UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN AND AROUND DEBIREBIRHAN CITY

UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

PREVALENCE OF BOVINE FASCIOLOSIS IN AND AROUND DEBIREBIRHAN CITY

,……..East/West….Ethiopia???

BY BINIAM ESAYAS

ADVISOR: BIRHANU AYELE (DVM, MSVE,

Ass. Prof.)

NOVEMBER, 2014

DEBREBRHAN, ETHIOPIA

Table of Contents

LIST OF ABBRVIATIONS..........................................II1. INTRODUCTION................................................12. LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................32.1General overview of bovine fasciolosis.....................32.2.1 Etiology..............................................32.2.2 Taxonomic classification..............................42.2.3 Morphology............................................4

2.3 Epidemiology..............................................42.4 Life cycle................................................62.5 Pathogenesis..............................................62.6 Clinical signs............................................72.7 Diagnosis.................................................82.8 Treatment.................................................82.9 Prevention and control....................................9

2.2.

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS.......................................113.1 Study area...............................................113.2 Study population.........................................113.3 Study Design and Sample size determination...............113.4 Data collection..........................................123.5 Feacal sample collection.................................123.6 Examination of fecal samples.............................123.7 Identification of Fasciola species.......................133.8 Data Management and Analysis.............................13

4. Work plan..................................................145. REFERENCES.................................................15

LIST OF ABBRVIATIONSELISA Enzyme Linked Sorbet Assay

IH

Intermediate host

GLDH

Glutamate dehydrogenase

GGT Gamma

glutamate transferase

CDC

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

LDH

Lactate dehydrogenase

1.INTRODUCTION

Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important parasitic disease

of cattle caused by Fasciolidae trematodes of the genus Fasciola.

The two most important species of this genus, F.hepatica and

F.gigantica, are commonly known as liver flukes Fasciolagigantica

and Fasciola hepatica can infect a wide variety of domesticated

animals, wildlife and people(Howell et al., 2012).

The disease is caused by the trematode Fasciola hepatica, which has a

cosmopolitan distribution (Radostits et al., 2007). Infection with

Fasciola gigantica is regarded as one of the most common single

helminth infection of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Its economic

importance is mostly obvious when the disease causes mortality,

but even subclinical infections have been shown to cause high

losses from reduced feed efficiency, weight gains, milk

production, reproductive performance, carcass quality and work

output in draught animals, and from condemnation of livers at

slaughter (Pfukenyi1, 2006).

Active infections of F. gigantica in cattle are common in lower

altitude settings but appear to diminish with increasing

elevation. This is likely due to a growing paucity of

intermediate hosts, specifically populations of Lymneae natalensis

for which a natural boundary of 1800 meters appeared. Although F.

hepatica was not encountered, the presence of several populations

1

of Lymneae truncatula at elevations over 3000 m point towards a

potential transmission zone (Howell et al., 2012).

The liver fluke infection occurs in ruminants, resulting in poor

productivity, reduced milk yields and condemned livers at

slaughter (Van Dijket al., 2010). It is an economically significant

parasite in livestock and is emerging as an important zoonotic

infection in human.The incidence of the disease in bovines has

increased worldwide in recent years as a possible consequence of

global climate changes (Fairweather, 2011).

Fasciolosis can present as subclinical, acute, subacute, or

chronic based on the number of metacercariae ingested. The acute

and subacute forms of the disease are primarily due to mechanical

damage caused by simultaneous migration of immature flukes in the

hepatic parenchyma (Müller, 2007). Chronic fasciolosis develops

when the adult parasites migrate to the bile ducts and cause

cholangitis, biliary obstruction, and fibrosis (Radostits et al.,

2007).

Fasciolosis outbreaks with a high mortality rate occur in sheep

(Fiss et al., 2012). However, fasciolosis is not lethal in cattle,

and bovines rarely acquire the acute form of the parasitosis

(Müller, 2007).

The complex nature of the lifecycle and epidemiologyof this

snail-borne disease presents challenges for predictive mapping at

the herd-level, as well as disease managementand animal husbandry

at the individual-level (Howell et al.,2012).2

Infection of domestic ruminants with F. hepatica (temperate liver

fluke) and F. gigantica(tropical liverfluke) causes significant

economic loss. Recently world wide losses in animal productivity

due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2

billion perannum.In addition fasciolosis is now recognized as

anemerging human disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has

estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola and

180 million are at risk of infection. Among the animal diseases

that hinder the animal health are fasciolosis have great economic

impact, especially in developing countries. Ethiopia owns huge

number of ruminants having high contribution for meat consumption

and generatescash income from export of live animals, meat,

edible organs and skin. In spite of the presence of huge ruminant

population, Ethiopia fails to optimally exploit these resources

due to a number of factors such as recurrent drought,

infrastructures problem, rampant animal diseases, poor nutrition,

poor husbandry practices, shortage of trained man power and lack

of government policies for disease prevention and control

(Mekonnen, 2012).Therefore the objective of the study will be:-To

determine the prevalence of fasciolosis infection in cattle in

and around. Debre Brhan city.

