an alternating signal to complete one cycle of
the waveform. Usually described by the symbol T.
Frequency on the other hand is described as the number of cycles completed in a
second. It can also be described as the the reciprocal of the period. In Kenya the frequency of
supplied electricity is 50 Hz.
2.2.1 Phase Difference
Sine Wave can be presented graphically in the time domain along an horizontal zero
axis, and that sine waves have a positive maximum value at time π/2, a negative maximum
value at time 3π/2, with zero values occurring along the baseline at 0, π and 2π. However, not
all sinusoidal waveforms will pass exactly through the zero axis point at the same time, but may
be “shifted” to the right or to the left of 0o by some value when compared to another sine
wave.
Comparing a voltage waveform to that of a current waveform. This then produces an
angular shift or Phase Difference between the two sinusoidal waveforms. Any sine wave that
does not pass through zero at t = 0 has a phase shift.
The phase difference or phase shift as it is also called of a Sinusoidal Waveform is the
angle Φ (Greek letter Phi), in degrees or radians that the waveform has shifted from a certain
reference point along the horizontal zero axis. In other words phase shift is the lateral
difference between two or more waveforms along a common axis and sinusoidal waveforms of
the same frequency can have a phase difference.
The phase difference, Φ of an alternating waveform can vary from between 0 to its
maximum time period, T of the waveform during one complete cycle and this can be anywhere
along the horizontal axis between, Φ = 0 to 2π (radians) or Φ = 0 to 360o depending upon the
angular units used.
Phase Difference Equation
Where:
Am - is the amplitude of the waveform.
ωt - is the angular frequency of the waveform in radian/sec.
Φ (phi) - is the phase angle in degrees or radians that the waveform has shifted either
left or right from the reference point.
If the positive slope of the sinusoidal waveform passes through the horizontal axis “before” t = 0
then the waveform has shifted to the left so Φ >0, and the phase angle will be positive in nature,
+Φ giving a leading phase angle. In other words it appears earlier in time than 0o producing an
anticlockwise rotation of the vector.
Likewise, if the positive slope of the sinusoidal waveform passes through the horizontal x-axis
some time “after” t = 0 then the waveform has shifted to the right so Φ <0, and the phase angle
will be negative in nature -Φ producing a lagging phase angle as it appears later in time than 0o
producing a clockwise rotation of the vector. Both cases are shown below.
2.2.2 Phase Relationship of a Sinusoidal Waveform
Considering that two alternating quantities such as a voltage, v and a current, i have the same
frequency ƒ in Hertz. As the frequency of the two quantities is the same the angular velocity, ω
must also be the same. So at any instant in time we can say that the phase of voltage, v will be
the same as the phase of the current, i.
Then the angle of rotation within a particular time period will always be the same and the phase
difference between the two quantities of v and i will therefore be zero and Φ = 0. As the
frequency of the voltage, v and the current, i are the same they must both reach their maximum
positive, negative and zero values during one complete cycle at the same time (although their
amplitudes may be different). Then the two alternating quantities, v and i are said to be “in-
phase”
In phase sinusoidal waveforms
Considering that the voltage, v and the current, i have a phase difference between
themselves of 30o, so (Φ = 30o or π/6 radians). As both alternating quantities rotate at the same
speed, i.e. they have the same frequency, this phase difference will remain constant for all
instants in time, then the phase difference of 30o between the two quantities is represented by
phi, Φ as shown below.
Phase Difference of a Sinusoidal Waveform
The voltage waveform above starts at zero along the horizontal reference axis, but at that same
instant of time the current waveform is still negative in value and does not cross this reference
axis until 30o later. Then there exists a Phase difference between the two waveforms as the
current cross the horizontal reference axis reaching its maximum peak and zero values after the
voltage waveform.
As the two waveforms are no longer “in-phase”, they must therefore be “out-of-phase” by an
amount determined by phi, Φ and in our example this is 30o. So we can say that the two
waveforms are now 30o out-of phase. The current waveform can also be said to be “lagging”
behind the voltage waveform by the phase angle, Φ. Then in our example above the two
waveforms have a Lagging Phase Difference so the expression for both the voltage and current
above will be given as.
where, i lags v by angle Φ
Likewise, if the current, i has a positive value and crosses the reference axis reaching its
maximum peak and zero values at some time before the voltage, v then the current waveform
will be “leading” the voltage by some phase angle. Then the two waveforms are said to have a
Leading Phase Difference and the expression for both the voltage and the current will be.
where, i leads v by angle Φ
The phase angle of a sine wave can be used to describe the relationship of one sine wave to
another by using the terms “Leading” and “Lagging” to indicate the relationship between two
sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency, plotted onto the same reference axis. In our
example above the two waveforms are out-of-phase by 30o so we can say that i lags v or v leads i
by 30o.
The relationship between the two waveforms and the resulting phase angle can be measured
anywhere along the horizontal zero axis through which each waveform passes with the “same
slope” direction either positive or negative.
In AC power circuits this ability to describe the relationship between a voltage and a current sine
wave within the same circuit is very important and forms the bases of AC circuit analysis.
Phase Difference between a Sine wave and a Cosine wave
Alternatively, we can also say that a sine wave is a cosine wave that has been shifted in the other
direction by -90o. Either way when dealing with sine waves or cosine waves with an angle the
following rules will always apply.
Sine and Cosine Wave Relationships
When comparing two sinusoidal waveforms it more common to express their relationship as
either a sine or cosine with positive going amplitudes and this is achieved using the following
mathematical identities.
By using these relationships above we can convert any sinusoidal waveform with or without an
angular or phase difference from either a sine wave into a cosine wave or vice versa.
In the next tutorial about Phasors we will use a graphical method of representing or comparing
the phase difference between two sinusoids by looking at the phasor representation of a single
phase AC quantity along with some phasor algebra relating to the mathematical addition of two
or more phasors.
2.4 Microcontroller
A microcontroller is a computer on a chip. It is an electronic device containing:
A processor core
Memory
Input/Output peripherals
The input/output peripherals are programmable . They allow the microcontroller to
communicate with the outside world. They do not require external components for their applications.
They are useful in that they are cheap thus reducing prices and due to their small size they make the end
products smaller in size.
They are used in development of electronics for instance television sets, dvd machines, phones,
personal computers, laptops etc.
2.4.1 microcontrollers and microprocessors
Microcontrollers and microprocessors do differ in functionality. Microprocessor requires other
components for example memory or components for receiving and sending data. While the
microcontroller already has all that. Microprocessors are also designed to be general purpose. Therefore
comparing the two it can be concluded that microcontrollers are definitely smaller. Therefore saving on
space.
