Top Banner
212

University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Jul 20, 2020

Download

Documents

dariahiddleston
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

����� ��� � ������ ��� � ����� � ����� ��� ���������������������� � �"!#� �$���

%'&)( *,+ -/.102&)3 45*7678:9<;

=?>A@CBDBFEHGJILKMIF@CNPO'BDQARAS,@TIFIFEH>UIVN7IVWXEZY[OA@T\]EHGDBF@TI_^`N]a�bcGF@CBJIVNPd@TO2K]eHefNPGF>gKMOAeHEihj@TIFW'IFWAEiGFEfklQX@CGFEfSmEfOnIVB[N]aoIFWAEi>AEHp]GFEHEiN]aq NlefIFNPG�N]asr�WA@CdTNPBFNPtXWu^v@COUIVWXEZwxK]efQAdTI_^vN]asy<OXpP@COAEfEHGD@COAp

q EftgK]GDIFSmEfOnIjN]a�y�OApP@TOAEHEfGF@TOAp,z{KMIFWAEHSmKMIV@TeHB

|~}��������~���

Page 2: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Page 3: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� �����Z�����v�� O�GDEHeHEfOnI�^PEHK]GFBf��IFWAE�>AE�\PEfdCNPtAS,EHOnI�N]a�WA@TpPW�IFWAGFNPQXpPWAtAQXI q:� =S,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^`IVEfeLWAOANPdTNPp]^2WgK]BEHOAK]RAdCEf>'RA@CNPdTNPpP@TBDIVB�IVN7BDIFQA>X^'efEHdCdTQAd�KMG�K]e�IV@T\l@�IV@CEfBcIFWAGFNPQXpPW�S,E)KMBFQAGDEHS,EHOnIjN]aopPEHOAEiE��XtXGFEHBDBF@TNPOdCE�\PEfdCBH `¡¢QAeLW$SmEHK]BFQAGDEHS,EHOnIVB�K]GFE7tAGDN£\¢@TOAp2@COn\MK]dCQgKMRAdCE�@TO$QXOA>AEHGDBDIVK]OA>A@TOAp�IFWAE7>AEf\]EHdCN]tASmEfOnIN]a¤>A@CBDE)K]BDEHB�BDQAeLW�K]BieHK]OAeHEfG�K]OX>$@TO$tA@TEHef@COApUIVN]pPEfIFWAEHGiIVWAE,BD^lBJIVEHS,B�NMa�GFEfpPQAdCKMIV@TNPO¥IVWgKMI¦E��l§@CBJI7R�E�I_h¤EfEHO¨p]EHOAEfBH �©1N£h¤E�\PEfGH�¤IFWAE2K]OgK]d�^¢BD@CBªN]a�BFQAeLW�>gKMIVK«@TBªOANPO¢§¬IVGD@T\l@�K]d¤K]BªIVWAE'OuQAS�R�EHGN]a<pPEfOAEHB�SmEHK]BFQAGDEH>¥@TO�NPOAE�BFK]S,tAdCEZ@CB1I_^ltA@Te)K]dTdT^Ua­K]G1pPGFEHKMIVEfG1IFWgK]O�IVWXE�OuQAS�R�EHG®N]a<BFK]S,tAdCEfBH ¯ WAEfO�tAGFEfBFEfOuIFEH>�hj@�IVW°BDQAeLW�>gKMIVKX�±SvK]On^«BJILK]OA>AK]GF>�>AKMILK�K]OgK]d�^¢BD@CB¦K]OA>$SvKMeLWA@COAE,dCEHK]GFOX@COApIVEfeLWAOA@TklQXEHBZK]GFEªEf@TIVWXEHG:@COAK]tAtAGDNPtAGF@CKMIVE�NPG®R�EHeHN]SmEªefNPSmtXQXILKMIF@CNPOAK]dCd�^'@COXa�EHK]BF@TRAdCEM �²�WAEfGFEfa�N]GFE]�IVWXE¦>XEf\PEfdCNPtXSmEfOuI1N]asOAN£\PEHd±K]dTpPNPGD@TIVWXSmB¤K]OA>'IVEHeLWXOA@CkuQAEfB1IVWAKMI[e)K]O2Ef³,eH@TEHOnIVd�^UE��lIFGVK]e�I�QABDEfa�QAd@CO¢a�NPGFSmKMIV@TNPO{a�GDNPS´BFQXeLW�>gKMIVK]BFE�IVB¦@CBieHGDQAeH@CK]d�@CO«GFEHK]dC@TBF@TOAp`IVWAE7a�QAdTd�t�NMIVEHOnIF@�K]d�N]a¤Sm@TeHGDNnK]GFGFK)^IVEfeLWAOANPdTNPp]^] s²�WAE�KM@CS?N]agIFWA@CBµIVWAEfBF@TB�@CBµIVN®@TOn\PEHBJIV@TpnKMIVE�IVWAE¤K]RA@TdC@TI_^®N]axE��¢@CBJIV@TOAp1IFEHeLWAOA@TkuQAEHB<K]OX>@COn\]EHOnI�OAE�h¶S,EfIVWXN¢>AB<IVNZK]OgKMdT^lBFEjIVWAEfBFE1>gKMILKMBFEfIFBH <ws@TGFBJIVdT^]�Ph¤E[hj@CdTdA@COnIVGDN¢>XQAeHE1K¦OXN·\]EHd�pPEHOXEHGJ§KMIF@T\PEM�ntAGFN]RgK]RA@TdC@CBJIV@Te�S,Nl>AEHdlIVWgKMI<@TB�K]RAdTE¤IVN:>XEHeHN]Smt�NPBFE�S,@CefGFNnKMGFGVK)^¦>gKMIVK®@COnIVNiK®BDEfI�N]a�d�K¸IVEHOnItAGDN¢efEHBFBDEHBf �²�WA@CB[SmNl>AEfd#N·\]EHGDeHNPS,EHB1BFNPS,EiN]asIFWAEZQXOAGFEHK]dC@TBDIV@TeiK]BFBDQAS,tXIV@TNPOABj@CS,tAdC@TeH@�IVdT^,SmK]>AERn^2BDILKMOA>gK]GD>{QAOABDQAt�EHGD\l@TBFEH>¥dTE)K]GDOA@COXp,IFEHeLWAOA@TkuQAEHB®BDQAeLW¥K]B1eHdTQABDIFEHGF@TOApA  � On\]EHBDIF@CpnK¸IV@CN]OAB�QABD@COApBFE�\PEfGVK]d�GFE)KMd�§_dT@Ta�E�S,@CefGFNnK]GDGVK)^ª>gK¸ILK]BDEfIVB¤BFWAN£h¹IVWgK¸IcIFWAE®K]dTpPNPGD@TIVWXSº@CBcK]RAdTE[IFNZ»gOA>US,E)KMOA@COApMa�QAdBDIFGFQAe�IVQAGDE`@CO$IVWAE`>AKMILK�KMOA>�@CB�K]RAdTE,IFN�QAOAefN·\]EHG7tAGDN¢efEHBFBDEHBªN]ajGDE)K]d�RA@TNPdCNPp]@Ce)KMd�BF@TpPOA@T»Ae)K]OAefE] ¡¢EfeHNPOA>XdT^P�AhcE:hj@CdTd�>AE�\PEfdCNPt�KªSmE�IVWANl>ANPdTNPp]^7IVWgK¸IjEHOgK]RXdCEHB�E��¢t�EfGF@CS,EHOnIVK]dC@TBDIVBcIVN7tAGFEf>A@Ce�IjWAN£hSmK]On^�S,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^lB�K]GFE�GDEHkuQA@TGFEH>7IVN:N]RXILK]@TO7K:eHEHGJILK]@TOªpPEHOXEHGVKMdC@CBFKMIV@TNPO�EfGFGFN]G�hjWAEHO,QABF@TOApieHdCK]BJ§BF@�»gEHGDB�IVN:efd�K]BDBF@Ta¼^ZR�EfI_hcEHEHO,\MK]GF@TNPQAB�efEHdCdTQAd�KMGsBDIVKMIVEfBH �²�WX@CB�tAGDN·\l@T>AEHB<K:GF@TpPNPGDNPQABstXGFNleHEH>XQAGFE�a�NPG>AE�IVEHGDSm@TOA@COXp`hjWAEfIFWAEHG¦@TI:@TB:h¤NPGJIVW«ILK]½u@TOAp'SmNPGDE�S,E)K]BDQAGFEfSmEfOuIFB¦IFN'@CS,tAGFN£\PE7t�EHGJa�NPGFSmK]OAefE] � I¤K]dCBDN�tAGDN·\l@T>AEHB¤K]Ov@TOABF@TpPWnI¤@TOuIFNZIFWAE�>A@�³,eHQAd�I_^7N]a~IVWXE�eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO,tAGFNPRXdCEHS¾R�EH@TOAp�efNPOABD@C>¢§EHGDEH>mK]OA>ªeHK]OmR�E�QABDEH>7IVN:eHN]SmtgKMGFE�IVWXE�Ef³,eH@TEHOAef@CEHB<N]a�>A@�¿ÀEfGFEfOuI<E��¢t�EfGF@CS,EHOnIVK]dAS,E)K]BDQAGFEfSmEfOuIIVEfeLWAOA@TklQXEHBH Zws@TOgK]dCd�^P�AhcEª@COn\PEfBDIF@CpnKMIFE�IVWXE�tAGFN]RAdCEfS�NMac@TOXa�EHGDGF@TOApvGDEHpPQAdCKMIVN]GD^2OAEfI_hcNPGD½lB®a�GDNPSS,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^�>gKMIVK°K]OX>¨K]BDBFEHBDBvIVWXE{t�N]IVEfOuIF@�K]d�NMaiK]O�E��¢@CBDIF@COAp$SvKMeLWA@COAE'dTE)K]GDOA@COAp«IVEfeLWAOA@TklQXE@COÁIVWA@TB�K]GDE)KX �²�WA@CB¦»gOgK]dcBFEfefIV@TNPO�efNPGFGDEHBFt�NPOA>XB�IVN{hcNPGD½$@TO°tAGDNPpPGFEfBFBªKMOA>�t�N]@COnIVBiIVN�SmK]On^@COnIFEHGFEfBDIF@COAp7>A@TGFEHe�IV@TNPOAB�a�NPG�a�QXIFQAGFEiGDEHBFEHK]GFeLWÀ 

Page 4: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 5: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� �7Â�Ã�Ä«Å ÆuÇ�ÈÉ�Ç«Ê Ç«Ã¶�Z�ws@TGFBDIFdT^]� � K]S�@COA>AEfRXIVEf>�IFNmS�^`BFQAt�EHGJ\¢@TBFNPG�ˤNPdT@CO�Ë�K]S,tAR�EfdCdÀa�N]G[WX@CBjEHOAefNPQAGFK]pPEHS,EHOnIH��>X@CGFEfe�§IV@TNPO¥K]OX>¥tgKMIV@TEHOAefEªN£\PEHG®IFWAEªd�KMBDI�IFWAGFEfE�^PEHK]GFBf  � WgK)\PE7K]dTBFNUR�EHOAE�»AIVEf>«a�GDNPS�eHNPdTd�K]R�NPGVK¸IV@CN]OABhj@TIFW¶\]KMGF@CN]QAB`N]IFWAEHGDBv§ q K]O ¯ @CdTdC@�KMSmBDNPO�K¸IUIVWAE¥@TOABDIF@TIVQ¢IVE�a�NPG'Ë�KMOAeHEfG�ÌjEHBDE)K]GDeLW~�i¡XK)^PK]Oz�QA½uWAEfG�ÍDEfE$KMOA>¶a�GF@CEfOA>ABUK¸I�z � ²ÎKMOA>�z{K]GF½¨Ïi@TGFNPdCK]S,@jKMI`IVWXE«b¤@CNP@TOXa�NPGDSvKMIF@CefBmÌjEHBDE)K]GDeLWˤEHOnIFGFE�@TO�IVWXE�Y1OX@T\PEfGFBD@TI_^�N]a¦Ï:d�K]BDpPN£hi  �LÐ >¨dT@C½ME2IFN°tgK]GJIV@TeHQAdCK]GFd�^°IVWAK]OA½�IVWAE�d�KMIDIVEfGH��K]OX>Ef\]EHGJ^¢R�Nl>X^°EfdCBDE`KMI¦IVWAEmb�Ì�Ë�a�N]GZSmK]½u@COAp2S�^¥I_hcN{\l@CBD@TIVBiIVN2IVWAEmeHEfOuIFGFE`BDN{EfO¸ÍDN£^nK]RAdTE`K]OX>tAGDN¢>AQXefIV@�\PEM Ñ O�K�Ò�BFdC@TpPWnIVd�^AÓ�dTEHBDBmKMe)K]>AEfSm@TeUOAN]IFE]��ˤWXGF@CB,K]OX>�²±NPSÔ@TO�Ì � =Z�<Ì[@TeLWA@CEM�¤Õ#QA½ME{K]OX>¨Ö]NPWXOtAGDN·\l@T>AEH>2BFNPS,E:QABDEfa�QAdµ>A@TBFeHQXBFBF@TNPOABjRAQXI[SmK]@COXdT^mQABFE�a�QAd#>A@CBJIVGFK]efIF@CNPOABf ws@TOgK]dCd�^P� �LÐ >¥dT@C½ME�IVN`IFWgK]OA½�S�^{a­K]S,@Cd�^Ua�NPG®KMdCdoIFWAEªNPRn\l@CNPQXB®GFEHK]BFNPOXB:§�e)K]½ME]�#IVGD@CtAB1IVN'y�>ApnK]GBDIFGFEfEfI[EfIFe] =�OX>~�gN]aoeHNPQAGDBFEM��©[EHdTEHO~ 

Page 6: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 7: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ×���Ø�Ä��2Ù¸� Ú Ç��2Æ¢�����«��ÛuĨÃ� >AEfeHdCK]GFE'IVWgK¸I,IFWAE�hcNPGD½�@TO�IFWA@CB7>A@TBFBDEHGDIVKMIV@TNPOÜh�K]Bme)K]GDGF@TEH>�N]QXI,@CO�K]eHefNPGF>gKMOAeHE2hj@TIVW�IVWAEGFEfpPQAdCKMIV@TNPOAB:N]a�IVWAEmY1OX@T\PEfGFBD@TI_^«N]a�b¤GF@TBDIVN]d¬ ª²�WAE7h¤N]GF½¥@CBiNPGD@CpP@TOgK]doE��¢eHEftXI�hjWAEfGFE,@COA>X@Ce)K¸IVEH>Rn^UBFt�EHef@�K]dÀGFEfa�EfGFEfOAeHEi@CO`IFWAE:IVE��¢I[KMOA>'OAN7tgK]GDIjNMa±IFWAE:>A@TBFBFEfGDIVKMIV@TNPOUWgK]BjR�EHEHO'BDQARAS,@TIFIFEH>Ua�NPGK]On^UN]IFWAEHGj>AEfpPGFEfE] =�On^Z\¢@TEfhjB<E��¢tAGDEHBDBFEH>m@CO�IFWAE�>A@TBFBFEfGDIVKMIV@TNPO7K]GFEcIVWANPBDE�N]axIVWAEjKMQXIVWAN]G�K]OA>7@CO�OAN:h�K)^�GDEHtAGDEHBDEHOnIIVWXNPBFEiN]a±IVWAE¦Y[OA@T\]EHGFBD@TI_^'N]asb¤GD@CBDIFNPd¬ ²�WAE[>A@CBDBFEfGDILK¸IV@CN]O,WAK]B<OAN]I�R�EfEHO,tAGFEfBFEfOuIFEH>`IFNZKMOu^7NMIVWAEfGcY[OA@T\]EHGDBF@TI_^�a�NPG<E��XK]S,@COgKMIF@CNPO�EH@TIFWAEHG@COUIFWAE¦Y1OA@�IVEH>2Ý:@COXpP>ANPS�NPG�N£\PEHGDBFEHK]BH 

¡¢@TpPOAEH>ÀÞHß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßHßHß)ßHß)ßHß)ß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßHßHß)ßHß)ßHßHß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßHßHß)ßHß)ßHßq KMIFE]ÞHßHß)ßHß)ßHßHß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßfß)ß)ßHßHß)ß

Page 8: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 9: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

à á â ãåäæâ ãÔç

è éHê�ë£ì·í#îoï±ð]ë·ñ�í�ê èò   ò e q:� =z�@CefGFNnK]GDGVK)^lBÔ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òò   � =�@TSmB�NMa�z�@TeHGDNnK]GFGFK)^`=�OAK]dT^lBF@TB� ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ó

ò   �   ò � >XEHOnIV@�»ge)KMIF@CNPO'N]ao>A@�¿ÀEfGFEHOnIF@�K]dTdT^,E��¢tAGDEHBFBDEH>¥pPEfOAEHB  Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  óò   �   � ˤEfdCdTQAd�K]G�ˤd�K]BDBF@�»ge)KMIF@CNPO  Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ôò   �  öõ q @TBFEHK]BFE:BDQARXI_^lt�EZ@C>AEfOnIV@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPO  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ôò   �  ÷ó � O¢a�EHGFEfOAeHE¦N]aopPEHOXE¦GDEHpPQXd�KMIFNPGD^v@COnIVEfGVK]e�IV@CN]OAB  Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ô

ò  ÷õ ¡lILKMOA>gK]GD>{z�K]eLWA@COXEZÕ#EHK]GFOA@TOAp7=�tAtXGFNnK]eLWXEHB  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  øò  ÷õX  ò Y[OABFQXt�EfGD\l@CBDEH>{²±EHeLWXOA@CkuQAEfBm ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  øò  ÷õX  � ¡lQAt�EfGD\l@CBDEH>2²oEfeLWAOA@TklQXEHB� Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ø

ò  ùó ²�WAEHBD@CB Ñ QXIVdT@COAE¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPòò  öô r�QARAdC@Te)KMIF@CNPOXBÁ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·�

ú û#ïµü±ü�í�ì£ë,ý¦þ¢ð]ë)í�ìUÿ��������)ñ���ð�Xë£ñ­í�ê è��   ò � OnIVGFNl>AQAe�IV@TNPO� ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ô�   � ys�¢IFEHOABD@CNPOXBjIFN,IFWAEiBDIVK]OA>gK]GD>�S,Nl>AEHd2 Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  �¢ò

�   �   ò ¡lN]a¼I1z{K]GDpP@COAB  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  �¢ò�   �   � z2QAdTIF@�§JˤdCK]BFB�ˤd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPO  Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  �¢ò�   �  öõ ˤN]OX»g>AEfOAeHE�z�E)KMBFQAGDE¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  �P��   �  ÷ó wgEHKMIVQAGDE¦¡¢EHdTEHe�IV@CN]O  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  � ó

� Zì·í������sñ��­ñ��fë£ñ ð��?í#îµþ���� ���õX  ò r�GFNPRgKMRA@CdT@CBDIF@Ce�z�Nl>AEHdTdC@COXp� ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õPõõX  � ÏiGFK]tAWA@Te)K]d~z�Nl>AEHdTB� ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õnôõX ÷õ ��K]GF@CKMIV@TNPOgK]d � OXa�EfGFEHOXeHE/ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ��

@

Page 10: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

������������� �

õX ùó ys�XK]SmtXdCE�§¤ÏiK]QABFBD@�K]O�z�@ �lIVQAGDEHB  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ó ò! "#�¢ë£þlê�ë$ Zì·í#ðPþ����$%Uþ¢ðPí'&°ü�í'�)ñ¼ë·ñ�í�ê !)(

óA  ò � OnIVGDN¢>AQXefIV@TNPO  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ó��óA  � z�N]IF@T\MKMIF@CNPO« ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ó��óA ÷õ ÕµKMIVEfOnI q @TGF@TeLWAdCE�I�=�dTdCNle)KMIF@CNPO° Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ô+*óA ùó z�Nl>AEHd q EfBFefGF@Ct¢IV@CN]O  ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ô �óA öô Õ#E)K]GDOA@COXp  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ôMõ

óA öô¢  ò Y1OA@�a�NPGFS�r<GD@CNPGDB¤§¤z{K¸�¢@CS�QAS"Õ#@C½MEHdT@CWANlN¢>  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ôMõóA öô¢  � � OXa�NPGFSmKMIF@T\PEir�GD@CNPGDB¤§¤z�=®r  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ôMø

óA ÷ø Õ#@C½MEHdC@TWANlN¢>'ˤN]SmtAQ¢ILKMIF@CNPO  i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ô+,óA -� =�dTpPNPGD@TIVWXS�K]OX> � S,tAdTEHS,EHOnILKMIF@CNPO q E�ILK]@TdCB  Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø.*

óA -�¢  ò rsK]GFK]SmE�IVEfG � OX@TIV@CK]dC@TBVKMIF@CNPO  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø.*óA -�¢  � � QAS,EHGD@Ce)KMdµ¡lILKMRA@CdT@TI_^� Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø.*óA -�¢ ÷õ q EHeHN]Smt�NPBF@TOApªN£\PEfG1pPEfOAEHB[NPGjK]GDGVK)^lB0/  ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø.*óA -�¢ ùó =�dCp]NPGF@�IVWAS�r�BFEHQX>ANvefN¢>AEm Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø ò

óA 21 ys�¢t�EfGF@CS,EHOnIVK]dµÌ[EfBFQAd�IVB� Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø �óA 21X  ò r<GDNPBDIVKMIVE� Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø �óA 21X  � ÕµQXOAp`Ë�KMOAeHEfG  Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �¸óóA 21X ÷õ Õ#^lS,tAWANPSmK  ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �+,óA 21X ùó 3�E)K]BJI®Ë¤EfdCd±Ëc^leHdTE  i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1 �óA 21X öô 3�E)K]BJI�y�On\l@CGDNPOAS,EHOnILK]d±¡uIVGFEfBFB  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1.1

óA 2, Õµr q a�NPGDS�QAdCKMIV@TNPOva�NPG[Ë�y�¡X©  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  , òóA 2,X  ò Ë�yc¡¢©?§cKªRAGD@CEfao@COnIFGFNl>AQAefIF@CNPO  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  , ò

óA  ò *¶Ë¤NPOAefdCQABD@CNPOXBæ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ,Mó 45�fë·ñ�&6�Xë£ñ ê 7°û)��&°ü���þÁû~ñ98nþ;:`þ�<~ï±ñ­ì·þ�&°þlê�ë=� >�(

ô¢  ò � OnIVGDN¢>AQXefIV@TNPO  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ,�ô¢  � =�BDIVKMIV@TBDIV@Te)K]d�SmEfeLWgK]OA@TeHBjS,N]IV@�\]K¸IV@CN]Ov ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ,.,ô¢ ÷õ z�E�IVWANl>ANPdTNPp]^  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò *Móô¢ ùó =�tXtAdC@Te)KMIF@CNPOvIFN`Ë�KMOAeHEfG�ˤdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO'r�GFNPRXdCEHS,B� ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò *.1

ô¢ ùóA  ò ²oQAS,NPQAG�\]EHGDBFQAB � NPGDSvK]d�IV@CBDBFQAE  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  òPò£�@T@

Page 11: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

������������� �

ô¢ ùóA  � Õ#EfQA½]EfSm@CK7S,NPGDtAWANPdTNPp]^  Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò óô¢ ùóA öõ ˤN]dCNPO'e)KMOAeHEfG  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò øô¢ ùóA ÷ó Ñ \MK]GD@�K]OUeHK]OAeHEfG  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò �ô¢ ùóA  ô Õ~^lS,tAWANPSmK�SmN]GFtAWAN]dCNPp]^  ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò �ô¢ ùóA öø bcGVK]@TOUe)K]OAefEHGjIVGDE)KMIFSmEfOuIjN]QXIVefNPSmEm Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò 1ô¢ ùóA ?� Õ~^lS,tAWANPSmK�IVGDE)KMIFSmEfOuI[NPQ¢IVeHN]SmE  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò ,ô¢ ùóA -1 bcGFE)KMBDI[e)K]OXeHEHG�IFGFE)K¸IVS,EHOnI[NPQXIVefNPS,E/ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� *

ô¢ öô Y1BD@COAp7dCEHK]GFOX@COApªefQAGD\]EHBjIVN,eHNPS,tgK]GDE:E��¢t�EfGF@TSmEfOuIVK]d~S,EfIFWAN¢>XB  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·�¢òô¢ öô¢  ò Ë�y�¡X©�\2z2@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^{ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·�¢ò

ô¢ ÷ø ˤNPOAefdCQABD@CNPOABæ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·�P�@ éHê A þuì·ì¸ñ ê 76:`þB7�ï����Xë)í�ìDCFE�þnëHG�íxì=I�� èlú�øX  ò � OnIVGFNl>AQAe�IV@TNPO� ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� ôøX  � b�K)^PEfBF@�KMO � EfI_hcNPGF½uB  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� 1

øX  �   ò ²±GVKM@COA@TOAp7b�K)^PEfBF@�KMO � EfI_hcNPGF½uB� i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� ,øX ÷õ =�b�K)^PEfBF@�KMO � E�I_h¤N]GF½2z�Nl>AEHd~a�N]GjÌ[EfpPQAd�K¸IVNPGJ^ � EfI_hcNPGF½uB  Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� ,

øX ÷õX  ò =�Õ#@TOAE)K]Gf�AeHN]OuIF@COuQANPQXB1efNPOA>A@�IV@CN]OgK]dÀ>X@CBDIFGF@TRAQXIV@TNPOU ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õ*øX ÷õX  � ¡ltgK]GFBDE¦b�K)^PEHBD@�K]O{Ì[EfpPGFEfBFBD@CNPO  i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õPõøX ÷õX öõ ¡lEHkuQAEHOnIF@�K]d±¡¢tAK]GFBDE�Õ#E)KMGFOA@TOApª=�dTpPNPGF@�IVWAS  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õPø

øX ùó ¡¢@CS�QAd�KMIFEH> � EfI_hcNPGF½  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õPøøX öô Ì[EfBFQAd�IVBZ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õ1øX ÷ø = � NPOl§_dC@TOAE)KMG�eHNPOX>A@TIF@CNPOgKMdÀ>A@TBDIVGD@CRAQ¢IV@CN]Oå ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ó �øX -� ˤNPOAefdCQABD@CNPOABæ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò óB�

( ÿZí�ê±ð��­ïJ�)ñ�í�êK�gê±îMLµïµë·ïµì·þN%'ñ­ì·þlð]ë·ñ�í�êJ� è�#è�¢  ò ÕµKMIVEfOuI1r�GFNleHEfBFB q EHefNPSmt�NPBD@TIV@TNPO Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ô ò�¢  � y�BDIV@TSvK¸IV@COXp7¡XK]S,tAdCE:¡¢@POfEZÌjEHkuQA@TGFEfSmEfOuIFB� ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ô]õ�¢ ÷õ � OXa�EHGDGF@TOApmÏiEfOAEfIF@CeiÌjEHpPQAdCKMIVN]GD^ � EfI_hcNPGF½uB� Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ôMó

Q R ñ����S ¦ì·íxü�þlì£ë·ñ�þ���í�AT��þB�BU�þVFü VFí�ïµëmþ��fë·ñ�&6�Xë£íxìW� è�@�(=�  ò ²�WAEiSmEHK]O'N]a±IVWAEidCEHK)\PE�§ t¢§_N]QXI[EHBDIF@CSmKMIVN]G�@CB�QAOuRA@CK]BFEf>� ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ø��=�  � ²�WAE:\MK]GF@CK]OAeHEYXPZZRA@CK]BFEf>  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ø1

@C@T@

Page 12: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

������������� �

R E[�gñ�U�þV R ��C�þ���\��gï����)ñ9�gê]�ñ�^~ë·ïµì·þ è_(Àèÿ "# `%baUü<î �Xë£þN%Uþuì¸ñ9U_�Xë·ñ�í�êJ� è_(�Ë�  ò ��K]GD@�KMIF@CNPOgKMdÀroK]GVK]S,EfIFEHGDB� ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �Mø

Ë�  ò   ò cedgfih  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �MøË�  ò   � j�fih  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �Mø

Ë�  � z�Nl>AEHdµroK]GVKMSmE�IVEHGDB1 ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �+1Ë�  �   ò k)dlh  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �+1Ë�  �   � m)ndlh  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �+,Ë�  �  öõ o h  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò �+,

% "# `%pGmñ¼ë=qK&°ñ9^~ë£ï±ì·þ2í'Ar%'ñ­ì¸ñ­ð+q���þuë� Zì¸ñ�íxì+� è�s��q   ò z�Nl>AEHdµroK]GVKMSmE�IVEHGDB1 ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò 1Pôq   � ��K]GD@�KMIF@CNPOgKMdÀroK]GVK]S,EfIFEHGDB� ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò 1�

4 Q ü±ì¸ñ­íxì$A íxìmë=qµþ¥î±ñ��HðPì¸þnë£þ["t �% è�>#èL "# `%bE�ïJ&$þlì¸ñ­ð�u��ë£ì¸ñ ð=I è�>��

@T\

Page 13: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

v w ç$ã á x y w�z { | ä�ç

ò   ò q KMILK�E��XK]SmtXdCE¾ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ,ò   � q QgK]d~GDEHtAGDEHBDEHOnILKMIF@CNPO2N]aodCEHK]GFOA@TOApªtAGDNPRAdCEfS  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò *�   ò ¡��iz E��XK]S,tAdTE  ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ��   � z�QAd�IV@�§ eHdCK]BFB�ˤd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPO  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  �P��  ÷õ ˤNPOX»g>XEHOAefEZS,E)K]BDQAGFEfB[a�N]G Ñ \MK]GD@�K]OUeHK]OAefEHGjeHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO  Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  � ó�  ùó ² � Nuz BFefNPGFEfB  ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  � ��  öô Õ Ñ¦Ñ EHGDGFNPGjK]B�a�EHKMIVQAGDEHB[K]GDE¦GDEHS,N£\PEH>  i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ*�  ÷ø Õ Ñ¦Ñ EHGDGFNPGjK]B�a�EHKMIVQAGDEHB[K]GDE¦GDEHS,N£\PEH>  i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ ò�  -� Õ Ñ¦Ñ EHGDGFNPGjK]B�a�EHKMIVQAGDEHB[K]GDE¦GDEHS,N£\PEH>  i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ òõX  ò roNPBJIVEfGF@CN]G�tAGFNPRAK]RA@CdT@TI_^,a�NPG�eHN]@CO¢§¬IVNPBDBF@COXp  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õnôõX  � ÏiGFK]tAWA@Te)K]d�GFEftAGFEfBFEHOnIVKMIV@TNPO�NMa�K7BF@TSmtAdTE®tAGDNPRgK]RA@TdC@TBDIV@Te�S,N¢>XEHd  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õnôõX ÷õ ÏiGFK]tAWA@Te)K]d�GFEftAGFEfBFEHOnIVKMIV@TNPO�NMa�K7eHNPOX>A@TIF@CNPOgKMdÀtAGDNPRgK]RA@TdC@TBDIV@Te�S,N¢>XEHd` ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õPøõX ùó ÏiGFK]tAWA@Te)K]d�GFEftAGFEfBFEHOnIVKMIV@TNPO�NMa�K7eHNPOX>A@TIF@CNPOgKMdÀtAGDNPRgK]RA@TdC@TBDIV@Te�S,N¢>XEHd` ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ��õX öô ÏiGFK]tAWA@Te)K]d�SmNl>AEfd~E��XK]S,tAdCE1 Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ1õX ÷ø r�d�KMIFEHB�E��XK]S,tAdTE  ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  õ1õX -� z�@��lIFQAGFE:S,N¢>XEHd~tAdCKMIVEfBj>A@�K]p]GVK]S  Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ó òõX 21 ²oN£^US,@��lIFQAGFE:>gK¸ILK� ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  óPóõX 2, =�e�IVQgK]d#S,@��lIFQAGFE®t�>Xa� ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  óPóõX  ò *¶Õ#E)K]GDOAEH>2Sm@ �lIVQAGDE:t�>Xa" Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  óuôõX  òPò z�@��lIFQAGFE:dT@C½]EfdC@TWAN¢Nl>  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  óuôóA  ò q EHOA>XGFNPpPGFK]S"ys�XK]S,tAdCE� Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ó�,óA  � Õ q =�r�d�K¸IVEHB q @CK]pPGFK]S  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ô òóA ÷õ Õµr q r�d�KMIFEHB q @CK]pPGVKMS  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ô �

\

Page 14: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

}B~ �D�N���S� ~������ ���

óA ùó Õµr q tgKMGVK]S,EfIFEHG�tAGD@CNPGDB  ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ô+1óA öô Õ#@C½MEHdC@TWANlN¢>va�N]G�tAGFNPBJILKMIFEi>gKMILK¢�AOAN,tAGF@TNPG� ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø]õóA ÷ø ó7tAGFNleHEfBFB[>AEHefNPS,t�NPBD@TIF@CNPOUN]aotAGDNPBDIVKMIVEi>gKMIVK� ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  øMóóA -� q EHOX>AGFNPp]GVK]S a�NPGjK]dCdÀtAGFNPBJILKMIFEipPEHOAEfB� ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  øPôóA 21 Õ#@C½MEHdC@TWANlN¢>va�N]G�IVNPt{ô.**ªtAGDNPBDIVKMIVE:pPEfOAEHBf�xOANmtXGF@CN]GÁ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø]øóA 2, ó,r�GFNleHEHBDB1tXGFNPBJILKMIFE¦>XEHeHN]Smt�NPBF@�IV@TNPO  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø�óA  ò * q EHOX>AGFNPp]GVK]S a�NPG�IVNPt{ô.**ªtAGDNPBDIVKMIVE:p]EHOAEfB� Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø.1óA  òPò r�GFNPBJILKMIFEi@COXa�EfGFGFEf>'>AEHOABD@TI_^'tAdTN]IVB$ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ø.,óA  ò·� Õ#@C½MEHdC@TWANlN¢>va�N]G�IVNPt{ô.**ªtAGDNPBDIVKMIVE:pPEfOAEHBf�ghj@TIVW'tAGD@CNPG, ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �+*óA  ò õ¨r�GFNPBJILKMIFE ò *ªtAGFNleHEfBFBjhj@TIVWXNPQXIjtAGD@CNPG  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  � òóA  ò ó¶r�GFNPBJILKMIFE ò *ªtAGFNleHEfBFBjhj@TIVW'tAGD@CNPG� Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  � �óA  ò ô�r�GFNPBJILKMIFEZˤGFNPBDB���K]dT@C>gK¸IV@CN]OvN£\PEfG��� ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  � �óA  ò ø¨r�GFNPBJILKMIFE]�xÕµr q \]EHGFBDQAB � K]@�\PE�§_b�K)^PEfB� ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �MõóA  ò ��Õ#QAOAp,eHGDNPBFB § \MK]dC@T>gKMIF@CNPO� Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �¸óóA  ò 1¨Õ#QAOAp,tAGF@TNPG�efGFNPBDB[\MK]dT@C>gKMIF@CNPO� Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �]ôóA  ò , ò *ªtAGDN¢efEHBFB[dCQXOAp7e)K]OAefEHGj>AEfeHNPS,t�N]BF@TIF@CNPO  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �.�óA  � *¨Õ#QAOApA�xÕµr q \PEHGDBFQAB � K]@�\PE�§ b�K)^PEfB  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �+1óA  �¢ò Õ~^lSmtAWXNPSvK¢�AeHGDNPBFB § \MK]dC@T>gKMIF@CNPO`OXN,tXGF@CN]Gå ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  �+,óA  �P� Õ~^lSmtAWXNPSvK�tXGF@CN]G�eHGFN]BFBJ§¬\MK]dC@T>gKMIV@TNPO  ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1.*óA  � õ ò *ªtAGDN¢efEHBFB[>AEfeHNPS,t�N]BF@TIF@CNPOUNMasd�^¢S,tAWAN]SvK�>AKMILK/ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1 òóA  � ó¶Õ~^lSmtAWXNPSvK¢�gÕµr q \PEfGFBDQAB � K]@T\]Eib�K)^PEHB  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1 òóA  � ô�3�E)KMBDI[eHEfdCd#ef^lefdCEieHGDNPBFB § \MK]dC@T>gKMIF@CNPO  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1]õóA  � ø ò *ªeHEfdCd#e�^¢efdCEitAGDN¢efEHBFBDEHB1 Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1PôóA  � ��ys�¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO{NMa�Ë�Õ � �  ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1]øóA  � 1¨ys�¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO{NMa�© ò  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ i Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1�óA  � ,�3�E)KMBDI[BFWANleL½UeHGDNPBFB § \MK]dT@C>gKMIF@CNPO  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  1.1óA ÷õ*�3�E)KMBDI[BFWANleL½U>AEfeHNPS,t�N]BF@TIF@CNPO  Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ,.*óA ÷õ ò ˤGFN]BFBj\]KMdC@C>AKMIV@TNPOma�NPG[Ë�y�¡X©Õµr q  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ,]õóA ÷õ � ó7tAGFNleHEfBFB[>AEHefNPS,t�NPBD@TIF@CNPOUN]a±IVWXE�Ë�y�¡X©�>gKMIVK� ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ,Móô¢  ò ²�WAEfNPGFE�IV@CeHK]dµK]OA>2R�EHBDIj»AIjefQAGD\]EHB2 Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò *Móô¢  � Ì[K]OA>ANPS�EHGFGDNPGFB�a�N]G�ô�IFGVK]@TOA@COAp�t�NP@TOnIVBÁ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z  ò *]ø

\l@

Page 15: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

}B~ �D�N���S� ~������ ���

ô¢ ÷õ Ì1KMOA>ANPS�EHGFGDNPGFB�a�NPG[ô+*ªIFGVK]@TOA@COXpªt�NP@TOnIVB´ ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò *��ô¢ ùó ²oQXSmNPQXG�\PEHGDBFQAB1OANPGDSvK]d�dCEHK]GFOA@TOApªeHQXGD\PEfB  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò·�ô¢ öô ²oQXSmNPQXG�\PEHGDBFQAB1OANPGDSvK]d�dCEHK]GFOA@TOApªeHQXGD\PE� ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò õô¢ ÷ø Õ#EHQA½MEHS,@�KªSmN]GFtAWAN]dCNPp]^mdCEHK]GFOX@COApªefQAGD\]EHB` ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò óô¢ -� ˤNPdCN]OUe)K]OAefEHG[dCEHK]GFOA@TOApªeHQXGD\PEfB� ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò ôô¢ 21 Ñ \]KMGF@�KMOUe)K]OAefEHGjdCEHK]GFOX@COApªefQAGD\]EHB¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò øô¢ 2, Õ~^¢S,tAWAN]SvK�S,NPGFtXWANPdCN]p]^vdTE)K]GDOA@COXpªeHQAGJ\PEHB� Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò �ô¢  ò *¶b¤GVKM@CO`IVGDE)KMIFSmEfOnI1N]QXIVefNPSmE:dTE)K]GDOA@COXpªeHQAGJ\PEHB¶ ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò 1ô¢  òPò Õ~^¢S,tAWAN]SvK�NPQ¢IVeHN]SmE:dTE)K]GDOA@COApªefQAGD\]EHB� i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò ,ô¢  ò·� b¤GFEHK]BDI[eHK]OAeHEfGjNPQXIVefNPS,E:dCE)KMGFOA@TOApªeHQAGJ\PEfB  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� *ô¢  ò õ¹z�NPGDtAWANPdTNPp]^,\PEHGDBFQAB[IVGDE)KMIFSmEfOuI[NPQ¢IVeHN]SmE  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·� õøX  ò ¡¢@CS�QAd�KMIFEH>UOAE�I_h¤N]GF½`a�GFN]S�� õ �W�  ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õ��øX  � =�e�IVQgK]d#OXEfI_hcNPGF½UefNPOAOAEfefIV@TNPOAB  ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õ,øX ÷õ Õ#E)K]BJI1BDkuQgK]GFEfB1efNPOAOAEfefIF@CNPOAB  ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ó�*øX ùó Ì[EfpPQAdCK]GF@TBFEH>UdTE)K]BJIjBFkuQgK]GDEHB1eHNPOAOXEHefIF@CNPOXB� ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ó òøX öô ¡¢tgK]GDBFE¦b�K)^PEfB1efNPOAOAEfefIF@CNPOABZ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ó �øX ÷ø Ì Ñ Ë¹efQAGD\]EHB[a�NPG ò **�IV@TSmE�t�NP@TOnIVBº ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ónõøX -� Ì Ñ Ë¹efQAGD\]EHB[a�NPG[ô.*�IV@TSmE®t�NP@TOuIFB7 Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ónõøX 21 Ì Ñ Ë¹efQAGD\]EHB[a�NPGjõ*�IV@TSmE®t�NP@TOuIFB7 Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò óPóøX 2, Ì Ñ Ë¹efQAGD\]EHB[a�NPG ò ô�IV@TSmE®t�NP@TOuIFB7 Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò óPóøX  ò *K��K]GF@TNPQAB�@TOXa�EHGDGFEf>�OAE�I_h¤N]GF½uB� Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ó�,øX  òPò � NPOXdC@COXE)K]G�efNPOAOAEfefIF@CNPOAB  ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò ô.*q   ò z�@��lIFQAGFEir�d�K¸IVEHB q @CK]pPGVKMS  Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò 1]ó

\l@T@

Page 16: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 17: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

v w ç$ã á x � � ����ä�ç

óA  ò r�GFNPBJILKMIFEZr�ˤ=?\2z{y�²�p]EHOAEfB� ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ø��óA  � ²oN]t2dTQAOAp7pPEfOAEHBf��GFK]OA½MEH>{Rn^��¦ æ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ��ô¢  ò ys�¢IFGVK]t�NPdCKMIVEf>2EfGFGDNPG�GVKMIFEHB/ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò *,ô¢  � Õ#E)K]GDOA@COApªefQAGD\]EZtAK]GVK]S,EfIFEHGDB� ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPò *ô¢ ÷õ ¡¢QAS,SvKMGD^mN]asGDEHBDQAdTIFB� ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  òPòPòô¢ ùó Ë�y�¡X©?dCE)KMGFOA@TOApªeHQAGJ\PEfB� Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò·�P�øX  ò ÏiEfOAEHB[K]OX>2IFWAEH@TGjK]BFBDN¢ef@�KMIFEH>'OANl>AEiOlQXS�R�EfGFBf � ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z i ¦ Z ¦ Z ¦ ¦ Z  ò õ1

@��

Page 18: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 19: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�����N�����Y� �

� â ã | á � { � ã w á â

�`�+�  ¢¡¤£¦¥ § ¨� ��ª©��N�����e«­¬r�GFN]IFEH@TOAB�KMGFE,EHBFBDEHOnIV@CK]d�eHNPS,t�N]OAEHOnIVB¦N]ajKMdCd�dT@T\l@COAp'NPGDpnK]OA@TBFS,BH m=�BZhcEHdTd�K]BZSmK]½u@COXp�QAtÁIVWAESmK·ÍDNPG�BDIFGFQAe�IVQAGFK]dµeHNPS,t�NPOAEHOnI1N]a�efEHdTdCB�IVWXEf^�K]dCBDN,K]efI�K]Bje)KMIVK]dT^lBJIVBH�x@TOA@TIF@�KMIF@COApªKªhj@C>XE¦GFK]OApPEN]a:GDE)K]e�IV@TNPOAB`KMOA>¨tAGDN¢efEHBFBDEHBf �²�WAE¥K]RX@CdC@�I_^°IFN�SmEHK]BFQXGFE�IFWAE{tXGFEHBDEHOAefE«K]OA>¶KMRAQAOA>gKMOAeHE�NMatAGDN]IVEf@COABm@CO¶K�tgKMGDIV@TeHQAdCK]G7eHEfdCd�QXOA>AEHGveHEHGJILK]@TO¶eHNPOX>A@TIF@CNPOAB,@CBvK�eHEfOuIFGVK]d1pPNnK]d[N]aiS,NPdCEfeHQAdCK]GRA@TNPdCNPpM^P 2¡¢QAeLW�½uOAN£hjdTEH>ApPE,h¤N]QAdC>�tXGFN£\l@C>AEvK2\PEfGD^$>AEfIVK]@CdTEH>$>AEHBDeHGF@TtXIV@TNPO°NMa�IVWAEmR�EfWgK)\l@CNPQAGN]a�N]GFpnK]OX@CBFS,BZKMIªK2eHEHdTdCQAdCK]GidCE�\PEHdcK]OA>$h¤NPQXdC>�@TO$IVQXGFO�dCEHK]>$IFN�K{R�EfIDIVEfG�QAOA>XEHGFBJILK]OX>A@COAp¥NMa\MK]GF@TNPQAB[>A@CBDE)K]BDEHB:KMOA>�t�NPBFBD@CRAdTE¦IFGFE)K¸IVS,EHOnIVBf :z�@TeHGFNPK]GFGFK£^lB�K]dCdTN·h QAB�IFNmILKM½]E�BDQAeLW¥SmEHK]BFQXGFE�§S,EHOnIVBf s²±N�QAOA>XEHGFBJILK]OX>ªWAN£hi�MhcE�S�QABJIo»gGDBDIsRAGF@TE¯®A^iGDEf\l@CE�h�IVWAE�tAGFNleHEfBFB�NMagtAGFNMIVEH@TOZBJ^lOuIFWAEHBD@CBf 

²�WAE�BDN¦eHK]dCdTEH>�efEHOnIVGFK]dA>AN]pPSvK1N]a�SmNPdTEHefQAd�K]G±RA@TNPdCNPpM^:h�K]B�»AGFBDI<BDQApPpPEfBFEf>mRn^ªwgGFK]OAeHEfB�ˤGF@TeL½�@COIVWXE ò ,Pô.*]BH sb�K]BD@Ce)KMdCdT^�@TI<BJILKMIFEHB<IVWAE�a�NPdTdCN£hj@COApXÞ±°T²´³¶µ$·W¸�¹0Z»º�²»³¼µ$·W¸�¹0Z±½'¾À¿WÁ¹ÃX�Äg  � I�@CB<OAN£h½uOAN£hjO�IFWgKMI,K]d�IVWANPQXpPW�IVWAE'efNPSmtXdCEfIFEUtA@Ce�IVQAGDEU@CBªGFKMIVWAEfGªSmN]GFEUeHN]SmtAdT@CeHKMIVEf>~��IVWA@TB7NPGF@TpP@COgKMdK]BDBFQAS,tXIV@TNPO'@CB�pPEfOAEHGFK]dCd�^vefNPGFGDEHe�I®K]OX>2@TB�eHEfGDILKM@COAd�^`BFQ¢³mef@CEfOuI[a�NPG�IFWA@CB�@TOuIFGFNl>AQAe�IV@CN]O~ 

²�WA@TB�BD^lOnIVWAEfBF@TB�tXGFNleHEHBDB<@COn\PNPd�\PEfB�IVWAGDEHE�>A@TBDIV@TOAefIsBDIFEHtAB�§~IFGVK]OXBFd�K¸IV@CN]O~�]BDtAdC@TeH@COXp:K]OA>�IFGVK]OABDeHGD@Ct¢§IV@TNPO~  ¯ E:hj@CdTd~OAN£h�RAGD@CEîA^U>AEfBFeHGD@CR�E:IVWAEfBFEiIVWAGDEHEitAGFNleHEfBFBDEHB�@TO`IVQAGDO

ÅKÆ ì=�gê��)ðPì¸ñ�ü±ë·ñ�í�ê q QAGD@COApÁIVWA@TBmBJILK]pPEM�¤IVWXE{>ANPQXRAdCE2BDIFGVK]OA>XEH> q:� =�@CB,QAOnhcNPQAOA>¹K]OX>IFWAE�@CO¢a�NPGFSmKMIV@TNPO'@CO�N]OAE�N]a�IFWAEªBDIFGVK]OA>XB®@CB1eHNPtA@TEH>¥@TOuIFN`eHN]SmtAdTEHS,EHOnILKMGD^2tAGFEfdC@TSm@TOgK]GD^S,EHBDBFEHOXpPEHG[Ì � =� 

ò

Page 20: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� �6˯Ì$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ���

Å ûÀüJ� ñ­ðnñ ê 7 ²�WAE®BDtAdC@TeH@TOApiBDILKMpPE�@TOu\]NPdT\]EHBcE��lIVGFK]efIF@COAp�IFWAE[eHNl>A@COApZGFEfpP@CNPOXB�a�GDNPSºIVWAE1pPEHOXEÒ�½uOAN£hjO�K]BιlÏпWÄ_Z¸Óca�GDNPS�IFWAEiOANPO¢§ eHNl>A@COXp,GDEHpP@TNPOAB¦ÒgX�ÄuÁ�¾À¿WÄ_Z¸Ó� <²�WAE:a­K]efIjIVWAKMI�IVWAEiefN¢>¢§@TOApUGFEfpP@CN]OAB®N]a<IVWXEªpPEHOAE7KMGFEªOANPOl§_eHN]OuIF@COuQANPQXB:eHGFEHKMIVEfBiKU>AEHSmK]OA>A@TOAp`tAGDNPRAdTEHS�@CO�IVWXE>X@CBFefN£\PEHGJ^'N]asIFWAEi>A@T¿�EHGDEHOnIjpPEfOAEHB[@COUIVWXE¦p]EHOANPS,E] 

ÅFÆ ìW�AêJ���9�Xë·ñ�í�ê ²�WAEª»gOAK]d�BDIVK]pPEª@TOu\]NPdT\]EHB:IVGFK]OABDd�KMIF@COApvIFWAEªOAN£h�eHNPOnIV@TOuQANPQABiBDIFGFE�IVeLWÁN]ap]EHOANPS,@CeZSvK¸IVEHGD@�K]d±@COnIFNUK`BDIFGF@COXpUN]a�K]S,@COANUKMeH@C>XB�IVN`tXGFNl>AQAeHE�IFWAEªtAGDN]IVEf@CO~ ¦y<K]eLW«BFE�INMa#IVWAGDEHE®efNPOABFEfeHQXIF@T\]E:RgK]BFEfBiÒ K�Ñ0¿ÓÒ�¿WÄ~Ó<eHNl>AEHB�N]OAE�tgKMGDIV@TeHQAdCK]GcK]Sm@TOANZK]eH@T>~  � I�@TBchcNPGDIFWOXN]IV@TOApvIVWAKMI:K]B1IVWAEfGFEªK]GDE�NPOAd�^ � *`K]S,@COANvK]eH@T>AB®KMOA>¥óÔ®QAOX@CkuQAEªeHNl>ANPOXBH��IFWA@CB�eHNl>A@COAptXGFNleHEHBDB1@TB�GVKMIFWAEHGjGDEH>AQAOX>gK]OnI) 

²�WAE¦kuQgK]OnIV@�I_^'N]aotAGFEfdC@CS,@COAK]GD^mSmEfBFBDEHOApPEfG�Ì � =?IFWgKMI[@CB�R�EH@TOAp,IFGVK]OXBFeHGD@CR�EH>2Rn^2K7tAK]GDIF@CeHQXd�K]GpPEfOAE¦@CB�RAGDNnK]>Ad�^`GFE�a�EHGDGFEH>'IVN,K]B�IFWAEiE��¢tAGFEfBFBD@CNPO�dCEf\]EHd#N]a±IVWAKMI[pPEHOAEM ²�WAEfGFEmK]GFE7SmK]On^�a­K]e�IVNPGDBiIFWgKMIieHK]O$GDEHpPQXd�KMIFE7IFWAE,K]RAQAOX>gK]OAefEmN]a¤K'tgK]GDIF@CefQAd�K]G�tAGFN]IFEH@TOÁ@TOÁKpP@�\PEfOÁefEHdTd¬ iwgNPG�E��XK]SmtXdCE]�À@CO�NPOXEªe)K]BDE�IVWAEªGDEHBFt�EHe�IV@�\PEªpPEfOAEªSvK)^�OAN]I:R�EªE��¢tAGDEHBDBFEH>«hjWA@TdCBDI@TO¥K]OAN]IFWAEHG:eHK]BFE�@TI®SmK)^{R�E�@TOuIFEHOABD@T\]EHdT^�E��¢tAGDEHBDBFEH>À �=�dTBFNA��IVWAE�BDt�EfEH>«N]a�tAGDN¢>AQXefIV@TNPO{\MK]GD@CEHBa�NPG�>A@�¿ÀEfGFEHOnIctAGFNMIVEH@TOABH�¢K]B�>ANlEHB<IVWAE[WgK]d�a�§_dC@�a�E�N]a�IVWAE1SvÌ � = K]OA>,IVWAE[tAGDN]IVEf@CO~ �²�WX@CB�BFQApPp]EHBDIFBIFWgKMI�IFWAE�GDEHd�K¸IV@CN]OABFWA@Tt�R�EfI_hcEHEfO¥IVWAEZklQAK]OnIV@TI_^�N]a�SmÌ � =�K]OA>{IFWAEªK]RAQXOA>gK]OAefE�N]a�IFWgKMI1tgK]GJ§IF@CeHQXd�K]G<tAGDN]IVEf@CO,@CB�OANPO¢§¬IVGF@�\l@�K]d  s©[N·hcEf\]EHG�@�I�@CB<hj@C>AEfdT^,K]efeHEHt¢IVEH>`IFWgKMI�S,E)K]BDQAGF@TOApZIFWAE1dTEf\]EHd�N]aSmÌ � =�pP@�\PEfB®QAB:K`GDE)K]BDNPOgK]RAdTE�@TOABF@TpPWnI®@COnIFNmIVWXE�tAGFNMIVEH@TO¥K]RAQXOA>gK]OAefEHBf Z²�WA@TB�S,E)K]BDQAGFEfSmEfOnIeHK]OUR�E�t�EfGDa�NPGDSmEf>`QABF@TOAp�µYXÕÑþÀ¿Ó·.¾H¾l·.Ö=Z��uIVWAE®K]OgK]d�^¢BD@CBcN]a#hjWA@CeLWU@TBcIFWAE®BFQXRlÍDEHe�IjN]a#IVWA@TBcIFWAEHBD@CBH ²�WAEfGFE�KMGFE$I_hcN¶SmK]@CO¹a�NPGFS,B2N]aªS,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^¹@CO�pPEHOAEfGVK]d¦QABDE.×v¡¢t�NMIFIVEf>�S,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^lB{K]OX>Ñ dC@TpPNPOuQAefdCEHNMIV@C>XE¤S,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^lBH�nR�N]IVW7N]a�hjWA@CeLW,GFEfdT^�N]O,IFWAEjBVK]S,E�RA@COX>A@COAp:tXGFNPt�EHGJI_^7N]a q:� =� q:� =�KMOA>�Ì � =K]GDEZE��AKMSmtAdTEHBjN]asOlQXeHdCEf@Ce¦K]ef@C>ABf��N]OAEZeLWAK]GVK]e�IVEfGF@CBJIV@Te¦NMashjWA@TeLW{@CB�IFWAEH@TGjIFEHO¢§>AEfOAef^«IFN�a�NPGDS´>ANPQARXdCE7BDIFGVK]OA>XEH>�S,NPdCEfeHQAdTEHB®IFWAGFNPQXpPW°efNPSmtXdCEHS,EHOnIVK]GD^¥RAK]BFE,tgK]@TGF@COXpA m²�WXER�EHBJI¤½uOAN£hjOvE��XK]SmtXdCE�N]a�IVWA@TB�@CB�IFWAEj>ANPQARAdTEjWAEHdT@��ªBJIVGDQAefIFQAGFE[N]a�WlQXSvK]O q:� = S,NPdTEHeHQXdCEHBo»gGFBJIBDQApPpPEfBDIVEf>{Rn^ ¯ KMIFBFNPO2K]OA>�ˤGD@CeL½v@TO`IVWAEiEHK]GFd�^ ò ,Pô.*]BØ�Ù�.1 �  �²�WA@CB�IFEHOA>XEHOAe�^'N]a±OlQXeHdCEf@CeiK]ef@C>ABIFNva�NPGFS�>ANPQXRAdCEZBDIVGFK]OA>AEf>«SmNPdTEHefQAdCEfB1@TB�½uOAN£hjOÁK]B®Wn^lRAGF@T>A@CBFKMIV@TNPO�K]OX>�tAd�K)^lB:K]O¥@TSmt�NPGJILK]OnIGDNPdCEZ@CO{IFWAEªSmEHK]BFQXGFEHS,EHOnI:NMacSmÌ � =ºKMRAQAOA>gKMOAeHEM ZÕ#E�IiQAB®eHN]OABF@T>AEHG®N]OAE�BFt�EHef@T»geªp]EHOAE7K]OX>@�IVBjSvÌ � =�tAGDN¢>XQAefIH �Ï:@T\PEfO�K7BVK]S,tAdTE:N]asIFWA@CBjSmÌ � =��g@TIj@TBjt�NPBDBF@TRAdCE:IVN�¾À¹ÃÚ.¹Ã¾ÀZD¹eÁ�¾l·.Ä_ZDÑþHX�Ûù@�I:IVN'BF@TOApPdCE�BDIVGFK]OA>AEf>°efNPSmtXdC@CS,EHOnIVK]GD^ q:� =�Ò�e q:� =:Ó�hjWA@CeLW¥hcNPQAdT>$Wn^lRAGF@T>A@CBDEªIVN2KUBF@COXpPdCE

Page 21: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

˯Ì2Ë¯Ì �ÈÍ���ÉÝÜ ~ � � ��É � � É_Þ��

BDIFGVK]OX>UN]a#IVWAE:p]EHOAE Ð B�NPGD@CpP@TOgK]d q:� =�  � I�@CBcIFWA@CB¤Wu^lRAGD@C>A@TBVKMIF@CNPO,IVWgK¸I�QAOA>AEfGFdT@CEHB�IVWAE:N]t�EfGVKMIF@CNPON]aoSm@TeHGDNnK]GFGFK)^¢Bf 

= BFt�N]IFIFEH>ÁSm@TeHGDNnK]GFGFK)^�eHN]OABF@TBDIVBiN]a¤K'BFSmK]dCd�BDdC@T>AEªNPOnIVNUhjWA@TeLW$IVWXE q:� =¾BFEfklQXEHOAefEHB�N]acIVWAEpPEfOAEHB®IFNUR�E�S,E)KMBFQAGDEH>ÁK]GFE�tAGF@TOuIFEH>¥@TO¥tAGFE�§_>AE�»gOAEH>«dTN¢eHKMIV@TNPO�Ò�BFt�N]IVBVÓ� Zy�KMeLWÁBDt�NMI:eHNPOnIVK]@COABSmK]On^°efNPtA@CEfB�N]a�IFWAEUBFEfklQXEHOAefE2NMa1N]OAE`pPEfOAE] «SmÌ � =�@CB¦IVWAEfOÜE��lIVGFK]efIFEH>�a�GFNPS IVWXE`eHEfdCd¤NMa@COnIFEHGFEfBDIvK]OA>�K$BDEHtgK]GFKMIVE2eHN]OuIFGFNPdjefEHdCd  �ÌjEf\]EHGDBFE�IFGVK]OXBFeHGD@CtXIF@CNPO�@CBªQXBFEH>�IVN«IVGVKMOABDa�NPGDSÔIVWAESmÌ � =ºSmN]dCEHefQAdCEfB®@COnIFNUe q:� =¾S,NPdTEHeHQXdCEHBf �²�WAE�I_hcN2BVK]S,tAdCEfBiK]GFE�IFWAEHO«dCK]R�EfdCdTEH>{hj@�IVWß®gQ¢§NPGDEHBFefEHOnIª>X^]EHB2Ò�N]a¼IVEfO°\l@CBFQAK]dC@TBFEH>°K]B�GDEH>�KMOA>�pPGDEHEHOÜKMdTIVWXNPQApPWÁOAN]I�K]efIFQgK]dCd�^¥\l@CBF@TRAdCEªIFN{IVWAEOgK]½MEH>�Ef^PE)Ó�K]OA>�K]GFE:IVWXEHO'h�K]BDWAEH>�N£\PEHG�IFWAEiBFdC@T>AEiK]OA>'dTEfa¼I�IVN7Wn^lRAGF@T>A@CBDE:a�NPGjKªBFEfI[t�EHGD@CNl>2NMaIV@TSmEM  Ñ OAefE�IVWA@TB1IF@CS,EZWgKMB®EHdCK]tABFEf>~�ÀIFWAE�BFdT@C>AEfB®K]GDE�GF@TOABFEf>«K]OA>¥KMGFE�GDE)K]>X^2IVNvR�EªKMOgK]dT^lBDEH>~ ²�WAE�>¢^PEHB®K]GFEZE��¢eH@�IVEH>¥@TOA>A@�\¢@T>AQgK]dTdT^vRu^{KmdCK]BFEfG®K]OX>{a�NPG[E)K]eLW¥BDt�N]IH�~Kà®AQANPGFEfBFefEHOAefEªGFE)KM>A@COApe)KMO�R�EZSvKM>AE¦a�N]G1R�N]IVW�Ñ0¿WáP¿WâоÀZ� j²�WAE�GFKMIV@TNmNMa�IVWAEfBFE�GDE)K]>X@COApPB[tAGDN·\l@T>AEHB1QAB1hj@�IVW¥K,GFEHdCKMIV@�\PEdCE�\PEfd¤N]a�E��¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO�a�NPG¦NPQAG�BFK]S,tAdCE7hj@TIFW�GFEfBFt�EHefI�IVN{IFWAE`eHN]OuIFGFNPd  {wgNPG¦E��XK]S,tAdTE]��@�a�a�NPG�KtgK]GJIV@TeHQAdCK]G®pPEfOAEªIVWAEfGFE7@CB:S�QXeLW$S,NPGFE�SvÌ � =¾@TOÁN]QAG:BVK]S,tAdTE�GFEfd�KMIF@T\PE�IFNUIVWAE7eHN]OuIFGFNPd �~IVWAE>X^]E®eHNPGDGFEfBFt�NPOA>A@TOAp�IVN�NPQAG¤BFK]S,tAdCE[hj@CdCd�®AQANPGFEfBFefE:S�QAeLWUS,NPGFEjIVWgKMO`IVWAE1>X^PE®a�NPG<IVWXE®eHNPOnIFGFNPdK]OA>¥hcE,hj@TdCdoWgK)\PE,KUWA@CpPW«GFKMIV@TNA �²�WAEfBFE,GVKMIF@CNPB®K]GFEªOAN]GFSmK]dCd�^�dTNPpPpPEf>�Ò­RgKMBFE � Ó1IVN'tAGDEHBDEHGD\]EIVWXE¦BJ^lSmS,EfIFGD^UR�EfI_hcEHEfO{N£\PEfG�K]OX>�QAOX>AEHGjE��¢tAGDEHBDBF@CN]O~ 

Ñ dC@TpPNPOuQAeHdTEHN]IF@C>AE'KMGFGVK)^lBvQXBFE¥K°BDdC@TpPWnIVdT^�SmNPGDE�efNPS,tAdC@Te)KMIFEH>�tAGFNleHEf>AQAGFEM�jRAQXI`>XN�OAN]ImOAEHEf>K`BFEftgK]GFKMIVEªefNPOnIVGFN]d�BVK]S,tAdTEªK]OA>«WAEfOAeHE7tAGDN·\l@T>AE7K]RABDNPdCQXIFE�GVK¸IVWAEfG®IVWgK]O¥GDEHdCKMIV@�\PE�E��XtXGFEHBDBF@TNPO\MK]dCQXEHBH <wgNPGcE)K]eLW2pPEfOAE®IVWgK¸I�@CB�R�EH@TOApªS,E)K]BDQAGFEf>~� � *�BDSvK]dTd�BDEHe�IV@CN]OAB�N]aµIVWAE:p]EHOAE Ð B q:� =?K]GFEtAGD@COnIVEf>°KMI:\MK]GD@CNPQXB¦dTN¢eHKMIV@TNPOAB:KMGFNPQAOX>«IFWAEmK]GFGFK£^ÜÒ�IVWXEHBFEmK]GDE,GDEfa�EfGFGFEf>ÁIFN{KMB¦t�EHGJa�EHe�IZSmKMIFeLWÒ r�z�Ó�tAGDNPR�EHBLÓ�  � E��¢I�IVNiEHK]eLWvN]a�IVWXEHBFEM�¢IFWAEjBVK]S,EjBFEHkuQAEfOAeHE1@CB<tAGD@COnIVEf>mRAQ¢I�hj@�IVW7IVWAEjS,@C>A>XdCERgK]BDEUBDhj@�IVeLWAEf> Ò�Sm@TBFSmKMIVeLW¶Ò¬z�z�Ó¦tAGFNPR�EHBVÓ� Á=�B�hj@�IVW�IFWAE`BFt�N]IDIVEH>�K]GDGVK)^lBH�<NPQAG�BVK]S,tAdCEm@CBd�KMR�EfdCdCEf>mhj@�IVW2K�®gQANPGDEHBDeHEHOnI1>X^PE¦K]OX>'h¤K]BDWAEH>2N£\PEHG�IFWAEiK]GFGFK)^P ±��K]GF@TNPQAB�KMdCpPNPGD@TIFWASmB�E��¢@TBDI�IVNeHN]S�RA@COXE®IVWAEfBFE¦ó�*ªtAGFNPR�E:\MK]dCQAEfB�@COnIVN7NPOXE¦E��¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO�\MK]dTQAE,Ò�a�N]G�E��XK]S,tAdCE$� ò¯� Ó� 

²�WAE�tXGFNPRAdTEHS?N]agIFGVK]OXBDa�NPGDSm@TOAp�KMO�@CSmK]pPE�»gdTEcBDWAN£hj@COApiK]dTdnN]agIVWXE¤>AN]IFB�K]OX>�IVWAEf@CG�®gQANPGDEHBFefEHOAefE\MK]dCQXEHBH�cIVN$K$>gKMIVK]BFE�Ima�N]G7a�QXGDIVWXEHG`KMOgK]dT^lBD@CB7@CB7@CO�@TIFBFEHd�a®KMO�@COnIFEHGFEfBDIF@COAp$K]GFEHKÁa�NPG,GFEfBFEHK]GFeLW~ ÌjEHeHEfOnIVdT^]�¸\MK]GD@CNPQXB#SvK]eLWX@COAE�dTE)K]GDOA@COAp�IFEHeLWAOA@TkuQAEHB±WgK)\PE�R�EfEHOZQABFEf>Z@TOiIFWA@CB±K]GDE)KX owgNPG#E��XK]S,tAdTE]�

õ

Page 22: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� �6˯Ì$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ���

ÕµK)hjGFEfOAeHE'EfIªÕ¼� ó òÓ� QABFE'K{b�K)^PEHBD@�K]O�K]tXtAGFNnKMeLW�IVN�@TSmtAGDN£\PEvIFWAE`tAGDN¢efEH>AQAGDEUN]ajE��lIFGVK]e�IV@COXpE��XtXGFEHBDBF@TNPO¥\]KMdCQAEfB1a�GFN]S�BDt�NMIVB®@TO�BFt�N]IFIFEH>«K]GDGVK)^lBH iz2@CdCNmEfI®K]dã� ó�, � BFQXpPpPEHBJIiK`tAGDNPRgK]RA@TdC@TBDIV@TeK]tXtAGFNnKMeLW¹IFN�E��lIVGFK]efIF@COAp�E��¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO¶\MK]dCQAEfB`a�GFNPS Ñ dC@TpPNPOuQAeHdTEHN]IF@C>AE2K]GDGVK)^lBH =�d�IVWANPQXpPW¶@TIhcNPQAdT>�R�E:\PEHGJ^2@COnIVEfGFEHBJIV@TOAp7@COUIVWAEia�QXIFQAGFE:IVN,K]QXpPSmEfOnI1BDQAeLW�KMtAtAGFNPK]eLWAEHB[hj@TIFW2>XN·hjOXBDIVGDE)K]SK]OAK]dT^lBF@TBH�µIVWA@TB:IVWAEfBF@CBihj@CdTdsa�NleHQAB�ÍDQABDI¦NPOÁIVWAE,>AN£hjOABJIVGFEHK]S/K]OgK]d�^lBF@CB¦K]OX>ÁIVK]½]E,IVWAE7>gKMIVK�KMBpP@�\PEfO~ 

�`�0ä ¥å¨Ó漬�©Nç § ¨Ó ���©��ß���¢�Ø« ¥éè��ßê «ë¬±¨�¬=�I:IFWA@CB®t�NP@TOuI�@TI�@CB�hcNPGDIFWnhjWA@CdTEªR�Ef@COApUK`RX@TI®S,NPGDE�BFt�EHef@T»ge7K]R�NPQXI�IVWAEªKM@CS,B�N]a�S,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^K]OAK]dT^lBF@TBH  ¯ E�hj@CdTd¢@TOnIVGFNl>AQAefE�BFE�\PEHGFK]dxBFQAeLWmK]@TSmB�R�EHdTN£h�§#IFWA@CB�@TB�Rn^ªOANiS,E)K]OAB<KMO,E��¢WgK]QABJIV@T\]EdT@CBDIH 

ì#íÂîãíiì ï�ð5ñ�òôóuõÂöØ÷�ø�óuõgùúòûù#ü�ðØõgý�ñ�þuñ�òôó�õiøtÿiÿ��¤ñ�����þuñ����_ñ ðúñ�ò�ñ��Ñ OAE`NMa�IVWAEmNPGF@TpP@COAK]d<K]OA>�SmK]@TO$QABDEHB�a�NPG¦S,@CeHGDNnK]GDGVK)^lBZ@TBZ@TO�>A@CBDeHN£\PEfGF@TOAp�>A@�¿ÀEfGFEHOnIF@�K]dTdT^�E��u§tAGDEHBDBFEH>�pPEHOAEfBH �=1OZN]Ru\l@TNPQABoK]tAtAdT@Ce)K¸IV@CN]O:@CB~IVWXEc@T>AEHOnIV@�»ge)K¸IV@CN]O¦NMaXRA@TNM§_SmK]GD½]EHGDBµeHNPGDGFEHBDt�N]OA>A@COXpIFNZ\MK]GF@TNPQAB�>A@CBDE)K]BDE1BJILKMIFEHBf cwgNPG<E��AKMSmtAdTE]�nhcE®SvK)^7WgK)\]E�pPEfOAE�E��XtXGFEHBDBF@TNPO`S,E)K]BDQAGFEfSmEfOuIFBca�NPGBDNPSmE�WAE)K]d�IVWn^�tAGFNPBJILKMIFE�eHEfdCdTB®K]OA>¥BD@CS,@CdCK]GjSmEHK]BFQAGDEHS,EHOnIVB1a�GFNPS IVQAS,NPQAG1eHEfdCdCBf iÏ:EHOAEfB®IVWgKMIWgK)\]E[efNPOABD@CBDIFEHOnI<>A@�¿ÀEfGFEHOnIF@�K]dlE��¢tAGDEHBFBD@CNPO,K]efGFNPBDB�IVWAEfBFE�I_hcNipPGFNPQXtAB�SmK£^ZR�E�QAdTIF@CSmKMIVEfdT^iQABDEfa�QAda�NPG�>X@�K]pPOXNPBF@TB�NPG�WAEHdTtª»gOA>vt�NPBDBF@CRXdCE�>AGDQApiILK]GDpPEfIFBH  � OmK:SmNPGDE�BFWAN]GDI<IVEfGFSºNPQ¢IVdCNlNP½x�]IFWAEf^ªhj@TdCddT@C½]EfdT^'R�E�@TOuIFEHGDEHBDIF@COApmILK]GDpPEfIFB1a�NPGja�QXIVQXGFE�RA@TNPdCN]pP@CeHK]d~GFEfBFEHK]GFeLW«K]OX>{IVWAEf@CG1@C>AEfOuIF@T»geHKMIV@TNPO2SvK)^WAEfdCtªIVN:QXOAGVK)\PEfdAIVWAE�efNPS,tAdCE���RA@TNPdCN]pP@CeHK]dntAGFNleHEfBFBDEHB�GFEHBDt�N]OABF@TRAdCE¤a�N]G�>A@CBDE)K]BDEHB<BFQXeLWvK]B�eHK]OAefEHGH 

� I'@TBUK]dCBDN�@COnIVEfGFEfBDIV@TOAp�IVN�»AOA>¹pPEHOAEfBUhjWANPBFE¥E��¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO¹\]KMGF@CEfB'K]BvIFWAE¥GFEfBFQAd�I'N]a¦eHEHdTdCQAdCK]GtAGDN¢efEHBDBFEHBªÒ­E] ùpA �efEHdTd±>X@T\l@CBD@CNPOxÓ¤N]G1KMB�K,GFEHBDQAdTI[N]a�E��¢t�N]BFQAGDEZIVN,BFN]SmE¦E��lIVEfGFOgKMdoBJIV@CS�QAdCQABf �wgNPGE��AKMSmtAdTE]�u@CO7IVWXE1BDEHS,@COgK]dXtgK]t�EHG�N]aµ¡¢t�EHdTdCSmK]OªEfIcK]dJ�Ù� ò¯� �lBFNPS,E�1**:^PE)KMBDIcpPEHOAEfBcIFWgKMIcK]tAt�E)K]GIFN,R�Ei@COn\PN]dT\PEf>'@COUIVWAEiefEHdCdÀef^leHdTEiK]GFEi@C>XEHOnIV@�»gEH>UIVWXGFNPQAp]W2S,@CefGFNnKMGFGVK)^vK]OgK]d�^lBF@CBf �ϦKMBFeLW'EfI1K]d� �P�W� @TOn\PEHBJIV@TpnKMIVEf>`^PEHK]BDI[pPEfOAEHB�hjWANPBDE:E��¢tAGDEHBFBD@CNPO'\MK]GF@TEH>`hjWAEfO2IFWAE:BVKMSmtAdTE�h¤K]B�E��¢t�NPBFEf>2IFN\MK]GD@CNPQAB�BDQA>A>AEfO{eLWgKMOApPEHB[@CO'efNPOA>A@�IV@CN]OUBFQAeLW{K]BjWAE)KMI[BDWAN¢eL½x 

ó

Page 23: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ë¯Ì �=Ì É ~ Ü`�����$Ü ~ � � � É � � É_Þ­É��JÉ } Þ±� ~ �

ì#íÂîãíÂî � ñ�ÿiÿ� 5ÿgø±þ�� ÿgø����_õgöØ÷�ø�ó�õgùôòÑ OAE7K]GDE)KUN]acSm@TeHGFNPK]GFGFK£^{K]OgKMdT^lBF@TB�IVWgK¸IiWgK]BieHEfGDILKM@COAd�^{>AGFK)hjO°KUdCNMI:N]acKMIFIFEHOnIV@TNPO¥a�GFNPS�IVWAESmK]eLWA@COXE�dTE)K]GDOA@COXp1efNPSmS�QAOA@TI_^®@CB±eHEHdTdCQAdCK]G~efd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPO~ o©1EfGFE<h¤E¤K]GFEc@COnIVEfGFEfBDIVEf>�@COihjWAE�IVWAEfG@TI[@TB[t�NPBDBF@CRXdCEiIVN,QABFE¦IVWAE¦pPEHOXE�E��¢tAGDEHBDBF@CN]O�SmEHK]BFQXGFEHS,EHOnIFB1IVNmeHdCK]BFBD@Ta¼^UBFK]SmtXdCEHB[@COnIFNmpPGDNPQAtABBFQXeLW¹K]BvWAEHK]dTIFWn^��·IVQAS,NPQAG,NPG,GFEHdCK]tABDE��MOAN]O¢§_GDEHd�KMtABFEM �=1tgK]GDI,a�GFN]S IFWAE{N]Ru\l@TNPQABv>X@�K]pPOXNPBDIF@CeIVNlNPdTBiIFWgKMI�eHNPQAdT>°R�Em>XEf\PEfdCNPt�EH>�a�GDNPS BFQXeLW�eHd�KMBFBF@�»gEHGDBUÒ�@CS,tAGVK]e�IV@Te)K]d�tXGFEHBDEHOnIVd�^°>XQAEvIVN2IVWAEWA@TpPW'eHNPBJI1NMas>gK¸ILKªpPEHOXEHGVK¸IV@CN]OxÓcIVWAE�^'e)K]O�K]dTBFNªR�E¦QXBFEH>2IVN7@C>XEHOnIV@�a¼^`>A@�¿ÀEfGFEHOnIF@�K]dTdT^,E��¢tAGDEHBFBDEH>pPEfOAEHBf �wgNPG�E��XK]S,tAdTE]�xÕ#@#EfI�K]d#� óPó � QABDEH>�K,b�K)^PEfBF@CK]O{efd�K]BDBF@T»AEHG�IVWAKMI[EHOXa�NPGDeHEf>{BFtAK]GFBD@TI_^'N£\PEfGa�E)K¸IVQAGDEHBÁÒ­@  ÷EM �p]EHOAEfBLÓUK]OA>¶a�NPQAOX> BDQARABDEfIVB'N]a¦pPEfOAEHBUIFWgKMI'pnK)\PE�\]EHGJ^¶pPNlN¢>¶efd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPOt�EHGDa�N]GFSmK]OAeHEiKMOA>�WXEHOAefE¦hcEHGDEZ@TOuIFEHGDEHBDIF@COAp7eHK]OA>A@T>gKMIVEfB�a�NPG�a�QXIVQXGFEi@COn\PEfBDIF@CpnKMIF@CNPOÀ 

ì#íÂîãí�� � õ��_ñ ø��_ñ��� ��ró�����ñ õið5ñ�òôóuõÂöØ÷�ø�ó�õiùúòY1OXBFQAt�EHGJ\¢@TBFEf>$IVEfeLWAOA@TklQXEHB¦BFQAeLW°K]BieHdCQXBDIVEfGF@TOAp'WgK)\PE7R�EfEHOÁQABFEf>$IFN2@T>AEHOnIF@Ta¼^{IFEHOnILK¸IV@T\]E7BFQAR¢§I_^lt�EfB�@CO,pPGDNPQAtABcN]a#BVKMSmtAdTEHB<IVWgK¸IchcEHGDE®tAGFE�\l@CNPQABDdT^ªIFWANPQApPWnIcN]aµK]BcR�Ef@COApZWANPS,NPpPEfOAEHNPQXBH �wgNPGE��XK]S,tAdTE]�#=�dT@POHK]>AEHW¥E�I¦K]d´� ó � @T>AEHOnIV@�»gEH>«tAGDEf\l@CN]QABFd�^�QAOA½uOAN£hjO$BFQAR¢§¬I_^lt�EfBZN]a�d�^¢S,tAWAN]SvKvRn^QABD@COAp:WA@TEHGFK]GFeLWA@Te)K]dleHdTQABDIFEHGD@COAp®N]OªpPEHOAE�E��¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO7>gKMIVKX �b¤WAKMIFIVK]eLWgK]G¼ÍDEHE�EfI�K]d�� ø � t�EHGJa�NPGFS,EH>KZBD@CS,@CdCK]G�K]OgKMdT^lBF@TB�NMa#dCQAOXpZeHK]GFef@COANPSmK]Bf �¡¢QAeLWUBDQAR¢§¬I_^¢t�EHBf�¢IFWgKMIcSvK)^7R�E�WgK]GD>mIFN�>A@TBDIV@TOApPQA@TBFW@CO`K�IVGVKM>A@TIF@CNPOgKMdgSvK]OXOAEHGf�Xe)KMO2efNPGFGDEHBDt�NPOX>'IFN�\PEfGD^U>X@T¿�EHGFEfOnI�eHdT@COA@Te)K]dxNPQXIFeHNPS,EHBf <wgNPG¤E��AKMS7§tAdTE]�]IFWAEHBDE�SvK)^ZR�E¤>A@T¿�EHGDEHOnI�GFEHK]efIF@CNPOXBoIVN1\]KMGF@CN]QABoa�NPGDSmBoN]agIVGDE)KMIFSmEfOnIVB�K]OX>ªWlQXpPEHd�^�>A@�¿ÀEfGFEfOuIBFQXGD\l@T\MK]d#GFKMIVEfB�Ò¼a�NPG�E��AKMSmtAdTE]�gBDEHEà� ó � �A»gp]QAGFEZôªK]OA>6�ùø � �X»ApPQAGFEióuÓ� 

ì#íÂîãí�� ïBò�üHñ�þuñ�ò�÷�ñ¶ù#ü�#ñ�ò�ñ¼þuñ� 5ÿiø�ó_ù#þ�� õiòôó�ñ þuø±÷Èó�õiùúò��=¨t�NPBFBD@CRAdTE¤QABDEjN]axpPEHOXE�E��¢tAGFEfBFBD@CNPO7>gKMIVK�IVWgK¸I�WgK]B�GDEHeHEfOnIVdT^�BDIVK]GDIFEH>�IVN:GDEHefEH@T\]E�SmN]GFE�@TOuIFEHGDEHBDI@CBªIFWAE�GDEf\]EHGFBDE{EfOApP@COXEHEHGD@COApÁN]a�BFNÁe)K]dTdCEH>�pPEfOAEfIF@Ce'GFEfpPQAd�K¸IVNPGJ^�OAEfI_hcNPGD½lBf ¶²�WAEHBDE{OAE�I_h¤N]GF½uB>AEfBFeHGD@CR�EUIVWAEUGDEHpPQAdCKMIVN]GD^�@TOnIVEHGFK]efIF@CNPOXBªR�E�I_h¤EfEHO�\MK]GD@CNPQXB�pPEHOXEHBH  � O�BF@TSmtAdT@CBJIV@Ce7IVEfGFS,BH�<IVWAEtAGDN]IVEf@CO7tAGFNl>AQAefEH>,Rn^ªNPOAE�pPEfOAEje)K]O,RA@TOA>ªIVN:IVWAE�tXGFNPS,N]IVEfG�GFEfpP@CNPOªNMa~K]OXN]IVWAEfG�pPEHOXE]�ue)K]QXBF@COXpK{eLWgKMOApPEU@CO°@TIVB¦IVGFK]OABFefGF@TtXIV@TNPO~ ¥Õ#E)KMGFOA@TOAp{IVWXEUBDIVGDQAefIFQAGFEUNMajBFQAeLWÜOAE�I_h¤NPGD½uB,@TB�NPOXE`N]ajIVWAEpPGDE)KMI¤eLWgK]dCdTEHOAp]EHB¤NMa#a�QAOAefIF@CNPOAK]d�p]EHOANPS,@CefBH �Ý:OAN£hjdTEH>ApPE1N]a#IVWXE®GFEfd�KMIF@CNPOABDWA@CtXBcR�EfI_hcEHEfO2p]EHOAEfB@CB<efGFQAef@�K]dA@TO,»AOA>A@COXp¦t�NPBDBF@CRXdCE�ILK]GDpPEfIFB�a�NPG<OAEfh¶>XGFQApPBf  ¯ E[hj@TdCdA>A@TBFefQABFB<IVWAEjILKMBF½�N]aÀ@COXa�EfGFGD@COApGFEfpPQAdCKMIVNPGJ^`OAE�I_h¤N]GF½uB1@TO'SmNPGDE:>AEfIVK]@CdÀd�KMIFEHG�@COUeLWAK]tXIVEfG�ø¢ 

ô

Page 24: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� �6˯Ì$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ����`�"! #ª�5�Nè%$��ß�&$ § �[ ��[¨Óè[� 'F���ß��è[¨Óè)( ¥é�Y�Y��©¢�[ ��;�S¬� OvIFWA@CB<BDEHefIF@CNPOÀ�lhcE1hj@TdCdgdCNlNP½ªK¸IcBDNPS,E1N]aÀIVWAE[SvKMeLWA@COAE[dCEHK]GFOX@COAp:IVEfeLWAOA@TklQXEHB¤IFWgKMIcWgK)\PE�R�EHEfOQABDEH>ªtAGDEf\l@CN]QABFd�^i@COiIVWAEcK]OgK]d�^lBF@CB±N]aXSm@TeHGFNPK]GFGFK£^®>gKMILK¢ o²�WAEfBFE�KMtAtAGFNPK]eLWAEHBoe)K]OZR�EctAd�KMeHEH>¦@COnIFNI_hcN�e)K¸IVEHp]NPGF@TEHB�§oBDQAt�EfGD\l@CBDEH>`IFEHeLWAOA@TkuQAEHB�KMOA>`QAOABDQAt�EHGD\l@TBFEH>`IFEHeLWAOX@CkuQAEHBf  ¯ E[hj@CdCdg>XE)K]dxhj@TIFWIFWAEHBDE¦eHKMIVEfpPNPGD@CEHB�BDEHtgKMGVKMIFEHdT^vR�EfdCN£hi �¡¢NPS,E:N]aµIVWX@CB¤hcNPGF½vWgK]B�tAGDEf\l@CNPQXBFdT^vR�EfEHO2tAQARAdT@CBDWAEH>U@TO� ønô �  