3

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

 2.1General overview of bovine fasciolosis

Fasciola parasites are large hermaphrodites worm with leaf shaped

body and spiny cuticle (Hansen and perry, 2005). Fasciola hepatica is

a trematode (fluke) parasite that infests humans and many species

of animals. F. hepatica is the usual cause of fascioliasis. It is

one of the largest flukes, measuring up to 3.5 cm by 1.5 cm. The

parasite lives in the liver and bile duct. Its hosts include

herbivorous mammals and it is found in 46 species of domestic and

wild animals as well as man. The intermediate host is the Lymnaea

genus of snail which lives in marshy areas and

standingwater(Tayloretal.,2007).

Fasciolagigantica may also cause similar human disease, and several

other species cause disease in animals. Fasciolahalli and

Fasciolacalifornica infest sheep and cattle in the USA and may be

synonymous with Fasciolajacksoni which infests elephants in Africa

and India, Fasciolanyanzae whose host is the hippopotamus, and

Fasciola magna which infests mostly deer, but also cattle and sheep

(http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Fasciola-Hepatica.htm#, 2013.,

Fiss et al., 2012).

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 2.2 Etiology and its general feature

2.2.1 Etiology

Fasciolosis is caused by parasitic flat worms of liver fluke

which infest the liver of various animals specially sheep and

cattle (Taylor et al., 2007).Infection of domestic ruminants with F.

hepatica (temperate liver fluke) and F. gigantic (tropical liverfluke)

are most common causes of fascoilosis(Walker et al., 2008).

2.2.2 Taxonomic classification

Taxonomic classification of fasciola presented in the phylum

platy helminthes, class trematoda sub class digenea, super family

fasciolidea, genus fasaciola and species F. hepatica and F.gigantica

(Dunn ,1998; soulsby, 1982).

2.2.3 Morphology

Grossly, the young flukeat the time of entry in to the liver is

1. 2mm in length and lancet like in appreance. When it becomes

fully mature in the bile ducts, it is leaf shape, grey brown in

color and round. It is around 3.5 cm in length and one cm in

width. The anterior end is conical and marked off by distinct

shoulder from the body (Urquhart et al., 1996). Adult F.hepatica has

flat leaf like body typical of flukes and measures 20-30 mm in

length and 8-15 cm in diameter wide (Dunn, 1998). It has anterior

elongation (a cephalic cone) on which oral and ventral suckers

5

are approximately of equal size are located. The intestine of

adult parasites highly branched with numerous diverticulae

extending from anterior to posterior end of body. A pair of

testes also highly branched and located in the posterior half of

the body. The relative compact, ovary located just above the

testes and linked to short convoluted uterus opening to genital

pore above the ventral sucker. The vitelleria are highly diffuse

and branched in the lateral and posterior region of the body.

F.gigantica is a parasite very similar to F. hepatica and its length

may vary from 25-75mm long and 15mm wide. In addition cephalic

cone is proportionally shorter than that of F.hepatica and its body

even more leaf like in shape (soulsby, 1982). The young fluke at

the time of entry in to the liver is 1-2mm in length, lancet like

and undifferentiated from that of F.hepatica (Taylor et al., 2007).

Microscopically the tegument is backwardly projecting spines. An

oral and ventral sucker may be readily seen. The egg is oval,

operculated, yellow and large (150 by 90micro meter), and about

twice the size of trichostrogyle egg (Urquhart et al., 1996).

2.3 Epidemiology

Flukes found all over the world being totally depends on water as

the medium for infection of both the intermediate and definitive

hosts (kassai, 1999).They are very discriminating in their choice

of snail hosts(Bowman, 2003).

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F. hepatica is a temperate species and found in all continents

including highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya except Antarctica. F.

hepatica is the major cause of liver fluke diseases in Ethiopia

and its tropical counterpart, infects various animal species, but

mostly herbivores. It affects ruminants much more than man (Yilma

and Malone, 1998).

Fascioliasis is one of the most economically important parasitic

diseases of livestock, causing disease in sheep and other

domestic animals in Latin America, Africa, Europe, and China. Of

the 750 million people who live in endemic areas, over 40 million

are thought to be infected in total by food-borne trematodes.

Specific figures for F. hepatica are estimated at 2.4 million in 61

countries and the number at risk is more than 180 million

throughout the world.It is most common in Bolivia, Ecuador, Egypt

and Peru, but is also found in European countries, including

France, the UK, Spain and Portugal. The incidence has apparently

increased over the last 20 years (Fisset al., 2012 or available at

http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Fasciola-Hepatica.htm#, 2o14).