2.4.2 Microcontroller types
Microcontrollers are divided into categories according to their memory architecture, bits, and
instruction sets.
1. Memory Architecture
Harvard Memory Architecture Microcontroller
In the Harvard Architecture, the program memory is completely separate from the data
memory. All PICs have Harvard Memory Architecture. The CPU fetches the next instruction
and loads or stores data simultaneously and independently. This physical separation of
instructions and data is the distinguishing feature of Harvard Architecture. The PIC
architecture has a two-stage instruction pipeline; however, since the fetch of the current
instruction and the execution of the previous one can overlap in time, one complete
instruction is fetched and executed at every machine cycle. This is known as instruction
pipelining.
Princeton Memory Architecture Microcontroller
In Princeton Architecture, the program memory is such that it stores both the instructions and
data in one memory pool. When the computer needs memory to hold a program, it goes to the
memory pool and requests that some memory is allocated for it. When it needs space to hold
data it goes to the same pool and asks for memory for data. The disadvantage of this is that if
a certain amount of memory is allocated for data, but the program tries to put more data than
will fit, it may place the extra data in the next memory location, which could actually contain the
program.
2. Bits
8 bit microcontrollers-8 bit microcontrollers contain 8 bit internal bus with the ALU performing
logic and arithmetic operations. Examples of 8 bit microcontrollers include the Intel 8031/8051.
16 bit microcontrollers-This executes ALU operations with greater accuracy and performance
in contrast to the 8 bit microcontrollers. Example of the 16 bit microcontroller is the Intel
8096.
32 bit microcontrollers-This are employed mainly in automatically controlled appliances such
as office machines, implantable medical appliances etc. It requires 32 bit instructions to carry
out any logical or arithmetic operation.
3. Memory
Microcontrollers can be divided into two types in accordance with memory :
External Memory Microcontroller- When an embedded structure is built with
a microcontroller which does not comprise of all the functioning blocks
existing on a chip, then it is named an external memory microcontroller. For
illustration, 8031 microcontroller does not have program memory on the chip.
Embedded Memory Microcontroller- When an embedded structure is built
with a microcontroller which comprises of all the functioning blocks existing
on the chip, then it is named an Embedded Memory Microcontroller. For
Example the 8051 Microcontroller has all the program and data memory,
counters & timers, Interrupts, I/O ports etc.
4. Instruction set
This can be categorised into the following;
CISC- CISC meaning Complex Instruction Set Computer. It allows
the user to apply 1 instruction as an alternative to many simple instructions. The CISC design is
based on each low-level instruction performing several operations. Examples of CISC instructions
include decrementing a counter register, determining the state of a processor flag, and executing a
jump instruction if the flag is set or cleared. The idea of CISC was to provide high level instructions
in order to implement the implementation of high level languages[4][6].
RISC- RISC means Reduced Instructions Set Computer. RISC reduces the operation time by
shortening the clock cycle per instruction. In contrast to CISC, RISC machine contains fewer instructions
and each instruction performs more elementary operations. Consequences of this are a smaller silicon
area, faster execution, and reduced program size with fewer accesses to main memory. The PIC
designers have followed the RISC route[4][6].
2.4.3 Microcontroller structure
The basic structure of a microcontroller comprises of:
I. Memory- There are two types of memory: Volatile and Non-volatile. Volatile
Memory loses its data when its switched off, but can be written by the CPU to store current data e.g.
RAM(Random Access Memory). ROM(Read Only Memory)is nonvolatile and retains its data when
switched off. The memory in the microcontroller stores all programs and data. The ideal memory
should be non-volatile, read and write, fast, large and cheap, but since it does not exist, then the Flash
ROM is closest to the ideal memory since its non-volatile and rewritable [1].
II. CPU- This is the brain of the microcontroller. The CPU facilitates the fetching of
data, decoding of the same and at the end completing the assigned task successfully. With the help of
the CPU all the components of the microcontroller are connected into a single system. A program
that is stored in the memory of the microcontroller is fetched by the CPU in sequence and executed.
In actual sense the instructions that are stored in the memory locations are copied to an instruction
register in the CPU via a data bus. The instructions control the selection of the required operation in
the control unit of the CPU[4].
III. Serial Ports-These ports give serial interfaces amid microcontrollers and various
other peripherals. The serial communication involved in the PIC microcontroller for example include
the EUSART(Enhanced Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter), the SPI(Serial
peripheral Interface) and the I2C (Inter-Integrated circuit).
IV. Input/output ports- Without some means of getting information or signals in and
out, then the microcontroller would be of no help to the outside world. Thus the importance of
input/output ports. There are two main type of ports: serial and parallel. Parallel ports transfer data in
and out 8 bits at a time. While in serial ports it is transmitted 1 bit at a time on a single line.
Therefore the I/O ports are employed to interface or drive different external appliances e.g. LCD’s ,
LED’s etc.[2].
V. Timers and Counters-A microcontroller may be in-built with one or more timers
and counters.[4].They control all timing and counting operations within the microcontroller. The
main operations performed by timers are :
i. Pulse generations
ii. Clock functions
iii. Frequency measuring
iv. Modulation
v. Making oscillations
VI. Analog-to-Digital Converters- The peripheral signals that we connect to the
microcontroller(usually analogue) are quite different from the ones that the microcontroller
comprehends (i.e. one and zero).Thus they have to be converted into a pattern which can be
understood by the microcontroller. This task is performed by the Analog-to -Digital Converter[2].
VII. Bus - It represents a group of 8, 16, or more wires that have the function of
interconnecting the memory and the CPU. They are two types of buses.
i. Address bus
ii. Data bus
The address bus consists of as many lines as the amount of memory we wish to
address. On the other hand a data bus will be as wide as the data.it can either be 8 bit or 16 bit. The
address is employed to transmit address from CPU memory while the data bus will connect all the
internal components of the microcontroller.
VIII. Watchdog Timer-It acts a free-run counter where our program needs to write a
zero in every time it executes a program correctly. If program counter skips to a memory
location where its not supposed to be, this will allow the chip to recover. This means that the zero
will not be written on the watchdog timer and it will reset the microcontroller.
2.5 Pic architecture
PIC microcontrollers are classified by Microchip into three groups :
a) Baseline-This group includes members of the PIC10, PIC12, and
PIC16 families.
b) Mid-range -The mid-range PIC family includes members of the PIC12
and PIC16 groups.
c) High-performance -The high-performance PICs belong to the PIC18
group.