ì#í��»íiì * ò��� ���ñ þ�+rõ,�Ðñ�ð-$ñ ÷/.5ò5õ�01 �ñ��ˤdTQABDIFEHGF@TOApUK]dTpPNPGD@TIVWXSmB[K]GDE�t�NPBFBD@CRAd�^UIVWAE�S,NPBJI�hj@C>XEHdT^2QABDEH>¥SmK]eLWA@TOAE�dTE)K]GDOA@COApmK]dTpPNPGF@�IVWAS,Ba�NPG¦IVWAEvK]OgK]d�^lBF@CBZN]a�S,@CefGFNnK]GDGVK)^«>gKMIVKX ¥¡lQAeLWÜK]dCp]NPGF@�IVWAS,B®»gOA>ÜK{tAK]GDIF@TIV@TNPOA@TOAp'N]a�IVWAEm>gKMIVKBFK]SmtXdCEHB1IVWgKMI®@CB�@TO¥BFNPS,EZh¤K)^¥NPtXIF@CSmK]d¬ 1=ºBFEfSm@TOgK]d±tgK]t�EHG®@TO{IVWX@CB:K]GDE)Kvh¤K]B:tAQARXdC@CBDWAEH>¥Rn^y�@CBDEHOUE�IjK]d±� ò ø � hjWAEfGFE®IVWXE®QABFE�N]aµWA@CEfGVK]GDeLWA@CeHK]d�eHdCQXBDIVEfGF@TOAp�a�NPGc>A@CBDeHN£\PEfGF@COXpªBDIVGDQAefIFQAGFE:@TO`S,@�§efGFNnK]GDGVK)^�>gKMILK7h�KMB®@COn\PEfBDIF@CpnKMIFEH>~ 1²�WAE�BDN]a¼I_h�KMGFE�SmK]>AEZK)\]KM@Cd�KMRAdCE:hj@TIFW�IFWA@CB1tgK]t�EHG®KMOA>{IVWXEBDt�EfEH>'K]OA>v@COnIVQA@�IV@�\PE[OgKMIVQXGFE�NMa~IVWA@TB�IFEHeLWAOX@CkuQAE®WgK)\]E®SvKM>AE1@�Ic\]EHGJ^vt�NPtAQAdCK]GH s²�WAE1IFEHeLWAOA@TkuQAEtAGDN¢efEHEf>AB�@CO°K�GDEHeHQXGFBF@�\PEmSvK]OXOAEHGf��KMIZE)K]eLW�BJILK]p]EmefNPS�RA@TOA@COAp'IVWXEmI_hcN�>gKMIVK�t�NP@COnIVBvÒ­p]EHOAEfBNPG1eHEfdCd±BVK]S,tAdCEfB�>AEft�EfOA>A@TOAp`NPO{hjWXEfIVWXEHG�hcEªK]GDE�@COnIFEHGFEfBDIFEH>«@CO2»gOA>A@TOAp`BF@TSm@Td�K]GDdT^mE��¢tAGDEHBFBDEH>pPEfOAEHBsNPGoBFK]S,tAdCEfBLÓ~IVWgKMI�K]GFE<IVWXE¤eHdTNPBFEfBDIohj@TIVWZGFEfBFt�EHefIsIVN�BDNPS,E¤>A@TBDILKMOAeHEcSmE�IVGF@Te1Ò�a�NPG±E��XK]S,tAdCEy�QAefdC@C>XE)K]O�>A@CBJILK]OAefE�NPG1roEHK]GFBDNPO�efNPGFGDEHd�K¸IV@CN]OxÓ� �²�WXE�eHN]S�RA@COXEH>{t�NP@TOuIFB�KMGFEiIVWAEfO�eHNPOXBF@C>XEHGFEf>IFNUR�EªKMO¥@COA>A@�\l@C>AQgKMd±t�NP@TOuI:K]OA>�IVWXE�tAGFNleHEfBFB:@TB®GFEft�EHKMIVEf>~ i²�WAEHGDEmKMGFE�BDEf\PEfGVK]dsSmE�IVWANl>AB�a�NPGefNPS�RA@TOA@COAp�t�N]@COnIVBf��BFEHE­� ò ø � a�NPG�>XEfILKM@CdCBf  ¯ Evhj@CdTdcpP@�\PE`S,NPGDEv@CO¢a�NPGFSmKMIV@TNPOÁNPO�WA@CEfGFeLWA@TeLWgK]defdCQABJIVEHGD@COAp7@TO2eLWAK]tXIVEfG1óX Ñ IVWXEHGiQAOABDQAt�EfGD\l@CBDEH>ÁIVEHeLWXOA@CkuQAEfBZWgK)\]E,R�EHEfO$QXBFEH>Á@CO¥IFWA@CBiK]GDE)Kvhj@�IVW«dC@TSm@�IVEH>�BFQAefeHEfBFBH  ¯ Ehj@TdCd~GDEf\l@CE�h�BFN]SmE:N]a±IVWXEHSæ@COUeLWAK]tXIVEfG1óX 

ì#í��»í î 2� ���ñ þ�+rõ,�Ðñ ð-àñ ÷3.5ò5õ,01 �ñ��²�WAE:SmK]@TOvBFQXt�EfGD\l@CBDEH>2dCE)KMGFOA@TOApZIFEHeLWAOA@TkuQAE:IVWgKMI¤WgK]B�R�EHEfOUQABFEf>2@TB�eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO~ o²�^ltA@Te)K]dTdT^S,@CefGFNnK]GDGVK)^`>AKMILK]BDEfIFB[WAK£\]E�Kªd�KMGFpPE:OuQAS�R�EHGjN]a±a�E)K¸IVQAGDEHB1K]OA>�K,BDSvK]dTdÀOuQAS�R�EHGjN]asE��XK]S,tAdCEfBH ²�WuQABf�Xa�NPG<E��XK]S,tAdCEM�lIFWAE[tAGFNPBJILKMIFE1eHK]OAefEHG¤>AKMILK]BDEfI¤N]aµ¡¢@TOApPWmEfI¤K]dJ�ùø, � efNPOABD@CBDIFB¤N]a#ô.*ZOXNPGFSmK]dK]OX>�ô � IFQAS,NPQAG:BVKMSmtAdTEHB�hj@�IVW ò·� ø.**va�E)KMIFQAGFEfBiE)K]eLW~ ,Ï:@T\]EHO¥IVWAKMI:IVWAE7>gK¸ILKUe)K]O¥IFWAEHGDEfa�NPGDE

ø

Page 25: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ËÃÌ 4=Ì �=�ÐÉJ��Í É � Í­ÜØÉ��ÈÇ ~ ��� } �'É � � ~ � � É�Ê�Ê � ��É��ÈÇ����

R�Ev\l@CEfhcEH>�K]B�K{BFtgKMGFBFEUBDEfI7N]ajt�NP@TOuIFB�@CO�K{WA@Cp]W¢§_>A@TSmEfOABF@TNPOgK]d�BDtgK]efEÁÒ­eHN]GFGFEfBFt�NPOA>A@TOAp�IVN«Kd�KMGFpPE�OuQAS�R�EfGcN]a�a�E)K¸IVQAGDEHBLÓ��u@TI<@CB�OXN]I�BFQAGDtAGF@TBF@COXpiIFWgKMI<RA@TOgK]GJ^ªeHdCK]BFB�>gK¸ILK]BDEfIVB�N]a�IVWA@TB�I_^¢t�E[K]GFEQABDQgK]dCd�^�dT@COAEHK]GFd�^ZBDEHtgKMGVK]RAdTE]ÞsKiWn^lt�EHGFtXd�K]OAE[e)KMOmGDE)K]>A@TdT^ZR�E�a�NPQXOA>ªhjWA@CeLW,eHNPGDGFEfefIVd�^ªBFEftgK]GFKMIVEfBR�N]IVW¶efd�K]BDBFEHBf �²�WA@CB`BDQApPpPEfBDIFB'K�tAGFE�a�EHGFEfOAeHE¥a�NPGmBF@TSmtAdTEHGmK]dCp]NPGF@�IVWAS,BH  wxN]GvE��XK]S,tAdTE]��IVWAEt�EHGFefEHtXIFGFNPO,K]dTpPNPGD@TIVWXS�K]OA>ª@TIFBs\MK]GF@CK]OnIVB�eHK]OªEf³,ef@CEHOnIFdT^�WAK]OA>AdTE�dC@TOAE)K]GDdT^iBDEHtgK]GFK]RAdTE�tAGFN]RAdCEfSmBK]OA>ªeHK]O7GFEHK]>A@Cd�^¦R�E�QABDEH>ªhj@TIFW�IVWAEfBFEj>gKMIVK]BFE�IVBf �©1N£hcEf\PEfGH�lN]IVWXEHG�a­K]e�IVNPGDB�K]GFE�@TSmt�NPGJILK]OnI) ±wgNPGE��XK]S,tAdTE]��@CO�KM>A>A@TIF@CNPO'IVNvK]BFBD@CpPOX@COApvKmeHdCK]BFB1d�K]R�EHd#IFN`KvOAE�h?IVEfBDI:t�NP@COnIH��@�I1hcNPQAdT>�R�EZhcNPGDIFWBDIVKMIV@TOAp�K�efNPOX»g>AEfOAeHE$SmEHK]BFQXGFE«IVNlNA "wgNPGUBDNPSmEÁeHdCK]BFBD@T»gEfGFB2K�efNPOX»g>XEHOAefE°NPG'tAGDNPRgK]RA@TdC@�I_^S,E)K]BDQAGFE«@CBUp]@T\PEfO KMOA> IFWA@CBUhj@TdCd�R�EÁK]O�K]>X\MK]OnILK]p]EÁ@TO¹tAGVK]e�IV@Te)K]d:KMtAtAdC@Te)KMIF@CNPOXBH º= d�KMGFpPEOuQAS�R�EHG#N]a¢eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPOiK]dTpPNPGF@�IVWAS,B�eHNPQAdT>it�N]IFEHOnIV@CK]dCd�^[R�E�QABDEH>~�MGVK]OXpP@COApca�GFNPS�>A@CBDeHGF@TSm@TOgK]OnIS,EfIVWXN¢>ABf�±IFN¥ÏiK]QABDBF@�KMO°r�GFNleHEfBFBDEHBªK]OX>°eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO«IVGFEfEHBf  � O°IVWA@TBiBFEHe�IV@TNPO$hcEmhj@TdCd�NPOAd�^>AEfBFeHGD@CR�EUI_h¤N«t�NPtAQAdCK]G�eLWANP@TeHEfB7a�N]Gª@CdCdTQABDIFGVKMIF@CNPOÀÞ65n§_OAEHK]GFEfBDI7OAEf@CpPWuR�NPQAGFB,K]OX>�t�EHGDeHEftXIVGDNPOABH ¡¢QAtXt�NPGJI1\]EHe�IVNPG1SvK]eLWX@COAEfB�Ò ¡��iz Ð BLÓ[K]GFE¦K]dTBFNmKmt�NPtAQAdCK]GjeLWANP@TeHEia�NPGjeHd�KMBFBF@�a¼^l@COAp,Sm@TeHGDNnK]GFGFK)^>gKMIVK�K]OA>Uhj@TdCdxR�E�QABFEf>�E��¢IFEHOABD@T\]EHdT^v@COvIFWA@CBcIVWAEfBF@CBf �²�WAEHGDEfa�NPGDE]�AhcE:N£\PEHGDdCNlNP½7IVWAEfS�WAEfGFEiK]OX>pP@�\PEiK7>AEfIVK]@CdTEH>U@COnIFGFNl>AQAefIF@CNPOU@TOUIVWAEiOAE��¢I1eLWgK]t¢IVEHGf 7 VVêµþ��Xì¸þ��fëvêµþ¢ñ97'qÈ��í�ï±ì`ð����u�Ó�)ñ9�oþuìW�Ñ OAE:N]a±IVWAE:BD@CS,tAdCEfBDI�efd�K]BDBF@�»gEHGDBjK£\MK]@Td�K]RXdCE�@TBr¸u§ � E)K]GDEHBDI � EH@TpPWuR�NPQXGFB¦Ò85 ��� Ó� A²�WA@TB[efd�K]BDBF@�»gEHGGFEfkuQA@CGDEHB¦OAN2IFGVK]@TOA@COXp�KMOA>ÁIFWAE,eHd�KMBFBiN]a�K'OAE�h¾t�N]@COnI¦@CBiBF@TSmtAd�^�tAGDEH>A@TefIFEH>$IFN�R�EªIVWAE,S,NPBDIeHN]SmS,NPO°efd�K]BDBªK]S,NPOAp{IFWAE[¸$OAEHK]GFEfBDI7OAEf@CpPWuR�NPQAGFBf  � O�@TIFB�BF@TSmtXdCEHBJI�a�NPGDS�KMOA>°a�NPG�RX@COgK]GJ^eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO`hj@TIFW&9;:=<?> ò �AIVWXE¦>XEHeH@TBF@TNPOUa�QAOAefIF@CNPO'@TBHÞ

9@< �BADCFE GHJI:LK MONQPBR 9;:TSU Ò ò   ò ÓhjWAEfGFE 7 @CBjIVWAEZBFE�I®N]a�OXEH@Cp]WlR�NPQAGDB1efdCNPBDEHBJI�IVN,IVWAEZOAEfh�t�NP@TOuIH� ^  [²�WX@CB[SmE�IVWANl>{eHK]O�E)KMBF@Cd�^R�EªE��lIVEfOA>AEH>ÁIVN'S�QAd�IV@ §_eHdCK]BFB1eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO�hj@TIFW�IVWAE7eHdCK]BFB:NMa�KUOAE�hºt�NP@COnI:>AE�IVEfGFS,@COAEf>ÁRn^IVWXE¦efNPOABDEHOABDQAB�N]ao@TIFB�OAEH@TpPWuR�N]QAGFBf ²�WAE,BFE�I�N]a¤OAE)KMGFEHBJI�OXEH@Cp]WlR�NPQAGDBZ@TBi>AEfIFEHGFS,@COXEH>ÁRu^ÁK'>A@TBDILKMOAeHE,SmE�IVGD@Ce�IVWAKMI¦@CBiQABFQAK]dCd�^�IVWAEy�QAeHdT@C>AEHK]O«>A@CBJILK]OXeHE,@CO«@COAtXQXIiBFtgKMeHE] `ÏiEfOAEHGFK]dCd�^{@�Ii@CBiR�EHBDIiIFN�BDe)K]dTE7IFWAE7@CO_®AQAEHOAefEmNMa¤EHK]eLWOAEf@CpPWuR�NPQAG�>XEHt�EHOA>A@TOApUNPO�>X@CBDIVK]OAefE�a�GFNPSæIFWAE�OAE�h�t�NP@COnIH �²�WA@TB®@CB1E)K]BD@CdT^�K]efeHNPS,tAdT@CBFWXEH>{Rn^

Page 26: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� �6˯Ì$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ���

S�QXdTIV@TtAdT^l@TOApªIVWAEZeHd�KMBFB�dCK]R�EHdµN]a<E)KMeLW�OAEH@TpPWuR�N]QAG�Rn^{K,hcEH@Cp]WuIF@COAp,IVEfGFS2��EM ÷pA [IVWAEZGFEfeH@CtXGFNle)K]dN]a�IFWAE�>X@CBDIVK]OAefE�R�E�I_h¤EfEHO¥IVWXE�t�NP@COnIVBf e¸u§_OXE)K]GDEHBDI�OAEH@TpPWuR�N]QAGFB[h�K]B�@COnIVGDN¢>AQXeHEH>{@CO ò ,Pô ò K]OX>BD@COAefEmIVWXEHO°IFWAEHGDEvWgK)\PEvR�EfEHO�SmK]On^«E��lIVEfOABF@TNPOAB�K]OA>°\MK]GD@�KMIF@CNPOAB:tXGFNPt�NPBFEf>~  Ñ OAEm\MK]GD@�KMIF@CNPO@TB�IVWAE�tAGFNPRAK]RA@CdT@CBJIV@Ce¦OAEHK]GFEfBDIiOAEf@CpPWuR�NPQAG�S,Nl>AEHd�Ò­BFEfEªE] ùpA à� � , � Ó�Þ1OXN]I:NPOAd�^{>XN¢EfB�IVWA@TB:K]BDBF@Cp]OK,tAGFNPRAK]RA@CdT@TI_^,IVN7IVWAE¦tAGDEH>A@TefIVEf>{dCK]R�Efd#RAQXI1@TI[K]dTBFNmK]QXIFNPSvK¸IV@CeHK]dCd�^,e)K]dTeHQAdCKMIVEfBjIFWAEi\]KMdCQAEiN]a�5GDEHBFQXdTIV@TOAp7@CO2K�a�QAdCd�^`KMQXIVNPOXNPSmN]QAB�eHdCK]BFBD@T»gEfGH 

®þuì¸ðPþuü±ë)ì¸í�ê¨ð��9�u���Hñ9�oþuì+�²�WAE2t�EHGFefEHtXIFGFNPO�@CB7K¥BD@CS,tAdCEUKMOA>ÜEf¿�EHefIF@T\]E�efd�K]BDBF@T»AEHG�hjWA@TeLW�eHK]OÜGFE)KM>A@Cd�^�WgK]OX>AdCEUdT@COAEHK]GFd�^BDEHtgK]GFK]RAdTEm>gK¸ILK]BDEfIVBvÒ wo@CpA  ò   ò Ó�  � OA>AEfEH>~�sQABF@TOAp2IFWAE,@C>AEHK'NMa�½]EfGFOAEfdcBDQARABJIV@TIFQXIV@TNPO«IVWgKMIihj@TdCdR�EU@COnIVGDN¢>XQAeHEf>�@TO�eLWgK]tXIFEHG � �<@�Iªe)K]OÜKMdCBFN¥WAK]OA>AdTE`OANPO¢§ dC@TOAE)K]GDdT^ÁBFEftgK]GFK]RAdCEv>gKMILKMBFEfIFBH �²�WXE½u¹Ã¾ÀÑ0¹Â½'Á�¾0¿WÄ Ñ0¿WÄuÚ.¹Ã¾DV�¹ÃÄÈÑ0¹eÁXWu¹0¿W¾0¹Ãµ�BDILK¸IVEHB[IVWgK¸I1IFWAE�t�EHGDeHEHt¢IVGFN]O¥K]dCp]NPGF@�IVWAS hj@CdCd#efNPOn\PEfGFpPE�N]OK°BDNPdCQ¢IV@CN]O¨KMa¼IFEHGmK$»gOA@�IVE{OuQAS�R�EfGvN]aitgKMBFBFEfB`IVWAGDNPQApPW�IVWAE�>gKMILKMBFEfIH�jtAGFN£\l@C>AEf>¶K°BDNPdCQXIF@CNPOE��X@TBDIFBH  � a ^ :�K]GDE:IVWAEia�E)KMIFQAGFEi\PEfefIFNPGFB�K]OA>ZYmK]GFE¦RA@TOgK]GD^n§¬\]KMdCQAEf>2N]QXIVtAQ¢IVBjIVWAEfO�IVWXEZ>AEfeH@TBF@CN]Oa�QAOXefIV@TNPO'@CBfÞ

Y[< �BA�C�E�Ò G]\�^ :�^`_�Ó�ß Ò ò   � ÓK]OX>ÁIFWAEmdTE)K]GDOA@COXp`ILK]BD½¥@CB®IVN'»gOA>$KUh¤Ef@CpPWnIi\PEfefIVN]G G K]OX>°RA@CK]Ba_�BFQXeLW°IVWgK¸I:IVGVKM@COA@TOAp`a�E)K¸§IFQAGFEv\]EHe�IVNPGDB ^ :�SmK]t°efNPGFGDEHe�IVdT^ÁIVN2IVWAEveHNPGDGFEHBDt�N]OA>A@COXp�d�K]R�EHdTBb9c:¬ {²�WA@CBZ@CB�KMeLWA@CE�\PEH>�QXBF@COXpK]O$@TIFEHGVK¸IV@T\]EªIVGVKM@COA@TOAp'tAGFNleHEfBFBZhj@�IVW$S�QAdTIF@CtAdTE�tgK]BDBFEfB�IVWAGDNPQApPWÁIVWAE,>gKMIVK2QXBF@COXp�IVWXE,hcEH@TpPWnIeLWgKMOApPEHBfÞ

d G <e9;: ^ :gf �h9;:lÒ G]\�^ :�^i_�Ó � Ò ò  öõnÓhjWAEfGFEjf�ÒDk]Ó�@TB�IVWAE1©1EHK£\l@TBF@C>XE®¡lIFEHt,a�QAOAefIF@CNPOÀ�uhcE�QXBFE19;:=<?> ò K]OX>mIVWXE1RA@CK]Bl_�e)K]OmR�Eja�NPQAOX>Rn^,K]>A>X@COAp¦K]O,E��lIVGFKZefNPSmt�NPOAEfOnI®Ò�BVK)^S*nÓsIFN¦IFWAE�a�E)KMIFQAGFE�\PEfefIFNPGFB�»X�¢EH>`K¸I�monp<?^ ò K]OA>7hj@TIFWIFWAEZRX@�K]B�pP@�\PEfO{K]B1_q<erpnH c²�WAEihcEH@Cp]WuIj\]EHefIFNPG[@CB�IVWAEfGFE�a�NPGFEiNPOAd�^UeHN]GFGFEfefIFEH>{Rn^'KMO{K]>X>A@TIF@T\PEa­K]e�IVNPG�9c: ^ :c@�a�IVWAE7>AEfeH@TBF@CN]O�a�QAOAefIF@CNPO¥p]@T\PEfB:IVWAE�hjGDNPOAp'd�K]R�EHdsY2N]O¥tAGFEfBFEHOnIVKMIV@TNPO$NMa�IFWAEtA IFWa�EHKMIVQAGDE:\PEHe�IVNPGf wgGFN]S Ò ò   � ÓchcEiBFEfEiIFWgKMI�IFWAEiBFEHtAK]GVKMIFGF@ �U@CO`IFWAEi>AEHef@CBD@CNPO`a�QAOXefIV@TNPO'@CB�IFWAE:dC@TOAE)K]G¤Wu^lt�EHGDtAd�K]OXE

1

Page 27: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ËÃÌ 4=Ì �=�ÐÉJ��Í É � Í­ÜØÉ��ÈÇ ~ ��� } �'É � � ~ � � É�Ê�Ê � ��É��ÈÇ����

ulvQwox�yzxXyz{�|�}@~�}z�F�������F���"�1�a��~�}��O�B�����������,~��z�����F}z�F�s���c���������F����}��������F�B���B��~�}��a�����p�D���������������O�G�\B^ ^�_�< *Á>AEHtX@CefIFEH>¨@TO¨ws@TpPQAGDE ò   ò   � O�K]O¨K]d�IVEfGFOgKMIF@T\]E2\l@CE�håÒ�IFWAEZV�¹0¿Wµª¹ÃÁ�¾HXÕÑ;Ò.â�·.á­ÓWn^lt�EfGFtAdCK]OAEHBZR�EfeHNPS,E,t�NP@TOnIVBZK]OA>°t�NP@TOuIFBZR�EHefNPS,EmWn^lt�EfGFtAdCK]OAEfBUÒ wo@CpPQAGDE ò   � Ó� `²�WA@TB�K]d�IVEfGJ§OgKMIF@T\]E�GFEftAGFEfBFEHOnIVKMIV@TNPO«pP@T\]EHB:@COXBF@Cp]WuIFB:K]R�NPQXI®IFWAEªBFN]dCQXIF@CNPO2a�NPQAOA>¥a�NPG®R�N]IFW�IVWAE�t�EHGDeHEftXIVGDNPOK]OA>v¡��:z�BH  � O7IVWX@CB<>AQgK]dXGFEHtXGFEHBDEHOnILK¸IV@CN]OmhcE[WAK£\]E�KYÚ.¹Ã¾ÀZÃXÕ¿WĪZ½_·�Ñ0¹j@TOABF@T>AE�hjWA@CeLW,E)KMeLWmt�NP@COnIGFEftAGFEfBFEfOuIFB[K�t�N]BFBF@TRAdCE1Wn^¢t�EHGDtAd�KMOAE:eHNPGDGFEfefIVd�^,BFEHtAK]GVKMIF@COApZIVWAE®>AKMILK]t�NP@TOuIFB¤@TOvIVWAE�NPGF@TpP@COgKMdg@CO¢§tAQXI®BFtgK]efE2Ò ws@TpPQAGDE ò   ò Ó� :²�WXEªR�NPQXOA>gK]GD@CEHB�N]a<\PEHGDBF@TNPO¥BFtgKMeHEª>AEfGF@T\]E�a�GFNPS IVWXE�>gKMIVK¸§_t�NP@COnIFBH ²�WAE:@�IVEHGFKMIV@TNPOABcN]aµIVWAE:t�EHGDeHEHt¢IVGFN]O{K]dTpPNPGD@TIVWXS¾e)K]O'R�E�\l@CEfhcEH>�K]BjK�IFGVK·ÍDEfefIVN]GD^vhjWX@CeLWUIVEfGFS,@�§OgKMIFEHB�@COABD@C>AE�\]EHGDBF@CN]OvBFtAK]eHE[BDIVK]GDIF@COApia�GFNPS�NPQXIVBD@C>AEj@�a�IFWAEj@COA@�IV@�KMd¢hcEH@Cp]WuIFBc>XNZOANMIcefd�K]BDBF@�a¼^�IVWAEIVGFK]@COX@COAp`>AKMILKUeHN]GFGFEfefIFdT^P 7Y[OXa�NPGJIVQAOgK¸IVEHd�^P�~IFWA@CB:@TOA>A@CeHKMIVEfB®IVWgK¸I:IVWAE7BFN]dCQXIF@CNPO¥eHK]O$R�EªRA@CK]BFEf>BF@TOAeHE�@TI�eHK]OU>AEft�EfOA>'NPO`IVWAE�BDILKMGDIV@TOAp�t�NP@COnI�K]OA>`IVWXE®NPGF>XEHG�N]a±tAGDEHBDEHOnILKMIF@CNPOUNMa#IVWAE®tAKMIFIFEHGFOXB@CO Ò ò  ÷õnÓ�  � O�K]>A>A@�IV@CN]O~�sIVWXEHGFEU@TB�OAN«BF@TSmtXdCEmh¤K)^�N]a[@TSmtAdTEHS,EHOnIV@TOAp�K�efNPOX»g>XEHOAefE�S,E)K]BDQAGFEa�NPGieHdCK]BFB¦tAGDEH>A@TefIV@TNPO«hj@TIVWÁIVWAE,t�EHGFefEHtXIFGFNPOÀ  � OÁIVWAE,OAE��¢I�eLWgK]tXIFEHGf�sh¤E7hj@CdTd�>AEHBDeHGD@CR�EU¡��:zeHdCK]BFBD@T»gEfGFB®hjWA@TeLW$WAK£\]EvK`QXOA@CkuQAE7BFN]dCQXIF@CNPO¥@TOA>AEHt�EHOX>AEHOnI¦N]a�IVWAE7NPGD>AEHG:N]actAGDEHBFEfOnILKMIF@CNPO�§[@COK]>A>X@TIV@TNPO'KªeHNPO¢»g>AEHOXeHE¦e)K]O2R�E¦K]BDBF@TpPOAEH>'IVNªIFWAEieHd�KMBFBjd�K]R�EHd  

,

Page 28: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� �6˯Ì$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ���

ulvQwoxtyzx���{¡ ����t�����¢�z�z��� �����z���O���O}c���B��~��£}¤��¥j =~��£�����%¦B§�¦¨�F�B���B���£~�}c����©��O�"�£ª��¢�c���������F����}��O�b��}z��c���������F����}z�O�l�"�������O�"�����«�����F�B�,�B��~�}����������z�B���b©��O�"�£ª������£~�};���l~�}z��~����p���z�b¬�­"®�¯�°X±B²¨¯g³�´£µ�­�¶Q��~��"�������O��·¸ ���,��~��£}`���F���"�&����}¹©��¢�����O}¹~�}º���O}����,���T»�§�¼����z�[�����&~������,�B��~��£}z�[��¥j�����¨�����,�"���z�����£}¹���������,~����zª�"�������O�����£}z�F�����b�������¾½��O�"�������@~�}c��� ¸ ������~��£}«���F���"�b¶L�����¾�l}�»s� �������q���������������,~����zª¿�����,ªa~�}z�B���O�l�l~����À ������������~�}z~�}��j���������Á§

ò *

Page 29: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ë¯Ì Â+Ì ��Ç��È� ~ �5� � � }�~ ����`��Ã Ä �;�S¬±¨�¬ÆÅÈÇ���ê�¨Óè[�� O{eLWAK]tXIVEfG � hcE�@COnIFGFNl>AQAeHEiIVWXE�¡lQAtAt�NPGDI��<EHe�IVNPG�z{K]eLWA@TOAE]��K,SvK]eLWX@COAEidCEHK]GFOX@COAp7K]dTpPNPGD@TIVWXSIVWAKMI®@TB�QABDEH>«E��lIVEfOABF@�\PEfdT^�@TO�eLWgK]t¢IVEHG:ô¢  ¯ EªK]dCBDN`tAGDEHBFEfOnIiGFEHBDQAdTIFB�a�GFN]S5KmBDIVQX>X^�N]a<GDEHdCK]tABFE\PEfGFBDQAB�OAN]O¢§_GDEHd�KMtABFE:efd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPO`a�NPG ¯ @TdCS,B¤IVQXSmNPQXGFBH Ë¤WgK]t¢IVEHG®õ`pP@T\]EHB®BDNPSmE�RgK]eL½upPGFN]QAOA>¥@CO�IVWAE7K]GDE)KvNMa<tAGFNPRAK]RA@CdT@CBJIV@CeiS,N¢>XEHdCB[IVWgK¸I®@CB�GFEHkuQA@TGFEf>a�NPG�eLWgKMtXIVEfG[óX Ë¤WgK]t¢IVEHGDB®ó`KMOA>«ô,efNPOnILK]@TO�IFWAE�SmK]@CO2eHN]OuIFGF@TRAQXIV@TNPOAB[N]a�IFWA@CBjIVWAEfBF@TBH �ˤWgK]tXIFEHG®óm@COnIVGDN¢>AQXeHEHBK�OAN£\PEfdµK]dCp]NPGF@�IVWASºa�NPGcIVWAEiK]OAK]dT^lBF@TB¤N]a±S,@CefGFNnK]GDGVK)^,>gKMIVKZ§�ÕµKMIVEfOuI[r�GDN¢efEHBFB q EfeHNPS,t�N]BF@TIF@CNPOÀ ²�WA@TBZhcNPGF½¥h¤K]B�t�EHGDa�N]GFS,EH>°@TO°efNPdCdCK]R�N]GVKMIF@CNPO�hj@�IVW�z�K]GF½$Ï:@CGFN]d�K]S,@�K]OX>�Ì1KM@COAEfG�b¤GDEH@�IVdC@TOApKMI,IVWAE�Y1OX@T\PEfGFBD@TI_^�N]a¦Ï:d�K]BDpPN£hæK]OX>¨WgK]B,R�EfEHO¶KMeHeHEftXIVEf>¨a�NPG7tAQARAdT@CeHKMIV@TNPO �ùø]ó � KMBmhcEHdCd[K]BK]tAt�E)KMGF@COXp7K]B[K7t�NPBJIVEHGjtAGDEHBDEHOnILKMIF@CNPO�KMI1Ì[ycË Ñ z{b � **Mó;� øPõ �  Ë¤WgK]t¢IVEHGZô`@COnIFGFNl>AQAeHEfBiKUSmE�IVWANl>ANPdTNPp]^2a�NPG®@CO¢a�EHGFGD@COApUGDEHdCKMIV@TNPOABFWX@CtAB1R�E�I_h¤EfEHO�efd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPOt�EHGDa�N]GFSmK]OAeHEvK]OA>�BFK]S,tAdCE,BF@ OHEmhjWXEHOÜQABF@TOAp«¡¢QXtAt�N]GDI��<EfefIFNPGªz{KMeLWA@COAEfB�IVN{eHd�KMBFBF@�a¼^«IV@CBDBFQAEBVKMSmtAdTEHBf �²�WA@CB<hcNPGF½7h�KMB¤t�EHGDa�N]GFS,EH>v@TOmefNPdCdCK]R�NPGVKMIF@CNPO�hj@�IVW`¡XK)^nK]O'z2QA½uWAEHG¼ÍDEHE:EfI¤K]doÒ¬z � ²[ÓK]OA>2WgK]BjtAGDEf\l@CN]QABFd�^`R�EHEHO2tAQARXdC@CBDWAEH>2@COë�ùô ò¯�  Ë¤WgK]t¢IVEHG<ø®>XEHBFefGF@TR�EfB<hcNPGD½�>ANPOXE�@CO�IVWXEjb¤@CNP@TOXa�NPGDSvKMIF@CefBoÌjEHBDE)K]GDeLW`ˤEfOnIVGFE[KMI�IFWAEjY1OX@T\PEfGFBD@TI_^N]a�Ï:d�KMBFpPN£h�NPOZIVWAE�@TOXa�EHGDEHOAefE¤N]axp]EHOAE�IV@CecGFEfpPQAd�K¸IVNPGJ^iOAEfI_hcNPGF½uBf  � I�@COn\]EHBDIF@CpnK¸IVEHBoIVWAEct�N]IFEHOnIV@CK]dN]a�I_h¤N¦SmK]eLWA@COXE�dCE)KMGFOA@TOApiK]dCp]NPGF@�IVWAS,Bo@TOªIVWA@TB<K]tAtAdT@Ce)K¸IV@CN]O~ µ=�dTIFWANPQAp]W,GDEHBDQAdTIFBcKMGFE�tAGDEHBFEfOnIVEH>À�IVWX@CBiEHBDBFEHOnIF@�K]dTdT^«GFEftAGFEfBFEfOuIFB�hcNPGF½¥@TO$tAGDNPpPGDEHBFB�K]OA>$NPt�EfOAB¦QAt°SmK]On^«@COnIVEfGFEfBDIV@TOAp2klQXEHBDIF@CNPOXBK]OA>2>A@TGFEHe�IV@TNPOAB¤a�NPG�a�QXIFQAGFE:GDEHBDE)K]GDeLW~ ws@TOgK]dCd�^P�uh¤EitAGDEHBDEHOnI:KªeHN]OAeHdTQABF@TNPO2K]OA>2BFNPS,E®a�QXIVQXGFEiGFEfBFE)KMGFeLW{>X@CGFEfefIF@CNPOABf 

òPò

Page 30: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� �6˯Ì$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ����`��É Ê¿Ç)Ëàê�¨Ó à����¨Ó©Ýè;¬ò  [ˤdCK]BFBsr�GFEH>X@CefIF@CNPOihj@TIFWªz�@TeHGDNnK]GFGFK)^ q KMILK]BDEfIFBH �¡� ]ÌjNPpPEfGFBH�]̦  ¯ @TdCdC@CK]S,B~K]OA>ªË� PË�K]S,t¢§R�EHdTd¬ cˤWgK]t¢IVEHG[@COZÌ´XÕ¿WX�ÄBÍ�¿W¾Hµ$·.Á�XÕÑ0ZaαX�ÁXWNÑ0¿WµT½'âÐÁÕ·.Á�XÕ¿WÄ'·.á�X�ÄuÁ¹Ãá�á X�V�¹ÃÄÈÑ0¹ã½_·.¾l·�Ò.X�V.µ�Z� �y�>A@�§IFNPGjY1>XN`¡¢Ef@T¿�EHGJI) �¡¢tAGD@COAp]EHGJ§Õ�<EHGDd�K]p � *.*]óA 

�  jy�BJIV@CSmKMIF@COAp q KMILK]BDEfI[¡l@POHE®Ì[EfklQX@CGFEfSmEfOnIVB�a�NPGjˤdCK]BFBD@Ta¼^l@COXp q:� =�S,@CefGFNnKMGFGVK)^ q KMIVKX <¡� z2QA½uWAEHG¼ÍDEHE]�oro #²oK]SmK)^PNA�±¡� ~Ì[NPp]EHGFBf�±Ì¦ #Ìj@Ta�½u@TO~�À=Z #y�OApPEHd �±Ë� ±Ë�K]S,tAR�EfdCd �À²: ±Ï:NPdCQARKMOA>�ÖX �z2EHBF@TGFN£\� pÏ�¿Wâ�¾HÄ'·.á�¿�Í@Ðú¿WµT½'â�Á ·.Á�XÕ¿WÄ'·.á/Ì´XÕ¿WáP¿ÑV.Ö ò *gÒ � Ó � **Põ�tAt òPò ,¸§ ò ó �  

õX jys�¢tAGDEHBFBD@CNPO$r�GFN]»AdC@COXpv²oK]GFpPE�IV@TOAp'ˤWAGDNPSmN]BFNPS,EHB�a�N]G®²oQXSmNPG:ˤd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPO{K]OA>Ár�GFE�§>X@CefIF@CNPO«N]a�ˤdC@TOA@CeHK]d�b¤EfWgK)\¢@TNPGH $3ª µÕ#Q~� q   ¯ @TdCdT@�K]S,BFNPOÀ�~Ìi  ¯ K]OXpA�sb1 s¡lQASmS,EHGDBFpP@TdCd �¡� AÌjN¢>AGD@CpPQXEÓO]�X¡� ¢Ì[N]pPEHGDBH�Aݪ ¢r�GF@TIFeLWgK]GD>¢§JÖ]NPOXEHBH�AË� gË�K]S,tAR�EHdTd�KMOA>2ÖX A¡lWA@CtAdTEf^] �Òr¹ÃÄȹ0ZÐ�W�¾À¿Wµª¿DZD¿Wµª¹0ZØ·.Ä'Ò)Ðt·.ÄÈÑ0¹Ã¾�õ1 � *.*PõªtAt � *��·§ �lò ó

óA jr�GDNPpPOANPBJIV@Te�ˤdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO�NMa7Ì[Efd�K]tXBF@COXp�wxK)\PNPGFK]RAdTE°©[@CBDIFNPdCN]p]^ ¯ @TdCS,B2²±QAS,NPG�Y1BJ§@TOApÁe q:� =Îz�@TeHGFNPK]GFGFK£^�ys�¢tAGDEHBFBD@CNPO¹r�GDN]»gdC@TOApÁK]OA>¨¡¢QAtAt�NPGDI$�<EHe�IVNPG`z{K]eLWA@TOAEHBf  ̦ ¯ @TdCdT@�K]S,BH�±¡� ±©[@COApA�ob� sÏiGDEHEfGH��Ë�  ¯ WA@�IVEfa�N]GF>~��ÖX  ¯ EH@ ��Ìi  � KMIFGVK·ÍFK]OÀ�s=� oÝ:EHdTBFEf^]��¡� ÌjNPpPEfGFBf�XË� nË�K]SmtXR�EfdCd¬�PÝ7 Pr<GD@TIFeLWgK]GF>l§JÖ]NPOAEfB�K]OA>mÖX uÝ:WgK]O~ �Òr¹ÃÄȹ0ZaÐ�W�¾0¿Wµª¿DZD¿Wµª¹0Z´·.Ä'ÒÐt·.ÄÈÑ0¹Ã¾có òZ� **]ó,ønô£§i�.,X 

ô¢ �²�WXE°ÕµKMIFEHOnI�r<GDN¢efEHBDB q EfeHNPS,t�N]BF@TIF@CNPO�N]a q:� =/z�@CefGFNnKMGFGVK)^¶>AKMILKX  ¡� jÌ[NPp]EHGFBf�:z$ Ï:@CGDNPd�KMSm@ �xË� ~Ë�KMSmtAR�EHdTd±K]OA>«Ìi Àb¤GDEH@�IVdC@TOApA 1Ó"ÔlÔ�ÔÖÕ�¾l·.Ä_ZÓ·�ÑÃÁ�XÕ¿WÄ_ZS¿WÄ�Ì´XÕ¿WX�ÄBÍ�¿W¾Hµ$·.Á�XÕÑ0Z·.Ä'Ò×Ðú¿WµYâ�Á ·.Á�XÕ¿WÄ'·.álÌ´XÕ¿WáP¿ÑV.Öv¡¢t�EHef@�K]d � BFBFQXEU§iz{K]eLWA@TOAE'Õ#E)K]GDOA@COXp¥@CO�b¤@TNP@CO¢a�NPGFSmKMIV@TeHBf � O2tAGDEHBFBf 

øX [¡ltgK]GFBDEib�K)^PEfBF@�KMOU=�tAtAGDNnK]eLW`a�NPGc@COXa�EfGFGD@COAp�ÏiEfOAEfIF@Ce®ÌjEHp]QAd�KMIFNPGD^ � EfI_hcNPGF½uBH ¤¡� XÌ[NPp]EHGFBKMOA>�zÁ �Ïi@TGFNPdCK]Sm@  �Ì´XÕ¿WX�ÄBÍ�¿W¾Hµ$·.Á�XÕÑ0Z�  � O2tAGDEHtgK]GFKMIV@TNPO~ 

�¢ 1Ø®QAEfGD^�Õ#E)K]GDOA@COAp$hj@TIVW¶Ï¦K]QXBFBF@CK]O¶r�GFNleHEfBFBDEHBH �¡� ¤Ì[N]pPEHGDB`K]OA> Ë� �Ë�K]S,tAR�EfdCd  ¿Ùú¾À¿cÚÑ0¹0¹ Ò.X�ÄFVWZY¿�ÍØÁXWu¹bÛ�Ü�Ü;ݹÞàßâá;¿W¾À¸DZ�Wu¿0½ ¿WÄiÐú¿WµT½'â�ÁÕ·.Á�XÕ¿WÄ'·.á3ÓHÄuÁg¹Ãá�á X�V�¹ÃÄÈÑ0¹� �y�>A@TIFEH>�Ru^{ÖX ÌjNPBDBF@TIFEHG[K]OA>'²: �z{KMGDIV@TO~ �tAt2óuô·§ ô �  

1X �=ÜÕµKMIFEHOnI±r�GFNleHEfBFB q EHefNPSmt�NPBD@TIV@TNPO:z2N¢>AEfdPa�NPG � OnIVEfGFtAGDEfIF@COApje q:� =�z�@CefGFNnKMGFGVK)^ q KMILKMBFEfIFBH ¡� xÌ[NPp]EHGFBf��z$ xÏ:@CGDNPd�K]S,@�K]OA>{Ë� �Ë�K]S,tAR�EfdCd  �Ð�âоH¾À¹ÃÄuÁ�ZØX�Ä×Ðú¿WµT½'âÐÁÕ·.Á�XÕ¿WÄ'·.á/ãë¿WáP¹0ÑÃâ�á ·.¾