F.gigantica on the other hand is widely distributed in tropical

countries of Africa and Asia. In Ethiopia, it is found at

altitude below 1200-2560mean above sea level. Mixed infection by

two species can be encountered at 1200-1800 meters mean above sea

level (Yilma and Malone, 1998).

Human and animal fasciolosis occurs worldwide. While animal

fasciolosis is distributed in countries with high cattle and7

sheep production, human fasciolosis occurs, excepting Western

Europe, in developing countries. Fasciolosis occurs only in areas

where suitable conditions for intermediate hosts exist (Torgerson

and Claxton, 1999). The IH is a fresh water snail of the genus

lymnae. L.natalensis (truely aquatic) and L.truncatula(amphibious)

(Taylor et al., 2007) is the most important im host for F.hepatica

in different parts of the world (Kassai, et al., 1999).and in

ethiopia (Grabber, 1978). It is an amphibious or mid dwelling

snail which prefers moist temperature conditions (15-22°C) though

it appears that variants found in the tropics have adaptation to

higher temperature mostly in the lowland areas and can breed and

survive at 26°C with sufficient moisture. The intermediate host

of F.gigantica is L.natalensis and L.acuminate (Elmahdi et al; 2004).

L.natalensis is recognized intermediate hosts for F.gigantica.

L.acuminate is a strictly aquatic snail often found in Africa

(yilma and Malone, 1998).

2.4 Life cycle

Fasciola eggs are passed in the feces or immature eggs are

discharged in the biliary ducts and in the stool. The eggs

release miracidia, which invade a suitable snail intermediate

host. In the snail the parasites develop into cercariae, which

are released from the snail and encyst as metacercariae on

aquatic vegetation or other surfaces. Mammals become infected by

eating contaminated vegetation. After ingestion, the

metacercariae encyst in the duodenum and migrate through the

8

intestinal wall, the peritoneal cavity, and the liver parenchyma

into the biliary ducts, where they develop into adults. The adult

flukes live in the large biliary ducts of the mammalian host.

Humans become infected by ingesting contaminated freshwater

plants, especially watercress. Human infection by consumption of

raw liver from infected sheep, goats, and cows has also been

reported (Merk, 2007).

 2.5 Pathogenesis

The development of infection in definitive host is divided into

two phases: the parenchymal (migratory) phase and the biliary

phase(Dubinský, 1993; Andrew, 1999).The parenchymal phase begins

when excysted juvenile flukes penetrate the intestinal wall.

After the penetration of the intestine, flukes migrate within the

abdominal cavity and penetrate the liver or other organs. F.

hepatica has a strong predilection for the tissues of the liver.

Occasionally, ectopic locations of flukes such as the lungs,

diaphragm, intestinal wall, kidneys, and subcutaneous tissue can

occur. During the migration of flukes, tissues are mechanically

destroyed and inflammation appears around migratory tracks of

flukes. The second phase (the biliary phase) begins when

parasites enter the biliary ducts of the liver. In biliary ducts,

flukes mature, feed on blood, and produce eggs. Hypertrophy of

biliar ducts associated with obstruction of the lumen occurs as a

result of tissue damage (Behm and Sangster, 1999). The fibrotic

response of liver to fluke induced damage varies with host. The

9

sever reaction in cattle, which induce calcification of the bile

ducts, appear to hider the establishments and feeding of

challenge infections there by re- enforcing immune response

(Radiostits et al; 2007). It must be emphasized that diarrhea is

not a feature of bovine fasciolosis unless complicated by the

presence of ostertagiosis (Taylor et al; 2007).

2.6 Clinical signsClinical signs of fasciolosis are always closely associated with

infectious dose (amount of ingested metacercariae). In sheep and

cattle are, as the most common definitive host, clinical

presentation is divided into 4 types:Acute Type I Fasciolosis:

infectious dose is more than 5000 ingested metacercariae. Sheep

suddenly die without any previous clinical signs. Ascites,

abdominal haemorrhage , icterus, pallor of membranes, weakness may

be observed in sheep.Acute Type II Fasciolosis: infectious dose

is 1000-5000 ingested metacercariae. As above, sheep die but

briefly show pallor, loss of condition and

ascites.SubacuteFasciolosis: infectious dose is 800-1000 ingested

metacercariae. Sheep are lethargic, anemic and may die. Weight

loss is dominant feature.Chronic Fasciolosis: infectious dose is

200-800 ingested metacercariae. It is the most clinical syndrome

in sheep and cattle.It occur when the parasite reaches hepatic

bile duct Asymptomatic or gradual development of bottle jaw and

10

ascites (ventral edema), emaciation, weight loss (Behm and

Sangster, 1999; Taylor et al; 2007)

In blood, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and eosinophilia may be

observed in all types of fasciolosis.Elevation of liver enzyme

activities, such a glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gamma-

glutamyltransferase (GGT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), is

detected in subacute or chronic fasciolosis from 12-15 week after

ingestion of metacercariae. Economical effect of fasciolosis in

sheep consists in sudden deaths of animals as well as in

reduction of weight gain and wool production. In goats and

cattle, the clinical manifestation is similar to sheep. However,

acquired resistance to F. hepatica infection is well known in adult

cattle. Calves are susceptible to disease but in excess of 1000

metacercariae are usually required to cause clinical fasciolosis.