2.6 PIC16F690
This is a 20 pin count microcontroller from microchip technology. It basically
contains:
Program memory – 4096 Flash (words)
Data memory
SRAM – 256 bytes
EEPROM – 256 bytes
I/O – 18 pins
10 bit A/D – 12 ch
Comparators -2
Timers
8 bit – 2
16 bit – 1
SSP
ECCP+
EUSTART
2.6.1 PIC16F690 pin diagram
2.6.2 PIC16F690 pin summary
PIC16F690 Pin diagram (QNF)
The PIC16F690 consists of three ports namely :
a. PORTA- Pins 19,18,17,4,3,2
b. PORTB- Pins 13,12,11,10.
c. PORTC- pins 16,15,14,5,6,7,8,9.
A few key observations while looking at the pin out diagram of the above PIC 16F690 are:
i. Pins 1 and 20 act as the power supply and ground of the pic
microcontroller.
ii. Pins 2 and 3 acts as the external oscillator pins.
iii. Pin 4 is the Master Clear pin
iv. Pins 10 and 12 can be configured as the transmitter and receiver pins
respectively.
v. Pins 19 and 17 can be configured as the comparator1 input and output
respectively
vi. Pins 16 and 6 can be configured as the comparator2 input and output
respectively
vii. Pin 18 can be used as a Voltage reference when using the Analog to
Digital Converter.
2.6.3 PIC16F690 properties
4 x 14 flash memory
256 bytes RAM
256 bytes EEPROM
13 – bit 8 – level stack
Internal oscillator – software selectable 8MHz – 32MHz
2.0 – 5.5V operating voltage
12 channel of 10 – bit A/D converter
Two channel analog comparator
Programmable on chip voltage reference
Auto shut down and restart option
Maximum current source/sunk in all ports combined in 200 mA
Maximum output current sourced/sunk by any input/output pin is 200Ma
Temperature range of -40 to 125 degrees celcius
2.6.4 Memory Organization
2.6.4.1 Program Memory Organization
The PIC16F6690 has a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K x 14 program
memory space. Only the first 4K x 14 (0000h-0FFFh) for the PIC16F690. Accessing a location
above these boundaries will cause a wrap around. The Reset vector is at 0000h and the
interrupt vector is at 0004h
2.6.4.2 Data Memory Organization
The data memory is partitioned into four banks which contain the General Purpose Registers
(GPR) and the Special Function Registers (SFR). The Special Function Registers are located in the
first 32 locations of each bank. The General Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM, are
located in the last 96 locations of each Bank. Register locations F0h-FFh in Bank 1, 170h-17Fh
inBank 2 and 1F0h-1FFh in Bank 3 point to addresses 70h-7Fh in Bank 0. The actual number of
General Purpose Resisters (GPR) in each Bank depends on the device. All other RAM is
unimplemented and returns ‘0’ when read. RP<1:0> of the STATUS register are the bankselect
bits:
RP1 RP0
0 0 → Bank 0 is selected
0 1 → Bank 1 is selected
1 0 → Bank 2 is selected
1 1 → Bank 3 is selected
GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTER FILE
The register file is organized as 256 x 8 in the PIC16F690. Each register is
accessed, either directly or indirectly, through the File Select Register (FSR)
SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTERS
The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral functions
for controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are static RAM. The special
registers can be classified into two sets:
o Core
o Peripheral
Above are the PIC16F690 Special Function Registers
2.6.5 Analog to Digital Converter
The Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) allows conversion of an analog input signal to a
10-bit binary representation of that signal. This device uses analog inputs, which are
multiplexed into a single sample and hold circuit. The output of the sample and hold is
connected to the input of the converter. The converter generates a 10-bit binary result via
successive approximation and stores the conversion result into the ADC result registers (ADRESL
and ADRESH).
ADC CONVERTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
ADC CONFIGURATION
The Analogue to Digital Converter need to be configured before being able to operate. The
following are the steps that need to be understood first before anything else. These are:
i. PORT CONFIGURATION
When converting analog signals, the I/O pins should be configured for analog by setting the
associated TRIS and ANSEL bits.
ii. CHANNEL SELECTION
This determines which channel is connected to the sample and hold circuit .
iii. ADC VOLTAGE REFERENCE
The VCFG bit of the ADCON0 register provides control of the positive voltage reference.
The positive voltage reference can be either Vdd or an external voltage source.
iv. CONVERSION CLOCK
The source of the conversion clock can be selected via the ADCS bit of the ADCON1 register
There are seven possible clock options :
Fosc/2
Fosc/4
Fosc/8
Fosc/16
Fosc/32
Fosc/64
Frc(dedicated internal oscillator).
v. INTERRUPT CONTROL
Upon completion of the analog-to-digital converter the ADC module allows for generation of
an Interrupt. This interrupt can be generated while the ADC is in operation or while in Sleep. Upon
waking from Sleep, the next instruction following the SLEEP instruction is always
executed
vi. RESULTS FORMATTING
The 10-bit A/D conversion result can be supplied in two formats, left justified or right
justified. The ADFM bit of the ADCON0 register controls the output format.
2.6.6 Interrupts
The ADC module allows for the ability to generate an interrupt upon completion of an
Analog-to-Digital conversion. The ADC interrupt flag is the ADIF bit in the PIR1 register. The
ADC interrupt enable is the ADIE bit in the PIE1 register. The ADIF bit must be cleared in
software.
This interrupt can be generated while the device is operating or while in Sleep. If the
device is in Sleep, the interrupt will wake-up the device. Upon waking from Sleep, the next
instruction following the SLEEP instruction is always executed. If the user is attempting to
wake-up from Sleep and resume in-line code execution, the global interrupt must be disabled. If
the global interrupt is enabled, execution will switch to the interrupt service routine.
2.6.7 Capture mode
In Capture mode, CCPR1H:CCPR1L captures the 16-bit value of the TMR1 register when an
event occurs on pin CCP1. An event is defined as one of the following and is configured by the
CCP1M<3:0> bits of the CCP1CON register:
• Every falling edge
• Every rising edge
• Every 4th rising edge
• Every 16th rising edge
When a capture is made, the Interrupt Request Flag bit CCP1IF of the PIR1 register is set. The
interrupt flag must be cleared in software. If another capture occurs before the value in the
CCPR1H, CCPR1L register pair is read, the old captured value is overwritten by the new
captured value.
Above is the capture mode.