ò·�

Page 31: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ËÃÌhäDÌ Ê ��åÈ}�~ �ÈÉu� ~ ���J�Ì´XÕ¿WáP¿ÑV.Ö¨Û�Ü�ÜÁæg 7y�@TpPWnIVWÁ=�OAOuQgK]d � OnIFEHGFOAKMIV@TNPOgK]d<ˤN]OXa�EHGDEHOAefEvNPOÁÌjEHBFEHK]GFeLW$@CO$ˤNPS,tAQ¢§IVKMIV@TNPOgK]d~z�NPdCEfeHQAdCK]G�b¤@TNPdCN]p]^¥Ò­Ì1y�Ë Ñ z{b � **]ónÓ� <roN]BDIVEfGjtAGFEfBFEHOnIVKMIV@TNPO~ 

ò õ

Page 32: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 33: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�����N�����Y� ä

ç { èéè á | ã ê ä � ãÔá | à � � ç�ç w x w�� ��ã w á â

ä¢�+� ë'è����ª©ì$�Ç; à��¨�©NèÝ:EHGDOAEHd®S,EfIFWANl>AB`@CB`KÜGDEHdCKMIV@�\PEHd�^�OAEfhÎK]GFEHK�@CO¨SmK]eLWA@TOAE�dCEHK]GFOX@COAp°hj@�IVW¶@�IVB`NPGD@CpP@TO�»gGDSmd�^GFNlN]IFEH>«@CO«BDIVKMIV@TBDIF@Ce)KMd�dCEHK]GFOA@TOAp`IVWXEHNPGJ^P v¡¢QAtAt�NPGDIØ�<EfefIVN]G�z�K]eLWA@COXEHBZK]GFE7t�EHGFWAK]tABiIVWAE7S,NPBDIhcEHdCdµ½uOAN£hjO¥½]EfGFOAEfdoS,EfIFWANl>�K]OA>{K]GFEiIVWXE�K]tAtXGFNnK]eLW2h¤EZhj@CdCdÀSvK]@TOAdT^vR�EZ@COnIVEfGFEfBDIVEf>�@CO2WAEfGFE] ¡¢QAtXt�NPGJI��<EfefIVN]G<z{K]eLWA@TOAEHB[Ò ¡��iz Ð BVÓoWgK)\PE�R�EHEfO7K]tAtAdT@CEH>�GFEHdCKMIV@�\PEfdT^iBFQXeHeHEfBFBJa�QAdCd�^�IVN®K1\MK]GF@TEfI_^N]asÒ­SmK]@TOAdT^iefd�K]BDBF@T»Ae)KMIF@CNPOxÓµdCEHK]GFOA@TOAp�IVK]BF½uB[Ò�a�N]G�SvKMOu^ZE��XK]S,tAdTEHBH�nBDEHEe� �W� Ó�  � OªRA@TNP@CO¢a�NPGFSmKMIV@TeHBf�IVWXEf^ªWgK)\]E�tAGDN·\]EH>,\PEHGJ^7QABFE�a�QAdx@COªIVWXE[efd�K]BDBF@�»ge)KMIF@CNPOªNMaÀpPEfOAE[E��¢tAGFEfBFBD@CNPOm>gKMILKMBFEfIFB<>AQAE�IVNiIVWAEa­K]e�I�IFWgKMI�IVWAEf@CG<eHN]SmtAdTE��¢@TI_^ªK]OA>,pPEHOAEfGVK]dT@CBFKMIV@TNPO,K]RA@CdT@TI_^¦IVEfOA>ABcIFNZR�E[dC@CS,@TIFEH>�Rn^7IVWXE1OuQAS�R�EHGN]aoIVGVKM@COA@TOApªBVK]S,tAdTEHB[K]OA>�OAN]IjIVWAEf@CGj>A@TSmEfOABF@TNPOgK]dT@TI_^�Ò�IVWXEZdCK]GFpPEfBDI[pPEfOAEZE��¢tAGFEfBFBF@TNPO{>AKMILK]BDEfIFBeHQXGFGFEfOnIVdT^�K)\MK]@CdCK]RAdTEUWgK)\PE�IFWAE{N]GF>AEfGmN]a®WlQXOA>AGFEf>AB`N]a®BVK]S,tAdCEfBmRXQXImIFEHOABvN]a�IFWANPQABFK]OA>AB`NMaa�E)K¸IVQAGDEHBLÓ� 

ˤNPOABD@C>AEfG�IVWAE:a�NPdTdCN£hj@COAp�dCE)KMGFOA@TOApªtAGFNleHEfBFBf  ¯ EiWgK)\PEZK]O2EHS,tA@CGD@Ce)KMdÀ>gKMIVKªBFEfIÒgm�íÁîÑ9FíDÓOî)ß)ß)ßÁî·Ògm�ï�î"9cï�Ó�ðìñóò¤ô;> ò�õ Ò �   ò Ó

hjWAEfGFEjñ @CB�BDNPS,E[BDtgK]efE[a�GDNPS�hjWA@TeLW,IFWAEpm�:�K]GFE[K]BDBFQAS,EH>7IVN¦WgK)\PE[R�EfEHO,BVK]S,tAdTEH>,K]OA>«9;:x@TBcKd�KMR�EfdA>AEHOXN]IV@TOAp¦hjWX@CeLW­ÑÃá ·WZ0Z�ÒD^ ò NPG�§ ò Ó�m�:ÀR�EHdTNPOApPB�IVNX �wgNPG�E��XK]S,tAdCEM�uE)K]eLWmN]a~NPQXG�E��XK]SmtXdCEHBm�:�SvK)^ªefNPGFGDEHBFt�NPOA>,IVNiIVWAE[E��¢tAGDEHBDBF@CN]O`dCE�\PEHdTB�a�NPG�K¦BDEfIcN]a~pPEfOAEHBc@CO7BFN]SmEjtgK]GJIV@TeHQAdCK]G�BVK]S,tAdTE] ²�WAE�IVK]BF½�N]a<eHdCK]BFBD@T»geHKMIV@TNPO{@TB1IFN`eHGDE)KMIFEªBFNPS,E�GDQAdCEZNPG�Wn^lt�NMIVWAEfBF@CB®a�GDNPS IVWA@TB�Á�¾ ·.X�ÄuX�ÄFV2>gKMILKBFN�IFWgKMIH�ApP@T\]EHOUQAOl§_d�KMR�EfdCdCEf>vtgK¸IFIVEfGFOAB�hcE:e)KMO2SmK]½ME®BFNPS,E®EfBDIV@TSvK¸IVE®NPG¤@COXa�EfGFEHOXeHE:K]B�IFN�IVWAEf@CG

ò ô

Page 34: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� ���=Ì � � Ê'ÊÈ� � ��öJ�È�È��� � � } É��=� ~ � ~ �ÈÉu� ~ ���dCK]R�Efd¬  � O{N]IFWAEHGjhcNPGF>ABf��@�a�KMO�QAOl§_d�KMR�EfdCdCEf>'tgKMIFIFEHGDO�m¥@TBj@CO2BFNPS,E¦h¤K)^'BF@TSm@Td�K]G¤IFNmN]OAEZNMa�NPQAGIFGVK]@TOA@COApvtgKMIFIFEHGDOAB�m�:�IFWAEHOÁ@TI®@CB®dT@C½]EfdT^2IVWgK¸I:IVWAE7QAOA½uOAN£hjO$d�K]R�EHd�9{N]alm$hj@TdCdoR�EªBD@CS,@Cd�KMG[IFNIFWAEi½lOXN·hjO�d�K]R�EHd=9;:µN]a÷m�:   � O2NPGF>AEfG�IVN7>AN7IVWA@TBH�XhcEiOAEHEf>{BDNPSmE:OXN]IV@TNPO'N]asBD@CS,@CdCK]GF@�I_^ª@CO%ñæ§hcEiGFEHkuQA@TGFE:BDNPSmE1a�QAOAefIF@CNPO`IFWgKMIH�ApP@T\]EHOUI_hcN,tAKMIFIFEHGFOXB�@CO�ñ���m�:oK]OA>¢mFø1GFEfIFQAGFOXBjK7GDE)K]d�\MK]dCQAEIFWgKMIj@CB�K7S,E)KMBFQAGDE:N]aµIVWAEf@CG�BD@CS,@Cd�KMGF@TI_^]  ¯ E:BFWAK]dCd�e)K]dTd�IVWX@CB¤a�QAOXefIV@TNPO2Kà¸�¹Ã¾HÄȹÃáoKMOA>'>AEHOANMIVEi@TIRn^ 5~Ògm�:�î�mFøfÓ�ß Ò �   � Ó= \PEHGJ^$hj@T>AEHd�^«QABFEf>�½]EfGFOAEfdca�QAOAe�IV@TNPO°@TBZBD@CS,tAdT^�IFWAEv>XN]I�NPG¦BFeHK]d�KMGZtAGDN¢>XQAefI¦§�IFWAEvBDQAS N]aIFWAEZtAK]@CGJhj@CBFEitAGDN¢>XQAefIFB�N]aoIVWAE¦EHdTEHS,EHOnIVB[@CO&m�:�KMOA>%mFø·  � O�IFWAE¦e)K]BDEZhjWAEfGFEZIFWAEiI_h¤N,\PEHe�IVNPGDBWgK)\]EZR�EHEfO�OAN]GFSmK]dC@TBFEH>`IFN7WgK)\PE¦dCEHOXp]IVW ò �XIFWA@CB�a�QXOAefIF@CNPO'eHN]SmtAQ¢IVEHB�IFWAEieHNPBD@COAEiN]a±IVWAE¦K]OXpPdCER�EfI_hcEHEfO�IVWXEHS2  Ñ OAEUN]a[IVWAEUSmK]@TO�R�EfOAEf»XIVB7N]a1½]EHGDOAEHd�S,EfIFWANl>ABª@CB�IFWgKMIªhcE'e)K]OÜt�EHGDa�N]GFSNPQXG�eHd�KMBFBF@�»ge)K¸IV@CN]OvILK]BD½v@TO'K]On^`BFtAK]eHEM�gBFN7dCNPOXpªK]B�hcE:e)K]O'e)KMdCeHQXd�KMIFE�IVWAE:>XN]I�tAGDN¢>AQXefIjN]a±NPQAGtgK¸IFIVEfGFOAB�@COªIFWgKMI<BFtAK]eHEM  ¯ Ej>AN¦OAN]I�K]e�IVQgKMdCdT^�GFEfklQX@CGFE[K]O7E��XtXdC@Cef@TI�a�QAOXefIV@TNPOgK]dXSvK]tXtA@COAp®a�GDNPSNPQXG[@TOAtAQXIjBDtgK]efEZ@TOuIFN�IVWA@TBjOAEfhiÍ�¹ ·.Á�â�¾À¹�BFtAK]eHEM 

©[N·hcEf\]EHGf�¢dTEfI�QAB<@TOuIFGFNl>AQAefEj¡��iz Ð B<@CO�IFWAEH@TG�BF@TSmtXdCEHBJIsa�NPGDS§#IFWgKMI�@TBH�]IFWAE�BF@TSm@Td�K]GD@TI_^:S,E)KMBFQAGDE@TB¦IFWAEv>ANMI�tAGDN¢>XQAefI�@CO«IVWAEmNPGF@TpP@COgKMdjÒ­@TOAtAQXILÓiBDtgK]eHEM �ˤN]OABF@T>AEHGiIVWAE,I_h¤N{>A@CS,EHOABD@CNPOAK]d�>gKMIVKBDWAN£hjO,@TO�»gpPQXGFE �   ò   ¯ Echj@CBFW�IFN�»gOA>7K1dC@COXE)K]G±BFEftgK]GVK¸IV@COXp®Wn^¢t�EHGDtAd�KMOAEiÒ­@TO�IVWX@CBseHK]BFEM�nBF@TSmtAd�^K7dC@TOAE£Ó�IFWgKMIjBDEHtgK]GFKMIVEfB[IFWAEiNPOAEieHdCK]BFB�a�GDNPS�IFWAEiN]IVWAEfGjN]aoIFWAE:a�NPGFS

G]\�^ ^i_p< * G ðZù n î�_jð)ù Ò �  öõnÓhjWAEfGFE Ð   Ð >AEHOXN]IVEfB[IFWAEi>AN]IjtAGDN¢>AQXefI) <²�WA@TB�hj@CdCd�GFEfBFQAd�IVBj@CO2Kª>AEHef@CBD@CNPOUa�QAOAe�IV@TNPO'N]aoIFWAE:a�NPGFS

ú Ò ^ Ó�<�BD@CpPO~Ò G]\�^ ^i_�Ó Ò �  ÷óuÓ� a�IVWAE7>gK¸ILKU@CB®dT@COAEHK]GFd�^2BFEHtAK]GVK]RXdCE2Ò­@  ÷EM T�#@�a�@TI:@TB:t�NPBDBF@TRAdCE�IFN'BFEHtAK]GVKMIFEªIVWAEªefd�K]BDBFEHB¦t�EHGDa�EfefIFdT^hj@�IVW�K7BJIVGFK]@CpPWnIjdT@COAE)Ó��¢IFWAE:a�NPdCdTN£hj@COAp�I_hcN,eHNPOABJIVGFK]@COnIVB[K]GDEi@CS,tAdC@TEH>

G]\�^ :�^i_jû]*ýü÷ô£A<Þþ9;:=<e^ ò;õ Ò �   ôPÓò ø

Page 35: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�DÌ-ËÃÌ$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ���

Margin

Support Vector

Separating Hyperplane ulvQwox÷��xXyF{�ÿ`���¾�t���s�b�z~�ªa�O}z��~��£}z�������������,~��F���B��~��£}[�z�,��©F���Oª������F�B���B���O�@©����a��~�}��O�B���;�;�������F����}���§

K]OA>G]\�^ :�^`_�� * ü÷ô£A<Þ�9;:/<�� ò�õ ß Ò �  ÷ønÓ

q QAE¦IVNvIFWAE�QABDE�N]a�IFWAE�BD@CpPO{a�QXOAefIF@CNPO~�xIVWXE�>AEHef@CBD@CNPO2a�QAOAefIF@CNPO�hj@CdCdµR�E�@TOu\MK]GD@�K]OnI1QAOA>AEfG:K]On^t�NPBF@�IV@T\]E�GFE�§_BDe)K]dT@COApmN]a�@TIVB®K]GFpPQXSmEfOuIH i²�WAEHGDEfa�NPGDE]�#h¤EªeHK]O«GFE�§_BFeHK]dCE G K]OA>ì_¦BFQAeLW«IVWgK¸I®IVWAEeHdTNPBFEfBDI[t�NP@COnIVB�IFNªIVWAEiWn^lt�EfGFtAdCK]OAE¦NPO'EH@TIFWAEHG�BD@C>AEiBFKMIV@TBDa¼^� G]\Ó^ :�^`_ � < ò Ò �  -�PÓK]OA>2WAEfOAeHE¦e)K]O'GDE�§ hjGD@TIFE:NPQAGjeHNPOXBDIVGFK]@COnIFB1KMB

9;:_Ò G]\Ó^ :�^`_fÓ�û ò ü/ADß Ò �  21nÓ=�B1e)K]O{R�E¦BFEfEHO¥@CO �   ò ��@�asIFWAE�efd�K]BDBFEHB�K]GFEZdC@TOAE)K]GDdT^UBDEHtgKMGVK]RAdTE¦IFWAEHGDE�S�QXBDI®E��¢@CBDI®K]O{@TOX»gOA@�IVEOuQAS�R�EHG�NMa#>A@T¿�EHGDEHOnI�Wn^lt�EfGFtAdCK]OAEfB�IVWgKMI¤t�EfGDa�EfefIVd�^,eHd�KMBFBF@�a¼^7IVWAE�IFGVK]@TOA@COXpZ>gK¸ILK¦§sIVWgKMI¤@CBf�lIFWAEf^hj@CdTd~K]dTd~S,@COA@TSm@TBFEjIVWAEiEHS,tA@TGF@CeHK]dÀGD@CBD½��X>AEf»gOXEH>�KMB��� ï��� ú � < ò ïI :��/í ò� � ú Ò ^ :¼Ó �º9c: � ß Ò �  2,nÓ

©1N£hcEf\]EHGH��@TI[@CBjQAOXdC@C½MEHd�^`IVWgK¸I1IFWAEf^Uhj@TdCdµK]dTd~t�EfGDa�NPGDSæEHkuQgK]dTdT^`hcEHdTd#hjWAEHO�tXGFEHBDEHOnIVEf>¥QAO¢§ BFEHEfOò �

Page 36: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� ���=Ì � � Ê'ÊÈ� � ��öJ�È�È��� � � } É��=� ~ � ~ �ÈÉu� ~ ���>gK¸ILK�§�@¬ ùE] �IVWXEf^USmK)^`OAN]I1K]dTdÀS,@COA@TSm@TBFE[IVWAE:IVGDQAEiGF@TBF½� � ú � <�� ò

� � ú Ò ^ Ó��º9 � � Ò ^ î"9XÓ�� ^ ��9�ß Ò �   ò *nÓ� Ic@CB<@CO7IVWXE1S,EfIFWAN¢>7N]aÀeLWANlNPBF@TOAp�NPOXE[Wn^lt�EHGFtXd�K]OAE[a�GFNPS�IVWA@TB�@TOX»gOA@�IVE�BDEfI¤hjWXEHGFE[SmK]On^7dCE)KMGFO¢§@TOAp�K]dTpPNPGF@�IVWAS,Bª>A@�¿ÀEfGH ?¡B�iz Ð BUeLWANlNPBFE{IFWAE�NPOXE{BF@TOApPdTE{Wn^lt�EfGFtAdCK]OAE{IFWgKMI`SmK¸�¢@CS,@CBDEHBªIVWXE>A@TBDIVK]OAeHEUR�EfI_hcEHEfO�IFWAEUWn^lt�EfGFtAdCK]OAE'K]OA>�IFWAEUeHdTNPBFEfBDIªt�NP@TOuIFB�NPO�Ef@TIVWXEHG�BD@C>AEm§®IVWAENµ$·.¾DV.X�Äg ²�WA@TB:BFNPdTQXIV@TNPO¥@CB1h¤EfdCd�pPGDNPQAOA>XEH>Á@CO¥BDIVKMIV@TBDIF@Ce)KMdsdCEHK]GFOX@COApvIFWAEHN]GD^��Ù�]ø � K]OA>~�µK]B®hcE7BFWgKMdCdsBDEHEM�dTE)K]>AB�IFNmKªefNPOn\PEHOX@CEHOnI�dCE)KMGFOA@TOAp�a�NPGFS�QAd�KMIF@CNPOÀ 

ˤNPOXBF@C>XEHGF@TOAp{N]OAEmNMa¤IVWXEmefdCNPBDEHBDIZt�NP@COnIVBia�GFN]S´E)K]eLW°eHd�KMBFBvÒ­BVK)^ ^ íiK]OA> ^ n Ói@TO �   ò �µhcEmeHK]OK]dTpPEHRXGVK]@Te)K]dTdT^:eHK]dCefQAd�KMIFEcIFWAE�SmK]GFpP@TOUÒ j ÓµRn^�tAGDN¸ÍDEHe�IV@COXp®IVWAE¤\]EHe�IVNPG[Ò ^ í�� ^ n Ó±NPOnIVN�IFWAE�\PEfefIVN]GOAN]GFSmK]dÀIVNªIFWAEiWu^lt�EHGDtAd�K]OXE]Þ G�� ��� G ���j <ºÒ ^ í�� ^ n Ó \ G��� G ��� < ���� G ��� ß Ò �   òPò Ó

©[EHOAefE]�xSvK·�X@TSm@TBF@TOApZIFWAEiSvK]GDpP@COU@TB�EHkuQA@�\]KMdCEHOnI�IFNS,@COX@CS,@CBFE í

n ��� G ��� nBDQARlÍDEfefI[IVN 9;: Ò G \�^ :�^`_fÓpû ò îeü/A Ò �   ò·� Ó

²�WA@TBZN]tXIV@TSm@TBVKMIF@CNPO�tXGFNPRAdTEHS´eHK]O°R�E7a�NPGFS�QXd�KMIFEH>ÁK]B¦K{ÕµK]pPGFK]OApP@CK]O�hjWAEfGFEmhcEv@TOnIVGFNl>AQAefE,KÕµK]pPGFK]OApP@CK]OUS�QAd�IV@TtAdC@TEHGúo�:¤Ò­BDQAeLW�IFWgKMI�oà:÷û]*nÓ¤a�NPG�E)K]eLW2N]a±IVWAE eHNPOABJIVGFK]@COnIVB� Ò G î�_�î��iÓ�< ò

� ��� G ��� n�� ïI :��/í o�: Ò�9;: Ò G]\�^ :�^i_�Ó � ò Ó Ò �   ò õnÓ

hjWA@TeLW¥S�QABJI®R�E�S,@COA@TSm@TBFEH>Uhj@�IVW{GDEHBDt�EfefI®IFN G KMOA>�_iK]OA>�SmK¸�¢@CS,@CBDEH>'hj@TIFW{GFEfBFt�EHe�I®IVN��� =�I<IVWXE[BDNPdCQ¢IV@CN]O~�MIFWAEj>AEHGD@T\MKMIV@�\PEfB�N]a�IFWAE[ÕµK]pPGVKMOApP@�KMO�hj@TIFW,GDEHBDt�EfefI�IVN G K]OA> _cS�QABDI<\MK]OA@TBFW~ ©[EHOAefE]� � � Ò G î�_�î��iÓ�

G < *�< G � ïI :��/í oà:L9;: ^ : Ò �   ò óuÓ

ò 1

Page 37: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�DÌ-ËÃÌ$~ ��� � ��Í � �È� ~ ���K]OA> � � Ò G î�_�î��:Ó� _ < *�< ïI :��/í oà:L9c: ß Ò �   ò ôPÓ¡¢QARXBDIV@�IVQXIF@COApmIVWAEfBFEªI_h¤N'E��XtXGFEHBDBF@TNPOABi@COnIVNvNPQAG:ÕµK]pPGFK]OApP@CK]O�dTE)K)\PEfB:QAB®hj@TIFW«K`>AQgK]doNPtXIV@TSm@ §BVK¸IV@CN]O2tXGFNPRAdTEHS�N·\]EHGjIVWAE¦ÕµK]pPGFK]OApPE:S�QAdTIF@CtAdT@CEHGDBôoà:_ � Ò��iÓ�< ïI :��/í oà: � ò

�ïI:�! ø"�/í oà:�o3øÁ9c:Q9 ø ^ : \�^ ø Ò �   ò ønÓ

hjWA@TeLW�S�QXBDI[R�E:SmK¸�¢@CS,@CBDEH>UBDQARlÍDEHe�I1IFNo�:�û *�îJü/AÑîUK]OX> ïI :��/í oà:L9c:/< *Xß Ò �   ò �PÓ

²�WAEfGFE:K]GDE�BDEf\PEfGVK]dÀ@CS,t�NPGJILK]OnI�t�NP@COnIVB¤K]GF@TBF@TOApZa�GDNPSºIVWA@TB¤NPt¢IV@CS,@CBFKMIV@TNPOªa�NPGFS�QAd�KMIF@CNPOÀ sws@TGFBJIVdT^]�@TI,@TBmBD@CS,tAdT^ÜKÁR�N]QAOA>AEf>¨kuQgK]>AGFKMIV@Te�tAGDNPpPGFK]SmS,@COXp�ILK]BD½�KMOA>�efNPQAdC>�R�E2E��¢tAGDEHBDBFEH> K]B,IVWAEa�NPdTdCN£hj@COAp � Ò��iÓ�< ð$# �i^ ò

� � #% � Ò �   ò 1nÓhjWAEfGFE ð < è Ò­@  ÷EM sK[\PEHe�IVNPGoN]agNPOXEHBLÓ±K]OA>'Ò % Ó�: øp<&�19;:Q9Bø¸Ò ^ : \P^ ø�Ó� o²�WAEHGDEfa�NPGDE]�P@�IsWAK]B�K[QAOA@CkuQAEBFN]dCQXIF@CNPO'hjWA@CeLW¥eHK]O�R�E�EHK]BF@TdT^'eHN]SmtAQ¢IVEH>{QABF@TOAp`K]On^�NPOAEZN]a<KvOuQAS�R�EHG1N]a�hj@T>AEHd�^{K)\MK]@Td�K]RAdTEtgK]eL½¸K]p]EHBH ª¡¢EHefNPOA>Ad�^P�µ@Ta�KUBFN]dCQXIF@CNPO�E��¢@CBDIFBH�#hcE,½uOAN£h�IVWgKMI�IVWAEªa�NPdTdCN£hj@COApmeHNPOXBDIVGFK]@COnIFB:S�QABDIR�E¦S,EfI 9c: Ò G \�^ :�^i_�Ó�û ò îeü/A Ò �   ò ,nÓK]OA>�a�N]G�IVWAEªefdCNPBDEHBJIitgKMIFIFEHGDOAB®IVN`IFWAEªBFEftgK]GVK¸IV@COXpUWu^lt�EHGDtAd�K]OXE]�#IVWA@TB®@COXEHkuQgK]dT@TI_^2S�QABJIiR�EªKMOEHkuQgKMdC@TI_^{Rn^¥>AEf»AOA@TIF@CNPO~ �²�WAEHGDEfa�NPGDE]�#a�GFNPS5NPQAG:tAGD@CSmK]doa�N]GFS�QAdCKMIV@TNPO�Ò �   ò õnÓ1hjWA@TeLWÁhcE7S�QABDISmK¸�¢@CS,@CBFE[hj@TIFW2GDEHBDt�EfefI[IVN$o�:¬�AtgKMIDIVEfGFOAB�IVWAKMI[K]GFEiOANMI�IVWAEieHdTNPBFEfBDI�IFN7IFWAEiWn^¢t�EHGDtAd�KMOAEiS�QABDIWgK)\PE`oà:�< *X  � N£hi�xGFEfe)K]dTdÀIVWAKMIjNPQAGj>AEfeH@CBD@CNPOUa�QAOXefIV@TNPO'@CB�RgKMBFEH>2NPO'IVWAEiBD@CpPO'N]a

ú Ò ^ Ó�< G]\�^ ^i_ Ò �   � *nÓK]OA>�KMIjNPQXG�BFNPdTQXIV@TNPO~�

G < ïI :��/í o�:Q9;: ^ : Ò �   �¢ò Ó

ò ,

Page 38: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÈÇ�ÉJÊ'��� ���=Ì � � Ê'ÊÈ� � ��öJ�È�È��� � � } É��=� ~ � ~ �ÈÉu� ~ ���K]OX>)_�eHK]O2R�Eie)KMdCeHQXd�KMIFEH>`a�GFN]S

_p<'� ò�)(+*-,/.02143 576�89;:�<>=)?@ A 8:CB AEDFA$GIH 1 \ H AEJ7K+L *NM�O02143 576�8;P:�<Q=)?@ A 8:CB A�DA/GIH 1 \ H;ARJ7KTSNU G�VXWYVZVZJ[X\^]`_�a M ab\Xa M�O^c VXWYVXd M�O abe VXWfV$gih�j ,lk j _m\`_on M abpqa"p j-r e h�h eln M�O`cts jRu M _ M e O r \ O u a M e O r ewv ,wO \ OXxh , ] jRh�h�j szy;, a�a j v O H { GIH|J�} _ M�cZO ( ?@ 1�8: D 1 B 1 GIH 1 \ H|J~L�� S G�VXWYVw��J_�e y;, a"a j v O _za"p , a , v j O ewazabp j�uRh eZ_ j _�a y`, a"a j v O _te O j M a"p j vz_ M�s j e r abp j p�� y j v y h ,wO j n M h�hp ,�k j O eN] j , v M�O`c nQp , a"_"e j k j v�e O a"p j�u�h , _"_ M�� u , a M e O e r O j n y e M�O a"_ W�� O ab\ M a M�k j�h ��abp M _ *�,w� j __ j O _ j x eZ\`v u p`e M u�j e r _ j y;, v , a M�O^c p�� y j v y h ,wO j n , _�] , _ j s e ON*-,�.^M�*�M _ M�O`c abp j *�, v cZM�O nQp M u pn�eZ\ h s eZ] k�M ew\`_ h ��e O h ��] j s j y j O^s j O a�e O a"p jmu�h eZ_ j _�a y e M�O ab_�e O j , u p�_ M�s j$W�� p j _ j�uRh eZ_ j _�ay e M�O a"_�n M abp D 1o� g , v j ��O e�n O�, _�abp j�� �����;�/��� �F¡£¢E�7�/�b¤EW¦¥ M�O;, h�h �Z§ O ewa M u�j a"p , a M�O ]Fewa"peZ\^v *�M�O`M�*NM _ , a M e O-,$O`s�s j�u M _ M e O r \ O u a M e O §Xa"p j y;, a"a j v O _Qe O h � ,wy`y j , v M�O _ M�s j s e$a y v"e s \ u ab_ W� p j v jEr eZv j § M a s e j _ O e$a *-, a"a j v M�O nQp M u pm_ y;, u�j n j y j v r eZv * eZ\`v uRh , _�_ M�� u , a M e O�, _ h e O^c�, _ n j, v j , ] h�j abe u e *�y \^a j abp j s ewa y v"e s \ u a M�O abp , a¨_ y`, u�j$W¨¥ eZvQabp M _�v j , _�e O §a"p j s ewa y v�e s \ u a"_, v j e r a j O v j y h , u�j s n M abp©a"p j * eZv j c j O j v , h � j v O jRhªr \ O u a M e O¦« GIH 1­¬ H AEJEW®� a M _o] j �we O`s abp j_ u e y j e r abp M _ s e u \ * j O a¯a"e c e M�O a"e ,wy`y v�e y v M°, a j � j v O jRh * j abp`e s _ M�O�* \ u p s j a ,wM h x M�O`s jRj s §* eZ_�a ,wy`y h M u , a M e O _�e r [�±�²�³´_µabe c j O jNj .Xy v j _"_ M e O¶s`, a , p ,�k j \^_ j s abp j * ew_�aµ] , _ M uNh M�O j , v� j v O j�h�G a"p j s ewa y v�e s \ u a M�O abp j eZv M�cZM�O;, h § M�O`y \^aQ_ y;, uRjlJ , _¯abp j s;, a , a j O`s _>a"e�] j _ j y;, v , ] h�j,wO^s a"p j v jRr eZv j n M abp O e�ewabp j v y v M ewv �·O eln h�j s^c j e r abp j y v"eZ] h�j * §Cabp j _ M�*�y h�j _�a�_"e h \^a M e O®M _h M�� jRh ��abe¸] j abp j ] j _�a Wq� p j v j , v j a­nªe M�*Ny eZv�a ,wO a rIj , ab\`v j abp , a ,®� j v O j�h¯r \ O u a M e O¦* \`_�a_ , a M _ r �Z§`a"p , a M _�§ M aQ_"p`eZ\ h s ] j y eZ_ M a M�k j s j �;O`M a j%z¹�º »½¼4¾l¿F»ÁÀà�b¡"ÄwÅ;ÆÈÇ�ÆÊÉNÄw�2��Ë�Ì�Í Ë�¤>�;�l¤EË4�2Ë4Îw¡µÏ�¡IÐÒÑ;Ë4�7¡�Ë ÓÔ 1 AÖÕ 1 Õ A�× 1 A¨ØÃgÓ��/�TÄwÅ4Å Õ 1½ÙiÚ,wO^s _�� *N* j abv M u x × 1 A>}+×TA 1 W� n�e y e y \ h , v � j v O j�h~r \ O u a M e O _ , v j v ,$s`M°, h ] , _ M _ r \ O u a M e O _ G2Û�ܯ¥ ³Ý_ J n M a"pzn M�s a"ptÞ« G4H 1߬ H;A�J�}�j .XyNà>á GIH 1 á H;ARJ7âV Þ â ã G�VXWYV$ä·JVwg

Page 39: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ålæçålæ�èFéëê~èìëí�î2ï�ì�í�ê½ï¸ê~ð½è�ílê^ñ½ìëò|ñ½ó|ò�ôTï�ò�èFõ,wO`stö÷�ø eZv s j v y e h � O e *NM°, h _ « G4H 1­¬ H AEJÒ}ùG�GIH 1 \ H;A�J~LÃd�J7ú G�VXWYVZûZJüzý£ü þ�ÿ������ ¬��� � ¬ � � ���� ¬ � ����������� � � �������������� �����! #" $�%'&�(�)+*[Xe r , vR§n j p ,�k j e O h � u e O _ M�s j v j s¸s;, a , a"p , a , v j�h M�O j , v h �t_ j y;, v , ] h�j M�O a"p j�rIj , ab\`v j _ y;, u�jwW² M _ h , ] jRh�h�j s�s`, a , eZv s;, a ,�y e M�O ab_ª] ,ws h � u ewv"v"\ y a j s ]·� O e M _ j¨u eZ\ h s u , \`_ j abp j , h c ewv M a"p * aber ,wM h�W , O j n , �®a"e e k j v u e * j a"p M _ M _¨abet_ h M�c p�a h � h eXeZ_ j O eZ\`v�eZv M�cZM�O;, h½u e O _�abv ,wM�O a"_�n M abp¸abp j,ws`s^M a M e O e r y eZ_ M a M�k j _ h , u �tk$, v M°, ] h�j _.- 1 a"e , h�h eln s;, a ,-y e M�O ab_�a"e h M j e O a"p j / �b�/Ñ 0 _ M�s j e rabp j p�� y j v y h ,$O j eZv M�O _ M�s j a"p j *�, v cZM�O ] ,$O`s W ,¨\`v¯eZv M�cZM�O;, h u e O _�a"v ,wM�O j sz*NM�O`M�*�M _ , a M e O V�W�d�VO elnÁ] j�u e * j _ *NM�O^M�*NM _ j :â2131 45131 â½L76 ?Ô1�8: - 1_�\`]98 jRu a�abe B 1 G 4 \ H 1 L �RJ¯Ø'd á - 1�¬ - 1 Ø g :<;

G�VXWYV = JnQp M u pC§`nQp j O abp j s j v M�kw, a M e O _ , ]Fe k j , v j v j y j , a j s h�j ,ws _¯abe *-,�.^M�*�M _ M�O`c VXW�d = _"\^]98 j�u a�a"eg > D 1 > 6 :<; ¬ ,wO`s ?@ 1�8: D 1 B 1 } g G�VXWYV ? JnQp j v j�6 jA@j�u a M�k j�h � u e O a"v"e h _ma"p j abv ,ws j x e @ ] j a­n j�j O *�,/.XM�*NM _ M�O`c a"p j *-, v cZM�O¦,wO`s¦*�M�OXxM�*NM _ M�O`c a"p j O \ * ] j v¯e r abv ,$M�O`M�O`c j v"v�eZv"_ W , O j M�O ab\ M a M�k j n , ��e r abp M�O`�·M�O`co, ]FeZ\^aªa"p M _ M _Òabp , aabp j p M�c p j v M ab_Qv j _ y j�u a M�k jTD 1 k$, h \ j a"p j * eZv j M�OCB \ j O uRj ,�cZM�k j O abv ,wM�O`M�O`c�y e M�O aQp , _�e O abp j�;O;, h _�e h \^a M e O W>� p j ]Fe . u e O _�abv ,$M�O a O eln M�*�y eZ_ j s e O D 1 h M�*�M ab_ªa"p M _ jA@j�u a ,wO`s p j O uRj abp jM�*Ny;, u a>e r eZ\^a h � M�O`c�y e M�O a"_ W��������� " D EF '(HGJIKEL$�*M*NIOEP$�*C*C(PQSRT$U 2(P�V)[Xe r , v>n j p ,�k j s`M _ u \`_"_ j s ] M�O;, v�� u�h , _"_ M�� u , a M e O §;p`eln j k j v�§C_�e * j a , _ � _�n M h�h M�O�k e h k j * \ h a M�xu�h , _"_ y v j s^M u a M e O WXW O \ * ] j v�e r * j a"p`e s _zp ,�k j ] jRj O y v"e y eZ_ j s r eZv y j v r ewv *NM�O`c¶* \ h a M�xu�h , _"_ y v j s`M u a M e O n M a"p�[�±�² _�]`\^a rIj n , v j s j * e O _�abv , ] h �z] j a�a j v�a"p ,wO \`_ M�O`c-, _ j a�e r Y e O j x,wc�,$M�O _�a x7, h�h ³ u�h , _"_ M�� j v"_ G abp M _ ,$y`y v"e , u p u ,$O ] j \`_ j s r eZv y j v u�j y abv�e O _�a"eXe JEW Y , O j x7,wc�,$M�O _�a x7, h�h ³VXd

Page 40: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó®å�æ-í^]\[_[Öï�ó`ê�`ëè Z ê½ï�ó Z õ�ñ�í�í�îba^î Z ñ;êCî2ï�ìuRh , _�_ M�� j v"_�p ,�k j a"p j s v , nQ] , u � abp , a�_ j k j v , h * j * ] j v"_�e r a"p j _ j a *�, ��v j _ y e O`s a"e ,-cZM�k j OM�O`y \^a W#W _ ,wO�, h a j v O`, a M�k j M a M _ y eZ_"_ M ] h�j abe�\`_ j , _ j v M j _Ne r ] M�O;, v�� u�h , _"_ M�� j v"_ M�O�, a"v jRjc û =ed G ¥ M�c WoV�WfVZJ abe s j a j v *�M�O j abp j eZ\^a u e * j § ,wO^s a"p M _ * j abp`e s nªewv � _�_ , a M _ r , u abewv M h � M r abp jO \ * ] j vQe rëu�h , _"_ j _ M _>_ *-, h�h�W1/3

1/2 2/3

1 2 3

fhg3ikjml2jnl2oqp7rts9uwvPxzy|{}u�~^�P��{}u�~^�L�Pxw�9{}~vPxw�����9�P�^�9uw��r�{}~^���2���P���JsJ{!����v��S~ ���}��xw�����^�_�9xn�J~�P��{}u�~^�L�Pxw�9{}~�yvPxw����vP~^�����t�3�L�}�J�P�������ev���������vP�J�.v��^��v|�U��u��}�^��u��qx���vP����v��L�}�A���

�������H� I �V)¡QS¢ £¤)+RT£¥" £m$�*2D+%'£�ßr \`_ j s r eZv y v j s`M u a M�O`c�s^M°,wcZO eZ_�a M u u , a j c eZv M j _�§ r ewv j .`,$*�y h�j § M a M _�\^_ jRr \ h abe�p ,�k j , u e O^�`s j O uRj* j , _�\`v jµr eZvQabp jTu�h , _"_ , _"_ M�cZO`* j O a M�Oi,ws`s`M a M e O a"e s j a j v *NM�O`M�O`c a"p jouRh , _�_ h , ] j�h�WVW O [�±�²n M abp h M�O j , v � j v O j�h s e j _�p ,�k j ,$O�M�O ]`\ M h a * j , _�\`v j e rÒu e O^�`s j O uRj abp , a u ew\ h s ] joj .Xy h e M a j sa"e y v"e k�M�s j , u e OX�;s j O u�j * j , _"\^v j�r eZv abp j , _"_ M�cZO j s u�h , _"_R§ M WÝjwW abp j s^M _�a ,wO uRj e r ,oO j n y e M�O ar v�e * abp j _ j y;, v , a M�O`c p�� y j v y h ,wO jiG2¥ M�c \`v j-V�W�d�J�W¦W a j _�a y e M�O a , h , v c j s`M _�a ,wO uRj�r v�e * abp j_ j y;, v , a M�O`c p·� y j v y h ,wO j _�p`eZ\ h s ] j , _"_ M�cZO j s�, p M�c p j v s j c v j�j e r�u e O^�`s j O uRj a"p ,wO�,ty e M�O anQp M u p h M j _ u�h ew_ j abe�abp j p�� y j v y h ,wO j$W� p j a , _ � e r *-,wy^y`M�O`c abp M _ s`M _�a ,wO u�j abe y v"eZ] , ] M h M a M j _�p , _�] j�j O _"e h k j s¦M�Oqkw, v M ew\`_on , ��_ W§ j v j §�n j-u e O u�j O a"v , a j e O e O j y;, v�a M u \ h , v * j a"p`e s § y v�e y eZ_ j s ]��5¨ h , a"a c û ? d W�Û�jRu , h�h abp , aa"p j eZ\^a y \^a�e r ,$O [�±�²�§;] jRr eZv j a"p`v j _"p`e h s`M�O`c abeª© d § M _ cZM�k j O ]��VZV

Page 41: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ålæçålæ�èFéëê~èìëí�î2ï�ì�í�ê½ï¸ê~ð½è�ílê^ñ½ìëò|ñ½ó|ò�ôTï�ò�èFõ{ G « J�} ¬ G « J~L�� G�VXWYV ­ JnQp j v j ® ¬ G « JÒ} @ 1 B 1 D 1 צGIH 1�¬ « J G�VXWYV ¯ J° j \^_ j ,zy;, v ,$* j abv M u * e s jRh abe � a�a"p j y eZ_�a j v M ewv y v"ew] , ] M h M a­��± G B } d 1 { J s`M v jRu a h � W�� p ju p`e M u�j e r y;, v ,w* j a"v M u�r \ O u a M e O r ewv�abp j y eZ_�a j v M eZv M _�abp j _ M�cw* e M�s GIr ewv * ewv j s j a ,wM h _ _ j�j c û ? d J ®