In this case the disease is similar to sheep and is characterized

by weight loss, anemia, hypoalbuminemia and (after infection with

10,000 metacercariae) death. Importance of cattle fasciolosis

consist in economic losses caused by condemnation of livers at

slaughter and production losses especially due to reduced weight

gain (Phiri et al., 2006).

In sheep and sometimes cattle, the damaged liver tissue may

become infected by the Clostridium bacteria C. novyitype B. The

bacteria will release toxins into the bloodstream resulting in

what is known as black disease. There is no cure and death

follows quickly. As C. novyi is common in the environment, black

11

disease is found wherever populations of liver flukes and sheep

overlap (Taylor et al; 2007).

2.7 Diagnosis

A tentative dx of fasciolosis is may be established basedon prior

knowledge of the epidemiology of the disease in a given

environment; observation of clinical signs, information on

grazing history and seasonal occurrence. Confirmatory diagnosis,

however, is based on demonstration of fasciola eggs through

standard examination of feces in the

laboratory;postmortemexamination of infected animals and

demonstration of immature and mature flukes in the liver (Khan,

2005).

Oval, operculated, goden brown egg, 130-150 by 65-90 micro

meters, must be distinguished from those of paraphistomosis,

which are larger and clear egg of F.hepatica,cannot be

demonstrated in feces during acute fasciolosis. In Sub acute

/chronic cases in cattle, the number varies from day to day, and

repeated feacalexamination may be required. Diagnosis can be

aided by an ELISA (commercially available in Europe) that enables

diagnosis 2-3 weeks after infection and well before the prepatent

period. Plasma concentration of gamaglutamate trasferase, which

are increased the bile duct damage are also helpful during the

late maturation period when flukes are in the bile ducts (Merk,

2007).

12

The simple sedimentation technique using tape water (cup

sedimentation) has shown to be superior to other concentration

techniques (merthiolate iodine formaldehyde or formaldehyde ether

concentration) and also katokatz thick smear method. Since eggs

are not shed continuously, repeated examination are necessary and

examination may fail despite the presence of flukes. A single

positive result is not proof either, since eggs of liver flukes

with in contaminated beef liver pass the intestinal tract of the

host without morphological alteration (Krauss et al., 2003).

2.8 Treatment

A number of drugs have been used in control fasciolosis in

animals. Drugs differ in their efficacy, mode of action, price,

and viability (Fairweather, 1998). Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the

most widely used drug for the control of fasciolosis in

ruminants. It is highly effective against immature and adult

stages of Fasciolaspp. and frequent treatments within the prepatent

period can reduce the fluke infection to a negligible level (Moll

et al,2000).

 Triclabendazole (Fasinex) is considered as the most common drug

due to its high efficacy against adult as well as juvenile

flukes. Triclabendazole is used in control of fasciolosis of

livestock in many countries. Nevertheless, long-term veterinary

use of triclabendazole has caused appearance of resistance in F.

hepatica. In animals, triclabendazole resistance was first

described in Australia,later in Irelandand Scotlandand more

13

recently in the Netherlands (Mitchelletal, 1998). Considering this

fact, scientists have started to work on the development of new

drug. Recently, a new fasciolicide was successfully tested in

naturally and experimentally infected cattle in Mexico. This new

drug is called 'Compound Alpha' and is chemically very similar to

triclabendazole (Molletal., 2000; Ibarra etal, 2004).

Albendazole is braodspecrum drug especially for use against

cestodes and flukes. Closentel will kill the majoriy of flukes

greater than 4 weeks old. Clorsulon is applied in combination

with ivermectin for combined flukes and round worm control both

immature and adult (Kahn, 2005).

Nitroxynil and oxyclosanide are less effective against immature

flukes and should be used in the treatment of chronic fasciolosis

(adult flukes). Treated cattle should be moved to clean pastures

wherever possible (NADIS, 2007).

2.9 Prevention and control

Generally control of fasciolosis can be achieved by reducing the

IH (snail) , by chemical or biological, strategic application of

antihelmethics and reduction of the number of snail by drainage ,

fencing and other management practice and reduction in the risk

of infection by planned grazing management (Hendrix, 1998).