2.6.8 Timers
Timers are either 8-bit or 16-bit counters with postscalers and prescalers which divide
down the input or output of the counter to extend its range. They are used in counter or timer
mode and also capture, compare or pulse width modulation. Which was useful in this case.
PIC16F690 has 3 hardware timers:
o Timer 0 (8-bit timer 0)
o Timer 2 (16-bit timer 2)
o Timer 1 (8-bit timer 1)
2.7 Liquid Crystal Display
HD44780 has 8 bit wide data bus represented by D0-D7. It also has three control lines
RS, RW and E. And three power lines VSS, VDD and VEE. It is a small low cost display easy to
interface with a micro-controller because of an embedded controller. It can connected to the
microcontroller via 11 ports or 7 ports depending on the configuration method chosen.
Below is a diagram of the LCD and a table representing the pins.
An LCD is an electronic visual display. It uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals
which do not emit light directly. Using electronically modulated optical device made up of any
number of segments filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source or reflector to
produce images in monochrome or color.
Data is displayed when the microcontroller sends data to the LCD via the data lines when pin
E is enabled.
2.7.1 DDRAM - Display Data RAM
Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that is not
used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM is actually
displayed on the LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are visible, so whatever you write after 16
chars is written in DDRAM but is not visible to the user.
2.7.2 CGROM - Character Generator ROM
The character generator ROM generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit
character codes (see Figure 5 and Figure 6 for more details). It can generate 208 5 x 8 dot character
patterns and 32 5 x 10 dot character patterns. Userdefined character patterns are also available by
mask-programmed ROM.
2.7.3CGRAM - Character Generator RAM
CGRAM area is used to create custom characters in LCD. In the character generator RAM, the
user can rewrite character patterns by program. For 5 x 8 dots, eight character patterns can be written,
and for 5 x 10 dots, four character patterns can be written.
2.7.4 BF - Busy Flag
Busy Flag is an status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD for
processing, this flag is set (i.e BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed successfully this flag is
cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact ammount of delay. for the LCD processing.
To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD data
bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept next command or data and
BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to process.
2.7.5 Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)
There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction
register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g LCD shift command, LCD
clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed on LCD. when
send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the data register and
data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on the LCD.
Data Register is not only used for sending data to DDRAM but also for CGRAM, the address
where you want to send the data, is decided by the instruction you send to LCD. We will discuss more on
LCD instuction set further in this tutorial.
2.7.6 Commands and Instruction set
Only the instruction register (IR) and the data register (DR) of the LCD can be controlled
by the MCU. Before starting the internal operation of the LCD, control information is
temporarily stored into these registers to allow interfacing with various MCUs, which operate at
different speeds, or various peripheral control devices. The internal operation of the LCD is
determined by signals sent from the MCU. These signals, which include register selection signal
(RS), read/write signal (R/W), and the data bus (DB0 to DB7), make up the LCD instructions
(Table 3). There are four categories of instructions that:
Designate LCD functions, such as display format, data length, etc.
Set internal RAM addresses
Perform data transfer with internal RAM
Perform miscellaneous functions
2.7.7 LCD initialization
There are two methods for LCD initialization:
Initializing by Internal Reset Circuit Initialization by Instruction
2.7.7.1 Initializing by Internal Reset Circuit
This is the datasheet information regarding Initialization of the LCD controller.
The 'Internal Reset' technique described above is relied upon by many programmers but, in my
opinion, this is not a wise choice. Perhaps they are seduced by the first sentence with the promise of
'automatic' initialization. If you look at the result of this automatic initialization you will see that the
controller is configured for a 1-line display when in fact the majority of LCD modules should be
configured for a 2-line display. It also leaves the display off. This means that two of the four steps that
were automatically performed are going to have to be redone.
But that is NOT the main reason that this technique should be avoided. The note at the bottom
clearly states that this technique will fail if the power supply does not meet certain specifications,
specifications that are buried elsewhere in the datasheet. In cases where the power supply cannot be
guaranteed to meet those specification the datasheet recommends using "Initializing by Instruction".
2.7.7.2 Initialization by Instruction
It really isn't that hard to use this technique once you decipher the flowcharts that
describe the procedure. All of the flowcharts in the various datasheets seem to derive from the
same source and they are all equally ambiguous in certain areas. Any differences are probably
due to typographical or editing errors and those are easily spotted, providing you compare
several different datasheets.
There are separate initialization flowcharts for the 8-bit interface and the 4-bit interface, but the
actual sequence of instructions sent to the LCD controller is essentially the same in each
case. First there are a series of what are technically Function Set instructions whose purpose is
to effectively 'reset' the LCD controller. Next, if the 4-bit interface is desired, there is an
additional Function Set instruction to change the interface from the default 8-bit
configuration. Finally there are four more instructions, the 'real' Function Set, the Display
on/off Control, the Clear Display, and the Entry Mode Set.
When power is applied to the LCD module the LCD controller always comes up in the 8-bit
interface mode. This means that the LCD controller reads all eight of its data pins each time the
Enable pin is pulsed. This is fine if an 8-bit data interface is actually being used, but what about
the other possibility, where a 4-bit data interface is connected? In this second case there may be
indeterminate data on the lower four bits, especially if those pins have not been grounded as
recommended. The answer is that the controller has been set up to ignore those lower four bits
throughout the early part of the initialization process, until the actual interface has been
established by what I called the 'real' Function Set instruction in the previous paragraph.
It is important to make sure that the LCD controller has finished executing an instruction before
sending it another one, otherwise the second instruction will be ignored. The datasheets give
specific times for the delays during the beginning what I call the 'reset' sequence. The
datasheets are ambiquious when it comes to the time delay associated with the end of this
sequence and with the mode change in the 4-bit initialization. For the final sequence of
instructions the datasheets all specify that you must either check the busy flag to see if the LCD
controller is finished or wait a sufficient amount of time, a time that is longer than the instruction
execution time.
Below you will find a detailed explanation of the 8-bit initialization sequence followed by a
detailed explanation of the 4-bit initialization sequence.
2.7.7.2.1 8-Bit Interface, Initialization by Instruction
Here's the flowchart as it appears in the Hitachi datasheet.
2.7.7.2.2 4-Bit Interface, Initialization by Instruction
Here's the flowchart as it appears in the Hitachi datasheet.
2.7.8 LCD instruction set
2.7.9 LCD connection
This depends on number of lines used which is usually four or eight. There is 4-bit LCD
mode and 8-bit LCD mode. 4 bit LCD mode uses D4-D7 while 8 bit LCD mode uses data pins D0-
D7.