± G B }&d 1 { J�} dd�L j .Xy G|² { L ³ J G�VXW´�Zg�Jn M a"p-abp j y;, v ,w* j a j v"_ ² ,$O`s ³ r eZ\ O^s r v"e * , abv ,wM�O^M�O`c _ j a G { 1�¬ B 1 JEW ´ j �;O j µ 1 , _�abp j a , v c j ay v�eZ] , ] M h M a M j _ ® µ 1 } B 1 LÃdV G�VXW´�^d�JM WÝjwW \`_ M�O`c B 1 ÙK¶ á d ¬ de· n j p ,�k j µ 1 ÙO¶ g ¬ de··W ° j O e�n *�M�O`M�*NM _ j abp jµh e c h M�� j�h M p`e�e s e r abp jabv ,wM�O^M�O`c�s`, a , ® Æ ; ö ( á @ 1 µ 1 h e c G ¸ 1 J~L�G�d á µ 1 J^h e c G7d á ¸ 1 J S G�VXW´��VZJnQp j v j ¸ 1 M _z_ M�*Ny h � G2VXWY�wg�J�j k$, h \ , a j s , a { 1 W � p M _ M _ , _�a"v ,wM�c p�a r eZv�n , v s V xßs`M�* j O _ M e O`, h*NM�O`M�*�M _ , a M e O abp , a u ,$O ] j _�e h k j s \`_ M�O`c�,wO ��e O j e r ,�O \ * ] j v¨e r e y a M�*NM _ , a M e O v"eZ\^a M�O j _ W, O u�j abp j _ M�cZ* e M�s p , _ ] j�j O r eZ\ O`s \^_ M�O^c a"p M _Òabv ,wM�O`M�O`c _ j a�§Xn j�u ,wO \^_ j�G2VXW´�Zg�J abe u , h�u \ h , a jabp j y v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�ia"p , a ,tcZM�k j O a j _�a y e M�O aT] j�h e O`c _�a"e j , u p u�h , _"_ W , O j ¹ \ j _�a M e O v j *�,wM�O _ ®p`eln s etn j�u e O _�abv�\ u a , abv ,wM�O^M�O`c _ j aoa"e � aµabp j _ M�cZ* e M�s W�� p j eZ] k�M ew\`_ u p^e M uRj n�eZ\ h s ] jabp j�j .^,w*Ny h�j _ r v"e * abp j abv ,$M�O`M�O`c _ j a>abp , a>n j v j \`_ j s abe�a"v ,wM�O abp j�uRh , _�_ M�� j v W § eln j k j v�§;abp jabv ,wM�O^M�O`czy v�e uRj _�_T] M�, _ j _µa"p j eZ\^a y \^ab_ r eZv�abp j _�\ y`y eZv�a k jRu a"eZv"_µabet] j © d nQp M u p M _ ,zk j v��\ O h M�� j�h � k$, h \ j�r ewv ,oO j n�a j _�a y e M�O a W § eln j k j vR§ r eZv , h M�O j , vª[�±�²�§Xabp j O \ * ] j v¯e r _�\ y`y eZv�ak jRu a"eZv"_ M _>\`_�\ , h�h �zv j , _"e O;, ] h � h eln ,$O`s _�eNa"p j ] M°, _Q_�p`eZ\ h s O e$a�] j abe�em_ j k j v jwW>� p j v jRr ewv j §M a M _ c j O j v , h�h � , uRu�j y a , ] h�j a"e�\`_ j a"p j k$, h \ j _ r v"e * abp j abv ,wM�O`M�O`c _ j a�a"e � a�a"p j y eZ_�a j v M eZv_ M�cZ* e M�s W ¥ M�c \`v j�VXW´� _"p`elnQ_�a"p j abv ,wM�O^M�O`ctkw, h \ j _ ,wO`s©� a"a j s _ M�cw* e M�s r v�e * ,�*�M u v�e , v"v , �s;, a , _ j a r eZv e k$, v M°,wO u ,wO uRj v c =�=ed W º ewa j a"p , a O e y e M�O ab_ , v j y v j _ j O a M�Om, h , v c j ] ,wO^s ] j a­n jRj OL�d ,wO`s�á d § s \ j abe�abp j \`_ j e r , p , v s *�, v cZM�Oz,$O`s a"p j s;, a , ] j M�O`c h M�O j , v h ��_ j y;, v , ] h�j$WVw�

Page 42: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó®å�æ-í^]\[_[Öï�ó`ê�`ëè Z ê½ï�ó Z õ�ñ�í�í�îba^î Z ñ;êCî2ï�ì

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Pro

babi

lity

of m

embe

rshi

p of

one

cla

ss

Marginfhg3ikjJl2j�»'om¼¤�P�^�9~�9xnu�xwv|���^��r ��r��2�}�L�L�Jxw���^�������¤{}u�~^�P�\�3½¾y|~�¿�x����'�^�}�L�PsJ�k�9x���vP~^�J{!�T�3�P��rOvP���\�¾���2�}�P�9u�~^���^�Àq���.�Muw�^vq�P���A�h�qvP����v��L~^x��Jx��JÁ¡�2��x��evP�q~^�J���Jv�v����Â�Px�Á�r ��x����3�^��~^���A��~��x�~^��{}~^�J{!�}���J~vP~��P�}vtÃÅÄ^Ä�Æb��p�J~�L��r�~�PÁ�x�����~^�hsJ���������Jx�{L���!¿��9u�~^xn�J��vP����~�9�P���J{!���^�Ç�C��xn�¾vP��x���vP�J��{!���¾v���~^uk�9~^�J�k�

�������bÈ É+£m$U 2D+%'£Ê��£¤EP£¤RË 2(P�V)

, O j�u p , v , u a j v M _�a M u e r *NM u v�e , v�v , � s;, a , M _Ta"p , a�a"p j O \ * ] j voe r>rIj , a"\`v j _ M _T\`_"\ , h�h � k j v��h , v c j ,wO^s a­� y`M u , h�h ��e r abp j eZv s j vµe r a j O _Te r a"p`eZ\`_ ,wO`s _R§�e r a j Oq,$y`y v"e .XM�*�, a M�O`c abp j _ j aTe r�·O eln O c j O j _ M�O _ M3Ì j$W¸�ßr , ]^v"e ,ws _ j , v u p M _o] j M�O`c®y \`v�_"\ j s § a"p j k$, _�a *-, 8�ewv M a­��e r a"p j _ jrIj , ab\`v j _ , v jµh M�� j�h �zabe-] j M v"v j�h�j k$,wO a r ewv ,-cwM�k j O uRh , _�_ M�� u , a M e O a , _ � ,$O`siM�s j , h�h ��n j n�eZ\ h sh M�� j abe�v j * e k j abp j * WÃ¥;j , ab\`v j _ j�h�jRu a M e O p , _Na­nªeq] j O j � a"_ W�¥ M v�_�a h �Z§ h , v c j O \ * ] j v"_�e rM v"v jRh�j kw,$O a rIj , ab\`v j _ jA@j�u a M�k j�h � M�O 8 j�u a O e M _ j M�O a"eta"p j-uRh , _�_ M�� u , a M e O a , _ ��,wO`s u ,wO�s j _�abv�e��c j O j v , h M _ , a M e O § , _ën j n M h�h M h�h \`_�abv , a j�h , a j v~n M abp ,$O j .^,w*Ny h�j$W [ j�u e O`s h �w§ r v�e * abp j k�M j n y e M�O ae r M�O a j v y v j a , a M e O § rIj , a"\`v j _ j�h�jRu a M e O�, h _"e�p M�c p h M�c p�ab_�abp j * eZ_�a�v jRh�j k$,wO a rIj , ab\`v j _�eZv c j O j _M�O abp j s;, a , W � n�e c j O j v , h ,$y`y v"e , u p j _ *-, �¸] j \`_ j s ® ÐÒÅ��7¡E�NÉ-¡E� W ��Ï/¤ M�O nQp M u p rIj , a"\`v j _, v j _ u eZv j s¦M�O`s`M�k�M�s \ , h�h � G j$W c W \^_ M�O^c _�a , a M _�a M u , h * j abp^e s _ J y v M eZvµabe�\^_ j e r a"p j�u�h , _"_ M�� j v�§,wO^s / ��ÄE���;¡E��É-¡E� W ��Ï/¤ M�O nQp M u p®abp j , h c eZv M abp * \^_ j _ ,wO¸M�O a j v O`, h y v�e uRj s \`v j abe j�h M�*NM�O;, a jv j s \ O^s;,wO a rIj , ab\^v j _ W V$ä

Page 43: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ålæçålæ�èFéëê~èìëí�î2ï�ì�í�ê½ï¸ê~ð½è�ílê^ñ½ìëò|ñ½ó|ò�ôTï�ò�èFõÍ ¼|ÎI¾l¹JÏÂÐ ¹�¾�ѽ¿ÇÒ\Ó� p j�u p`e M u�j e r � h a j v * j a"p`e s u ,wO�,w* eZ\ O a¯a"e ,oy v M eZv , _"_�\ *�y a M e O�, ]ew\^a¯abp j n , � M�O nQp M u pabp j _ M�cwO`M�� u ,wO uRj e r M�O`s`M�k�M�s \ , h rIj , ab\`v j _ , v j v ,wO^� j s WqÛ eZ\ c p h �©_ y j ,w�·M�O`c § � h a j v * j abp^e s _u ,$O ] j kXM j n j s©, _ r , h�h M�O`c�M�O abeza­nªe c v�eZ\ y`M�O`c _ x abp`ew_ j * j , _"\^v j _ * eZv j M�OCB \ j O u�j s ]��®abp ju e O _ M _�a j O u �te r abp j s`M @Öj v j O u�j ] j a­n jRj O u�h , _"_ j _ ,wO`s abp`eZ_ j * eZv j M�OCB \ j O u�j s ]�� *-,$cZO`M a"\ s js`M @Öj v j O u�j _ WÒ¥ eZv j .^,w*Ny h�j §·a"p j _ j aªe r v , a M eZ_ G�dZW�d § dZW�d § dwW�d § dZW�d�J M _ u e O _ M _�a j O a h � s^M @j v j O a r v�e *abp j _ j a G g^W ¯ § gXW ¯ § g^W ¯ § g^W ¯ J ,$O`s rIj , ab\`v j _ M�O ]ewa"p u ,wO ] j _ j y;, v , a j s ]�� , _ M�*�y h�j abp^v j _�p`e h sG�dwWYg�J�W , O abp j ewabp j vop ,wO`s abp j v j M _ , _ M�cZO^M�� u ,wO a s`M @Öj v j O u�j M�O abp j * j ,wO _�e r abp j _ j a�e rv , a M ew_ G�dZW´g § dZWYg § ûXW´g § ûXW´g�J ,wO`s G�dZW´g § dZW´g § gXW�d § g^W�d�Jªj k j O a"p`eZ\ c pta"p j � v"_�a�a­n�e * j * ] j v�_�e r�j , u p_ j a , v j a"p j _ ,w* jwW�W _ r eZv u�h , _"_ M�� u , a M e Oz, h c eZv M abp * _ abp j v j , v j , h , v c j O \ * ] j v>e r * j abp^e s _nQp M u p u ,wO ] j j *Ny h el� j s WÃ� O a"p M _N_ jRu a M e O n j n M h�h a"p j v jRr eZv j s j _ u v M ] j a"p`v jRjiu e *�* e O h �\`_ j s�,$y`y v"e , u p j _ ® a"p j ² ,wO`O�x ° p M a O j ��a j _�a ,wO`s abp j�� º e·² _ u eZv j §`abp jT¥ M _"p j v ,wO`s�Ô e h \`]_ u eZv j _ ,wO^s a"p j a x a j _�a G nQp M u p , h _�e u e * j _ M�O¸*-,wO � k$, v M°,wO ab_ JEWN� e cZM�k j ,wO�M�*�y v j _�_ M e O e rabp j M v y j v r eZv *-,$O u�j n j n M h�h , h _�e j k$, h \ , a j abp j _ j _ u eZv j _ze OÃ,©O j n s;, a , _ j a r v"e * u ,$O u�j vv j _ j , v u p W [�a , a M _�a M u , h _ u eZv M�O`c ] , _ j s e O v ,wO^��M�O`c n M h�h ] j * eZ_�a M�OMB \ j O u�j s ]�� u e O _ M _�a j O u �e r ,os`M @Öj v j O u�j$W �ßr , h�h k$, h \ j _ª] jRh e O`cwM�O`c a"e�e O j�uRh , _�_ , v j v ,wO^� j s p M�c p j v abp ,$O�, h�h * j * ] j v"_e r abp j ewa"p j v uRh , _�_zabp M _ M _ s j a j v *�M�O j s , _ ,$O�M�*�y v�eZ] , ] h�jij k j O a j k j O�M r abp j * j ,wO _te r]Fewabp uRh , _�_ j _ s e O ewa s`M @Öj v ,¶c v j , a s j , h�W&¥ eZv j .^,w*Ny h�j § r eZv�] M�O`, v�� u�h , _"_ M�� u , a M e O §>abp j² ,wO^OXx ° p M a O j �ÖÕ a j _�a y v"e k�M�s j _ ,�* j , _"\`v j e r a"p j s`M @j v j O uRj ] j a­n j�j O abp j * j s^M°,wO _�e ra­n�e y e y \ h , a M e O _ c = V d ] , _ j s e O v ,$O`�·M�O`c Wo¥ eZv ,�y;, v�a M u \ h , v rIj , ab\`v j §~a­n�e y e y \ h , a M e O _ , v js j a j v *�M�O j s r v"e * abp joj .Xy v j _�_ M e O v , a M eZ_�e r abp j a­n�e s`M _�a M�O u a h � h , ] j�h�h�j s _ ,w*�y h�j _ j a"_ W¨� p j,wM�* e r abp j a j _�a M _�a"e j _�a M�*�, a j a"p j y v"ew] , ] M h M a­��a"p , a�abp j a­nªe y e y \ h , a M e O _ën j v j s v , n O r v�e *,wO M�s j O a M u , h s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O W¯�ßr abp M _ y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­� M _ k j v�� h eln�§Fa"p j�rIj , a"\`v j M _ u e O _ M _�a j O a�n M abpabp jªu�h , _"_ h , ] j�h _ ,wO^s n M h�h ] j _ M�cZO^M�� u ,wO a W ° j _�a , v�a ]�� u e * ] M�O`M�O`c a"p j _ ,w*�y h�j _ r v"e * a"p j a­n�eu�h , _"_ j _ ,$O`s v ,wO^��M�O`c a"p j * M�O�O \ * j v M u , h ewv s j v W × , u pz_ ,$*�y h�j M _�abp j O v ,$O`� j s n M abp ,µkw, h \ jj ¹ \ , h abe M ab_ y eZ_ M a M e OoM�O abp j¯h M�O j¨G M W´j$W , v ,$O`� ] j a­n j�j O d ,wO^s G ö : L ö â J nQp j v j ö : ,wO^s�ö â , v jabp j O \ * ] j v�e r _ ,$*�y h�j _ M�O u�h , _"_ j _ d ,$O`s VXWYJEW �ßr|j .Xy v j _"_ M e O v , a M ew_ , v j a M j s §�a"p j � , v j cZM�k j Oabp j ,�k j v ,$c j v ,wO`� W � p j v ,wO`� _ r eZv j , u pie r abp j a­n�e�_ ,w*�y h�j _ j ab_ , v j _�\ *�* j s W �ßr abp j _�\ * _, v j Ø : ,wO^s Ø â §`n j O eln u , h�u \ h , a j a"p j Ù _�a , a M _�a M u¨r v"e * Ù : } ö : ö â L�g^UYû ö : G ö : L�d�J á Ø :,wO`s Ù â } ö : ö â L g^UYû ö â G ö â L dlJ á Ø â W�Ú p`e�eZ_ M�O`c abp j _ *-, h�h�j v¨e r Ù : ,wO^s Ù â , _¨abp j a j _�a_�a , a M _�a M u Ù n j�u , h�u \ h , a j Y } G Ù áOÛmÜ J � Þ Ü \`_ M�O`c ®VZû

Page 44: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó®å�æ-í^]\[_[Öï�ó`ê�`ëè Z ê½ï�ó Z õ�ñ�í�í�îba^î Z ñ;êCî2ï�ìÛmÜ

} ö : ö âV Þ Ü }XÝ ö : ö â G ö : L ö â L d�Jd�V G�VXW´�Z��JY M _ ,-O eZv *-, h�h � s`M _�abv M ]`\^a j s v ,wO`s e * k$, v M�, ] h�j�GwÞ G g ¬ d�J�J ,wO^s p j O uRj M a M _�_�abv ,wM�c p·a r eZv�n , v sa"e s j a j v *�M�O j abp j y v�eZ] , ] M h M a­� ® a"p j�h eln j v a"p j y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­�oa"p j * eZv j _ M�cZO`M�� u ,wO aÒabp jQrIj , ab\`v jr eZv s^M _ u v M�*�M�O;, a M�O`c a"p j a­nªe u�h , _"_ j _ W´ j _ M�cwO j s _ y j�u M�� u , h�h � r ewv *�M u v�e , v"v , � s`, a , _ j a"_|a"p j�� p`v j _"p^e h s º \ * ] j v~e r ² M _ x u�h , _"_ M�� u , a M e O _GI� º e·² J _ u eZv j c û d M _ uRh eZ_ j�h ��v jRh , a j s a"e�v ,wO`�·M�O^c _ u eZv j _ ,wO^s n M h�h cZM�k j , _ M�*�M h , v rIj , a"\`v j v ,wO^��xM�O`c a"eNa"p j ² ,wO`O ° p M a O j �za j _�a�§ r ewv j .^,w*�y h�jwW ° jµu , h�u \ h , a j abp jµ� º e·² _ u eZv j ]·� �`O`s`M�O^ca"p j ] j _�a uRh , _�_ M�� u , a M e Oty j v r eZv *-,$O u�j y ew_"_ M ] h�j�r eZv>a"p j cZM�k j O rIj , ab\`v jwWQ¥ eZv>abp jTÆ k$, h \ j _�e ra"p j�rIj , a"\`v j ß 1 G u e *�y e O j O ab_Qe r abp j�rIj , ab\`v j k j�u abeZv J ,wO^s h , ] jRh B 1 n j�j k$, h \ , a j ®

à¡á�â�ã } *NM�Oä�å æ ?@ 1�8:�ç c B 1 Gbè�ß 1 L �EJ d G�VXW´�wä·Ja"p�\^_�n j�u ew\ O a ,wO j v"v�eZv j k j v���a M�* j B 1¡é}Êê ;|ë ö Gìè�ß 1 L �RJ�W [ M�O u�j abp j , v c \ * j O a M�O _ M�s j abp j§ j ,�k�M _ M�s j _�a j y r \ O u a M e OqM _ M�O�k$, v M°,wO a�\ O`s j v ,wO¦, v"] M abv , v�� y eZ_ M a M�k j v j _ u , h M�O`c n jzu ,wO _ j aè�}&d ,$O`s j k$, h \ , a j abp j _ u eZv j \`_ M�O`co, d xßs`M�* j O _ M e O;, h *�M�O`M�*NM _ , a M e O e O �lW �ßr n j , v j , ] h�j a"e�;O^s�, abp`v j _"p^e h s _�\ u pNa"p , a , h�h k$, h \ j _ , ]Fe k j M a�] jRh e O^c abe¨e O j¯u�h , _"_ ,$O`sm, h�h ] j�h e�n ] j�h e O`c a"ea"p j ewabp j v�§$abp j O a"p j¯� º e·² _ u ewv j M _ g^W��ßr a"p j ] j _�a�abp`v j _"p^e h s�M�O·k e h k j _�e O j *�M _ uRh , _�_ M�� u , a M e Oa"p j¯� º e�² _ u ewv j M _ d § j a u$W Ô�M�k j O�,�y;, v�a M u \ h , v uRh , _�_ s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O n j>u ,wO�, h _�e u , h�u \ h , a j abp jy v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�µe r c j a"a M�O`c�, rIj , ab\`v j n M a"p ,$O � y;, v�a M u \ h , v � º e·² _ u eZv j$W ° j�u ,wO abp j O u e *Ny;, v ja"p j�u \ * \ h , a M�k j s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O r \ O u a M e O e r a"p j�� º e·²È_ u eZv j _ r eZv ,µ*NM u v"e , v�v , � s`, a , _ j a n M a"pa"p j abp j eZv j a M u , h _ u eZv j _ r eZv ,�O \ h�h * e s jRh>G M W´j$W y \^v j�h ��v ,wO`s e *Ès;, a , J ,wO`s a"p�\^_ s j a j v *NM�O jM r abp j v j M _ , _ M�cZO`M�� u ,wO a h ��p M�c p O \ * ] j v�e r�h eln G M W´j$W c eXe s J _ u eZv M�O`c rIj , ab\`v j _ u e *Ny;, v j s a"ev ,wO`s e * e u�u \`v"v j O uRj ,wO`s a"p j v jRr eZv j M r abp j s;, a , u , v"v M j _ , _ M�cZO`M�� u ,$O a M�O r eZv *�, a M e O h e ,ws W�¥ eZvj .`,$*�y h�j § M�O ¥ M�c \`v j-VXWÝä n j cZM�k j ,iy h ewaTe r abp j�u \ * \ h , a M�k j s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O _ r eZv ,wO e k$, v M°,wOu ,wO u�j v s;, a , _ j a c =�=ed W § j v j §Öa"p j�u \`v k j s j a j v *NM�O j s r v"e * a"p j e k$, v M�,wO u ,wO uRj v s;, a , _ j a h M j _u e O _ M�s j v , ] h ��a"e�abp j�h�jRr a¯e r a"p j abp j eZv j a M u , hu \`v k j�j .Xy j�u a j s r eZv y \`v jRh ��v ,wO`s e * s;, a , §X_"\ c$xc j _�a M�O`cN, h , v c j O \ * ] j vQe r s`M _ u v M�*NM�O;, a M�O`c rIj , a"\`v j _ ,$O`s _ M�cwO`M�� u ,wO a M�O r ewv *�, a M e O u e O a j O a W� p j _ jRu e O^s r ,w*NM h � e r�rIj , ab\`v j _ u ewv M�O^c a j�u p O^M ¹ \ j _Tp , _ * eZv j e r ,wO j *Ny p , _ M _�e O a"p j s`M r xV =

Page 45: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ålæçålæ�èFéëê~èìëí�î2ï�ì�í�ê½ï¸ê~ð½è�ílê^ñ½ìëò|ñ½ó|ò�ôTï�ò�èFõ

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 5 10 15 20 25

Pro

porti

on o

f tot

al n

umbe

r of f

eatu

res

TNoM scorefhg3ikjhl'jzí_o Àqîh�¾ïð{}sJr¡sJu�~vPx��^�+�L{!�^�P��{}s��P�^���.�ñ�^��~^���ò�~�Lx�~^��{}~^�J{!�}�t�J~vP~^���}v�ÃÅÄ^Ä^Æb�+Àh��� óJy|~�¿�x���x��Àqî��¾ïô�P{!�^�P�Â~^�J��½�~�¿�x��Sx��+vP���Â�J�P�^�2�^�PvPxw�����^��vP����v��^vP~^uh��sJrt�2�}� �^�V�3��~vPs��P�����õÀq����uw�}�3vFy|�J~^�J�{}s��P�^�V{!�^�P�P�����2���J�9�Çv��¡~^{!vPsJ~^uM�P{!�^�P���U~^�J�SvP�J�q�LxwÁ��evFy|�J~^�J��{}s��P�^�qv��tvP���hvP���}�^�L�}vPx�{}~^u9�P{!�^�L�h�3�^�U~.��sJu�u�3�L~^�J�J��r��Ur ������uö�Tp��qvP����{}s��P�^���3�P��r�vP���t~^{!vPsJ~^uk�P{!�^�P����u�xw�����PxwÁ��9xw�9{}~^�evPuw��v�� vP���tuw�}�ñv�vP�Jxn��r ��~^�J�vP���.�J~vP~�{!���¾vP~^xn�J�q~S�Px�Á��Jxw�9{}~^�ev�x����3�^�LrS~vPxw����{!���ev����¾v}�rIj v j O uRj _ M�Oz*�,wcZO`M ab\ s j _¯e r abp j�j .Xy v j _"_ M e O�k$, h \ j _>] j a­n jRj O u�h , _"_ j _ W � p·\`_ M r n j s j v M�k j abp j* j ,wO _ ,wO`s _�a ,wO`s;, v s¦s j k�M�, a M e O _ r ewvoabp j _ ,w*Ny h�j _ M�O j , u p u�h , _"_R§ ,�c eXe sqs`M _ u v M�*NM�O`, a M�O`crIj , ab\`v j n�eZ\ h s p ,�k j , h , v c j _ j y;, v , a M e O ] j a­n j�j O abp j * j ,wO _ ,wO`s _ *-, h�h _�a ,wO`s;, v sqs j k�M°,/xa M e O _ W��ßr n j s j �`O j a"p j * j ,$O _Qe r a"p j _ ,w*Ny h�j _ M�O abp j a­nªe u�h , _"_ j _ , _ Û : ,wO^s�Û â ,wO`s abp j M v_�a ,wO`s;, v s�s j k�M°, a M e O _ , _�Þ : ,wO`s Þ â §;abp jo¥ M _�p j v G2¥�J ,wO`s�Ô e h \`] GÔJ _ u eZv j _ , v j s j �`O j s¸, _r e h�h elnQ_

÷ } GÛ : áOÛ â J�âÞ â: L Þ ââ ø } 1 Û : áOÛ â 1Þ : L Þ â U G�VXW´��ûZJ� p j �`O;, h _ u ewv j n j n M h�h>u e O _ M�s j v M _Na"p j n j�h�h x­�·O eln O a x a j _�a r eZvNa"p j s`M @Öj v j O u�j ] j a­n jRj O* j ,wO _�e r a­n�e y e y \ h , a M e O _ W ° jou , h�u \ h , a j a"p j * j ,wO _ ,wO`s kw, v M°,$O u�j _ G Û : § Û â §ÖÞ â: ,$O`s Þ ââ Jr eZv¯a"p j a­nªe u�h , _"_ j _ ,wO`s abp j O�, n j M�c p·a j s ,�k j v ,wc j e r abp j a­n�e k$, v M°,wO uRj _R§`n M abpê â } G ö : á d�J Þ â: L+G ö â á dlJ Þ ââö : L ö â á V U G�VXW´� = JV ?

Page 46: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó®å�æ-í^]\[_[Öï�ó`ê�`ëè Z ê½ï�ó Z õ�ñ�í�í�îba^î Z ñ;êCî2ï�ì,wO^si, a j _�a�_�a , a M _�a M u µ \^_ M�O^cµ } Û : áKÛ âêMù :ú¾ú L :ú^û G�VXW´� ? Jr v�e * nQp M u p ,µy v"ew] , ] M h M a­� * j , _"\`v j�u ,wO v j ,ws`M h �m] j ew]^a ,wM�O j s r v"e * a"p j [�a"\ s j O a�³´_ s`M _�abv M ]`\ xa M e O W

ü Ï�ý2þ\þ�¹JÏÿÐ ¹�¾�Ñ|¿TÒ¤Ó�����¹����mϾÓ�¼�F¹ Í ¹9ýX¾�¤Ï�¹��+Î2¼� q¼ »¤ý^¾l¼ ¿F»Û , abp j v|abp ,wOo,�y v M eZv|_ u eZv M�O`c e r`rIj , ab\`v j _|n j�u eZ\ h s \^_ j ,Qy v�e uRj s \`v j n M abp M�O a"p j , h c eZv M a"p * a"ejRh M�*NM�O`, a j v j s \ O`s;,wO a rIj , ab\`v j _ W�W _ ,wOmM h�h \`_�a"v , a M e O n j n M h�h^u e O _ M�s j v�e O j * j abp`e s r eZv [�±�²t_nQp M u p�v j * e k j _ M v"v j�h�j k$,wO a rIj , a"\`v j _ s \`v M�O`c a"p j abv ,wM�O`M�O`c¨y v�e uRj _�_ W ° p j O \^_ M�O^cT, h M�O j , v � j v xO jRh §�n j O ewa j s abp , aÒa"p j n j M�c p�a k j�u abeZv r eZv ,wO [�±�² u ,wO ] jQj .Xy v j _"_ j st, _ 4 } Ô ?1�8: B 1 D 1 H 1 W� p j _ *-, h�h�j _�a , ]`_�e h \^a j k$, h \ j e r abp j n j M�c p�a k j�u abeZv n M h�h p ,�k j>h�j , _�a M�OCB \ j O uRj M�O a"p j s jRu M _ M e Or \ O u a M e Ot,wO`s n M h�h a"p j v jRr eZv j ] j a"p j ] j _�a u ,$O`s`M�s`, a j _ r eZv¯v j * e k$, h2W�¥ eZvªabp j � ¡£¢E���b¤EË4Îw¡ � ¡"Ä �� �X�b¡ � Å�Ë4É�Ë4ÑFÄw�2Ë��/ÑNG Û�¥ × J * j a"p`e s�y v"e y eZ_ j s ]�� Ô \X�Ze O j a , h c Vwû d §Za"p j [�±�² M _ abv ,wM�O j s n M a"pa"p jou \`v"v j O a¨_ j a¨e r rIj , a"\`v j _ ,wO^s abp j ] j _�a u ,wO^s`M�s;, a j�rIj , a"\`v j�r eZv�v j * e k$, h M _ M�s j O a M�� j s k�M�,a"p j n j M�c p�a k jRu a"eZv WÒ� p M _ rIj , ab\`v j M _�v j * e k j s�,wO^s abp j y v"e u�j _"_�v j y j , a j s \ O a M h a j v *NM�O;, a M e O W, O j s`M _ ,ws^k$,wO a ,wc j e r abp M _ * j abp`e s¸M _�abp , a�abp j y v�e uRj _"_�n M h�h ] j _ h eln M r abp j v j , v j , h , v c jO \ * ] j vµe r�rIj , a"\`v j _ G a­� y^M u , h�h �iabp jmu , _ j�r ewv * e s j v O p M�c p s j O _ M a­� *NM u v"e , v�v , ��_ J §|a"p`eZ\ c prIj , ab\`v j _ u ew\ h s ] j v j * e k j s�M�O ] , a u p j _R§½e rªu eZ\`v"_ jwW�� p j , h c ewv M a"p * u ,wO ] j a j v *NM�O;, a j s®M ra"p j a j _�a j v"v�eZv M _ h e cZc j s abp`v�eZ\ c p^eZ\^a ,wO`s�y;, _"_ j _�a"p`v"ew\ c p ,�*�M�O`M�* \ * abp`eZ\ c pC§ r eZvQ[·±�² _R§a"p j eZv j a M u , h�u v M a j v M�, _�\ u p , _��¤,S, ]FeZ\ O`s _ G nQp M u p j _�a M�*�, a j c j O j v , h M _ , a M e Oty j v r eZv *-,wO u�jlJu ,wO , h _"e�] j \`_ j s c �wä d W � p M _ ,$y`y v"e , u p M _ c j O j v , h ,wO`s u ,$O ] j ,wy^y h M j s abe¸abp j n j M�c p�a"_c j O j v , a j s \`_ M�O`c a"p j y j v u�j y abv�e O , h c ewv M a"p * § r eZv j .^,w*�y h�jwWW _ M�s jtr v�e * Û�¥ × abp j v j , v j ,¸O \ * ] j vNe r ewa"p j v ,wy^y v"e , u p j _NnQp j v jtrIj , ab\`v j _ j�h�j�u a M e O M _M�*�y h�j * j O a j sqs`M v j�u a h ��n M abp M�O a"p j , h c eZv M abp * Wt¥ ewv j .^,w*Ny h�j § n M a"p Ü , � j _ M�,wO¦,wy`y v�e , u p j _,�� Ä � ¡£¤EË ÄwÑ��F��Ë��/�®u ,wO ] j M�O u eZv y eZv , a j s¦M�O abe¸abp j s j _ M�cwO e r , uRh , _�_ M�� j v r ,�k eZv M�O`c _ y`, v"_ j_�e h \^a M e O _�§ M W´j$W abp j v j M _ ,wO j .^y h M u M a y v jRrIj v j O u�jµr eZv , _"e h \^a M e O n M a"p ,�k j v�� h M�*NM a j s-O \ * ] j ve r�rIj , a"\`v j _ G abp M _ M _ �·O eln O , _ W \^abe *-, a M uzÛQj�h�j k$,wO uRj ´ j a j v *NM�O;, a M e O G|W�Û ´ J § _ jRj c ûZV d JEWÜ , � j _ M�,wO W¨Û ´ , h c eZv M abp * _ r eZv�abp M _ y \^v y eZ_ j p ,lk j ] j�j O¶s j k jRh e y j s¦,$O`s n�eZv � n jRh�h n M a"pV ­

Page 47: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ålæçålæ�èFéëê~èìëí�î2ï�ì�í�ê½ï¸ê~ð½è�ílê^ñ½ìëò|ñ½ó|ò�ôTï�ò�èFõ*NM u v�e , v�v , � s`, a , _ j a"_ c äZä d WÍ ¹Jý^¾�mÏ/¹��C¹9ÎI¹��w¾l¼ ¿F»�������ý2Ó�¹�ÓR¾�¤Ò �� e M h�h \`_�abv , a j a"p j , ]Fe k j n j n M h�h s j * e O _�a"v , a j p^e�n a"p j _ j a jRu p O`M ¹ \ j _�p ,�k j ] j�j Oq,wy`y h M j sabe ,mO j n s;, a , _ j a r eZv y v j s^M u a M�O`c v j�h ,$y _ j k j v"_�\`_ O e OXx v j�h ,$y _ j�r eZv ,my;, j s`M°, a"v M u *-, h M�cwO;,wO u �G ° M h�h M°,w* _ j a , h c ­ g d JEW½� p M _ëv j y v j _ j O a"_ O e k jRh n�eZv ��y j v r ewv * j sµM�O u e h�h , ]FeZv , a M e O n M abp"! , abp��¨�v M a u p , v sXx$# e O j _ , aÒabp j�� O _�a M ab\Xa jQr eZv Ú ,$O u�j v ÛQj _ j , v u p W � O abp M _�_�ab\ s � u ´ º W *�M u v"e , v"v , ��_n j v j \`_ j s n M a"p ,$O�,wy`y v"e .XM�*�, a jRh ��] , h ,wO u�j sNs;, a , _ j aªe r½V ? _ ,w*Ny h�j _ W º eZv *-, h M _ , a M e O _�n j v jM�*Ny h�j * j O a j s \`_ M�O`cN,�y v j x j .XM _�a M�O`c _"e r a­n , v j y;, u �/,wc j c �Zg d ] , _ j s e O a"p j [�a , a M _�a M u _ r eZv>² M�xu v�e , v�v , � W O`, h ��_ M _ G [`² W�J>Û y;, u �/,wc j e r [ y j�j s j a , h c �Xd d WW [�\ y`y eZv�aN± j�u abeZv�² , u p M�O j n M abp h M�O j , v � j v O jRh n , _-\`_ j s n M a"p � h a j v * j a"p`e s _ r eZvmabp jrIj , ab\`v j _ jRh�j�u a M e O W�ÛQj�u \`v"_ M�k j�jRh M�*�M�O;, a M e O e r�rIj , ab\`v j _¨n , _ O e$a�\`_ j s ] jRu , \^_ j e r a"p j�h , v c jO \ * ] j v¨e r�rIj , a"\`v j _ G�d ?�? ¯ g�JEW Ô�M�k j O a"p j _ *-, h�h _ M3Ì j e r abp j s;, a , _ j a h�j ,lk j x e O j x eZ\^a G �¤,�, J,wy`y j , v"_�a"p j ] j _�a � v"_�a¨_�abv , a j c � r eZv j k$, h \ , a M�O`c abp j a j _�a j v�v"eZv W ´ \`v M�O`c j k$, h \ , a M e O e r abp ja j _�a j v�v"eZv�abp j¨V = j .^,w*Ny h�j _ M�O abp j abv ,wM�O`M�O`c _ j a u p ,wO`c j n M abp j k j v�� h�j ,�k j x e O j x ew\^aªv�ewa , a M e O WÚ e O _ j ¹ \ j O a h �w§|a"e s j v M�k j , r ,wM v�a j _�a�_�a , a M _�a M u §Fa"p j _�a , a M _�a M u , h _ u eZv j _¨n j v j s j a j v *NM�O j s r eZvj , u p-e r a"p j�V ? j k$, h \ , a M e O _�e O a"p j a j _�a y e M�O aÒn M abp`eZ\Xa M�O u ewv y eZv , a M�O`c�M a M�O abe�abp j�u e *�y \Xa ,/xa M e O e r a"p j _ u eZv j$W�� O ¥ M�c \`v j _ VXWYû § VXW = ,wO`s VXW ? n j _"p`eln abp j �¤,S, a j _�a j v"v�eZv G B x­,/.XM _ J k j v"_�\`_O \ * ] j v�e r abe yXx v ,wO`� j s rIj , ab\^v j _ Göß x7,/.XM _ J v j *-,wM�O`M�O^c r eZv ¥ M _"p j v�§�² ,$O`OXx ° p M a O j � ,wO^s a x a j _�a_ u eZv M�O`c e r rIj , a"\`v j _ W�W�h�h abp`v j�j _ u eZv j _ M�O`s`M u , a j y v j s`M u a M e O¸M _ y eXeZv M r , h�h abp j�rIj , ab\`v j _ , v j\`_ j s W § eln j k j vR§ c eXe s�y v j s`M u a M e O�M _ , u p M j k$, ] h�j n M a"p , _ *�, h�h O \ * ] j v�e r;rIj , a"\`v j _ W � p·\`_ r eZvabp jo¥ M _"p j vQ_ u ewv j a"p j *�M�O`M�*�, h �\,S,&a j _�a j v�v"eZv M _ û % V ? § r eZv�² ,$O`OXx ° p M a O j � ä % V ? ,wO^s r eZvabp j a x a j _�a d % V ? Wª¥ eZv ¯ x r e h s u v"eZ_�_ x�kw, h M�s`, a M e O n M a"p d�gZgZg v ,wO`s e * v j _"p·\'& M�O^c _�e r abp j eZv s j vn j c j a , = UÝä © dZUfV)( y v j�u�j O a ,wc j a j _�a j v�v"eZv�n M a"p ��rIj , ab\`v j _Òv j *-,wM�O`M�O^c Wë� p j _ j v j _"\ h ab_ M�O`s^M�xu , a j y v j s`M u a M e O e r v jRh ,wy _ jTu ,wO ] j , u p M j k j s §Fa"p`eZ\ c p ,wO � �;O;, h½u e O^� v *-, a M e O n�eZ\ h s�, n ,wM aj k$, h \ , a M e O e O Ï�¡oÑÖ�/Îw� s;, a ,�,wO`s ] M e h e cZM u , hu e O^� v *�, a M e O e r abp j c j O j _�\`_ j s W��ßr § , _�p j v j §y v j s`M u a M e O u ,wO ] j , u p M j k j s n M abp�abp jTj .^y v j _�_ M e Oiy v�e � h�j e r , _ *�, h�h _ j a�e r c j O j _�a"p j O abp jv j _"\ h a M _ M�O a j v j _�a M�O^c ]^\^a�_"p`ew\ h s ] j kXM j n j s n M a"p u , \^a M e O Wo�ßr , _ j aµe r c j O j _�p ,�k j p M�c p h �u ewv"v jRh , a j s j .Xy v j _�_ M e O abp j O e O h � e O j * j * ] j v *�, ��] j O j�j s j s r eZv�]`\ M h s`M�O`cz, _"\ uRu�j _"_ r \ hy v j s`M u abewv G a"p j v j _�a , v jTjA@j�u a M�k j�h �iv j s \ O^s;,wO a J §Öabp`ew\ c pia"p M _ c j O j *-, � O ewa�] j , _�_ M�cZO`M��^xV ¯

Page 48: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó®å�æ-í^]\[_[Öï�ó`ê�`ëè Z ê½ï�ó Z õ�ñ�í�í�îba^î Z ñ;êCî2ï�ì

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

0 20 40 60 80 100

Num

ber o

f LO

O te

st e

rror

s

Number of featuresfhg3ikj¤l2j+*'oqÀq���.��sJr��2�}���^� ,.-/-7v�����vh�}�P�L�^�L�.�3½¾y|~�¿�x������^�}�L�PsJ�q��sJrt�2�}���^�Ëv��^�Jyb�L~^���^�����3��~vPs��P���¡�3óJy~�¿�xn���_�P��rS~^x��Jxn��Á���xwvP���3��~vPs��P�!yb��~^����xn��Á��e�tvP���10Ëxn�P���}�T�P{!�^�P���3�^�T�J�P���Jxn{!vPx���ÁV�P��u�~�9���U�^�m������yb�L��u�~�9���^�0��^�32Â�^�¡�ñ�}�U�}�+�ñ��~vPsJ�P���t~ ������y4}�}�P�ªv��L~^x��9x���Á��}�P�P�^�+~�J�2��~�L�t~^�J��vP��� v�����vt�}�P�P�^�¡�Lx��������ñ�P��r vP���rSx��JxnrtsJr �^� 56879e�u ,wO a , _¯_�e * j e r abp j ewabp j v"_ W �ßr § r eZv j .^,w*�y h�j §�abp j�j .Xy v j _"_ M e O�y;, a�a j v O e r ,oy`, v�a M u \ h , v c j O jM _ , _�_"e u M°, a j s n M abp y eZ_ M a M e O;, h;jò@ÖjRu a"_ G jwW c W nQp j O�, ] M e h e cZM u , h�h �T_ M�cZO`M�� u ,wO a�e k j v x j .Xy v j _�_ j sc j O j M _ h e u , a j s-M�O�, v j cwM e O e r abp j c j O e * j abp , aªp , _¯] j�u e * j s \ y h M u , a j s�M�O ab\ * eZ\`v u�jRh�h _ J §ewa"p j v c j O j _ªa"p , a , v j O ewaªv j�h�j k$,wO aªa"eoab\ * eZ\`v eZ\^a u e * j *-, �N] j�u e x v j c \ h , a j s ]���a"p j _ ,w* j* j�u p ,$O`M _ * W�� p j M v ,wy`y`, v j O a�v j�h�j k$,wO u�j e O h � s j v M�k j _ r v�e * abp j M v y eZ_ M a M e OzM�O a"p M _ c j O e *NM uv j cZM e O WSÚ e O _ j ¹ \ j O a h �iabp j _ M�cZO`M�� u ,$O u�j e r c j O j _�_"p^eZ\ h s ] j�j kw, h \ , a j s ]��iewabp j v * j abp^e s _M�O`s j y j O^s j O a h ��e r abp j�rIj , ab\`v j _ j�h�j�u a M e O \`_ j s ]·�-abp j�u�h , _"_ M�� j v W

�Zg

Page 49: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ålæçålæ�èFéëê~èìëí�î2ï�ì�í�ê½ï¸ê~ð½è�ílê^ñ½ìëò|ñ½ó|ò�ôTï�ò�èFõ

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 20 40 60 80 100

Num

ber o

f LO

O te

st e

rror

s

Number of featuresfhg3ikj+l2j;:'o�Àh�����es9r��2�}�S�^�<,.-/- v�����vS�}�P�L�^�L� �3½ey|~�¿�xn���¡�^�}�L�Ps9�S�es9r��2�}�S�^��v��^��yb�L~^�J�^���õ�3��~vPs��P����P��rS~^xn�Jx���Á��3óJy|~�¿�x����U��xwvP���L~^����x���Á �^�Ë�ñ��~vPsJ�P���q����vP�J�tïÂ~^�9��y= �9xwvP���}���P{!�^�P��ÃÅÄ>7�Æb�\Àq���.rSx��9x�rts9r,.-/-7v�����vh�}�P�L�^�hx�r �J�L�ò�^��������vP�J�/0Çx��P���}�q�P{!�^�L��x���0ÇxwÁ��?7��@5+��xwvP��~SrSx��9x�rts9rN�^�.2A6879e�

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 20 40 60 80 100

Num

ber o

f LO

O te

st e

rror

s

Number of featuresfhg3ikj+l2jCBMo�Àh�����es9r��2�}�S�^�<,.-/- v�����vS�}�P�L�^�L� �3½ey|~�¿�xn���¡�^�}�L�Ps9�S�es9r��2�}�S�^��v��^��yb�L~^�J�^���õ�3��~vPs��P����P��rS~^xn�Jx���Á��3óJy|~�¿�x����\�hxwvP����~^����xn��Át�^�<�ñ��~vPsJ�P��������vP����vFybv�����v}�UÀq����rSx��9x�rts9rD,E-F- v�����vq�}�P�P�^����~^�Gt�ñ�P��rH79��hxwvP�JIAyK5��3��~vPs��P���V�P��rS~^x��9x���Á��1=KxwvP�J7��ñ��~vPsJ�P���V�P��rS~^x��Jxn��ÁS~��J����y4}�}�P� v��L~^x��Jx��JÁS�}�P�P�^���~^���P��{!�^�L�����k�mÀq����rSx��JxnrS~^u9v����Pvq�}�P�P�^�qx���u��ò�U�}�qvP�J~^���3�^�L0Çx��P���}�.�M0ÇxwÁ��?7��@5���~^�9��ïÂ~^�J�N= �Jx�vP���}�ÃÅÄ>7�ÆU�M0ÇxwÁ��O7�� Ä���~^�J��vP���t{}s��P�^�.x��q�J�^vPx�{!��~�9uw���Pr ���^vP���}����^d

Page 50: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 51: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

P ��RQ ����� ST UWV XZY XW[]\^[O_a`�[cb d V e fg\h_S�ýAi j � ��k � kÂ� � �Ó¬ � �ml n � �����+� � ��o! j v O j�h * j a"p`e s _ ,wO`s�y;, v�a M u \ h , v h �-[X\ y`y ewv�aQ± j�u abeZv�² , u p M�O j _ M�O abv�e s \ u�j stM�O a"p j y v j k�M eZ\`_u p ,wy a j v>v j y v j _ j O aq8�\^_�aQe O j * j abp`e s r eZv M�O rIj v�v M�O^c�M�O r ewv *�, a M e O r v�e * s`, a , WUW Ot, h a j v O;, a M�k jabe-_"\ u p O e O�x­y;, v ,w* j abv M u ,wy`y v"e , u p j _ M _Qabe�abv�� ,wO`si* e s j�h M�O _"e * j n , � a"p j y v�e uRj _"_�abp , aeZv M�cZM�O;, h�h � c j O j v , a j s abp j eZ]`_ j v k j s¸s;, a , W�¥ eZv j .^,w*Ny h�j § M�O�, _ M�*Ny h�j ] M�O;, v�� uRh , _�_ M�� u , a M e Oa , _ � §Öv , abp j v�a"p ,wO a"v�� M�O^c abe u e O _�abv�\ u a�_�e * j �·M�O^s e r s jRu M _ M e O ]ew\ O`s;, v�� M a *-, �t] j * eZv j_ j O _ M ] h�j ,wO^s�y v�e kXM�s j * ewv j M�O r ewv *�, a M e O abe�a"v�� ,wO`sN* e s jRh M�O _�e * j n , ��abp j a­nªe s`M _ y;, v , a js;, a , _"ew\`v uRj _ W ´ , a , u ,wO a"p j O ] jouRh , _�_ M�� j s ]�� j k$, h \ , a M�O`c nQp M u p�e r a"p j a­n�ez_"eZ\`v u�j _�n , _* eZv j�h M�� jRh �Nabemp ,�k j y v�e s \ u�j s M a W¨�v"eZ] , ] M h M a­�¨a"p j ewv�� y v"e k�M�s j _ , v M�c eZv�eZ\`_ r v ,w* j n�eZv � a"e y j v r ewv * _"\ u p * e s j�h�h M�O`c�,wO^s�c j O j v x, h�h �¨e O jÒu ,wO u�h , _"_ M r � y v�eZ] , ] M h M _�a M u h�j , v O^M�O`c>* j a"p`e s _ M�O a"eQe O j e r a­n�e u , a j c eZv M j _ xp� Ä � ¡£¤EË ÄwÑ,wO`s Ó��b¡rq�� ¡EÑ;� Ë�¤E� W�� e M h�h \^_�abv , a j abp j s`M @Öj v j O u�j ] j a­n j�j O abp j _ j a­nªe ,wy`y v�e , u p j _�§ u e O _ M�s j v�abp ju p , h�h�j O`c j e r a"v�� M�O^c abe y v j s`M u a a"p j eZ\^a u e * j e r a"eZ_"_ M�O`c�, u e M�O e r \ O`�·O eln O�y v�e y j v�a M j _ W�� p jr v j ¹ \ j O a M _�a�³´_ k�M j n y e M�O a�n�eZ\ h s ] j M�O a j v j _�a j s®M�O \`_ M�O`c eZ]^_ j v k$, a M e O _�a"e u , h�u \ h , a j , _ M�O^c h�j¹ \ ,wO a M a­� x a"p j y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­��e r § j ,ws _ W�� p M _QnªeZ\ h s ] j , u p M j k j s ]·�t_ M�*Ny h � h e�e �·M�O`cN, a�abp jy v�e y ewv�a M e O e r p j ,ws _ M�O eZ\^voeZ]`_ j v kw, a M e O _ W®� p M _�_ M�O`c h�j y v�eZ] , ] M h M a­� u eZ\ h s abp j O ] j \`_ j ss`M v j�u a h �Na"e y v j s`M u aªa"p j eZ\Xa u e * j e r , r \^ab\^v j¨u e M�O a"eZ_"_ W�� p j�Ü , � j _ M�,wO e O a"p j ewa"p j v¯p ,wO`s §v , abp j v¯abp ,wO u e O _ M�s j v M�O`cN, _ M�O`c h�j k$, h \ j¨r eZv¯abp j v j ¹ \ M v j sty v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�Nn�eZ\ h s j O u e s j ] j�h M jRrM�O abp j kw, h \ j abp`v�eZ\ c p ,oy v"ew] , ] M h M a­� s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O W ,¨]`_ j v k$, a M e O _ nªeZ\ h s ] j \`_ j s a"e�\ yFs;, a jabp M _ s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e ON,wO^s-y v j s`M u a M e O _�n�eZ\ h s ] j ] , _ j s e O�M ab_ j .Xy jRu a j s-k$, h \ jwW ²teZv j y v jRu M _ j�h �Z§�Z�

Page 52: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�s/æ [Fó|ïOtCñ]tÖîIõ�î ílêCî Z ôTï�ò�èFõ^íh�j avu u eZv�v j _ y e O`s a"eµa"p j y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­�Te r M�O a j v j _�a�§ M WÝjwW ¸ G ¬xw è � J ,wO`s h�j azy } ß : U�U�ULß ú ] j eZ\`veZ]^_ j v k$, a M e O _ Göß 1 } d M r a"p j eZ\^a u e * j e r abp j ; ÷�ø abeZ_�_�n , _ , p j ,$s¸,wO`s g ewa"p j v�n M _ jlJEW�� p jr v j ¹ \ j O a M _�a ,wy`y v"e .XM�*�, a M e O abe{u�n�eZ\ h s ] j�u , h�u \ h , a j s , _u } dö ú@ 1�8: ß 1 G2�XW�d�JnQp M h _�a�abp j�Ü , � j _ M�,wO nªeZ\ h s¶� v"_�aN_ y j�u M r � , �F��Ë��/� s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O e k j v{u ,wO^s a"p j O \ yFs;, a ja"p M _R§;\`_ M�O`c Ü , � j _�v"\ h�j abe cZM�k j , �;�l¤E�7¡E��Ë��/� s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O

¸ G u 1 y J�} ¸ G y 1 u J ¸ G u J¸ G y J } ¸ G y 1 u J ¸ G u J|>} ¸ G y 1 u J ¸ G u J � u G2�XWfVZJnQp j v j ¸ G u J M _µa"p jm�F��Ë��/� s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O e k j vµabp j k$, h \ j _Te r u ,$O`s ¸ G y 1 u J M _ �·O eln O¶, _�abp jÅ�ËC~�¡EÅ�Ë W �l��Ï ,wO`s u ,wO ] j a"p`eZ\ c p�aQe r , _>p^e�n h M�� j�h � M a¯n�eZ\ h s ] j abemeZ]^_ j v k j abp j s`, a , a"p , a>n jp ,�k j § cZM�k j O eZ\^v¯p�� y ewa"p j _ M _ G u JEW�� e y v j s`M u a>abp j k$, h \ j e r ,wO \ O`�·O eln O eZ]^_ j v k$, a M e O §z�ß § ,$Oj .^y j�u a , a M e OtM _¯a ,w� j O n M abp�v j _ y j�u a�abe�a"p M _ y eZ_�a j v M eZv s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O

¸ G �ß 1 y J�}�� } ¸ G �ß 1 u J ¸ G u 1 y J � u U G2�XWY��Jº ewa M u�j abp , a�n j�u ,wO-y j v r eZv * ew\`v y eZ_�a j v M eZv \ yFs;, a j M a j v , a M�k j�h � x r eZv j .^,w*�y h�j §�p ,�k�M�O`c _ jRj Oö eZ]`_ j v k$, a M e O _�§·n j�u eZ\ h s \`_ j a"p j�u \`v"v j O a y eZ_�a j v M eZv , _Òabp j y v M eZv r eZv�abp j O j . a¯eZ]`_ j v kw, a M e O

¸ G u 1 ß :E¬ U�U�U ¬ ß ú ¬ ß ú P: J�} ¸ Göß ú P: 1 u J ¸ G u 1 ß :�¬ U�U�U ¬ ß ú J|>} ¸ Gbß ú P: 1 u J ¸ G u 1 ß :�¬ U�U�U ¬ ß ú J � u U G2�XW´ä·J¥ M�c \`v ji�^W�d _�p`elnQ_�p`eln abp j y eZ_�a j v M ewv M _ M a j v , a M�k jRh �¦\ yFs;, a j s r v�e * , \ O`M r eZv *Êy v M ewv r eZva"p`v jRj eZ]`_ j v kw, a M e O _ G p j ,ws §p j ,ws §Fa ,wM h4JEW , O j e r a"p j ] j O j � a"_¨e r a"p j�Ü , � j _ M°,wO®,$y`y v"e , u p M _p`eln M a ,�k e M�s _�e k j v x�� a"a M�O`c abp j * e s j�h abe�abp j abv ,$M�O`M�O`c�s`, a , a"p`v"ew\ c pia"p j \`_ j e r a"p j y v M eZvs`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O W ¥ eZv j .`,$*�y h�j § , r a j vÒabp j � v"_�a�a­n�e�eZ]^_ j v k$, a M e O _ G ]FewabpNp j ,$s _ J M�O abp j�j .^,w*Ny h�j, ]Fe k j §^abp j¨Ü , � j _ M°,wO�y v j s`M u a M e O e r ,wO eZ]`_ j v kw, a M e O ] j M�O`c p j ,ws _¯nªeZ\ h s ] j¨g^W ? û nQp M h _�aªabp jr v j ¹ \ j O a M _�a ,wy`y v"e , u p�n�eZ\ h st, _�_ M�cZOi,�y v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�-e rªdZWÕ O r eZv�a"\ O;, a j�h �Z§ M�Oq* ew_�aT\`_ jEr \ h¯j .^,w*Ny h�j _�§ëabp j M�O a j c v , h _ M�O �^WYV ,wO`s �^WY� , v j ,$O;, h �·a M u , h�h �M�O a"v , u a , ] h�j ,wO`s p ,�k j abe�] j ,wy`y v�e .XM�*-, a j s�k�M°,zO \ * j v M u , h * j abp`e s _ x r eZv j .`,$*�y h�j §|_ ,$*mx�wä

Page 53: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

s�æçålæ�� ó|ñ¤[ð|î Z ñëõ�ôTï�òëèõXí

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

prior

1

2

3

fhg3ikjÇ»'j��Jo1�¤�^��u�s�vPxw��� �^�_vP�J�V�2����v��}��xw�^�\�9�P�^�9~�9x�unxwv|� �3�^��vP����{!��x�� v����P�Px���Á+�J�L�^�9uw��r ~^���^�9���}�P�~vPxw���J�~�P�.�L��{!��xw�^���'�p�F��vP�Jx��q{}~^�P�>�JvP���.�^�9�P�}�P��~vPx����J�q~�P���J��~^�x�J����~^�x��vP~^x�ub�y h M�O`c r v"e * abp j ,wy`y v�e y v M°, a j s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O W½� O h , v c j y v�eZ] h�j * _�§�abp j _ j * j a"p`e s _ , h _�eT] j�u e * jM�O rIj , _ M ] h�j ,$O`s-k$, v M eZ\`_ ,wy`y v�e .^M�*-, a M e O _ , v j *-,ws jwW � n�e u e *N* e O�* j a"p`e s _ , v j *�,/.XM�* \ *h M�� jRh M p^eXe s G ²�� J ,wO`s�*�,/.XM�* \ * ,Ty eZ_�a j v M eZv M G ² W ¨ JEW ² ,/.XM�* \ * h M�� j�h M p`e�e sm�`O`s _ªa"p j _ M�OXxc h�j y;, v ,w* j a j v abp , a *�,/.XM�*NM _ j _�a"p jQh M�� j�h M p`e�e s a j v *�M�O �^WYV nQp M h _�a abp j ² W ¨©_�e h \^a M e O�M _ abp j_ M�O`c h�j y;, v ,$* j a j v k$, h \ j abp , a cZM�k j _µa"p j *�,/.XM�* \ * e r abp j y eZ_�a j v M eZv s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O ¸ G u 1 y J §j ¹ \ M�k$, h�j O a>a"e *-,/.XM�*�M _ M�O^c abp j O \ * j v , abeZv>e r �^WYV , _ ¸ G y J M _ O ewa y;, v ,w* j a j v s j y j O^s j O a WS�ý£ü �ð�¦�RQ� �8l ��� n � ����� ¬Ô v ,wy p M u , h * e s j�h _ y v"e k�M�s j ,¨* j ,wO _ e r kXM _"\ , h M _ M�O`c�y v"ew] , ] M h M _�a M u * e s j�h _ Wë¥ M�c \^v j¯�XWfV _�p`elnQ_² ³

fhg3ikjm»kj�l'ov�V�L~�9�9x�{}~^u2�P�}�J�P���P���¾vP~vPxw�����^�Ç~ �Lx�r �9uw���J�L�^�9~�9x�u�xn��vPx�{hrS������u, k j v��©_ M�*�y h�j c v ,wy p M u , h * e s j�hÒu ewv"v j _ y e O`s`M�O`c abe abp j s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O ± Gb² ¬ ³ J e r a"p j a­n�ev ,$O`s e * k$, v M°, ] h�j _ ² ,wO`s ³ Wz¥ e h�h eln M�O`c § j�u � j v *-,wO c V ? d G , h ] j M a�n M a"p , _ h M�c p�a h ��_ M�*Ny h M�x��û

Page 54: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�s/æ [Fó|ïOtCñ]tÖîIõ�î ílêCî Z ôTï�ò�èFõ^í� j si* e s j�h4Jh²&u eZ\ h s v j y v j _ j O a�abp j ] M�O;, v�� k$, v M�, ] h�jT¤E�ßÄw��� s j O ewa M�O`c nQp j a"p j v�eZv O ewa , u , vn M h�h _�a , v�a W�� O a"p M _ u , _ j § ³ *NM�c p�a�v j y v j _ j O a�nQp j abp j vµewv O ewa�abp j v j M _ r \ j�h y v j _ j O a M�O abp ja ,wO`� W Úªh�j , v h �Z§ ,$O ��\`_ jRr \ h y v"eZ] , ] M h M _�a M u * e s jRh n M h�h ] j-u e O _ M�s j v , ] h � * eZv jNu e *Ny h M u , a j sa"p ,wO abp M _ ,wO`s�M a *�, �i_ jRj * s;, \ O a M�O`c a"e u e O _ M�s j v s j , h M�O`c n M a"pª8�e M�O a s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O _�e k j vh , v c j O \ * ] j v�_oe r k$, v M�, ] h�j _ W § eln j k j v�§ M a M _ h M�� j�h � abp , ao]�� j .Xy h e M a M�O`c u e O`s`M a M e O;, h M�O`s j xy j O`s j O u M j _�] j a­n jRj O�k$, v M�, ] h�j _>n jTu ,wO c v j , a h ��_ M�*�y h M r � * ew_�a * e s j�h _ W Ô v ,$y p M u , h * e s jRh _y v�e kXM�s j ,T* j ,wO _ªe r k�M _"\ , h M _ M�O^c a"p j _ j¨u e O`s`M a M e O`, h M�O`s j y j O`s j O u M j _ W ¥ M�c \`v j��XWY� _�p`elnQ_¯p`eln² ³

fhg3i_jT»kj�»'ov�V�L~�M�Jx�{}~^u2�P�}�J�L�������¾vP~vPx������^�T~S{!���J�JxwvPx����J~^uC�J�P�^�9~�9xnu�x���vPx�{�r ������us j y j O`s j O u M j _ ] j a­n jRj O�k$, v M°, ] h�j _ , v j v j y v j _ j O a j s W�� p j B eln e r M�O r eZv *�, a M e OoM _ v j y v j _ j O a j s]��tabp j s`M v j�u a M e O e r a"p j , v�v"eln'_"e`§ M�O abp M _ j .`,$*�y h�j §FeZ\`v�] jRh M jEr M�O ² M _ s j y j O`s j O a�e O eZ\`v�·O eln h�j s`c j e r ³ W�� O ew\`v�a"v M�kXM�, h|u , v j .^,w*Ny h�j §Fa"p M _ M _ j ¹ \ M�kw, h�j O a�abe�a"p j , _�_"\ *Ny a M e O abp , aa"p j y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­��e r abp jou , v�_�a , v�a M�O`c�M _ s j y j O`s j O a�e O nQp j a"p j v�eZv O ewaQabp j v j M _ ,wO � r \ j�h M�Oa"p j a ,wO`� Wª� p M _ y;, v�a M u \ h , v s j y j O`s j O u � s j �;O j _�abp jµr e h�h eln M�O^c�s j�u e *�y eZ_ M a M e O e r abp j 8�e M�O ay v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�¦± G|² ¬ ³ J ± G|² ¬ ³ J�} ± G|² 1 ³ J ± G ³ JEU G2�XWfûZJÚ e O _ M�s j v�abp j _ h M�c p�a h � * eZv j�u e *Ny h M u , a j s®* e s j�h _�p`eln O©M�O¸�`c \`v j��^WÝä`W�� p M _ u eZv"v j _ y e O^s _a"eNa"p j�r e h�h e�n M�O`cos j�u e *�y eZ_ M a M e O e r abp j 8�e M�O a s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O

± G|² ¬ ³ ¬ 6 ¬��i¬�� J } ± G � 1 �i¬ 6TJ ± Gì6TJ ± G � 1 ² ¬ ³ J ± G|²¨J ± G ³ J�U G2�XW = J° j _ , �iabp , a k$, v M�, ] h�j � M _ u e O^s`M a M e O;, h�h � M�O`s j y j O`s j O a�e O ² ,$O`s ³ , _�§ , h abp`ew\ c pia"p j v jM _¨eZ] k�M eZ\`_ h � ,-s j y j O`s j O u �¸] j a­n j�j O abp j * § M a M _ ,�s j y j O`s j O u �iabp`v�eZ\ c p�a"p j k$, v M�, ] h�j � W§ j O uRj § u e O^s`M a M e O j s e Oi,�k$, h \ j e r � § � u ,wO ] j�u e O _ M�s j v j siM�O^s j y j O`s j O a�e rU² ,wO^s ³ WW _�n j�h�h , _�v ,$O`s e * kw, v M°, ] h�j _�§ ,wO �®v j , h * e s j�h n M h�h , h _�e u e O _ M _�aµe r ew]`_ j v k$, ] h�j kw, v M°, ] h�j _ W� p j _ j , v j _"p^e�n O¦M�O eZ\`v c v ,wy p M u , h v j y v j _ j O a , a M e O¦, _�_"p ,ws j s u M v uRh�j _ W�¥ eZv ,wO j .`,$*�y h�j §_ j�j �;c \`v j��^WYûXW º ewa M u�j , h _"e�a"p j-�FÅ�Äw�7¡ M�O abp M _ s`M�,wc v ,w* W®� p j y h , a j M _ , p jRh y r \ h n , �qe r� =

Page 55: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

s�æ s�æÂ``ñ½ó|îIñ;êCî2ï�ì½ñ½õ�îIì\a`èFó|èì Z è² ³ 6

��

fhg3i_jT»kjwíkov�V�L~�M�Jx�{}~^u2�P�}�J�L�������¾vP~vPx������^�Ç~S{!���J�JxwvPx����J~^u2�J�P�^�9~�Mx�u�x���vPxn{hr ������us j _ u v M ] M�O`c v j y j , a j s _ ,w*Ny h M�O`c W ¥ M�c \`v j��^W = _"p^e�nQ_ ,Nc v ,wy p M u , h * e s jRh n M abp^eZ\^a y h , a j _ ,wO^sabp j�u eZv�v j _ y e O`s`M�O^cNy h , a j _ s`M�,wc v ,w* Wë� p j y h , a j¨j .^y h M u M a h �N_�a , a j _Qa"p j , _�_"\ *Ny a M e O abp , a>abp já k$, v M�, ] h�j _ ² :E¬ U�U�U ¬ ²3� , v j>u e O`s`M a M e O`, h�h � M�O`s j y j O`s j O a ,wO`smM�s j O a M u , h�h � s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa j smcZM�k j O³ W®¥ eZv ,i* eZv j s j a ,wM h�j s�M�O abv�e s \ u a M e O a"e c v ,wy p M u , h * e s jRh _R§�_ jRj c � =ed W�� O©�;c \^v jz�^WYû § ás;, a ,�y e M�O a"_�p ,�k j ] jRj O eZ]^_ j v k j s�,$O`s a"p j * e s j�h ] j M�O`c \`_ j sÃ, _"_�\ * j _-a"p , aNabp j ��n j v j, h�h s v , n O¶M�O`s j y j O`s j O a h � r v"e * abp j s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O�s j �;O j s ]���a"p j O e s j ² x r ewv j .^,w*Ny h�j §abp j eZ]`_ j v k j s�k$, h \ j _ *�, � , h�h ] j�r v"e * Ú : ,$O`s ² *-, � s j �;O j , e O j s`M�* j O _ M e O`, h O eZv *�, hs`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O W\W y eZ_"_ M ] h�j M�O rIj v j O uRj a , _ � n�eZ\ h s ] j a"eTa"v�� ,wO`sNM�O rIj vÒabp j y;, v ,w* j a j v"_Òe r a"p M _O eZv *-, h s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O r v"e * abp j ew]`_ j v k j sis;, a , W�� O abp j O j . a�_ j�u a M e O n j n M h�h s^M _ u \`_"_Qe O j e rabp j y eZ_�_ M ] h�j * j abp^e s _ r ewv y j v r eZv *�M�O`c _"\ u p M�O rIj v j O u�j$WS�ý�S � ��� � � � ��� ����� �<����������� l �� O abp M _¯_ jRu a M e O n j ]`v M j B � M�O abv�e s \ u�j a"p j \`_ j e r kw, v M°, a M e O;, h * j abp`e s _¯a"e h�j , v O�y;, v ,w* j a j v"_M�O�c v ,wy p M u , h * e s jRh _ WÒ¥ eZv ,�* eZv j s j a ,$M h�j szM�O abv�e s \ u a M e O §Xabp j v j ,ws j v M _>v jErIj v"v j s abe c ��û d WW _ s`M _ u \^_"_ j sqy v j k�M eZ\^_ h �w§ ,$O � y v�eZ] , ] M h M _�a M u c v ,wy p M u , h * e s j�h n j *NM�c p·a�] j M�O a j v j _�a j sqM�OM _ h M�� j�h ��abe u e O _ M _�a�e r eZ]`_ j v k$, ] h�j k$, v M�, ] h�j _�§Fp M�s`s j O ewv h , a j O a kw, v M°, ] h�j _ ,wO^s®y;, v ,$* j a j v�_ W� ?

Page 56: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�s/æ [Fó|ïOtCñ]tÖîIõ�î ílêCî Z ôTï�ò�èFõ^í²³

áfhg3ikj�»'j+*2oN�V�L~�9�9x�{}~^uT�P�}�J�L�������¾vP~vPx������^�q~ {!���J�JxwvPxw���9~^uT�J�P�^�9~�Mx�u�xwvì� r ������um��xwvP�ÿ�^�9���}�L�^�����������~^�J���P�}�2��~v���� �P~^r �9u�xn��Á��

² : ² â ²�� ²3� ²

³³á

fhg3ikj�»'j;:'o Àq����{!���9{!�}�Jv��^���9un~v�����v�� �P�}�J�P�������ev��L�}�C��~v������P~^r �Mu�x���Á�x���Á^�L~�9�Jx�{}~^u\r ������u��}��Àq���r ������uk�P���A�h�����}�P������vP�����LxwÁ��evqx��q~ �L���^�PvP�J~^�J���U~ò� �^�Ç���}�9xn{!vPx���Á+vP����r ������u2����vP�J��uw�}�3v}�Ô�M�k j O�,�y;, v�a M u \ h , v * e s jRh _�abv"\ u ab\^v j §~n j , v j M�O a j v j _�a j s�M�O \`_ M�O`c ew]`_ j v k j s©s;, a , abe M�O rIj v_�\ M a , ] h�j kw, h \ j _ r eZvTa"p j y;, v ,w* j a j v"_ M�O ¹ \ j _�a M e O W�� O _�e * j�u , _ j _R§ n j n M h�h ] j M�O a j v j _�a j sM�O¦, r \ h�h � Ü , � j _ M°,wO�,wy`y v�e , u pqnQp M h _�a M�O ewa"p j v�_�n j *�, �Z§ s \ j a"e®v j , _"e O _�e r�u e *Ny h�j .XM a­�eZv�_"\ M a , ] M h M a­��] j _ , a M _ � j s n M abp®_ M�O`c h�j k$, h \ j s j _�a M�*-, a j _�e r eZ\`v y;, v ,w* j a j v k$, h \ j _ W ± , v M�x, a M e O`, h * j a"p`e s _ u ,wO ] j \`_ j s a"e s ez]e$abp WT� p j *-,wM�O rIj , ab\`v j e r _"\ u p¸a jRu p O`M ¹ \ j _ M _�abp jM�O a"v"e s \ u a M e O e r k$, v M�, a M e O;, h s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O _ e k j v h , a j O a k$, v M�, ] h�j _�§·abp j \^_ j e r nQp M u p j O;, ] h�j __�abv M u a h eln j v ,wO`s \ y`y j v¨]FeZ\ O`s _¨a"e�] j y h , u�j s e O®s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O _�e r M�O a j v j _�a W�� s j , h�h �za"p j _ j]FeZ\ O`s _�n�eZ\ h s ] j * \ u p j , _ M j vÒabeTe y a M�*NM _ j a"p ,wO abp j s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O _ a"p j * _ jRh k j _�§ h�j ,$s`M�O`c a"e, uRu \`v , a j §;abv , u a , ] h�j § ,wy`y v�e .^M�*-, a M e O _ªe r abp j a"v"\ j s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O _ W, O j * j abp`e s a"p , a�n j _�p , h�h \`_ j�h , a j v M�O abp M _Qabp j _ M _ M _�\`_ M�O`c�k$, v M°, a M e O;, h * j abp`e s _�abe �`O`s*�,/.XM�* \ * h M�� jRh M p^eXe siy;, v ,w* j a j v k$, h \ j _ WNÛQj�u , h�h a"p , a�abp j *�,/.XM�* \ * h M�� jRh M p^eXe s _�e h \^a M e O� ­

Page 57: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

s�æ s�æÂ``ñ½ó|îIñ;êCî2ï�ì½ñ½õ�îIì\a`èFó|èì Z èM _¨a"p , a�_ j aµe r y;, v ,w* j a j v kw, h \ j _¨abp , a *�,/.XM�*NM _ j _�abp j ¹ \ ,wO a M a­� ¸ G y 1 u J nQp j v j y M _¨_�e * j_ j a-e r eZ]^_ j v k j s s;, a ,�,wO^s u®v j y v j _ j O a"_�a"p j y`, v ,w* j a j v�_ M�O abp j * e s jRh�W¦¥ eZv�_ M�*�y h M u M a­�w§n j n M h�h e r a j O u e O _ M�s j v¯a"p j O;, a"\`v , hÖh e c�, v M a"p * e r abp M _ ¹ \ ,wO a M a­� ,wO`s n j _"p , h�h a"v j , a M a , _ ,r \ O u a M e O e r abp j y;, v ,$* j a j v�_�§A� G u JEW º eln�§ cZM�k j O�,�c v ,wy p M u , h * e s jRh n M abpTeZ]`_ j v k j s�k$, v M�, ] h�j _y } ¶ H :E¬ U�U�U ¬ H ú · § h , a j O a kw, v M°, ] h�j _ � ,$O`siy;, v ,w* j a j v"_�uX§ abp M _ h M�� j�h M p`e�e szM _ cZM�k j O ]���abp jr e h�h eln M�O`c � }�h e c ± G y 1 u J } ú@ 1�8: h e c ± G4H 1 1 u JÒ} ú@ 1�8: h e c � ± G4H 1 1 � ¬ u J ± G � J � � G2�^W ? JnQp j v j a"p j M�O a j c v , h n�eZ\ h s ] j v j y h , u�j s ]�� , _"\ * r eZv s`M _ u v j a jTh , a j O a k$, v M°, ] h�j _ W ° j p ,�k j, h _"e¸\`_ j s a"p j , _"_�\ *�y a M e O a"p , amabp j s;, a ,�, v j M�O^s j y j O`s j O a ,$O`s�M�s j O a M u , h�h � s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa j sG M�M�s J�W ° j n M _"p¸abe *-,/.XM�*�M _ j a"p M _ ¹ \ ,wO a M a­�®n M a"p¸v j _ y jRu aTabe�uX§½p`eln j k j vTabp M _ M _ r , v r v�e *_�a"v ,wM�c p�a r eZv�n , v sqs \ j abeia"p j y ewa j O a M°, h�u eZ\ y h M�O`c e r abp j y;, v ,$* j a j v�_ M�O`s \ uRj s ]���a"p j�h e c$x, v M abp * e r a"p j M�O a j c v , h¨G eZv�_�\ * J�W § eln j k j v�§ª]�� M�O abv�e s \ u M�O^c ÄwÑ � s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O e k j v�abp jh , a j O a k$, v M°, ] h�j _R§Xn jTu ,wO h eln j v�]FeZ\ O^s a"p M _ ¹ \ ,wO a M a­� , _ r e h�h elnQ_úÔ1�8: h e c | ± GIH 1߬ � 1 u J � � } úÔ1�8: h e c |{��� G � J��.� � 6 å � 3 }¢¡£'¤ � � ¡Ø úÔ1�8: |{��� G � J^h e c �.� � 6 å � 3 }¢¡£ ¤ � � ¡} �z¥ G � ¬ u J G2�^W ­ JnQp j v j n j p ,�k j *�,ws j \`_ j e r abp , a r , u aQabp , a h e cNM _ , u e O u ,�k jTr \ O u a M e Oi,$O`s \^_ j sR# j O _ j O ³Ý_M�O j ¹ \ , h M a­�¦ ¹�º »½¼I¾�¿»¨§h© ¡EÑ^¤l¡EÑ.ª ¤�Ë4ÑÖ¡rq��`ÄwÅ�Ë4� �¬« � �/�µÄwÑ � ¢£�/ÑÖ¢"ÄwÎw¡�Ó���ÑÖ¢E�2Ë��/Ñ {

­{ G¯®L° �²± ¡ c Y d J>س®L° �²± ¡ c { G Y J d/ W ¡E�b¡�� W ¡�¡�ÌR�;¡£¢E�ßÄw� Ë��/Ñ´® ° �µ± ¡ c { G Y J d } | { G Y J ¸ G Y J �zY «° j O eln�n M _"p�a"e *-,/.XM�*�M _ j abp M _�]FeZ\ O`s n M abp®v j _ y j�u a�abez]Fewabp � ,wO`s u W�� p M _ *�, � _ jRj ** eZv j�u e *�y h M u , a j s abp ,wO _ M�*�y h � *�,/.XM�*NM _ M�O`c�M a�n M a"p¸v j _ y jRu aTabe´u�]^\^a�abp jmr , u a�a"p , a�abp jh e c p , _ * e k j stM�O _ M�s j a"p j _"\ *�*�, a M e O p , _ u e O _ M�s j v , ] h ��_ M�*Ny h M�� j s-*-, a�a j v"_ W ° j�u ,$O , h _"ea ,$� j ,$s^k$,wO a ,wc j e r abp jTr e h�h eln M�O`c eZ]^_ j v k$, a M e O W [ j a�a M�O^c ��� G � J¯} ± G � 1 H 12¬ u J § h�j ,ws _�a"e-abp j� ¯

Page 58: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�s/æ [Fó|ïOtCñ]tÖîIõ�î ílêCî Z ôTï�ò�èFõ^ír e h�h eln M�O^c �v¥ G � ¬ u J } úÔ1�8: | ± G � 1 H 12¬ u J^h e c �.� � 6 å � 3 }¢¡�.� � 3 � 6 å }¢¡ � �} úÔ1�8: | ± G � 1 H 12¬ u J^h e c ± GIH 1 1 u J � �} � G u J G2�XW ¯ JM W´j$W §/eZ\`v M�O j ¹ \ , h M a­��p , _|] jRu e * j ,wO j ¹ \ , h M a­� W § j O u�j §$n j�u ,wO j *Ny h el��a"p j�r e h�h eln M�O`c¯M a j v , a M�k jy v�e uRj s \^v j � ÷ P:� ¶ , v cÒ*-,/.£'¤ � ¥ G � ¬ u ÷ J G2�^W�dlg�J

u ÷ P: ¶ , v c *�,/.} � ¥ G � ÷ P: ¬ u JEU G2�^W�dZd�J[ M�O u�j , r a j v j , u p � \ yFs;, a j §�eZ\^v M�O j ¹ \ , h M a­� M _ M�O r , u a ,wO j ¹ \ , h M a­�w§ M WÝjwW �z¥ } � ,wO^scZM�k j O abp , aªabp j � \ yFs;, a j s e j _ O ³ a u p ,wO^c j uX§�n j�u ,wOzc \ , v ,wO a jRj abp , a�abp j _ j M a j v , a M e O _ u ,wOXxO e$a y ew_"_ M ] h � h�j ,ws abe ,is jRu v j , _ j M�O � Wi� p M _ M a j v , a M�k j \ yFs;, a j _ u p j * j M _ , r ewv * e r abp j× .Xy jRu a , a M e OXx ² ,/.XM�*NM _ , a M e O G × ² J , h c ewv M a"p * c dZd § ? d nQp j v j abp j *�,/.XM�*NM _ , a M e O n M a"pTv j _ y j�u aa"e � M _¯abp j � � ¤E�7¡­� ,wO`st*-,/.XM�*�M _ , a M e O n M abp�v j _ y j�u a�a"e·u M _¯a"p j¹¸ � ¤E�­¡­�FW � a M _¯n jRh�h �·O eln Oa"p , aQabp M _ c \ , v ,wO a jRj _ , a h�j , _�a u e O�k j v c j O u�j a"e , h e u , hÖj . a"v j *-, W� O�*�,wO � u , _ j _R§ M a *�, � O ewaë] j y ew_"_ M ] h�j abe j k$, h \ , a j a"p j y eZ_�a j v M eZv�_ëe k j vëa"p j�h , a j O a k$, v M°, ] h�j _r eZvza"p j � \ yFs;, a jwW º ewa M u�j p`eln j k j v�§�abp , a *�,/.XM�*NM _ , a M e O e r �z¥Qn M a"p�v j _ y j�u aia"e � M _j ¹ \ M�k$, h�j O a�a"e *�M�O`M�*NM _ M�O`c � ��� G � J^h e c ��� G � J± G � 1 H 12¬ u J � � ¬ G2�^W�d�VZJa"p , a M _�§~a"p j !�\ h�h ] , u ��x � j M ] h�j v G !�� J s^M�k j v c j O u�j ] j a­n jRj O � ,wO^s abp j v j ¹ \ M v j s�y ew_�a j v M eZv WW�h abp^eZ\ c p M a *-, � O ewa�] j y ew_"_ M ] h�j abe ,wO;, h �·a M u , h�h �¨_�e h k j abp M _ *NM�O^M�*NM _ , a M e O § cZM�k j O�, _ j O _ M ] h�ju p`e M u�j e r k$, v M�, a M e O;, h s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O G ,wO`s e O j nQp M u p r , u abeZv M _ j _ªe k j vªa"p j¨h , a j O a k$, v M�, ] h�j _ J M a_�p`eZ\ h s ] j y eZ_"_ M ] h�j abe s`M @Öj v j O a M°, a j n M a"p�v j _ y jRu aQabe�a"p j y;, v ,w* j a j v"_>e r � ,$O`s�M a j v , a j abp jv j _"\ h a M�O`c��^. j s y e M�O a j ¹ \ , a M e O _ W ä�g

Page 59: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

s/æ º$æ�è é�ñ½ôS[õ�èJ»¼� ñT]ëí/í�îIñ½ì¸ô�î4éëêT]½ó½èí½ « H

¾ ¿

ö

fhg3ikjm»'jCBCov�V�L~�9�Jxn{}~^u2�P�}�J�P�������evP~vPxw���Â�^�ËrSxw¿�vPs��L��rS������uS�ýÁÀ þ�ÿ��õ�ÂQ��+� Ãg� ��Ä ¬t¬�� ��� n � ÿ���Ä���� ¬� e M h�h \`_�abv , a j a"p j * j a"p`e s _ M�O abv�e s \ u�j s�M�O abp M _ u p ,wy a j v�§½n j n M h�h�h e�e �®, a�abp j�j .`,$*�y h�j e rM�O rIj v"v M�O`c a"p j y;, v ,w* j a j v"_�e r , _ M�*Ny h�j Ô�, \`_�_ M�,wO¸*�M�. a"\`v j$Wm� p j a , _ �®M _ , _ r e h�h elnQ_�§ cZM�k j O, _ j a�e r � xßs`M�* j O _ M e O;, h s`, a ,�k jRu abewv"_�y } ¶ H 1­¬ U�U�U ¬ H ú · n j n M _"p�abe �;O`s abp j s j O _ M a­� ¸ GIH½Jr v"e * nQp M u p�abp j �on j v j y v"e s \ u�j s nQp j v j n j , _�_"\ * j abp , a abp j s j O _ M a­� r \ O u a M e O�M _ ,¨*NM�. a"\`v je r?Å * \ h a M�x�k$, v M�, a j Ôµ, \`_"_ M°,wO _R§^abp , a M _¸ G4H½JÒ} Æ@ Ç 8:xÈ Ç Þ GIH 1 ¾ Ç ¬ÊÉ Ç JEU G2�^W�dl��J� et_ M�*Ny h M r �zabp j ,$O;, h ��_ M _�§n j n M h�h *�,w� j a"p j O;,wM�k j x Ü , � j _ , _"_�\ *�y a M e O Wo� p , a M _�§abp j v j M _O e s j y j O`s j O u �-] j a­n jRj O abp j � s`M�* j O _ M e O _ ,wO^s p j O u�j abp j�u e k$, v M°,wO uRj *�, abv M uRj _ p ,�k j e O h �s`M�,wc e O;, hÖj O a"v M j _ W ° j n M h�h s j O e$a j abp j k jRu a"eZvQe r a"p j _ j s^M°,wc e O;, h k$, h \ j _ , _ ¿ Ç W¥ M�c \^v j��^W ? _"p^e�nQ_�abp jNu eZv"v j _ y e O^s`M�O`c�c v ,wy p M u , h * e s jRh�W ,�\^v H 1 k$, v M�, ] h�j _ , v j eZ]`_ j v k j s,wO`s abp j « ³´_ , v j p M�s`s j O WÒ� p j * e s jRh s j _ u v M ] j _Qabp j�r e h�h eln M�O^c�c j O j v , a M�k j y v"e u�j _"_Ë ¥ eZv j , u p ; }�d ¬ U�U�U ¬ ö ä`d

Page 60: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�s/æ [Fó|ïOtCñ]tÖîIõ�î ílêCî Z ôTï�ò�èFõ^íÌ [ ,w*�y h�j , u e *Ny e O j O a « r v"e * ½Ì [ ,w*�y h�j�H 1 r v�e * Þ G ¾ Ç ¬ ¿ Ç JEW

W�Ü , � j _ M°,$O�*�M�c p�a , v c \ j a"p , a , ] j a�a j v * e s jRh nªeZ\ h soM�O u�h \ s j , ´ M v M u p h�j a y v M eZv s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e Oe O ½ ,wO`s-, h _�eµ_�\ M a , ] h�j y v M ewv"_Òe O a"p j ¾ Ç ,$O`s ¿ Ç y;, v ,$* j a j v�_ W § eln j k j vR§ M a M _ \ O`O j�uRj _�_ , v��M�O a"p M _ M h�h \`_�a"v , a M�k j�j .^,w*Ny h�j$W� p jµh M�� jRh M p^eXe s e r eZ\`v>a"v ,wM�O`M�O`cos;, a , y M _ cZM�k j Ot, _ r e h�h elnQ_� G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ½ J�} ú@ 1�8: h e c Æ@ Ç 8:xÈ ÇÎÍÏA 8: ¸ Gbß 1 A 1 Û Ç A ¬ Þ Ç ARJEU G2�^W�d�ä·JW _ s`M _ u \`_�_ j s�y v j k�M eZ\^_ h �w§Öabp j�h e c ew\^ab_ M�s j a"p j _�\ * *�,w� j _�_�a"v ,wM�c p�a *�,/.XM�*NM _ , a M e O e r a"p M _¹ \ ,wO a M a­�¨n M abp�v j _ y j�u a½abe¯a"p j k$, v M eZ\`_ y;, v ,w* j a j v"_ M�O rIj , _ M ] h�jwW|¥ eZvCa"p M _~v j , _�e O §ln j M�O a"v"e s \ u�ja"p j abv ,$M�O`M�O`c _ ,w*Ny h�j _ y j�u M�� u _ j aoe r * \ h a M�O e *NM°, h k$, v M°, a M e O`, h s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O _ÑÐ _"\^]98 j�u aTa"ea"p j�r e h�h e�n M�O`c a­n�e u e O`s`M a M e O _ ¸ G Ð JÒ} úÏ 1�8: ¸ G � 1 J G2�^W�d�ûZJM W´j$W abp j � , v j¨r , u abeZv M _ , ] h�j e k j v>abp j a"v ,wM�O`M�O`c _ ,w*Ny h�j _ ,wO`sÆ@ Ç 8: � 1 Ç }&d G2�^W�d = Ja"p j �o_"\ * abe d e k j v abp j<Å *�M�. a"\`v j�u e *Ny e O j O a"_ W § j O uRj §�n j>u ,wO�k�M j n � 1 Ç , _ëabp j y eZ_�a j v M eZvy v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�¸abp , a H 1 n , _ y v�e s \ u�j s ]�� *NM�. ab\^v j�u e *�y e O j O a « W ° jzu ,wO�,ws`s a"p j _ j O j nk$, v M°, ] h�j _¯a"eNew\`v h M�� j�h M p`e�e sz,wO`s h eln j vQ]FeZ\ O`stM a , _ r e h�h elnQ_� G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ½ J } úÔ1�8: h e c ÆÔÇ 8: £ 6²Ò¢ÓÔÒ£ 6²Ò ÍÕA 8: ¸ Gbß 1 A 1 Û Ç A ¬ Þ Ç AEJØ úÔ1�8: ÆÔÇ 8: � 1 Ç h e cÑÖ ÓÔÒ£ 6 Ò ÍÕA 8: ¸ Göß 1 A 1 Û Ç A ¬ Þ Ç ARJ�×} �z¥ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ½ ¬ Ð JEU