Water-grown vegetables should be washed with 6% vinegar or

potassium permanganate for 5-10 minutes, which kills the encysted

metacercariae. This approach is more successful than attempts to

14

halt the consumption of raw vegetables. Cook water-grown

vegetables thoroughly before eating. Avoid sewage contamination

of growing areas. Use of molluscicides is the most frequent

public health intervention, as it prevents the transmission of

many other trematodes, including Schistosoma species (Kahn, 2005).

Treatment of animals to reduce the reservoir and reduce stock

losses has been used. Until the introduction of single-dose

triclabendazole, bithionol was the only available treatment, much

limited by expense and treatment duration.In some areas of the

world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control

programs are in place or are planned. The types of control

measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic,

and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of

watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual

people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and

other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. As

always, travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food

and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown

in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water

should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially

infected animals.No vaccine is available to protect people

against Fasciolainfection.For the future, vaccination would seem to

be a feasible option (CDC, 2013).

Control measures for fasciola species ideally should involve

removal of flukes in affected animals,reduction of the

15

intermediate host snail population and prevention of livestock

access to snail infected pasture(Merk, 2007). In prophylactic

uses of fluke antihelmenthics is aimed at; reducing pasture

contamination by fluke egg at atime most suitable for their

development; removing fluke population at atime of heavy burdens

or at a period of nutritional and pregnancy stressto the animal

(Urquhart, 1996).

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Study area

16

The study will be conducted at DebreBrihan town and its

surrounding from October 2015 to April 2016.Which is found

Amihara regional state situated at 130 km northeast of Addis

Ababa. The town DebireBirhan geographically located at lat. 090

31/ N and long 390 28/ E with an altitude of 2780m a.s.l. This

area is mountainous with large plane grazing lands and dissected

by two rivers, namely Dalicha and Beriesa. The rainy season of

this area extends from February to April, June to September while

the dry season extends from November to January. The mean annual

temperature of DebireBirhan is 12.9 where the minimum and maximum

temperature is 6.10c and 19.90c respectively. The average annual

rain fall is 905.4mm and relative humidity is 62.3%. The minimum

(1.70c) and maximum (21.6oc) temperature are registered in

November and July respectively. The livestock population in the

area comprises of cattle (2984), goat (115), sheep (5912), horse

(169) and poultry (5190) (Zerihune, A., 2006).

3.2 Study population

Study will be conduct from October 2014 to April 2015 in and

around Debre Brhan. A total number of 384 animals will randomly

select to determine the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis which

mostly include (all cattle types) adult, young, males,

females,indigenous or cross breed and/ pure Holstein Friesian

cattle.

3.3 Study Design and Sample size determination

17

The study will be cross-sectional study from October 2013 to

april 2014 whereby the study animals will selecte around Debre

Brebrhan city using simple random sampling in such a way that by

taking the list of animals diagnose in around the city.

To calculate the total sample size, the following parameters were

used: 95% level of confidence (CL), 5% desired level of precision

and with the assumption of 50% expected prevalence of

fasciolosis, the sample sizes was determined using the formula

given in (Thrusfield , 2005).

N= 1.96 2 Pexp 1-Pexp

d2

n = required sample size, Pexp = expected prevalence, d =

Desired absolute precision

Therefore, based on the above formula the total sample sizes will

be calculating 384 each.

3.4 Data collection

While collecting fecal samples from study animals, all data is

recording with pre-designed format and enter in to computer using

microsft excel spread sheet. The individual animal details such

as animal, sex, age, place and breed are also registere together.

18

3.5 Feacal sample collection

The initial identification of the animal detail will be taking

and recording. Feacal samples are collecting directly from the

rectum of the animal. The faecal sample is then putting 10%

formalin filled universal sampling bottle. After labeling with

specific identification number each sample will be taking and

diagnosis into Debre Brebrhan vet. Clinic parasitology laboratory

for coprological examination.

3.6 Examination of fecal samples

Sedimentation technique is employing to assess the presences of

fasciola egg through repeating dilution of the fecal suspension

and sedimentation of the eggs, which are heavier than most of the

fecal particles (Hansen and pretty, 1994). Allcollecting fecal

samples will be examined at Debre Brhan vet. clinic

parasitology laborator

3.7 Identification of Fasciola species

Fluke sample were collected from liver affected by fasciolosis

during pm inspection and added to universal bottles labeled,

preserved by 10% formalin and then taking in to Debre Brebrhan

veterinary clinic parasitology laboratory. Fluke samples were

added on sieve and water was poured on it to get fluke clean.

19

Finally flukes get on petridish for identification purpose under

stereo MicroScope. Representative Sample will take from both spp

and measured to determine their lengh versus width on slide.

Investigation and Identification of Fasciolawas done according to

their distinct morphological characteristics following the

standard guidelines given by Urquhart et al.