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Introduction
This chapter seeks to explain in depth the process used in the implementation and
operation of the power quality monitoring unit which is PIC-microcontroller based. In this
chapter the various project segments or breakdowns shall be discussed. The segments are:
Hardware section
Software section
The following flow chart below depicts the sequence of events used in the implementation of
the power quality monitoring unit and power factor measuring system.
3.2 Hardware section
3.2.1 LCD
The LCD used uses alphanumeric dot matrix. It is used to display a wide range of
characters and Numeric values. The display is on LM016L as seen on the circuit diagram. The
LM016L displays sixteen characters on two lines thus the 16 x 2 display. Each character is 8 x 6
pixels making 80 x 16 pixels. The LCD pins are divided into Command pins (RS, E and RW)
and data pins (D0-D7).
For this project the 4 bit initialization was used instead of the 8 bit initialization. Data
pins D4 – D7 used and E was enabled. A variable resistor is used to control the LCD brightness.
RW is set at 0 thus setting the LCD at write mode.
3.2.2 Operational Amplifier
The LM358N was used to amplify the generated signal. This is because the signal
produced is small and in order to use falling edge as an interrupt detectable. LM358 is a type of
operational amplifier that consists of two independent, high gain, frequency compensated
operational amplifier designed to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages.
Operation from split power supplies is also possible and low power supply current drain
is independent of the magnitude of the power supply.
Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional
op-amp circuits which can be easily implemented in single power supply systems.
It features:
Low power drain.
A common mode input voltage range extending to ground/VEE
Single supply or split supply operation
Compatible pinouts
They operate at at supply voltages as low as 3.0V or as high as 32V. the common mode
input range includes the negative supply thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing
components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power
supply voltage.
3.2.4 Power Supply
The figure below shows the circuit used to implement the stepping down of 240v(AC) to 5V
(DC).The circuit used in supplying the 5 volts was not used due to the cumulative expensive
cost of all the components. Instead alternative and cheaper means of providing a constant
supply of 5v(dc) was used. A mobile phone charger was used in this case.
3.2.5 Zero Crossing Detection
To measure the time difference between the voltage and current signals it was needed
to get the zero-crossing detection of the two signals. From there the time difference between
these two signals was obtained. There are many ways to detect the zero point of the signals,
but as we are using PIC micro-controllers we can use the advantage of the micro-controller
itself. The micro-controller has a input voltage protection itself, but we can ensure that limit
using a Zener diode across the pins those are used to take the signals.
The sine wave was rectified by diode (1N4007) and then the signal is fed to the interrupt
pin (RB0/INT0; pin # 33) of the micro-controller (PIC16F690). The supply voltage is much more
than 5V, but as that voltage is not directly but through a series resistor (R1-100K) and a
protection Zener diode so the MCU will get just a clipped 5V signal at its pin.
The voltage signal is clipped by the Zener diode and being feed to the micro-controller
interrupt pin so that the signal can be used as a falling edge interrupt.
The current signal is also converter in to this type of falling edge signal by adding some extra
circuitry. As the CT(Current Transformer) generates only a small signal so we need to amplify
this signal to a level so that we can use the falling edge as the interrupt detectable.
current zero crossing detection circuit
voltage zero crossing detection circuit
Using the hardware interrupt facilities of the micro-controller and the two signals
(voltage and current) were fed and ran. A timer interrupt was used in between these two signals.
A timer was started while MCU gets an interrupt signal [hardware interrupt, falling edge]in INT0
[PIN#33] and stop the timer while MCU gets an interrupt signal [hardware interrupt, falling
edge] in INT1 [PIN# 34]. In between Timer1 module is used to count a variable. Timer1
interrupt of 10uS timing was used. And counting a variable each time the timer overflows.
The variable value is obtained. And from that value the time difference was obtained. At
least 200 data was taken and average of these 200 data calculated for accuracy.
Multiplying the time difference by ∏ (pie) gives the phase difference between current
and voltage signals.
The cosine inverse of the phase angle gave the power factor.
3.3 Programming
Programmer PICKIT2 was used to load the code PIC16F690. The code was written using
MPLABX IDE and MIKROC PRO.
CHAPTER 4: Results and Analysis
The simulation and practical results are displayed in this chapter.
4.2 Simulation results
The following table shows the simulation results after the circuit was schemated in the proteus
software and loaded with the hex file of the written code.
With no supply no power factor was displayed. Supplying the power and adjusting the phase
angle gave several results that were saved and displayed in the table below
NO PHASE
ANGLE
SETTING
EXPECTED
POWER
FACTOR
SIMULATED RESULTS
1 83 0.12186
2 76 0.24192
3 47 0.68199
4 66 0.40673
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
The project was to develop a power quality monitoring unit using PIC16F690 that
monitored the power factor and also recorded the frequency and amplitude of a single phase
outlet.
The experiment objectives were met a seen from the results both simulated and practical.
The resulting circuit was constructed and found to be lighter and portable due to the use of the
PIC.
It wasn’t possible to tell whether the power factor found was leading or lagging therefore
no comment could be made on the type of load present.
There were challenges when it came to the programming but thanks to the supervisor
Prof. E Mwangi the required hex code required was generated.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The system designed and implemented monitors power quality. In the research it was
shown how important maintaining the power factor at one is in order to avoid losses. It would be
important to develop a power factor correction circuit
A PIC with more pins should have been used because for instance to load the current
waveform and voltage waveform separately to reduce the number of equipments that had to be
added.
REFERENCES
[1] Nathan Maclnnes, Electrical Tutorials, “Phase Difference and Phase Shift”. Online
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/phase-difference.html
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/acp29.gif
[2] M. Verle, “PIC microcontrollers: your personal introductory course” Elsevia Newnes, 2005
[3] M. Bates, Interfacing PIC Microcontrollers-Embedded Design by Interactive
Simulation, London: Elsevier, 2006
[4] “Electronics Hub,” [Online]. Available: www.ElectronicsHub.com/Types &
Applications of Microcontrollers.
[5] N. Matic, PIC Microcontrollers for beginners.
[6] PIC16F631/677/685/687/689/690Datasheet, Microchip Technology Inc., 2007.