Liver Examination: The liver of each study animal will carefully

examine for presence of lesions suggestive of Fasciola infection

externally and sliced for confirmation. Liver flukes will recover

for differential count by cutting the infected liver into fine,

approximately 1cm, slices with a sharp knife according to Hansen

and Perry. Each mature fluke will identify to species level

according to its shape and size.

3.8 Data Management and Analysis

Data will be store in a Microsoft Excel spread sheet and analyze

using statistical software and Prevalence rate is b/n the

parameters like age , breed, and sex will be analize.A 95%

confidence interval and 5% significance level are using to

determine whether there is significant difference in the measured

parameters. Statistical association of Fasciolaprevalence with

body condition of the animals was analyze using logistic

regression analysis. All animals (adult, young, male, female,

exotic or cross) including in this study.

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4. Work plan

N

0

Activity Octo

ber

Novemb

er

Decemb

er

Janu

ary

Febru

ary

mar

ch

ap

ri

l

ju

ne

1 Literature

search

2 Proposal

development

3 Purchase of

the required

materials

and

equipments

4 Data

collection

5 Data entry

and analysis

6 Thesis write

up

7 Submissionof

thesis

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8 Thesisdefense

5. REFERENCES

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Bovine Medicine. Diseases and Husbandry of cattle.2nd ed.

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Behm, C.A., Sangster, N.C., 1999. Pathology, pathophysiology and

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Bowman, D.D. (2003): Georgis, Parasitology for Veterinarians. 8th

ed. Philadelphia, USA.Saunder. Pp. 120-155.

CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), (2013): Global

Health - Division of Parasitic Diseases. Available on

www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/facsciolosis.Htm).

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CSA, Central Statistics Agency, Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia (2006): Agricultural Sample Survey 2006/07, volume II, Report on livestock and

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The Internet Journal of Veterinary Medicine Volume 3 Number 2

The Internet Journal of Veterinary Medicine Volume 3 Number 2

Original Article

The Prevalence and Economic Significance of Bovine Fasciolosis at Jimma, Abattoir, Ethiopia

T Tolosa, W Tigre

Keywordseconomic significance, ethiopia, fasciolosis, jimma municipality abattoir, local adult cattle, prevalence

CitationT Tolosa, W Tigre. The Prevalence and Economic Significance of Bovine Fasciolosis at Jimma, Abattoir, Ethiopia. The Internet Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2006

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Volume 3 Number 2.

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the prevalence rate and the economic significance of bovine Fasciolosis in Jimma municipality abattoir by using post-mortem examination of liver of each slaughteredanimal in particular and secondary data analysis. The objectives of the study were to determine the overall prevalence rate and economic significance of bovine fasciolosis in Jimma municipality abattoir and to determine the most prevalent species of liver fluke in indigenous adult cattle slaughtered in the abattoir and thus, in the localities from where these food animals were provided for slaughtering. From thetotal number of cattle slaughtered (468) during the study period 46.58% (218) of them were found to be positive for Fasciolosis. F. hepatica was found to the most liver fluke species affecting cattle slaughtered in the study area. 63.89 % of the total livers found to bepositive for bovine Fasciolosis were infected by F. hepatica whereas F. gigantica and unidentified or immature forms of fasciola species recovered were 24.07 % and 12.04 % respectively. In line to the economic importance of bovine Fasciolosis in the study area, the problem caused loss of an average of 148.12 and 54,063.34 Ethiopian birr per day and annum, respectively and thus found to have significant economic importance.

Introduction

Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important parasitic disease of cattle caused by Fasciolidae of the genus Fasciola. The two most important species of this genus, , are commonly known as liver flukes.

Generally, the distributioin of fasciolosis is worldwide, however, thedistribution of F.hepatica, is limited to temperate areas and highlands of tropical and sub-tropical regions (Soulsby 1986). The definitive hosts for are most mammals among which sheep and cattle arethe most important once. The geographic distribution of trematode

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species is dependent on the distribution of suitable species of snails. The genus Lymnaea in general and L.trancatula in particular isthe most common intermediate hosts for . This species of snail was reported to have a worldwide distribution (Urquhart el al 1996).

The presence of fasciolosis due to and in Ethiopia has long been knownand its prevalence and economic significance has been reported by several workers; different works so far conducted in Ethiopia reportedvariable prevalence rates of bovine fascioosis in different localitiesof the country (Getu 1987; Abebe 1988; Mulugeta 1993; Dagne 1994; Wondwosen 1990; Yosef 1993; Adem 1994; Mezgebu 1995). In Ethiopia, theprevalence of bovine fasciolosis has shown to range from 11.5% to 87% (Malone et al 1998). The study conducted at Dire Dawa revealed that out of 2224 cattle slaughtered in the abattoir, the prevalence of fasciolosis has been found to be 14.4% in which Fasciola hepatica was observed to be the most commonly recovered fluke species (Daniel 1995). F. hepatica was shown to be the most important fluke species inEthiopian livestock with distribution over three quarter of the nationexcept in the arid north-east and east of the county. The distributionof F. gigantica was mainly localized in the western humid zone of the country that encompasses approximately one fourth of the nation (Malone et al 1998). Moreover, the studies also showed that fasciolosis has higher economic significance on animal production and productivity. The economic losses due to fasciolosis throughout the world are enormous and these losses are associated with mortality, morbidity, reduced growth rate, condemnation of fluky, liver, increased susceptibility to secondary infections and expense due to control measures (Malone et al 1998). A rough estimate of the economicloss due to decreased productivity caused by bovine fasciolosis is about 350 million birr per annual (Bahiru and Ephrem 1979). According to the study conducted by Abdul (1992) and Daniel (1995) a total economic loss of about154, 188 and 215,000 Ethiopian birr per annum incattle were reported due to fasciolosis at Ziway and Dire Dawa municipal slaughterhouses, respectively.

Diagnosis is based primarily on clinical signs, seasonal occurrence, previous history of fasciolosis on the farm or the identification of

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snail habitats; postmortem examination, haematological tests and examination of faeces for fluke eggs. Even though, it is impossible todetect fasciola in live animals, liver examination at slaughter or necropsy was found to be the most direct, reliable, and cost effectivetechnique for the diagnosis of fasciolosis (Urquhart et al 1996).

Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and the economic significance of bovine fasciolosis due to organ condemnation in Jimma municipality abattoir.

Materials and Methods

Description of the Study Area

The study was conducted in Jimma zone, Southwestern part of Ethiopia at Jimma municipality abattoir. Jimma town, the capital of Jimma zone is located in Oromia Regional Administration, 346 km Southwest of Addis Ababa at latitude of about 7013'-8056' N and longitude of about 35052'-37037' E, and at an elevation ranging from 880 m to 3360 m above sea level. The study area receives a mean annual rainfall of about 1530 millimeters which comes from the long and short rainy seasons. The annual mean minimum and maximum temperature during the study period were 14.4 and 26.7 degree Celsius respectively .

Study population

In the study 468 adult male indigenous cattle provided for slaughter from different localities in the southwestern part of Ethiopia were included. Cattle slaughtered in the abattoir were brought from different markets which in turn are provided from different livestock markets in their vicinity.

Study design

A cross sectional study type was conducted to determine the prevalencerate and the economic significance of bovine Fasciolosis by using post-mortem examination of different organs in general and liver of each slaughtered animal in particular and also secondary data analysis. During the study special attention was given to the livers

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of the animals and liver of each slaughtered was carefully examined byvisualization and palpation of the entire organ that was followed by transverse incision of the organ across the thin left lob in order to confirm the case or the problem (Urquhart 1996; Soulsby 1986,). Species identification of the recovered fasciola was also performed (based on the morphological features of the agents) and classified in to F. hepatica, F. gigantica and unidentified or immature forms of liver fluke. (Urquhart 1996; Soulsby 1986,)

Data Collection

Appropriate data were collected by using post-mortem examination of the organs so far claimed to be infected by fasciolosis and secondary data analysis. An interview was made with retailers of offal produced at Jimma municipality abattoir to obtain information on the average price of a liver in the study area during the study time. According tothe response of the retailers the price of a liver was found to be tenEthiopian birr on average.

Statistical Analysis

Prevalence of fasciolosis was calculated as the number of cattle foundto be infected with Fasciola, expressed as a percentage of the total number of cattle slaughtered (Thrusfield 1995). The economic significance of the problem was analyzed based on the information obtained during interview and calculated on daily and annual basis.

Results

Postmortem examination inspection

A total of 468 adult indigenous cattle were slaughtered at Jimma abattoir and examined for fasciolosis. Of the total cattle slaughteredand examined (N=468), 46.15% (n= 216) of them were found to be positive for lesion of fasciolosis (Table 1).

Figure 1Table 1: Prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and the different fasciola species recovered during the study period.

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Fasciola species identification

From a total of 216 livers found positive for fluke infection during post mortem inspection of slaughtered animals, 138 livers (63.89 %) harboured F. hepatica , 52 livers (24.07 %) F. gigantica and 26 livers(12.04 %) infected with un identified species due to immature fluke (Table 2).

Figure 2Table 2: species of fasciola encountered in affected livers during post mort examination of slaughtered animals

From the result of the study, the economic loss due to liver condemnation was estimated to be an amount of 145.33 Ethiopian birr daily and 53,046.67 Ethiopian birr annually.