[7] Hitachi HD44780 LCD Display, Page 4 of 4, 17 Nov 1998, Bob Lineberry
[8] LCD Tutorial for interfacing with Microcontrollers Basics of Alphanumeric LCD atRickeysWorldofMicrocontrollers&Microprocessors.html
[9] Technical Information collected by Donald Weiman
H: LCDInitialization.html
[10] Online research for electrical engineers forum
https://mlabsbd.wordpress.com
APENDIX A
Assembly language code
;************************************************************
; Written by Njogu Swaleh Kamuthiere
; University Of Nairobi
; Electrical and Electronics Department
; Reg No F17/21669/2007
; Date: 09/MAY/2016
; For PIC16F690
; Clock frequency: 4MHz
;**************************************************************
; Project Title: Microcontroller Based Power Quality Monitor
_Interrupt:
MOVWF R15+0
SWAPF STATUS+0, 0
CLRF STATUS+0
MOVWF ___saveSTATUS+0
MOVF PCLATH+0, 0
MOVWF ___savePCLATH+0
CLRF PCLATH+0
; void Interrupt ()
; (TMR1)
MOVF _TMR1+0, 0
IORWF _TMR1+1, 0
BTFSC STATUS+0, 2
GOTO L_Interrupt0
;TMR1 = 0;
CLRF _TMR1+0
CLRF _TMR1+1
; TMR1L = 0xCD;
MOVLW 205
MOVWF TMR1L+0
; cnt_pf++;
INCF _cnt_pf+0, 1
BTFSC STATUS+0, 2
INCF _cnt_pf+1, 1
; }// Timer0
L_Interrupt0:
; TMR1IE_bit = 1;// enables timer0
BSF TMR1IE_bit+0, BitPos(TMR1IE_bit+0)
; TMR1IF_bit = 0;// clear flag
BCF TMR1IF_bit+0, BitPos(TMR1IF_bit+0)
; cnt_pf = 0;
CLRF _cnt_pf+0
CLRF _cnt_pf+1
; INTF_bit = 0;// clear flag for INT1
BCF INTF_bit+0, BitPos(INTF_bit+0)
L_Interrupt2:
; TMR1IE_bit = 0; //disable timer0
BCF TMR1IE_bit+0, BitPos(TMR1IE_bit+0)
; TMR1IF_bit = 0; // clear flag
BCF TMR1IF_bit+0, BitPos(TMR1IF_bit+0)
; INTF_bit = 0;//clear flag for INT0
BCF INTF_bit+0, BitPos(INTF_bit+0)
; i++;
INCF _i+0, 1
; sample[i] = cnt_pf;
MOVF _i+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
RLF R0+0, 1
BCF R0+0, 0
MOVF R0+0, 0
ADDLW _sample+0
MOVWF FSR
MOVF _cnt_pf+0, 0
MOVWF INDF+0
MOVF _cnt_pf+1, 0
INCF FSR, 1
MOVWF INDF+0
; avg_pf+=sample[i];
MOVF _i+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
RLF R0+0, 1
BCF R0+0, 0
MOVF R0+0, 0
ADDLW _sample+0
MOVWF FSR
MOVF INDF+0, 0
ADDWF _avg_pf+0, 1
INCF FSR, 1
MOVF INDF+0, 0
BTFSC STATUS+0, 0
ADDLW 1
ADDWF _avg_pf+1, 1
; if(i==5)
MOVF _i+0, 0
XORLW 5
BTFSS STATUS+0, 2
GOTO L_Interrupt5
; i = 0;
CLRF _i+0
; avg_pf/=5;
MOVLW 5
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _avg_pf+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _avg_pf+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _avg_pf+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _avg_pf+1
; final_pf_cnt = avg_pf;
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _final_pf_cnt+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _final_pf_cnt+1
; }
L_Interrupt5:
; }
L_Interrupt4:
; }
L_end_Interrupt:
L__Interrupt10:
MOVF ___savePCLATH+0, 0
MOVWF PCLATH+0
SWAPF ___saveSTATUS+0, 0
MOVWF STATUS+0
SWAPF R15+0, 1
SWAPF R15+0, 0
RETFIE
; end of _Interrupt
_main:
; void main()
; TRISA = 0XFF;// All input
MOVLW 255
MOVWF TRISA+0
; TRISB = 0XFF;//set as input
MOVLW 255
MOVWF TRISB+0
; TRISB = 0XFF;//set as input
MOVLW 255
MOVWF TRISB+0
; ADCON0 = 0x00;// all digital inputs
CLRF ADCON0+0
; ADCON1 = 0xFF;
MOVLW 255
MOVWF ADCON1+0
; LCD_Init();
CALL _Lcd_Init+0
; (_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Cmd_out_char+0
CALL _Lcd_Cmd+0
; LCD_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
MOVLW 12
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Cmd_out_char+0
CALL _Lcd_Cmd+0
; T1CON = 0xC8;
MOVLW 200
MOVWF T1CON+0
; TMR1L = 0xCD;
MOVLW 205
MOVWF TMR1L+0
; GIE_bit = 1;//global interrupt enable
BSF GIE_bit+0, BitPos(GIE_bit+0)
; TMR1IE_bit = 1;//enable timer1
BSF TMR1IE_bit+0, BitPos(TMR1IE_bit+0)
; TMR1IF_bit = 0;//clear flag
BCF TMR1IF_bit+0, BitPos(TMR1IF_bit+0)
; INTCON = 1;//enable INT1
MOVLW 1
MOVWF INTCON+0
; INTE_bit = 0;//interrupt on falling edge
BCF INTE_bit+0, BitPos(INTE_bit+0)
; INTF_bit = 0;//clear flag
BCF INTF_bit+0, BitPos(INTF_bit+0)
; INTCON = 1;//enable INT1
MOVLW 1
MOVWF INTCON+0
; INTE_bit = 0;//interrupt on falling edge
BCF INTE_bit+0, BitPos(INTE_bit+0)
; INTF_bit = 0;//clear flag
BCF INTF_bit+0, BitPos(INTF_bit+0)
; while(1)
L_main6:
; LCD_Out(1,1,"PFC Measurement...");
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW ?lstr1_pf+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
; message1[3] = final_pf_cnt/1000+48;
MOVLW 232
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 3
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message1+3
; message1[4] = (final_pf_cnt/100)%10 +48;
MOVLW 100
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message1+4
; message1[5] = (final_pf_cnt/10)%10 +48;
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message1+5
; message1[6] = final_pf_cnt%10 +48;
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message1+6
; LCD_Out(2,1,message1);
MOVLW 2
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW _message1+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
; count1 = (float)(final_pf_cnt*2*3.1416)/1000;
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _final_pf_cnt+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
RLF R0+0, 1
RLF R0+1, 1
BCF R0+0, 0
CALL _word2double+0
MOVLW 249
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 15
MOVWF R4+1
MOVLW 73
MOVWF R4+2
MOVLW 128
MOVWF R4+3
CALL _Mul_32x32_FP+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVLW 122
MOVWF R4+2
MOVLW 136
MOVWF R4+3
CALL _Div_32x32_FP+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _count1+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _count1+1
MOVF R0+2, 0
MOVWF _count1+2
MOVF R0+3, 0
MOVWF _count1+3
; angle = (float)cos(count1);
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_cos_f+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF FARG_cos_f+1
MOVF R0+2, 0
MOVWF FARG_cos_f+2
MOVF R0+3, 0
MOVWF FARG_cos_f+3
CALL _cos+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _angle+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _angle+1
MOVF R0+2, 0
MOVWF _angle+2
MOVF R0+3, 0
MOVWF _angle+3
; tlong = abs (ceil(angle*1000));
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVLW 122
MOVWF R4+2
MOVLW 136
MOVWF R4+3
CALL _Mul_32x32_FP+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+1
MOVF R0+2, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+2