Analysis of abattoir data

Analyses were made on one year meat inspection records obtained from Jimma municipality abattoir. A total of 11349 adult male indigenous cattle were slaughtered by the time from June 2005 to May 2006 in the aforementioned slaughter house. Of the total livers (N= 11,349) inspected for liver fluke, 48.53% (n=5,508) of them were found to be positive for fasciola and this resulted an average daily and annual economic loss of about 150.90 and 55,080.00 Ethiopian birr, respectively. An overall prevalence of 48.53% of bovine fasciolosis was recorded from data obtained in which the highest value (5.29%) and

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the lowest 2.13% prevalence were seen during October and March, 2005/2006, respectively (Table 3).

Figure 3Table 3: Number of cattle slaughtered, positive livers, and prevalencerates of fasciolosis from June 2005 to May 2006.

Discussion

In this study, higher prevalence of bovine fasciolosis (46.58%) was obtained when compared with the prevalence reported by Daniel (1995) (14.4%) at Dire Dawa municipality abattoir. This is probably due to the ecological and climatic difference between the two localities. Moreover, the management systems in practice could also be the probable reason for the variation. The 46.58% prevalence of fasciolosis found in this study is similar with the 47 and 56.6 % prevalence of bovine fasciolosis reported at Sodo and Ziway abattoirs by Abdul (1992) and Adem (1994) respectively. One of the most important factors that influence the occurrence of fasciolosis in an area is availability of suitable snail habitat ( Urquhart el al 1996).In addition, optimal base temperature to levels of 10% and 16ºC are necessary for snail vectors of F.hepatica and F.gigantica, respectively. These thermal requirements are also needed for the development of fasciola with in snails. The ideal moisture conditions for snail breeding and development of larval stages with the snails are provided when rainfall exceeds transpiration and filed saturation is attained. Such conditions are also essential for the development offluke eggs, miracidiae searching for snails and dispersal of cercariae(Urquhart et al 1996).

Of the total livers, 63.30% of them were found to be positive for bovine Fasciolosis infected by F. hepatica, whereas F. gigantica and unidentified forms of fasciola species were recovered to be 23.85 and

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11.93% diagnosed as positive for Fasciolosis. Similar study conducted at Zeway abattoir reported 60.3% 0f the liver harbored F.hepatica, 10.2% F. gigantica and 29.5% infested by both species (Adem 1994). Theprevalence and the species involved vary significantly with locality. This is atributed mainly to the variation in the climatic and ecological conditions such as altitude, rainfall, temperature and livestock management system(Yilma & Malone 1998). Moreover, Garber & Daynes reported that; in Ethiopia F. hepatica and F. gigantica infections occur in areas above 1800 m.a.s.l. and below 1200m.a.s.l. respectively. The high prevalence rate of F. hepatica may be associated with the existence of favourable ecological biotops for L. truncatula. Relatively small proportion of cattle were found infected with F. gigantica alone or mixed infection with both spp. This may be explained by cattle coming for slaughter from highland and middle altitude zone flood prone areas, drainage ditches are favourable habitat to natalensis (Urquhart el al 1996).

The highest prevalence rate was analyzed during October, when the wet-ecological conditions still prevailed. It has been described that the bionomic requirements for breeding of the Lymnaea snails and development of the intramolascan stages of the flukes often reach the optimum threshold during the wet months of the year. During the dry periods, breeding of the snails and development of the larval flukes slow down or stops completely and snails undergo a state of aestivation (Yilma and Malone 1998).

Although a decreasing trend was analyzed along with the advancement ofthe dry season, relatively high prevalence of fasciola infection was analyzed from the data recorded by the abattoir. This may be attributed to infections acquired during previous peak snail activity season. In addition, the existence of permanent suitable ecological conditions in areas like slow flowing rivers, streams and low lying marshy areas may contribute to persistent but relatively low grade infection during the dry season.

The total economic loss encountered due to condemnation of infected liver from one year data recorded from abattoir in this study was 55,080.00 birr per annum. There was also similar economic loss due to

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infected liver condemnation of post mortem inspection result. This finding is by far lower than the results reported by Adem (1994) and Daniel (1995) a total economic loss of about154, 188 and 215,000 Ethiopian birr per annum in cattle due to fasciolosis at Ziway and Dire Dawa municipal slaughterhouses, respectively. This is probably due to the ecological and climatic difference between the two localities.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that bovine fascvolosis prevalent in cattle inthe area, it causes great economic losses as a result of condemnation of infected livers and its prevalence is relatively high throughout the year in the study area, due to the fact that the area is very suitable for the intermediate host snails and the parasite.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank student Abiyot Mengesha, Adamu Yimer, Endalkachew Sisay, Gebeyaw Ezezew and Terefe Taye for data collection and Jimma Municipality abattoir workers for their cooperation during the study period.

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Author InformationTadele Tolosa, DVM, MVScCollege of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University

Worku Tigre, DVMCollege of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University

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