MOVF R0+3, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+3
CALL _ceil+0
CALL _double2int+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_abs_a+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF FARG_abs_a+1
CALL _abs+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _tlong+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _tlong+1
MOVLW 0
BTFSC _tlong+1, 7
MOVLW 255
MOVWF _tlong+2
MOVWF _tlong+3
; message2[13] = (tlong/1000)+48;
MOVLW 232
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 3
MOVWF R4+1
CLRF R4+2
CLRF R4+3
MOVF _tlong+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF _tlong+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF _tlong+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
CALL _Div_32x32_S+0
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+13
; message2[14] = '.';
MOVLW 46
MOVWF _message2+14
; message2[15] = (tlong/100)%10+48;
MOVLW 100
MOVWF R4+0
CLRF R4+1
CLRF R4+2
CLRF R4+3
MOVF _tlong+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF _tlong+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF _tlong+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
CALL _Div_32x32_S+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
CLRF R4+1
CLRF R4+2
CLRF R4+3
CALL _Div_32x32_S+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF R8+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF R8+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+15
; message2[16] = (tlong/10)%10 + 48;
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
CLRF R4+1
CLRF R4+2
CLRF R4+3
MOVF _tlong+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF _tlong+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF _tlong+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
CALL _Div_32x32_S+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
CLRF R4+1
CLRF R4+2
CLRF R4+3
CALL _Div_32x32_S+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF R8+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF R8+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+16
; message2[17] = (tlong)%10 + 48;
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
CLRF R4+1
CLRF R4+2
CLRF R4+3
MOVF _tlong+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF _tlong+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF _tlong+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
CALL _Div_32x32_S+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVF R8+2, 0
MOVWF R0+2
MOVF R8+3, 0
MOVWF R0+3
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+17
; LCD_Out(3,1,message2);
MOVLW 3
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW _message2+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
; Delay_ms(100);
MOVLW 2
MOVWF R11+0
MOVLW 4
MOVWF R12+0
MOVLW 186
MOVWF R13+0
L_main8:
DECFSZ R13+0, 1
GOTO L_main8
DECFSZ R12+0, 1
GOTO L_main8
DECFSZ R11+0, 1
GOTO L_main8
NOP
; }// while
GOTO L_main6
; }// void main
L_end_main:
GOTO $+0
; end of _main
APENDIX B
Assembly language code
;************************************************************
; Written by Njogu Swaleh Kamuthiere
; University Of Nairobi
; Electrical and Electronics Department
; Reg No F17/21669/2007
; Date: 09/MAY/2016
; For PIC16F690
; Clock frequency: 4MHz
;**************************************************************
; Project Title: Microcontroller Based Power Quality Monitor Frequency and Amplitude measurement
_Display_Freq:
;ACPARAMETERS.c,27 :: void Display_Freq(unsigned int freq2write)
;ACPARAMETERS.c,29 :: freq[1] = (freq2write/10) + 48; // Extract tens digit
INCF _freq+0, 0
MOVWF FLOC__Display_Freq+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 1
MOVF FLOC__Display_Freq+0, 0
MOVWF FSR
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF INDF+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,30 :: freq[2] = (freq2write/1)%10 + 48; // Extract ones digit
MOVLW 2
ADDWF _freq+0, 0
MOVWF FLOC__Display_Freq+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 1
MOVF FLOC__Display_Freq+0, 0
MOVWF FSR
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF INDF+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,32 :: Lcd_Out(2, 11, freq);
MOVLW 2
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 11
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVF _freq+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,33 :: Lcd_Out(2,14,"Hz");
MOVLW 2
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 14
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW ?lstr2_ACPARAMETERS+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,34 :: }
L_end_Display_Freq:
RETURN
; end of _Display_Freq
_main:
;ACPARAMETERS.c,35 :: void main()
;ACPARAMETERS.c,37 :: TRISA = 0xFF; // set all pins of PORT A as input
MOVLW 255
MOVWF TRISA+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,38 :: TRISB = 0x00; // set all pins as output
CLRF TRISB+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,39 :: PORTC = 0x00; // clear port C
CLRF PORTC+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,40 :: PORTB = 0x00; // clear port B
CLRF PORTB+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,41 :: ADCON1=0x00; // set all Analog
CLRF ADCON1+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,42 :: Delay_ms(1000);
MOVLW 11
MOVWF R11+0
MOVLW 38
MOVWF R12+0
MOVLW 93
MOVWF R13+0
L_main0:
DECFSZ R13+0, 1
GOTO L_main0
DECFSZ R12+0, 1
GOTO L_main0
DECFSZ R11+0, 1
GOTO L_main0
NOP
NOP
;ACPARAMETERS.c,44 :: OPTION_REG = 0b00101000; // set TOCKI as clock counter
MOVLW 40
MOVWF OPTION_REG+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,46 :: Lcd_Init();
CALL _Lcd_Init+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,47 :: Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Cmd_out_char+0
CALL _Lcd_Cmd+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,48 :: Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF);
MOVLW 12
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Cmd_out_char+0
CALL _Lcd_Cmd+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,50 :: Lcd_Out(1,1,"Measurement of");
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW ?lstr3_ACPARAMETERS+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,51 :: Lcd_Out(2,1,"AC parameter ");
MOVLW 2
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW ?lstr4_ACPARAMETERS+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,52 :: Delay_ms(2000);
MOVLW 21
MOVWF R11+0
MOVLW 75
MOVWF R12+0
MOVLW 190
MOVWF R13+0
L_main1:
DECFSZ R13+0, 1
GOTO L_main1
DECFSZ R12+0, 1
GOTO L_main1
DECFSZ R11+0, 1
GOTO L_main1
NOP
;ACPARAMETERS.c,54 :: Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR);
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Cmd_out_char+0
CALL _Lcd_Cmd+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,56 :: while(1)
L_main2:
;ACPARAMETERS.c,59 :: max_point0 = 0;
CLRF _max_point0+0
CLRF _max_point0+1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,60 :: for(i=0;i<5000;i++)
CLRF _i+0
CLRF _i+1
L_main4:
MOVLW 19
SUBWF _i+1, 0
BTFSS STATUS+0, 2
GOTO L__main12
MOVLW 136
SUBWF _i+0, 0
L__main12:
BTFSC STATUS+0, 0
GOTO L_main5
;ACPARAMETERS.c,62 :: ADCON0 = 0b00000001;
MOVLW 1
MOVWF ADCON0+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,63 :: if(temp0 = ADC_Read(0),temp0>max_point0)
CLRF FARG_ADC_Read_channel+0
CALL _ADC_Read+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _temp0+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _temp0+1
MOVF R0+1, 0
SUBWF _max_point0+1, 0
BTFSS STATUS+0, 2
GOTO L__main13
MOVF R0+0, 0
SUBWF _max_point0+0, 0
L__main13:
BTFSC STATUS+0, 0
GOTO L_main7
;ACPARAMETERS.c,65 :: max_point0 = temp0;
MOVF _temp0+0, 0
MOVWF _max_point0+0
MOVF _temp0+1, 0
MOVWF _max_point0+1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,66 :: }
L_main7:
;ACPARAMETERS.c,67 :: Delay_us(5);
MOVLW 3
MOVWF R13+0
L_main8:
DECFSZ R13+0, 1
GOTO L_main8
;ACPARAMETERS.c,60 :: for(i=0;i<5000;i++)
INCF _i+0, 1
BTFSC STATUS+0, 2
INCF _i+1, 1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,68 :: }
GOTO L_main4
L_main5:
;ACPARAMETERS.c,70 :: max_point0 = abs(ceil((long)max_point0));
MOVF _max_point0+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _max_point0+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CLRF R0+2
CLRF R0+3
CALL _longint2double+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+1
MOVF R0+2, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+2
MOVF R0+3, 0
MOVWF FARG_ceil_x+3
CALL _ceil+0
CALL _double2int+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_abs_a+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF FARG_abs_a+1
CALL _abs+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _max_point0+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _max_point0+1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,72 :: tlong0 = (long)max_point0*(5/255)*11*220/12; // find the peak amplitude of the line
CLRF _tlong0+0
CLRF _tlong0+1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,73 :: tlong1 = (long)max_point0*((5/255)*11*220/12)*0.707; // find the rms value of the linevoltage
CLRF R0+0
CLRF R0+1
CLRF R0+2
CLRF R0+3
CALL _longint2double+0
MOVLW 244
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 253
MOVWF R4+1
MOVLW 52
MOVWF R4+2
MOVLW 126
MOVWF R4+3
CALL _Mul_32x32_FP+0
CALL _double2word+0
MOVF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _tlong1+0
MOVF R0+1, 0
MOVWF _tlong1+1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,75 :: message1[3] = tlong0/100 + 48; // convert into ASCII
MOVLW 48
MOVWF _message1+3
;ACPARAMETERS.c,76 :: message1[4] = (tlong0/10)%10 +48; // convert into ASCII
MOVLW 48
MOVWF _message1+4
;ACPARAMETERS.c,77 :: message1[5] = (tlong0)%10 +48; // convert into ASCII
MOVLW 48
MOVWF _message1+5
;ACPARAMETERS.c,78 :: Lcd_Out(1,1,message1); // Display message on LCD
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW _message1+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,80 :: RC0_bit = ~RC0_bit;
MOVLW
XORWF RC0_bit+0, 1
;ACPARAMETERS.c,82 :: message2[4] = tlong1/100 + 48; // convert into ASCII
MOVLW 100
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _tlong1+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong1+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+4
;ACPARAMETERS.c,83 :: message2[5] = (tlong1/10)%10 +48; // convert into ASCII
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _tlong1+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong1+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+5
;ACPARAMETERS.c,84 :: message2[6] = (tlong1)%10 +48; // convert into ASCII
MOVLW 10
MOVWF R4+0
MOVLW 0
MOVWF R4+1
MOVF _tlong1+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF _tlong1+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
CALL _Div_16X16_U+0
MOVF R8+0, 0
MOVWF R0+0
MOVF R8+1, 0
MOVWF R0+1
MOVLW 48
ADDWF R0+0, 0
MOVWF _message2+6
;ACPARAMETERS.c,85 :: Lcd_Out(1,9,message2); // Display message on LCD
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 9
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW _message2+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,87 :: TMR0=0; // clear TMR0
CLRF TMR0+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,88 :: Delay_ms(1000); // Delay 1 Sec
MOVLW 11
MOVWF R11+0
MOVLW 38
MOVWF R12+0
MOVLW 93
MOVWF R13+0
L_main9:
DECFSZ R13+0, 1
GOTO L_main9
DECFSZ R12+0, 1
GOTO L_main9
DECFSZ R11+0, 1
GOTO L_main9
NOP
NOP
;ACPARAMETERS.c,89 :: Lcd_Out(2,1,"FREQUENCY:");
MOVLW 2
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_row+0
MOVLW 1
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_column+0
MOVLW ?lstr5_ACPARAMETERS+0
MOVWF FARG_Lcd_Out_text+0
CALL _Lcd_Out+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,90 :: Display_Freq(TMR0/2); // divide by 2
MOVF TMR0+0, 0
MOVWF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+0
CLRF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+1
RRF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+0, 1
BCF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+0, 7
MOVLW 0
MOVWF FARG_Display_Freq_freq2write+1
CALL _Display_Freq+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,91 :: TMR0=0;
CLRF TMR0+0
;ACPARAMETERS.c,93 :: }// while
GOTO L_main2
;ACPARAMETERS.c,94 :: }// void main
L_end_main:
GOTO $+0
; end of _main
START
PROJECT PLAN
PROJECT DESIGN
HARDWARE DESIGN SOFTWARE DESIGN
HARDWARESELECTION
PROGRAMMER SELECTION
CIRCUIT SIMULATION
CIRCUIT CONSTRUCTION
IS THE CIRCUIT WORKING
WRITE CODE
IS THE CODE WORKING
NO
NO
LINK CIRCUIT WITH PROGRAM
FINAL TEST
FINISH
YES
YES
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