G2�^W�d ? Jä·V

Page 61: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

s/æ º$æ�è é�ñ½ôS[õ�èJ»¼� ñT]ëí/í�îIñ½ì¸ô�î4éëêT]½ó½èí° jiu ,$O)*�,/.XM�*NM _ j a"p M _ h eln j vN]eZ\ O`s ]�� M a j v , a M�O`c abp j �^. j s)y e M�O a j ¹ \ , a M e O _-ew]^a ,wM�O j s]��¶a ,w�·M�O`c¸y;, v�a M°, h s j v M�k$, a M�k j _mn M abp v j _ y j�u aNabe¸abp j k$, v M eZ\^_ y`, v ,w* j a j v�_ W � p j ew]^a ,wM�O j s\ yFs;, a j _ , v j cZM�k j O ]�� G s j a ,wM h _ M�Ot,wy`y j O^s`M�. ܯJ

� 1 Ç } È Ç ÍÕA 8: Þ Gbß 1 A 1 Û Ç A ¬ Þ Ç AEJÆÔÇrØ 8: È ÇrØ ( ÍÕA 8: Þ Gbß 1 A 1 Û ÇrØ A ¬ Þ ÇrØ ARJ S G2�^W�d ­ JÈ Ç } dö ú@ 1�8: � 1 Ç G2�^W�d ¯ JÛÇ A¯} úÔ1�8: � 1 Ç ß 1 AúÔ1�8: � 1 Ç G2�^WYVwg�J

Þ âÇ A } úÔ1�8: � 1 Ç Gbß 1 A áKÛ Ç AEJ âúÔ1�8: � 1 Ç U G2�^WYVXd�JW _ ,wO j .^,w*�y h�j § u e O _ M�s j v�abp j s;, a , _"p`eln O®M�Ot�;c \`v jo�^W ­ W�� p M _ s`, a , n , _ s v , n O r v�e * abp j*NM�. ab\`v j * e s j�h _�p`eln O�M�Oi�;c \^v jm�^W ¯ W�� p j * e s jRh n , _ M�O^M a M�, h M _ j s , _ r e h�h e�nQ_ W�� p j * j ,wO _n j v j s v , n O r v�e * * j ,wOÿÌ j v"e M _�ewabv�e y`M u Ôµ, \`_"_ M°,wO _¯n M abp k$, v M°,wO uRj e r d §�abp j k$, v M°,wO uRj _¯n j v j_ j aÒabe d ,wO`s abp j *NM�. ab\^v j>u e jÔÙNu M j O a"_�§ È Ç n j v j _ j a a"e d � Å nQp j v j/Å M�O a"p M _ u , _ j n , _�_ j aÒabeä`W¯� p j , ]Fe k j M a j v , a M e O _>n j v j abp j O \`_ j s \ O a M h a"p j , h c eZv M abp * u e O·k j v c j s G ,wy`y v�e .XM�*-, a j�h �VZû M a j v , a M e O _ JEW � p j�h�j , v O j s)y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­� s j O _ M a­� u ,wO ] j _ j�j O M�O��;c \`v j®�XW�dlgXW�� O a"p M _j .^,w*Ny h�j § r eZv ,�cZM�k j O a"v ,wM�O`M�O`c _ j a�§ M a M _ y eZ_�_ M ] h�j abe j .^, u a h � j k$, h \ , a j abp j abv�\ joh M�� jRh M p`eXe s,wO`s h eln j v�]FeZ\ O^s�, a j k j v�� M a j v , a M e O W|� p jªj k e h \^a M e O e r abp j�h M�� j�h M p`e�e s u ,wO ] j _ j�j O�M�OT�`c \`v j�^W�dZdZW�� p j _�e h M�s G v j s Jµh M�O jmu ewv"v j _ y e O`s _Tabeia"p j a"v"\ j�h M�� j�h M p`e�e s¸,$O`s abp j s;, _�p j s G ] h , u � Jh M�O j abe�abp j�h eln j v�]eZ\ O`s W�W _ªv j ¹ \ M v j s §�]e$abp u \`v k j _ , h n , ��_ M�O u v j , _ j ,wO`s a"p j�h eln j v�]FeZ\ O^sM _ , h n , ��_Q] j�h eln�abp j abv�\ j�h M�� jRh M p^eXe s W

�

Page 62: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�s/æ [Fó|ïOtCñ]tÖîIõ�î ílêCî Z ôTï�ò�èFõ^í

−4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8

f�gñi_jm»'j;Ú'o��m¿�~^r �Muw�.�J~vP~SsJ�P����v��Sv��L~^x���r�xz¿�vPsJ�P��r ���J��uö�

−4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8

fhg3ikjm»kjÜÛkoqp�{!vPs9~^uk�J�P�^�M~�9x�u�xwvì�������J�Lxwv|���ñ�^�hr�xz¿�vPsJ�P�.r ������u2�!¿�~^rS�9uw�^�äZä

Page 63: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

s/æ º$æ�è é�ñ½ôS[õ�èJ»¼� ñT]ëí/í�îIñ½ì¸ô�î4éëêT]½ó½èí

−4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12−6

−4

−2

0

2

4

6

8

f�gñi_jm»'j��AÝkoL,k��~�L�J�����J�P�^�9~�Mx�u�xwvì�������J�Px�v|���3�^�hrSxw¿�vPs��L�.r ���J��u2�!¿�~^r �Muw�^�

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20−1700

−1650

−1600

−1550

−1500

−1450

−1400

fhg3ikjk»kjM���Joc�m�^��u�sJvPxw��� �^�'u�xw�^��u�xn���e����� ����u�x��x�¾�P���Su�x��J�A�Ë~^�J�Su�xw�^��unx��������+uw�A�\�}�\�C��s9�J��� �J~^�P�����Þ���9u�~^{L�u�x��J�A�m�^�}���PsJ��vP���t�esJrt�2�}���^�<v���~^x��Jx���Á xwv��}��~vPxw���J���3�^�qvP������~^s9�P�Px�~^��r�xz¿�vPsJ�P���!¿�~^r �Muw�^�ä·û

Page 64: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 65: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

P ��RQ ����� Àß Yà`�fgá ` T UâV bâfã_ä_ å fãbæV ç èãV _é[]`�[OV áÀ ýAi �_����� � �RÄ l � �� �� O a"p M _ u p ,wy a j vR§Xn j n M h�h M�O abv�e s \ u�j ,µO j n * j a"p`e sNO;,w* j s � , a j O a�¨Òv�e uRj _�_ ´ j�u e *�y eZ_ M a M e OG �m¨ ´ J x¯,Nc j O j v , a M�k j y v"eZ] , ] M h M _�a M u * e s j�hCr eZvQabp j ,wO;, h ��_ M _�e r *�M u v�e , v"v , � s;, a , W ° j n M h�hs j * e O _�abv , a j abp j y e�n j v�e r �m¨ ´ e O _ j k j v , h s`M @Öj v j O a *�M u v"e , v"v , � s;, a , _ j a"_ W�� p M _Qn�eZv �tM _u \^v"v j O a h ��\ O`s j v>_"\^] *�M _"_ M e O c = ä d ,wO`s n , _ y v j _ j O a j si, _ ,oy ew_�a j v , a Û × Ú ,�² Ü VwgZgwä c = � d WÀ ý£ü n � � ��ê ��� �� �, O j e r abp j *�,wM�O�,wM�* _Öe r *NM u v"e , v"v , � s;, a ,Q,wO`, h ��_ M _ M _ uRh \`_�a j v M�O`c _ M�*NM h , v c j O j _ ,wO`s % eZv~_ ,$*mxy h�j _ W½� p j v j , v j *�,wO �¨v j , _�e O _ r eZv s e M�O`c a"p M _ W�¥ M�O`s`M�O`c u�h \`_�a j v�_½e r _ M�*NM h , v j .Xy v j _"_ M e OoM�O abp j_ ,$* j ab\ * eZ\^vQa­� y jTu ,wO h�j ,ws abemabp j s`M _ u e k j v�� e r M�*Ny eZv�a ,wO a>_"\`] x u�h , _"_ j _�n M abp M�O ab\ * eZ\`v�_ W¥ eZv j .^,w*�y h�j § W�h M3Ì�,ws j p j a , h c ä d ,wO`, h ��_ j s h � *Ny p`e *�, a M _"_�\ j _ ,w*�y h�j _ ,wO`s r eZ\ O`s j k�M�s j O uRjr eZv¨a­n�e y v j k�M eZ\`_ h ��\ O v j�u e cZO`M _ j s _�\`] x a­� y j _µe r abp j s`M _ j , _ jwW [ M�*NM h , v h �w§ Ü p , a"a , u p , vö8 j�jmj a, h c =ed M�s j O a M�� j s _�\`] x a­� y j _µe r�h \ O`c u ,wO u�j v ,wO`s [XeZv h M jTj a , h c ? g d s`M _ u e k j v j s _�\`] x a­� y j _ M�O]`v j , _�a u ,wO uRj v Wo� p j _ j _"\`] x u�h , _"_ j _ *�, � u eZv�v j _ y e O`s abe O j n�§ y v j kXM eZ\`_ h � \ OXx _ j�j O�s`M _ j , _ j _eZv u ewv"v jRh , a j n M a"p _�\`v k�M�k$, h _�a , a M _�a M u _QeZvQv j , u a M e O abe�abv j , a * j O a W § j O uRj § s`M _ u e k j v M�O^c a"p j _ ju�h , _"_ j _ ,wO^s abp j c j O j _ a"p , a , v j s`M @Öj v j O a M°, h�h � j .^y v j _�_ j s�, u v"eZ_�_ abp j * u ,$O�y v"e k�M�s j>j . u�j�h�h�j O ay e M�O a j v"_ r eZv r \^ab\^v j v j _ j , v u p s`M v j�u a M e O _ W , O abp j ewa"p j vQp ,$O`s § u�h \^_�a j v M�O`c a"e c j abp j v�_ M�*NM h , vc j O j _ , h _�emp , _ y e$a j O a M°, h ] j O j � ab_ W ² ,$O � �·O eln O c j O j _�_�a M h�h p ,�k j \ O^��O e�n O r \ O u a M e Ot,wO^s]�� uRh \`_�a j v M�O`c abe c j abp j v¨_ M�*�M h , v c j O j _ M a M _ y eZ_"_ M ] h�j a"e M�O rIj v r \ O u a M e O ]�� , _�_"e u M�, a M e O § M WÝjwW]���a"p j-r \ O u a M e O e r ewa"p j v c j O j _ j .Xy v j _�_ M�O^c _ M�*NM h , v h � W�W�h _"e`§ c j O j _ j .Xy v j _"_ M�O`c _ M�*�M h , v h �ä ?

Page 66: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ìe k j v , v ,wO`c j e r�j .Xy j v M�* j O a , h|u e O`s^M a M e O _ , v joh M�� jRh ��a"e-] j v j c \ h , a j s ]���abp j _ ,w* j y;, v j O ac j O j _ ,wO`s _"\ u p c v�eZ\ y _Qe r c j O j _ *-, �z] j \`_ jRr \ h M�O�M�O rIj v�v M�O^c v j c \ h , a"eZv�� O j a­n�eZv � _ W¨�v"ew] , ] h ��a"p j * eZ_�a y e y \ h , v�a jRu p O`M ¹ \ j-r eZv y j v r eZv *�M�O`c _�\ u p uRh \`_�a j v ,wO;, h ��_ M _ M _�abp j \`_ je r p M j v , v u p M u , h�u�h \^_�a j v M�O`c § r eZv j .^,w*�y h�j §Ò_ j�j c d =ed W©� p M _ ,wy`y v�e , u p¦v jRu \`v�_ M�k j�h ��8�e M�O _oabp j* eZ_�aÒ_ M�*NM h , v s`, a ,�y e M�O ab_�\ O a M h e O h �oe O j y e M�O aÒv j *�,wM�O _ ,wO`s abp j v j _"\ h a M�O`c u e O`O j�u a M e O _ , v jM h�h \^_�abv , a j s \`_ M�O`cm,�s j O`s v�e c v ,w* , _ u ,wO ] j _ jRj O�M�O��;c \`v j�ä`W�d�G ] J�W � p j y e M�O ab_ , v j M�O`s j . j s, h e O`c a"p j¡ß x­,/.XM _ªnQp M h _�aªabp j B x­,/.XM _ cZM�k j _ªa"p j * j , _�\`v j e r _ M�*NM h , v M a­�Z§Zabp j p M�c p j vªa"p j k$, h \ j §a"p jzh�j _"_�_ M�*NM h , v¨abp j s;, a , W �~e�e �·M�O`ci, a�abp M _ s j O`s v�e c v ,w* § M aon�eZ\ h s _ jRj * v j , _�e O;, ] h�j a"e*�,w� j abp j , _"_"\ *�y a M e O abp , a V�u�h \`_�a j v�_ j .XM _�a M�O abp j s`, a ,�, _�n j p ,lk j a­n�e s^M _�a M�O u a�_ j a"_�e ry e M�O a"_�n M abp¦_ *-, h�h M�O abv ,�x u�h \`_�a j v s`M _�a ,wO u�j ,$O`s h , v c j M�O a j v x u�h \`_�a j v s`M _�a ,$O u�j$W × @ÖjRu a M�k jRh �Z§nQp , a�n j p ,lk j s e O j abe s v , n a"p M _ u e O uRh \`_ M e O©M _op^eZv MñÌ e O a , h�h � u \^a�a"p j s j O`s v"e c v ,w* , a ,y;, v�a M u \ h , v>p j M�c p�a h�j ,�k�M�O^c \`_�n M a"p ,NO \ * ] j v�e r s`M _b8�e M�O a y e M�O a�_ j ab_ W�� p j v jEr eZv j §Fn jou eZ\ h s*�,w� j abp j�u \^a , a ,wO ��p j M�c p·a ,wO`s j O`s \ y n M a"p ,wO � O \ * ] j v�e r|u�h \^_�a j v"_�] j a­n jRj O d ,wO^s abp jO \ * ] j v>e r s;, a ,Ty e M�O ab_ W�� O a"p M _ j .^,w*Ny h�j § M a M _ªv j , _"e O;, ] h �NeZ] k�M eZ\^_ r v"e * abp j s j O^s v"e c v ,w*a"p , a , u \^a�_�p`eZ\ h s ] j *�,ws j cZM�kXM�O`c a­nªe u�h \`_�a j v"_R§>]`\^aNn M a"p�v j , h s;, a , a"p M _�n M h�h O ewaN] j_�e j , _�� W�� p M _�_ h M�c p�a h �i_�\`]98 j�u a M�k j * j a"p`e s r ewv s j a j v *NM�O`M�O`c abp j O \ * ] j vµe rªuRh \`_�a j v�_ M�O�,s;, a , _ j a M _>e O j e r a"p j n j ,w�·O j _�_ j _�e r * j a"p`e s _>_"\ u p , _Qp M j v , v u p M u , hCu�h \`_�a j v M�O`c WW O ewa"p j v�n j ,w�·O j _�_Te r _�a ,wO^s;, v s uRh \`_�a j v ,wO;, h ��_ M _�a jRu p O`M ¹ \ j _ M _�a"p jor , u a¨abp , a y e M�O a"_ , v jc j O j v , h�h � , _�_"\ * j s abet] jRh e O^c a"e e O h �®e O jmu�h \^_�a j v W�� O a"p j�u , _ j e r�u�h \`_�a j v M�O`ctc j O j _µa"p M _M _ h M�� jRh ��a"e�] j ,�y eXewv , _�_"\ *Ny a M e O W , r a j O�c j O j _¨] j�h e O`c abe *�,wO � r \ O u a M e O;, h|u�h , _"_ j _ ,wO^sM�Oq, a M�* j x _ j v M j _ j .Xy j v M�* j O a�§ëa"p j-jò@ÖjRu ab_Te r a"p j _ j s`M @j v j O a r \ O u a M e O _ *�, �¸] j k�M _ M ] h�j , as`M @Öj v j O aª_�a ,wc j _ W�� p j v jRr eZv j §`v j _�abv M u a M�O`cµc j O j _ªa"eoe O h �Ne O j�u�h , _"_ *�, � *-,w� j a"p j�uRh \`_�a j v M�O^c* eZv j _�a"v ,wM�c p�a r eZv�n , v s ]`\^a M�cZO ewv j _ abp j M�O abv M u , a j O`, ab\`v j e r a"p j \ O`s j v h � M�O`c _���_�a j * W ° p j OuRh \`_�a j v M�O`c _ ,w*Ny h�j _�§ M a M _ , h _�e�\ O v j , _�e O;, ] h�j abe , _"_"\ * j e O j¨u�h \`_�a j v y j v¯_ ,w*�y h�jwW�� ,w� j § r eZvj .`,$*�y h�j §|abp j a , _ � e rªu�h \`_�a j v M�O`cts`M @j v j O aTa"\ * eZ\`v�_ ,$*�y h�j _ W-� p j ab\ * eZ\`v�_ , v j s � O;,w*NM uj O a M a M j _R§Xa"p j � j k e h k j n M abp-a M�* j ,wO^s�s j �`O`M�O`c p , v s ]FeZ\ O`s`, v M j _¯] j a­n j�j Ots^M @j v j O a¯ab\ * eZ\`va­� y j _�eZvQ_�a ,$c j _ M _>\ O v j , h M _�a M uwW, O j �;O;, h u v M a M u M _ * e r _�a ,wO`s`, v s u�h \^_�a j v ,$O;, h ��_ M _�a jRu p O`M ¹ \ j _ M _Òa"p j M v h , u � e r abv ,wO _ y`, v j O u � W� O eZ\^v¯_ M�*�y h�j�j .^,w*�y h�j , ]Fe k j §`eZ\`v s`, a ,oM _m8�\`_�a¯a­n�e s^M�* j O _ M e O;, h ,$O`s p j O u�j n j�u ,wO h�j , v Oä ­

Page 67: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º$æ å�æ�ôTï�êCîö``ñ;êCî2ï�ì

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5−3

−2

−1

0

1

2

3

4

5

ëíìÔî ò ì�ï¯ì 4 16 7 18 1 3 2 5 12 17 8 14 11 20 21 9 22 30 23 10 6 25 13 15 29 26 28 19 24 27

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

ë;ðAî ò?ñ$ò�óôKõÔöÊô ìø÷f�gñi_jËí_j��JoL�m¿�~^r �Muw�������J���P�^Á^��~^r¥~^�J���J~vP~Ss9������v���{!�P��~v��¡xwv

, h e$a r v"e * M a�]��q_ M�*Ny h � k�M _�\ , h M _ M�O`ciM a W�¥ v"e * ä`W�d·G , J § M a M _�eZ] k�M ew\`_oabp , a�abp j v j , v j a­n�eu�h \`_�a j v�_ ,wO`sq, h _�e abp , a�]Fewabp rIj , a"\`v j _ u ,wOqs`M _ u v M�*NM�O;, a j v j , _"e O`, ] h �¸n j�h�h ] j a­n j�j O abp j * W� O�, a­� y^M u , h *�M u v�e , v"v , � j .Xy j v M�* j O a�§Cn j *�, �ip ,�k j , rIj n�abp`ew\`_ ,wO^s rIj , ab\^v j _ ,wO^s p j O uRjk�M _�\ , h M _ , a M e O G , a h�j , _�a M�O abp j eZv M�cZM�O`, h _ y;, uRjlJ M _ O ewa y eZ_�_ M ] h�j$W�W�h _�e`§ *-,wO ��e r abp j�rIj , a"\`v j _n M h�h ] j O e M _�� ,wO`s®O ewa y`, v�a M u M�y;, a j M�O ew\`v u�h \`_�a j v M�O`c Wµ� p j M�O r eZv *�, a M e O v j cZ, v s`M�O`c nQp M u prIj , ab\`v j _ , v j�u , \`_ M�O`c abp j eZ]`_ j v k j s u�h \`_�a j v M�O`c u ,wO`O ewa¨] j s`M v j�u a h � j . a"v , u a j s r v�e * ,�s j OXxs v�e c v ,$* W , r a j O a"p M _ * j ,wO _�a"p , a�abp j \`_ j vµp , _�abe�v j _"eZv�aTa"e ,ws p^e u a jRu p O`M ¹ \ j _o_�\ u p , _, h M�cZO`M�O`c a"e c j abp j v uRh \`_�a j v"_�e r _ ,w*Ny h�j _ ,wO`s�c j O j _�]·� j � j$W[Xe * j , a�a j *Ny a"_ p ,lk j y v j k�M eZ\`_ h ��] j�j ON*�,ws j abe�e k j v u e * j abp j _ j _"p`ewv�a u e *NM�O`c _ W ¥ eZv j .`,$*mxy h�j §;² , v�a"e c h M e j a , h c ä ? d \^_ j s ,�k$, v M�, a M e O;, h M�O^s j y j O`s j O a u e *Ny e O j O ab_ ,$O;, h ��_ M _ ,wy^y v"e , u pabe ,wO;, h �X_ j e k$, v M�,wO u ,$O u�j v s;, a , W�Û , abp j v�abp ,$O¸, _"_ M�cZO`M�O`c j , u p c j O j abe�e O j c j O j�u�h \^_�a j v�§c j O j _mn j v j , h�h eln j s abe y;, v�a M u M�y;, a j M�O *�,wO � s`M @Öj v j O a j .Xy v j _"_ M e O)y v"e � h�j _�n M a"p kw, v�� M�O`cs j c v jRj _ W ² , u � , u p h ,wO j a , h c ä ­¾d M�O abv�e s \ u�j s�,z*�M�. ab\`v j e rªr , u abeZv ,$O;, h ��_ j v"_ ,wy^y v"e , u p�abeu�h \`_�a j v M�O`c G M�O abp j _ ,w*Ny h�j _ y;, uRjlJ�W § eln j k j v�§ s \ j abemabp j * \ u p h , v c j v O \ * ] j vQe r½rIj , a"\`v j _abp ,wO _ ,w*Ny h�j _�§ ¹ \ M a j-j . abv j * j y v j x­y v�e uRj _�_ M�O^c n , _�v j ¹ \ M v j s a"e®v j s \ u�j a"p j s`M�* j O _ M e O;, h xM a­� W � ,�ÌAÌ j v�e O`Mª,wO`s ,�n j O ³Ý_�¨ h ,wM�s�* e s jRh c ä·V d M _Te O j e r abp j ] j _�a �·O eln O¦, a�a j *Ny a"_ , a ,* eZv j B j .XM ] h�jTu�h \^_�a j v M�O`c-* j a"p`e s W�� p M _ * e s jRh|j _"_ j O a M�, h�h � u�h \^_�a j v"_�]ewa"p c j O j _ ,$O`s _ ,$*mxä ¯

Page 68: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ìy h�j _�_ M�* \ h a ,wO j eZ\`_ h � ,wO^s j , u p�_ ,$*�y h�j % c j O j�u ,wO ] j�h e O`c abe ,wO � O \ * ] j vQe r uRh \`_�a j v�_ W¯� p j*NM u v"e , v�v , � s;, a ,�M _ , _"_�\ * j s a"ei] j *�,ws j \ y r v�e * ,tO \ * ] j vTe r _ j y;, v , a jNh , � j v"_�§½nQp j v jc j O j _ % _ ,$*�y h�j _ u ,wO j M a"p j v�] jRh e O`c abe , h , � j v�eZv O ewa W�� p j v jRr eZv j § j , u p h , � j v M _ j _�_ j O a M°, h�h �, u�h \^_�a j v�e r ]ewa"p c j O j _ ÄwÑFÏ _ ,$*�y h�j _ W [ j c�, h|j a , h c = ? d _"\ cwc j _�a j s _�e * j n j ,w�·O j _"_ j _�n M a"pa"p M _ ,wy`y v�e , u p ,wO`s-y v"e y eZ_ j sz,T* e s j�h;u e O _ M _�a M�O`c e r ,µO \ * ] j v�e r~u�jRh�h \ h , v y v"e u�j _�_ j _ªnQp j v ja"p j * j , _"\^v j s j .^y v j _�_ M e O®kw, h \ jor ewv ,�c j O j M�O®,�y;, v�a M u \ h , v , v"v , � M _ cwM�k j O�, _�abp j _"\ * e ra"p j , u a M�kXM a­� h�j k j�h M�O abp M _ , v"v , �¸e r¯j , u p y v"e u�j _�_ M�s j O a M�� j s n M abp�abp M _ c j O j$W � p M _ * e s j�hp , _�e O j y;, v�a M u \ h , v h � ,wy^y j , h M�O`c�y v"e y j v�a­� W Ô j O j _ u ,wO ] jRh e O`c a"e ,wO � O \ * ] j v�e r uRh \`_�a j v"_�§M�O u�h \ s`M�O^c Ì j v"e x¯M W´j$W § M a M _ y eZ_"_ M ] h�j a"e-_ M�*Ny h � O ewa uRh , _�_ M r � ,Nc j O j , _�] jRh e O^cZM�O`c abe ,wO �te ra"p j s`M _ u e k j v j siy v"e u�j _"_ j _ W � p M _ * e s j�h M _ c j O j v , h�h � u e O _ M�s j v j s a"e�] j abp j _�a , a j e r a"p j , v�aM�O a"p M _ , v j ,N,wO`st, _Q_�\ u p n j n M h�h \`_ j M a h , a j v , _ , u e *Ny;, v M _"e O n M abp��m¨ ´ WÀ ý�S ùÖ� ������� ú � � �ml ��+� � û �+� �ül ��� �� �� p j-h , a j O a y v"e u�j _"_ s jRu e *Ny eZ_ M a M e O�* e s j�h s j _ u v M ] j sqM�O a"p j O j . a�_ jRu a M e O�M _ M�O _ y`M v j s ]��a"p j � , a j O a ´ M v M u p h�j a W�h�h e u , a M e O G � ´ W¨J * e s j�h y v�e y eZ_ j s ]�� ܪh�j M j a , h c ­ed W � ´ W n , _M�O a"v"e s \ uRj s�, _ ,zO e k j�h * e s j�h½r eZv * e s jRh�h M�O`c a j . a s e u \ * j O a"_ W�� p j * e s jRh�u e O _ M _�a"_µe rvÅh , a j O a�abe y`M u _�§ j , u p�e r nQp M u p M _ s j �;O j s ]�� ,N* \ h a M�O e *�M�, h s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O e k j v�abp j y ew_"_ M ] h�jn�eZv s _ M�O a"p j k e u , ]`\ h , v�� W × , u p s e u \ * j O a ¸ e r<ý M _ , _"_�\ * j s abe�p ,lk j ] j�j O¶y v"e s \ u�j sr v�e *Ê,¸O \ * ] j v�e r a"p j _ j s`M @Öj v j O amabe y`M u _N]��¶a"p jtr e h�h eln M�O`c�y v�e uRj _"_ W ¥ M v"_�a h �w§ s v , n abp j* \ h a M�O e *NM°, h s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O�þ r v"e * a"p j a"p j ´ M v M u p h�j aFÿ G���J�W�� p M _ * \ h a M�O e *NM°, h M _�a"p j s^M _ xa"v M ]^\^a M e O e k j v�a"e y`M u _�a"p , a�n M h�h ] j \^_ j s a"e c j O j v , a j abp M _ s e u \ * j O a W�¥ ewv j , u pin�eZv s�� ú °M�O abp M _ s e u \ * j O a�§ s v , n , a"e y`M u « r v"e * þ n M abp y v"ew] , ] M h M a­��u Ç ,wO^s abp j O _ ,$*�y h�j abp j nªeZv sr v�e * abp j « abp * \ h a M�O e *�M�, h §�� Ç W Õ�_ M�O^c a"p j c v ,wy p M u , h O ewa , a M e O®s j �;O j s©M�O �^WYV §~abp j � ´ W* e s j�h M _ _�p`eln O-M�Om�`c \`v jQä`WYV §ZnQp j v jFý M _�abp j O \ * ] j v e r s e u \ * j O a"_ M�O abp jQu ewv y \`_ ,wO^s ÞM _�abp j O \ * ] j v¨e r n�eZv s _ M�O j , u p s e u \ * j O a G O ewa j abp , a�abp M _ Þ u ,wO kw, v�� , u v�eZ_"_ s^M @j v j O as e u \ * j O a"_ J�W² M u v�e , v"v , � s;, a ,�M _ u e O a M�O \`eZ\^_ ,$O`s _�eNa"p j eZv M�cZM�O;, h � ´ W * e s jRh M _>\ O _"\ M a , ] h�jwW § eln j k j vR§a"p j e O j�u v"\ u M°, h`rIj , ab\^v j abp , aÒn j n M _"pNabe � j�j y r v"e * abp j � ´ W r eZv * \ h , a M e O�M _�a"p M _Òv j y j , a j s_ ,w*�y h M�O^c r eZv j , u p rIj , ab\`v j M�O j , u p s`, a , j .^,w*Ny h�jwWo� p M _ * j ,wO _¨a"p , a�a"p j s;, a , j .^,w*�y h�j _ûwg

Page 69: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º/æ s�æNõXñ;ê~èFìëê òëîIó~î Z ð½õXèFêiñ½õXõ^ï Z ñ;êCî2ï�ì� þ « � ú °

Þ

ý

f�gñi_jTíkjnl2o�,<~v����¾v��Vx��Lx�{L�9uw�}v�p�u�u���{}~vPxw�����Mu�~v����h�Jxn~Á^�L~^ru ,$O a"v"\ h ��] j�h e O`c abe * eZv j abp ,$O e O j a"e y`M uNG M WÝjwWÒuRh \`_�a j v JEWÒ� O eZ\`v ,wy`y h M u , a M e O §·abp M _Qa­� y j e rv j x _ ,w*�y h M�O^c u eZ\ h s § r ewv j .`,$*�y h�j § u eZv�v j _ y e O`s abe c j O j _ y j v r eZv *NM�O`cms`M @Öj v j O a r \ O u a M e O _ , _a M�* j y v"e c v j _�_ j _ M�O a M�* j _ j v M j _ j .Xy j v M�* j O a"_ W� p j v jRr ewv j §Cn j O jRj s abe s j �;O j ,�O j n �7�£�FË�¢ a"p , a�_�\ M a"_ u e O a M�O \`eZ\`_ *�M u v"e , v"v , � s;, a , W ,¨] x_ j v k$, a M e O _Qe r abp j s`, a , G , r a j v M a>p , _Q] j�j O h e cwc j s J _"\ cZc j _�a"_ M a M _ s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a j s M�O�, v�eZ\ c p h �Ô�, \`_"_ M°,wOi*-,wO^O j v W�� p j Ô�, \`_�_ M�,wO�s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O M _ , h _"e-\^_ jRr \ h , _ ,$O;, h �·a M u , h�h � M a�a j O`s _¨abe] j�j , _ M j v¨a"e�p ,wO`s h�j abp ,$O�*�,wO �®ewa"p j v s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O _ x r eZv j .^,w*Ny h�j § M a M _ y ew_"_ M ] h�j abe c j au�h eZ_ j s r ewv * _�e h \^a M e O _ r eZv M ab_ *�,/.XM�* \ * h M�� jRh M p^eXe s�y;, v ,w* j a j v"_ x _"e * j a"p M�O^cNO ewa y eZ_�_ M ] h�jn M a"p-_ , � ,oc�,$*�*�,µs^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O W ° j abp j v jRr ewv j s j �;O j ew\`v O j n �7�£�FË�¢oG nQp M u p-n j _�p , h�hFu , h�h, �F�b�l¢£¡£¤£¤/J , _ , _ j a>e r e O j s`M�* j O _ M e O;, h Ôµ, \`_"_ M°,wO _R§^e O j�r eZv j , u p , v"v , � G eZv c j O j § M r n j , v jy j v r ewv *NM�O`c eZ\^v ,wO`, h ��_ M _ M�O _ ,w*Ny h�j _ y;, uRjlJ�WÿW _�n M abp¸abp j � ´ W * e s j�h §Cabp M _ * j ,$O _�abp , ac j O j _ % _ ,w*Ny h�j _ u ,wO ] j�h e O`c abe * eZv j abp ,wO e O j y v"e u�j _"_ G M WÝjwW�uRh \`_�a j v JEWz� p j y v�eZ] , ] M h M _�a M uO;, a"\`v j e r abp j * e s jRh�j O;, ] h�j _ u e *Ny;, v M _"e O ] j a­n j�j O¦* e s j�h _ G a"p`v"ew\ c p h M�� jRh M p`eXe s�k$, h \ j _ J, h�h eln M�O`c \^_�a"e j kw, h \ , a j abp j * ew_�a y v"ew] , ] h�j O \ * ] j v�e r y v"e u�j _"_ j _ ÅNW>¥ M�O;, h�h �Z§�abp j O;, a"\`v je r a"p j y v�e uRj _"_ j _ * j ,wO _Tabp , aTabp j � u ,wO j , _ M h �¸] j�u e *Ny;, v j s abe s^M _ u e k j v c j O j _ s`M @j v j OXxa M�, h�h � j .^y v j _�_ j s , u v"ew_"_ s^M @j v j O aª_ ,w*�y h�j _ W � O a"p j�r e h�h eln M�O`c _ j�u a M e O _�§�n j n M h�h s j _ u v M ] j abp jûXd

Page 70: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ì* e s j�h M�O�* eZv j s j a ,wM h § _"p`eln�p`eln&a"p j y;, v ,w* j a j v k$, h \ j _ u ,wO ] j�h�j , v O j s®,$O`s®s`M _ u \`_�_�abp jy j v r eZv *�,wO uRj e r a"p j , h c ewv M a"p * e O _ j k j v , h *�M u v"e , v"v , � s;, a , _ j ab_ WÀ ýÁÀ n � ����� ú � ¬Ll � � Q � �� �Ú e O _ M�s j vQabp j�r e h�h eln M�O`coc j O j v , a M�k j y v�e uRj s \^v j�r eZv c j O j v , a M�O^c a"p jµj .Xy v j _"_ M e Otkw, h \ j _ r ewv ,c j O jwWi¥ M v�_�a h �Z§½_ ,$*�y h�j þ r v"e * a"p j ´ M v M u p h�j a�ÿ G���JEW�� p j O r ewv j , u p , v"v , � è�} d ¬ U�U�U ¬_ ,w*�y h�j ,$O j�h�j * j O a « n M abp y v�eZ] , ] M h M a­�Nu Ç WÒ¥ eZv abp M _ , v�v , �Z§ è §X_ ,w*Ny h�j ,wO j .Xy v j _"_ M e Ozk$, h \ jr v�e * Þ GÛ äÇ ¬ Þ ä Ç J�W�� p M _ c j O j v , a M�k j y v�e uRj _�_ M _ s j y`M u a j s)c v ,wy p M u , h�h � M�O¶�;c \^v jtä`WY�XW7W _u ,wO ] j _ j�j O r v"e * abp j �;c \`v j § a"p j e O h � *-, 8�eZv s`M @Öj v j O u�j ] j a­n j�j O �¤¨ ´ ,wO`s � ´ W M _ M�Oa"p j y v"e u�j _�_ s j �;O`M a M e O _�nQp M u p M�O abp M _ u , _ j , v j a"p j Ôµ, \^_"_ M�,wO�* j ,wO _ ,wO`s¸kw, v M°,$O u�j _ ,wO^sr eZvN� ´ W n j v j abp j * \ h a M�O e *NM°, h _ W®� am_�p`eZ\ h s�, h _"e¸] j O ewa j s abp , a�n j , v j ] j M�O`c _ h M�c p�a h �h M ] j v , h n M abpieZ\`v c v ,wy p M u , h v j y v j _ j O a , a M e O W [�a"v M u a h ��_ y j ,w�·M�O`c § abp j * e s j�h y;, v ,w* j a j v"_ ¿ §� ,wO`s ¾ , v j v ,$O`s e *'k$, v M�, ] h�j _ ,$O`s n j _�p`eZ\ h s�s j �;O j y v M eZv s`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O _½e k j v abp j M v k$, h \ j _G4r eZv j .`,$*�y h�j §½abp j y v"e u�j _�_ * j ,wO�k j�u abeZv�_ *-, ��] j-u e O _ M�s j v j s¦, _ Å _ ,w*�y h�j _ r v"e * ,$O s`M�* j O _ M e O;, h Ôµ, \`_"_ M°,wO J�W

� þ « w�� ä

¿¾

fhg3i_jÇí_j�»'o�,_~v����evh¼¤�P��{!���L���V��{!��r �2���PxwvPxw�����9u�~v����q�Jxn~Á^�L~^rûZV

Page 71: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º$æ ��æ�õ�èñ½ó|ì½îIì?�° j p ,�k j s`M _ u \`_"_ j s a"p j c j O j v , a M�k j y v�e uRj s \`v j M�O¸c j O j _ y`, u�j$W�� p , a M _R§½n j _ ,w*Ny h�j�r v�e *abp j ´ M v M u p h�j a r eZv j , u p c j O j ,wO`s a"p j O _ ,w*Ny h�j j .Xy v j _"_ M e O�k$, h \ j _ W�� p j v jEr eZv j §�a"p M _ * e s j�hM _ u e *Ny;, v , ] h�j abe u�h \`_�a j v M�O`c a"e c j abp j v�_ M�*NM h , v c j O j _�] , _ j s e O abp j M v j .Xy v j _"_ M e O y v"e � h�j _e k j v�abp j s`M @Öj v j O a , v"v , �X_ W ° jµu ,$O®, h _�e�_�n M a u p abp j * e s jRh , v"ew\ O`s ]��t_ ,$*�y h M�O`c r v�e * abp j´ M v M u p h�j a r eZv j , u p , v"v , � ,wO`s abp j O _ ,w*Ny h M�O`c j .Xy v j _�_ M e O�k$, h \ j _ W�� p M _ M _ u e *�y;, v , ] h�j abeu�h \`_�a j v M�O`c abe c j abp j v uRj�h�h _ ,w*Ny h�j _�] , _ j s e O a"p j M v j .^y v j _�_ M e Ozy v"e � h�j _�e k j v�a"p j c j O j _ WÒÜ ewa"p* j abp^e s _>p ,lk j y ewa j O a M�, h \`_ j _ ,wO`s h , a j vªn j n M h�h y v j _ j O a�v j _�\ h a"_ r eZv>]e$abp WÀ ý�� ù � ����� � ��oÈt������� ��) (P����%�� �5%k(P�h%'* G " $��¡(�� D�� � (��h£\EL(��+���.¢Õ O h M�� j ,�* eZv j _�a ,wO^s;, v s�*�, u p M�O j¨h�j , v O^M�O`c a , _ � nQp j v j n j *NM�c p�a¯n M _"p�a"e u v j , a j ,�* e s j�habp , a u ,wO ] j \`_ j s abe y v j s`M u a-_�e * j ¹ \ ,wO a M a­�¦eZv j k j O a cZM�k j O _"e * j M�O`y \^a s`, a , § n j , v j* eZv j M�O a j v j _�a j s p j v j M�O ,wO;, h �X_ M�O`c�,wO`s j . abv , u a M�O`c�M�O r ewv *�, a M e O r v"e * a"p j ,lk$,wM h , ] h�j s;, a , W� p j v jRr ewv j §�abp j O eZv *-, h�u e O u�j v O e r e k j v x�� a"a M�O`c¦M _ O ewa�v j , h�h � ,wy`y v�e y v M�, a j ,wO`s n j¸u ,$O] j _ , a M _ � j s n M abp , _�a"v ,wM�c p�a r eZv�n , v sÃ*-,�.^M�* \ * h M�� j�h M p`e�e s eZvt² W ¨ ,wy`y v"e .XM�*�, a M e O abey;, v ,w* j a j v kw, h \ j _ W¯ÛQj�u , h�h abp , a r eZv , _ j a�e r y;, v ,$* j a j v�_�§ � ,$O`s s`, a , y�§ Ü , � j _�v"\ h�j a j�h�h _\`_>abp , a ± G � 1 y J

! ± G y 1 � J ± G � J G ä`W�d�JnQp j v j ± G y 1 � J M _ �·O eln Oq, _¨a"p jzÅ�ËC~�¡EÅ�Ë W �l��Ï ,wO`s ± G � J abp jo�F��Ë��/� e O eZ\`v y;, v ,w* j a j v"_"� W° j , v j M�O a j v j _�a j s M�O��;O^s`M�O`c abp j _ j a�e r y;, v ,$* j a j v�_#� a"p , a *-,�.^M�*�M _ j _ ± G � 1 y JtG abp j² W ¨ _�e h \^a M e O JEW�� O a"p j�u , _ j e r , \ O`M r ewv * G ,wO^s p j O u�j \ O`M�O r eZv *-, a M�k jlJ y v M eZv�§Fabp M _ M _�abp j*�,/.XM�* \ * h M�� jRh M p^eXe s _"e h \^a M e O W ° j n M h�h ] j cZM�O ]�� s j v M�kXM�O`c abp j *�,/.XM�* \ * h M�� jRh M p^eXe s�,wO^sabp j O j . a j O^s abp M _ a"eµa"p j ² W ¨¶_"e h \^a M e O Wë� p j�j .Xy v j _"_ M e O n j , v j M�O a j v j _�a j s�M�ON*-,�.^M�*�M _ M�O`cM _ h e c ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��J G ä`WYVZJG O ewa j §�abp , a , _ , _"p`ewv�abp ,wO`s §�n j p ,�k j \`_ j s a"e v j y v j _ j O a a"p j s;, a , _ j a u e O _ M _�a M�O^c e rabp j�j .^y v j _�_ M e O r eZv , h�h e r a"p j c j O j _ ÄwÑFÏ a"p j a"ewa , h O \ * ] j vTe r c j O j _ M�O _"\ *N*-, a M e O _ j a uxTM am_�p`eZ\ h s ] j ew] k�M eZ\`_ r v"e * a"p jtu e O a j . a-nQp M u p ,wy`y h M j _ J nQp M u p M _ r , u abewv M _ j s e k j vNabp jM�O^s`M�k�M�s \ , h c j O j _ , _ r e h�h elnQ_ G O ewa j § M�OÃ, h�h s j v M�k$, a M e O _�§¯n j n M h�h , _"_"\ * j a"p j ,wO;, h ��_ M _ M _ûw�

Page 72: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ì] j M�O`c¦s e O j M�O c j O j _ y;, u�j x a"p j®u e O·k j v�_ M e O a"e¦a"p j _ ,$*�y h�j _ y`, u�j¸j _�_ j O a M°, h�h � M�O�k e h k j __�n ,wy^y`M�O`c abp j�è ,wO`s ë M�O^s`M uRj _ Jh e c ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��JÒ} $@ � 8: h e c ¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��J�U G ä^WY��J² , v cZM�O;, h M _ M�O`c e k j v�a"p j�h , a j O a k$, v M°, ] h�j þ®, h�h elnQ_¯\`_>abe j .Xy;,$O`s a"p M _ j .^y v j _�_ M e Oi, _ r e h�h elnQ_h e c ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��J�} $@ � 8: h e c �% ¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ J ¸ G þ 1 ��J � þ U G ä^W´ä·JÕ�_ M�O^c # j O _ j O ³Ý_ M�O j ¹ \ , h M a­� , _ s j _ u v M ] j s M�O _ j�u a M e O �^W´� § M r n j M�O abv"e s \ uRj , _ j aze r c j O j_ y jRu M�� u k$, v M°, a M e O;, h s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O _�& � §`n j�u ,wO h eln j vQ]ew\ O`s abp M _ h M�� j�h M p`e�e s-, _ r e h�h elnQ_h e c ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��J } $@ � 8: h e c �% ¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ J ¸ G þ 1 ��J � þ G ä^WfûZJ} $@ � 8: h e c �% ¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ J ¸ G þ 1 ��J ¸ G þ 1 & � J¸ G þ 1 & � J � þ G ä^W = JØ $@ � 8: �% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c à ¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ J ¸ G þ 1 ��J¸ G þ 1 & � J ã � þ G ä^W ? J} � ¥ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ � ¬ & JEU G ä^W ­ J° j , h _�eNp ,lk j a"p j�r e h�h eln M�O`c u e O`s`M a M e O;, h M�O`s j y j O`s j O u�j e k j vQabp j , v"v , ��_

¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ JÒ} 'Ïä 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ J G ä^W ¯ JnQp j v j w�� ä M _Qabp j ew]`_ j v k j s j .Xy v j _"_ M e O h�j k jRh e r c j O j ë M�O®, v�v , � è W [X\`]`_�a M ab\^a M�O`c a"p M _ M�O a"eeZ\^v j .Xy v j _"_ M e O r ewv<� ¥ cZM�k j _� ¥ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ � ¬ & JÒ} $@ � 8: �% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c Ö 'Ïä 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ þ J ¸ G þ 1 ��J¸ G þ 1 & � J × � þ G ä`W�dlg�Jû$ä

Page 73: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º$æ ��æ�õ�èñ½ó|ì½îIì?�nQp M u p u ,wO ] j *-, v cZM�O;, h M _ j s e k j v�eZ\^v>_ j�u e O`s h , a j O a k$, v M�, ] h�j «t, _ r e h�h elnQ_� ¥ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ � ¬ & J } $@ � 8: �% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c�Ö 'Ïä 8: ( Æ@ Ç 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J u Ç S ¸ G þ 1 �µJ¸ G þ 1 & � J × � þ U G ä`W�dZd�J� O abv�e s \ u M�O^c�, _ j�u e O`s _ j a¨e r k$, v M�, a M e O;, h s^M _�a"v M ]`\^a M e O _R§ � ä � Ç _"\^]98 j�u a¨abe Ô Ç � ä � Ç } d n ju ,$O r \`v�abp j vQ]eZ\ O`s abp M _ j .Xy v j _"_ M e O abe * e k j a"p j�h e c�M�O _ M�s j abp j _�\ *�*�, a M e O� ¥ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ � ¬ & J } $@ � 8: �% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c Ö 'Ïä 8: ( Æ@ Ç 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J u Ç � ä � Ç� ä � Ç S ¸ G þ 1 ��J¸ G þ 1 & � J × � þØ $@ � 8: �% '@ ä 8: Æ@ Ç 8: ¸ G þ 1 & � J � ä � Ç h e c à ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J u Ç� ä � Ç ¸ G þ 1 ��J¸ G þ 1 & � J ã � þ} � ¥ ¥ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ � ¬ & ¬ Ð JEU� p j _ j k$, v M�, a M e O;, h * \ h a M�O e *NM°, h _ *-, � ] j a"p`eZ\ c p�a�e r , _¨a"p j y eZ_�a j v M eZv y v"eZ] , ] M h M a­�te r abp jj .Xy v j _�_ M e O k$, h \ j¨r eZv c j O j ë M�Ot, v�v , � è p ,lk�M�O`c ] jRj Oiy v"e s \ u�j s ]�� y v�e uRj _�_ « W× .Xy;,wO`s`M�O`c a"p jµh e c a j v * ,wO`s v j * e k�M�O`c \ O`O jRu�j _"_ , v�� _"\ *N*-, a M e O _ ,wO`siM�O a j c v , h _�§`n jou ,$OnQv M a j a"p M _>]FeZ\ O`s eZ\^a r \ h�h � , _$@ � 8: h e c ¸ G ë 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��JÊØ $@ � 8: �% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c ¸ G þ 1 ��J � þá $@ � 8: �% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c ¸ G þ 1 & � J � þL $@ � 8: '@ ä 8: Æ@ Ç 8: � ä � Ç h e c ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç JL $@ � 8: '@ ä 8: Æ@ Ç 8: � % � ä � Ç ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c u Ç � þá $@ � 8: '@ ä 8: Æ@ Ç 8: � ä � Ç h e c � ä � Ç U G ä`W�d�VZJûZû

Page 74: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ìW _ s j _ u v M ] j s�M�O _ jRu a M e O �XWY� §/n jªu ,wO a ,w� j y;, v�a M°, h s j v M�k$, a M�k j _½e r a"p M _ë]ew\ O`s n M abpov j _ y jRu a a"eeZ\^v * e s jRh ,wO^s-k$, v M�, a M e O;, h y;, v ,w* j a j v"_�abe cZM�k j \ ys`, a j¨j ¹ \ , a M e O _ c \ , v ,$O a j�j s abe M�O u v j , _ ja"p j�h M�� j�h M p`e�e s W ´ j v M�kw, a M e O s j a ,wM h _ , v j cZM�k j O�M�O ,wy`y j O^s`M�. Ú ,$O`s a"p j �Ãv j _�\ h a M�O abp jr e h�h eln M�O^c _ j a�e r \ yFs;, a j _ r eZv>eZ\`v k$, v M°, a M e O`, h ,$O`s * e s j�h y`, v ,w* j a j v�_� ä � Ç } ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J^j .Xy ¶ � ° �)( 3 *,+ ¡ c h e c u Ç d ·ÆÔÇ 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä ÇÁØ ¬ Þ ä ÇrØ J^j .^y ¶ � ° �-( 3 *.+ ¡ c h e c u ÇrØ d · G ä`W�dl��J

/ �Ç } D Ç L '@ ä 8: � ä � Ç G ä`W�d�ä·J

Û äÇ } $Ô� 8: � ä � Ç w�� ä$Ô� 8: � ä � Ç G ä`W�d�ûZJ

Þ âä Ç } $Ô� 8: � ä � Ç G w�� ä á Û ä Ç J�â$Ô� 8: � ä � Ç G ä`W�d = JnQp j v j � ° �)( 3 * + ¡ c h e c u Ç d } �

% ¸ G þ 1 & � J^h e c u Ç � þ} 0 G / � Ç J á 0 G @�A / �AEJEU� p j \ ys`, a j�r eZv � s e j _ O ewa¯p ,lk j , u e O�k j O`M j O a uRh eZ_ j s r ewv * _"e h \^a M e O�,wO`s _�e�_ jRu e O`s eZv s j v* j a"p`e s _ , v j v j ¹ \ M v j s W ´ j a ,wM h _¯e r abp M _ y v"e u�j s \`v j , v j cZM�k j O�M�Ot,wy`y j O^s`M�. Ú�WYVXW´�^W

Èt�����F� 1J)+����%��Ê$U 2(�2�£3� %k(L�h%'*ÖG5" 45�� O abp j y v j kXM eZ\`_�_ j�u a M e O §�n j s j v M�k j s , _ j v M j _�e r \ yFs;, a jzj ¹ \ , a M e O _�§ c \ , v ,wO a jRj s abe �`O`s, a h�j , _�a , h e u , h *�,/.XM�* \ * e r a"p jih M�� jRh M p`eXe s W ° j n M h�h O eln j . a j O`s abp M _mv j _"\ h a�a"e�abp j² W ¨ _"e h \^a M e O ]�� M�O u eZv y eZv , a M�O`c�M�O r ewv *�, a M�k j y v M eZv�_ W�¥ eZv j .^,w*Ny h�j § , _"\ M a , ] h�j y v M ewvµe OeZ\^v * j ,wO _ *�, �¦] j ,õÌ j v"e * j ,$O Ô�, \`_�_ M°,$O W)� p M _�v j B jRu a"_-eZ\`vm] j�h M jRr abp , a * eZ_�a c j O j _û =

Page 75: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º$æ ��æ�õ�èñ½ó|ì½îIì?�n M h�h ] j \ O`M�O r eZv *�, a M�k j ,wO`s n M h�h p ,�k jNj .Xy v j _�_ M e O�k$, h \ j _ , v�eZ\ O`s Ì j v"e Wm¥ eZv�abp j k$, v M�,wO uRj §n j *�, �©n M _"p¶abe s j �;O j ,�y v M eZvoa"p , amp jRh y _�\`_�a"e ,�k e M�s e k j v x�� a"a M�O`c W , k j v xß� a�a M�O^c®*-, �e u�u \^vonQp j O#Ô�, \`_"_ M°,wO _ u e O a"v , u a�e O abe , _ M�O`c h�j s;, a ,�y e M�O a u , \`_ M�O`c®y eXewv c j O j v , h M _ , a M e OM�O©,ws`s`M a M e O a"e O \ * j v M u , h M�O _�a , ] M h M a­� W ° M abp�_ j O _ M ] h�j�u p`e M u�j _�e r y v M ewv�§ j . a j O _ M e O e r eZ\`vy v j k�M eZ\^_ s j v M�k$, a M e O abe�abp j ² W ¨Ã_"e h \^a M e OtM _�_�abv ,wM�c p·a r eZv�n , v s W ,¨\`v u e * ] M�O j s h M�� jRh M p`eXe s,wO`sty v M eZv j .Xy v j _"_ M e OiM _ G , _�_"\ *NM�O^c�, \ O^M r eZv * y v M eZv¯e O ��J¸ G ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ � 1 J !7¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ �µJ ¸ G ¾ J ¸ G ¿ JEU G ä`W�d ? J� ,w�·M�O`c h e c�, v M abp * _ªe r a"p j v M�c p·aQp ,wO`s _ M�s j §^n jTu ,wO r eZv * \ h , a j eZ\`v y v�eZ] h�j * , _� ¬ ¿ ¬ ¾ } , v c�*�,/.6 å 7Cå 8

h e c ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��J~L h e c ¸ G ¾ J~L h e c ¸ G ¿ JEU G ä`W�d ­ J� p j v jRr ewv j §Xn j¨u ,wO _ M�*Ny h � ,wy^y j O`s abp j _ j a­n�e ,ws`s^M a M e O;, h a j v * _�e O abe�eZ\^v y v j k�M eZ\^_¯]ew\ O`s Wº e$a M�O^c abp , a abp j � , v jªr \ O u a M e O _ e O h �µe r ¾ ,$O`s ¿ G ,wO`sm,wO � , _"_"e u M�, a j s p�� y j v x­y;, v ,w* j a j v"_ J §n j�u ,wO u e O uRh \ s j abp , aÒabp j ��n M h�h e O h � u p ,wO`c j a"p j \ ys;, a j _ r eZv Û ä Ç ,wO`s Þ ä Ç W � j a \`_ , _"_�\ * jabp j�r e h�h eln M�O`c�y v M eZv�_¸ G Û ä Ç J ! Þ G g ¬ Þ 9 J G ä`W�d ¯ J

¸ G Þ âä Ç J ! j .XyNà>á êÞ âä Ç ã G ä`WYVwg�JM WÝjwW ,+Ì j v"e xß* j ,wO�Ô�, \`_�_ M�,wO r eZv½abp j * j ,$O _ ,wO^sm,wO�M�*Ny v�e y j v y v M ewv G M WÝjwW M a s e j _ O ³ a M�O a j c v , a jabe d e k j v M ab_ s e *-,wM�O J�r ewv�Þ âä Ç abp , a cZM�k j _ Ì j v"e¸n j M�c p·ama"e®Þ âä Ç } g ,$O`s), _�� *�y abewa M u , h�h �,wy`y v"e , u p j _ d , _�Þ ä Ç ,wy`y v�e , u p j _ M�O^�;O`M a­� W ¨ h e$ab_>e r abp j _ j y v M eZv"_ u ,wO ] j _ jRj O M�Oz�;c \`v j�ä`W´änQp j v j Þ 9 } g^U�d ,wO`s ê®} g^U�dZW W s`s^M�O`c abp j _ j a"e®eZ\`v�eZv M�cZM�O;, h ]ew\ O`s §�n j O e�n p ,�k j abes`M @Öj v j O a M°, a j abp j�r e h�h eln M�O`c j .Xy v j _"_ M e O abemeZ]^a ,wM�O \ yFs;, a j _ r eZv Û ä Ç ,wO`s Þ ä Ç

$@ � 8: � ä � Ç h e c ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J~L¦h e c ¸ G Û ä Ç J~L¦h e c ¸ G Þ âä Ç JEU G ä`WYVXd�Jû ?

Page 76: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ì

−1 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

ëíìÔî [ ô�:²õÊô<;;õÊô>=@?�A 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ë;ð)î [Þô�: õÔôB;;õÔôDCFE?�Afhg3ikjTíkjwí_o��T¿�~^r �9uw���J�Lx��^�L���ñ�^�v,_¼G�IH ä

Ç ~^�9�KJ ä Ç �9~��~^r �}v��}�L�¨ j v r ewv *NM�O`c abp j O j�u�j _"_ , v�� s`M @Öj v j O a M°, a M e O _R§Xn j , v j�h�jEr a>n M a"p�a"p j�r e h�h eln M�O`c�O j nÁ\ ys;, a j _

Û äÇ } Þ â9 $Ô� 8: � ä � Ç w�� äÞ âä Ç L Þ â9 $Ô� 8: � ä Ç � G ä`WYVZVZJ

Þ âä Ç } $Ô� 8: � ä � Ç G w�� ä áOÛ ä Ç J â L�V�ê$Ô� 8: � ä � Ç U G ä`WYVw��J

� p j _ j�j .Xy v j _"_ M e O _ uRh�j , v h �¸_"p`eln abp j-jA@j�u a�e r abp j y v M eZv"_ Wz� O ä`WYVZV §½n j _ j�j abp , aµn j O elnp ,�k j ,zs j y j O`s j O u �¸e O ]Fewabp®Þ âä Ç ,wO`s Þ â9 Wo� O abp j�h M�*NM a�e r Þ â9ML N §Ön jmjò@ÖjRu a M�k jRh ��p ,lk j, \ O`M r eZv * y v M ewv ,wO`s n j v j�u e k j v j .^, u a h �¸ew\`v�eZv M�cZM�O;, h \ yFs;, a jwW-� O abp j e y`y eZ_ M a j�h M�*NM a�e rÞ â9OL g §�n j �;O`s a"p , a Û ä Ç L g , _on j n�eZ\ h s j .Xy jRu a W�� O ä`WYVw� § a"p j y v M eZv M _ jò@ÖjRu a M�k jRh �y \Xa"a M�O`cz, h eln j v�]FeZ\ O`s e O abp j k$, h \ j e r Þ âä Ç W+W _ ê L g abp j y v M ewv ,wy^y v"e , u p j _ , \ O`M r ewv *s`M _�a"v M ]^\^a M e O e k j v , h�h y eZ_ M a M�k j v j , h _ ,wO^s n j v j�u e k j v�eZ\`v>eZv M�cZM�O;, h Þ âä Ç \ yFs;, a jwWû ­

Page 77: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º$æ P/æNõ·îRQ�èõ·îIð�ï�ï�ò Z ï�ô�[_]½ê^ñ;êCî2ï�ìÀ ýS ù ��T ��� � �õ� � PÊ� �^Q�Ä�� � � ��� �� e u e *Ny;, v j y j v r ewv *�,wO u�j ] j a­n jRj OÃ* e s jRh _ ,wO`s a"e , _"_ j _�_�a"p j�u e O�k j v c j O u�j e r ,©cZM�k j O* e s jRh § M a M _ M�*�y eZv�a ,wO a�a"e�] j , ] h�j abe u e *�y \Xa j abp jth M�� jRh M p^eXe s ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��JEW � O eZv s j vabe s etabp M _�§|n j O j�j s abe *-, v cZM�O;, h M _ j e k j vTeZ\`v h , a j O a kw, v M°, ] h�j _ «¸,wO`s�þ M W´j$W §|n j O j�j s abeu , h�u \ h , a jh e c ¸ G 1 ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ ��JÒ} $@ � 8: h e c �% ( 'Ïä 8: Æ@ Ç 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J u Ç S ¸ G þ 1 ��J � þ U G ä`WYV$ä·JÕ O r eZv�a"\ O;, a j�h �w§wabp j>u , h�u \ h , a M e O e r abp j M�O a j c v , h M _ O ewa ,wO;, h �·a M u , h�h ��abv , u a , ] h�j ,wO`s _"e�n j , v jr eZv u�j s a"e¨v j _"eZv�a abe ,$O�,wy`y v�e .^M�*-, a M e O a jRu p O`M ¹ \ jwW ² ,$O � * j abp`e s _ j .XM _�a r eZv ,$y`y v"e .XM�*�, a M�O`cj .Xy j�u a , a M e O _�_�\ u p , _�a"p M _ W��ßr _ ,w*Ny h M�O`c r v�e * a"p j v j _ y jRu a M�k j s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O�M _�_�abv ,$M�c p�a r ewv xn , v s §Xn j�u ,wO _ M�*�y h ��a ,w� j , h , v c j O \ * ] j v¯e r _ ,w*�y h�j _ ,wO`s�,wy`y v"e .XM�*�, a j eZ\`v j .Xy jRu a , a M e On M a"p©abp j * j ,wO©k$, h \ j \^_ M�O^c abp j _ j _ ,w*Ny h�j _ Wi�ßr _ ,w*Ny h M�O`c M _ O ewa�_�abv ,$M�c p�a r ewv�n , v s § * j abp xe s _�_�\ u p , _ M�*Ny eZv�a ,wO u�j _ ,$*�y h M�O`c-,wO`s v j 8 jRu a M e O _ ,w*�y h M�O^c u ,$O ] j \`_ j s a"e ,wy`y v"e .XM�*�, a jabp j�j .Xy jRu a , a M e O W ² , v � e k�x u p ,$M�O ² e O a j x Ú , v h e ,wy`y v"e , u p j _ GIr eZv j .^,w*Ny h�j §^abp j ² j abv�e y e h M _ x§ , _�a M�O`c _ , h c eZv M a"p * J¨u ,wO¦, h _�e®] j \`_ j s a"e c j O j v , a j _ ,$*�y h�j _oa"p , a u ,wO abp j O ] j \^_ j s abej *Ny`M v M u , h�h � ,wy`y v�e .^M�*-, a j abp jµj .Xy jRu a , a M e O W� O a"p M _ u , _ j §^n j v j ¹ \ M v j _ ,w*Ny h�j _ r v�e * , ´ M v M u p h�j a�§ ¸ G þ 1 ��JEW�� a M _ y eZ_"_ M ] h�j a"e�_ ,$*�y h�j�r v�e *_"\ u p ,µs`M _�abv M ]`\^a M e O ]��-_ ,w*�y h M�O^c r v�e * «�M�O`s j y j O`s j O a c�,w*N*-,�s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O _ n M abp y`, v ,w*�xj a j v�_ D Ç ,wO`s a"p j OzO ewv *�, h M _ M�O^c a"p j v j _"\ h a W § j O uRj n j�u ,wO \^_ j abp j � v"_�a * j abp^e s�s j _ u v M ] j s, ]Fe k jwW� j a�u úÇ s j O ewa j a"p j « abp u e *�y e O j O a�e r abp j ö a"p¸_ ,w*Ny h�j e r þ r v�e * ¸ G þ 1 ��JEWo�ßr n j a ,w� j á_ ,$*�y h�j _ M�O a"ewa , h §Xn jµu ,wOt,wy`y v"e .XM�*�, a j eZ\^v h M�� j�h M p`e�e s-, _ r e h�h e�nQ_�VU $@ � 8: h e c d

á W@ ú 8: ( 'Ïä 8: Æ@ Ç 8: ¸ G w�� ä 1 Û ä Ç ¬ Þ ä Ç J u úÇ SmU G ä`WYVZûZJ� O eZ\`v M�O�k j _�a M�c�, a M e O _µn j�r ew\ O`s abp , a�e r a"p j eZv s j v�e r�d�gZgZg _ ,w*�y h�j _ c�,�k j ,ik j v��©_�a , ] h�jh M�� jRh M p^eXe s�k$, h \ jwW û ¯

Page 78: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ìÀ ýYX û ��o � � � ���� ����� �Ë�ÂQ��+���¥����� ��� �� � úð� � � � � ¬Èt��Z��L� ��$�%'$[�棂 2£m%51J) (� 2(P$qE�(P*C$U 2(L��)¥ v"e * ä`W�dl� n j�u ,wO _ jRj abp , a M�O eZv s j v¯a"e�\ yFs;, a j � ä � Ç n j O jRj s�kw, h \ j _¯e r Û ä Ç §`Þ ä Ç ,wO`s / �

Ç W� p j�r eZv * j v�a­n�e ¹ \ ,wO a M a M j _�§�n j M�O`M a M°, h M _ j abetabp j , v"v , � * j ,$O _ ,wO^s _�a ,wO`s;, v sqs j k�M°, a M e O _v j _ y j�u a M�k j�h � W¸� p j / �Ç k$, h \ j _Tn j v j M�O^M a M�, h M _ j s a"e y eZ_ M a M�k j v ,wO`s e * O \ * ] j v�_ W ° M a"p©abp j* j ,wO _ ,wO`s _�a ,wO`s;, v s¦s j k�M°, a M e O _�\ O`M r eZv * e k j v�a"p j «©y v"e u�j _"_ j _�§ M r abp j / �

Ç k$, h \ j _on j v j, h _"em\ O`M r eZv * §Xa"p j , h c eZv M abp * n�eZ\ h s ] j M�*N* j s`M°, a j�h � u , \ c p·a M�Ot, h e u , h *�,/.XM�* \ * ,$O`s O eh�j , v O`M�O`c n�eZ\ h s a ,w� j y h , u�j$WÈt��Z��F� \¥D��Ê£¤%k(PRT$qE��� C$[] (LE�(F _^� p j v j , v j _ j k j v , h _ M a"\ , a M e O _½nQp M u p u eZ\ h s u , \`_ j abp j , h c eZv M abp * a"e h eZ_ j O \ * j v M u , h _�a , ] M h M a­� W¥ M v"_�a h �w§�abp j y v�eZ] h�j * e r e k j v xß� a"a M�O`c W¶�ßr , Ôµ, \^_"_ M�,wO u e O a"v , u ab_me O abe , _ M�O^c h�j y e M�O a�§ M ab__�a ,wO`s`, v s®s j k�M°, a M e O n M h�h _"p^v M�O^� a"e Ì j v�e ,wO`s®M ab_ y W s W r7W n M h�h ,$y`y v"e , u p N W¨� e c j a , v"eZ\ O^sa"p M _R§^n j ,wy`y h � , h e�n j vQ]FeZ\ O`s a"ema"p j k$, h \ j e r Þ âä Ç G c j O j v , h�h �Z§Xa"p M _¯n M h�h O ewaQ] j ,�y v�eZ] h�j *M r , ² W ¨ _"e h \^a M e O¸M _µ\`_ j s¦,wO`sq, _"\ M a , ] h�j y v M eZv�p , _µ] jRj Oqy h , u�j s e O Þ âä Ç JEW�� p j-u p^e M uRje r abp j k$, h \ j e r a"p M _�]FeZ\ O^s�M _µv j , _�e O;, ] h � M�*�y eZv�a ,wO a , _�abe�e h eln ,�k$, h \ j ,wO`s�O \ * j v M u , hy v�eZ] h�j * _ n M h�h y j v"_ M _�a ,wO`s abe�eTp M�c p ,�k$, h \ j n M h�h e k j v x u e O _�a"v ,wM�O abp j * e s jRh ,$O`s-y v j k j O a M ar v�e * � a"a M�O`c a"e-abp j s;, a , W [ jRu e O`s h �Z§ M�O a"p j \ yFs;, a jor eZv � ä � Ç G ä`W�dl��J n j e u�u , _ M e O;, h�h � �`O`sa"p , a n j ] j cZM�O abe�v j , u p�abp jªh M�*NM a"_|e r abp j *�, u p M�O j _ y v jRu M _ M e Om,$O`s ]e$abp�abp j O \ * j v , a"eZv ,wO^sa"p j s j O e *NM�O`, abeZv ,wy`y v�e , u p Ì j v�e W � e c j a , v�eZ\ O`s abp M _�§`n j ,ws`st, _ *-, h�hCu e O _�a ,wO a G�dlg 9 â�`�` Ja"e j , u p k$, h \ j M�O Ð ] jEr eZv j O eZv *-, h M _ , a M e O G M WÝjwW §Ö] jRr ewv j y j v r eZv *NM�O`c abp j s`M�k�M _ M e OtM�O ä`W�d���JEW¥ M�O;, h�h �Z§$nQp j O u , h�u \ h , a M�O`c a"p j�h M�� j�h M p`e�e s §/n j p ,�k j a"e u e *Ny \^a j ,Ty v"e s \ u aªe k j v abp j , v�v , ��_è;W�¥ eZv , h , v c j O \ * ] j vÒe r , v"v , ��_R§�a"p M _�_�eXe O ] j�u e * j _ _ *-, h�h�j v�abp ,wO a"p j *-, u p M�O j y v j�u M _ M e O W§ e�n j k j vR§Cn j , v j \ h a M�*�, a jRh � M�O a j v j _�a j s®M�O abp jTh e c�, v M a"p * e r abp M _ y v"e s \ u a ,wO`s _"e-n jou ,wOe k j v u e * j a"p M _ y v"eZ] h�j * n M a"p , _�a ,wO`s;, v s�O \ * j v M u , h a j�u p O`M ¹ \ j § s j _ u v M ] j szM�O�,wy^y j O`s`M�. ¥ªWÈt��Z��H� a £mRT�b�dc���*C(�)+& �e2�£¤% &h£¤)+£¤*7��% $�%'%'$>^�*BfW�h�h e r abp j s j v M�k$, a M e O _¯a"p·\`_ r , vQp ,�k jTu e O u�j v O j s®s j�u e *Ny eZ_ M a M e O _>e k j v c j O j _ W>� p , a M _�§;n j, v j M�O a j v j _�a j s®M�O u�h \`_�a j v M�O`c a"e c j a"p j v c j O j _ W�� p M _�a­� y j e r ,wO`, h ��_ M _ M _�_ j O _ M ] h�j nQp j v j n j= g

Page 79: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º/æhg�æ-ñ½õ��Òï�ó|îIê~ð½ôÁñ½ìëò®îIôS[FõXèFô�èì½ê^ñ;êCî2ï�ì�òëèêXñ½îIõXíp ,�k j s;, a , r v"e * _"e * j-r ewv * a M�* j _ j v M j _ j .Xy j v M�* j O a GIr ewv j .^,w*Ny h�j § abp j [ y j�h�h *�,wO � j , _�as;, a , c ? d d a"p , aµn jNh e�e �®, aT] j�h eln J�W § eln j k j v�§ M�O a"p j�u ,wO uRj v j .^,w*�y h�j _ s`M _ u \^_"_ j s ] j�h eln�§n j , v j M�O a j v j _�a j s�M�Ois j�u e *�y eZ_ M�O`c e k j v , v"v , �X_ x¯M WÝjwW ] j M�O^c�, ] h�j abe s`M _�a M�O`c \ M _"pi] j a­n jRj Ou ,$O u�j v�_�\`] x a­� y j _ ,wO`s M�s j O a M r � M�O`c®c j O j _mabp , a , v j s`M @j v j O a M�, h�h � j .Xy v j _"_ j s , u v"eZ_�_Na"p j _ ja­� y j _ W � a M _ªa"v M�kXM�, h abem_�n M a u pt] j a­n jRj O a"p j _ j a­nªe s`M @j v j O a r eZv * _¯e r ,$O;, h ��_ M _ W ¨�v , u a M u , h�h �w§n j _ M�*�y h �®abv ,wO _ y eZ_ j eZ\`v s`, a ,i*�, a"v M�. W ² , abp j *�, a M u , h�h �Z§|n j _�n ,wy abp j c j O j ,wO`s¶, v�v , �M�O^s j . j _ WÈt��Z��|È 4NEP&h��%k(F i��� � *C£¤D+¢ � RT�.¢ £

¦ ý^¾^ý ® ÛQj ,ws abp j s;, a , ¹� ¶ á d� O`M a M°, h M _ j ¾ ,$O`s ¿/ ¶ ákjè ö � G�J4 Ñë¼|Î ¹ Ë4�­¡E�"Äw� Ë��/Ñ^¤ > ÉNÄ�Ì l �­¡E�"Äw� Ë��/Ñ^¤ Ò|¿m þqÒ¤ý^¾�¹ �on , _ M�O j ¹ \ , a M e O GIä`W�d���J

m þqÒ¤ý^¾�¹ � & , _ M�O j ¹ \ , a M e O GIä`W�d�ä·Jm þqÒ¤ý^¾�¹ � ¾ , _ M�O j ¹ \ , a M e O GIä`W�d�û eZv ä`WYVZVZJm þqÒ¤ý^¾�¹ � ¿ â , _ M�O j ¹ \ , a M e O GIä`W�d = ewv ä`WfV$��J¼qp Þ â r µ â.s : ¾�ѽ¹�»Þ â¯} µ â.s :¹�»\Ò4 Ñë¼|Î ¹ 1 D úutqv á D

wyx Í 1 � µ â,s â Ò|¿D úut�v ¶ á Dw�x Í á ç

G2Dwyx Í J 9;: ë G D wyx Í JnQp j v j ë ,wO`s ç , v j cwM�k j O M�Ot,wy`y j O`s`M�. Ú�WYVXWY�¹�»\Ò´ j a j v *NM�O j abp j�h M�� jRh M p`eXe s G _ j�j ] j�h e�n J¹�»\Ò�ÿÎRzF¿kÏ/¼4¾�Ñ? Àx� � , a j O a�¨�v"e u�j _"_ ´ j�u e *�y eZ_ M a M e O , h c eZv M abp * W ° j \`_ j s+, abe h�j v ,wO uRjµ â.s : } dlg 9@{ abe ,lk e M�s�Ôµ, \`_"_ M°,wO _ u e h�h ,$y _ M�O`c e O abe , _ M�O`c h�j y e M�O a�§ ,wO`s µ â,s â } d�g 9;: ` r ewvabp j|� \ yFs;, a M�O`c W

= d

Page 80: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ì} ¼��F¹X»��¯¹ ¬ ¾ ¬ ¿ ¬ �� ,$� j á _ ,w*Ny h�j _/u ú r v�e * abp j ´ M v M u p h�j a s`M _�abv M ]`\Xa M e O ¸ G þ 1 ��J´ j a j v *NM�O j abp j�h M�� jRh M p`eXe s r v�e * j ¹ \ , a M e O ä`WfVwû�ÿÎRz ¿kÏ$¼4¾�Ñ] §E� ´ j a j v *�M�O`M�O`c abp j�h M�� jRh M p^eXe s r eZvF�m¨ ´À ý~ þ+ÿRQ���� � �¥����� ��� � � ¬ Ä��\� ¬

° j n M h�h M h�h \^_�abv , a j a"p j y j v r eZv *-,wO u�j e r �m¨ ´ e O a­nªe r eZv * _|e r *NM u v"e , v�v , � s`, a , _ j a W�� p j � v"_�a, v j�u ,wO u�j v s`, a , _ j a"_ ,wO`s n j , v j M�O a j v j _�a j stM�O a"p j , ] M h M a­��e r �¤¨ ´ abe s`M _�a M�O`c \ M _"p-] j a­n jRj Ok$, v M eZ\`_�a M _�_"\ j¸uRh , _�_ j _ W � p j _ j�u e O`s+s;, a , _ j aza­� y j _ , v j a M�* j _ j v M j _ s;, a , _ j ab_ r eZv-� j , _�aG­�Ä�¢£¢ W Äw�£�/É � ¢£¡£¤�¢£¡E�b¡EÎlË�¤EË Ä�¡lJ ,wO`s n j , v j M�O a j v j _�a j siM�Oz�;O^s`M�O`cmy v�e uRj _�_ j _Qabp , a u eZv�v j _ y e O`sa"e �·O eln O ] M e h e cZM u , h y v"e u�j _"_ j _ WÈt�y���L� � %'��*J 2$U C£,¨\`v � v"_�a u � O uRj v s � a � _ j a u e�� j _ r v"e_� � _�ab\ s ��e r y v"ew_�a � a j�u � O u�j v�]�� ´ p � O � _ � � j v � j a � hc dl� d � O`s u e O _ M _�ab_�e r�û$ä _ � � y h�j _�n M a"p ¯�¯�­ ä�rIj

� ab\`v j _ G n j \`_ j s a"p j M v u e_� y h�j a j s � a � _ j aG M WÝjwW §|n M abp¸_ � � y h�j _ r v"e�� �h�h _"eZ\^v u�j _ J § u ewv"v j _ y e O`s`M�O`c abe �;c ­ M�O abp j _"\ y`y h�j � j O a � v�� M�OXxr eZv�� � a M e O e r c d�� d J�W�� p j s � a � u e O _ M _�a"_oe r�d�ä _ � � y h�j _ r eZvµ] j O`M�cZO�y v"ew_�a � a M u p�� y j v y h � _ M �G Ü ¨ § J x � O e O u

� O u�j v�eZ\`_�_�n j�h�h M�O`c e r abp j y v"ew_�a � a j § � O eZv�� �h� s 8 � u�j O a y v�eZ_�a � a j-G º W ¨ J §d O eZv�� �

h� s 8 � u�j O ama"\ ��ew\`v G º W���J § d�ä®h e u � h M _ j sqy v�eZ_�a � a jzu

� O u�j v G ¨ ÚVW�J § d y v"ew_�a � a M a M _G ¨ Û , J�G M�OCB � �#� � a M e O e r a"p j y v�eZ_�a � a j�J � O`s Vwg � j a � _�a � a M u a"\ ��ew\`v"_ G ² × ��JEW � p j � ] M h M a­�a"ei] j � ] h�j a"e s`M _�a M�O`c \ M _"p�] j a­n j�j O h e u � h � O`s � j a � _�a � a M u ab\ �NeZ\`v�_ M _ � O©M � y eZv�a � O a�e O j� O^s a"p j v jRr eZv j s`M _ u e k j v��¸e r c j O j _¨a"p � a � v j�j � y v j _�_ j s©s`M @j v j O a h � �u v"eZ_�_¨abp j � M _ u v"\ u M � h�W� p j M�O uRh \`_ M e O e r|Ü ¨ § _ � � y h�j _ M�O abp M _ s � a � _ j a M _ � h _"eTn�eZv�abpM� j O a M e O`M�O`c W�� a M _ � s`M ÙNu \ h aa � _ � abe s`M _�a M�O`c \ M _"p�] j a­n jRj O G O e OXx u � O u�j v"eZ\^_ J¯Ü ¨ § � O^szy v"eZ_�a � a j¨u � O u�j v G ¨ ÚVW�J ]^\^a M a M _eZ] k�M ew\`_ h � u v"\ u M � h M�O abp j abv j � a�� j O a�v j ¹ \ M v j s W Õ�_ M�O^c abp M _ s � a � _ j a�§Cn j n M h�h M h�h \^_�abv � a j abp js`M @Öj v j O u�j M�O®y j v r eZv�� � O uRj ] j a­n jRj O \ O`M r ewv�� � O`s�M�O r eZv�� � a M�k j y v M eZv�_ � O`s u e_� y � v j �m¨ ´a"e�p M j v � v u p M u � hÖu�h \^_�a j v M�O`c W� O¸�;c \`v j�ä`WYû n jmu � O _ j�j p`elnùa"p j p j�h sXx ew\^a h M�� j�h M p`e�e s G M�O �

h�hëj� y j v M � j O ab_�§Ca"p j _ j k � h \ j _� v j a"p j � k j v � c j e r¨dlg x r e h s u v"eZ_�_ k � h M�s � a M e O � O^s ] � v"_o_�p`eln _�a � O`s � v s j v"v"ewv J¨u p � O`c j _ � _= V

Page 81: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º/æ ��æ�èFé\[èFó~îIô�èì½ê^ñ½õoó|èí�]½õlê|íÅ §Fa"p j O \ ��] j v�e r y v�e uRj _�_ j _ M _ M�O u v j � _ j s §FnQp j O n j a"v � M�O n M abptabp j � � � M ��\ � h M�� jRh M p`eXe sa jRu p O`M ¹ \ jwW ° j _ jRj abp � a�a"p jmh M�� j�h M p`e�e s y j � � _ � a Å } ä y v"e u�j _�_ j _ W�¥ M�c \`v j�ä`W = _"p`elnQ_ �a­� y`M u � h s jRu e_� y eZ_ M a M e O e r a"p j y v"ew_�a � a j s � a � M�O abe r eZ\`v y v"e u�j _�_ j _ W × � u p u e h \ � O v j y v j _ j O a"_� O � v�v � � � O`s j�u p�v�e�n � y v�e uRj _"_ WÒ� p j ] � v�_ u eZv�v j _ y e O`s abe�abp j O eZv�� �

h M _ j s & k � h \ j _ � O^sv j y v j _ j O a>a"p jo�b¡£¤­�;�/Ñ^¤EËq��Ë4Å�Ë4� � e r � y v�e uRj _�_ªabeoa"p � a y � v�a M u \ h � v � v"v � � W�� p j _ j�u � O ] j a"p`eZ\ c p·ae r � _ � O � h e c eZ\`_¯a"e uRh \`_�a j v�� j ��] j v�_"p M�y _ W�ÛQj � j ��] j v>abp � aQn j � v j s jRu e_� y eZ_ M�O`c e k j v � v xv � ��_ � O`sqO ewa c j O j _ � O^s _"e j�u p u e h \ � O©M�O��`c \`v j-ä`W = u eZv�v j _ y e O`s _oa"e � O � v"v � � Wi¥ v�e_��;c \^v jzä`WYû n jtu

� O _ jRj abp � aoabp j v j M _o_"e_� j s`M _�a M�O u a M e O ] j a­n jRj O abp j � j a � _�a � a M u _ � � y h�j _G y v"e u�j _�_ ä·J � O^s abp j v j _�a G y v�e uRj _�_ j _ d § V � O^s ��J §Fp^e�n j k j v M a M _ r � v r v"e_� uRh�j� v � O`s p j O uRjn�eZ\ h stO ewa�] j a j v�v M ] h ��\^_ jRr \ h M r a"p j�h � ] j�h _¯n j v j O ewa ��O e�n O<� ¥ M�c \`v j�ä`W ? _�p`elnQ_�a"p j v j _�\ h ae rÖu�h \^_�a j v M�O`c abp M _ s � a � n M a"p � s j O^s v"e c v � �t§·\`_ M�O`c � k j v � c j�h M�O`� � c j � O`s � O`s abp j�j \ uRh M�s j � Os`M _�a � O u�j � j � _"\`v jwW�¥ v�e_�Áabp j s j O`s v"e c v � �t§$n j¯u � O _ jRj abp � a � h abp^eZ\ c pT_"e_� jªh e u � h _�a"v"\ u ab\`v jp � _�] j�j O�M�s j O a M�� j s G M W´j § � h ewa�e r � s 8 � uRj O aµ_ � � y h�j _ � v j e r a"p j _ � � j a­� y jlJ c h eZ] � h�h �Z§Fabp j_ j y � v � a M e O ] j a­n jRj O a"p j ��O e�n O u�h

� _"_ j _ M _ y eXewv W

0 5 10 15 20 25−14000

−12000

−10000

−8000

−6000

−4000

−2000

0

fhg3ikj�í_j;*'oG����u���yb��s�v_unxw�^��u�x��������S�3óJy|~�¿�x����2�^�}���PsJ�kvP�J�e�õ�3�^�_vP�J�¤�J�P���PvP~v��U�J~vP~^�P�}v<�hx�vP�.���h�M~�L~^r �}v��}��J�Lx��^�L�}�� p M _ y eXewv y j v r eZv�� � O uRj � � �¸] j s \ j a"e a"p j�r � u aTa"p � aTn j p � k j \`_ j s �h�h ¯ § ¯�­ ä c j O j _ M�Oabp j eZv M�cZM�O � h s � a � _ j a W¨� a M _ r � M vQabe � _�_"\ � j a"p � a j k j O abp`eZ\ c p�abp jTu e O^s`M a M e O e r abp j a M _�_"\ j= �

Page 82: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Z ð½ñ\[Fê~èFó�º$æ�õ�ñ;ê~èì½ê�[Fó|ï Z èí�í�ò�è Z ï�ôS[Cï í�îIêCî2ï�ì0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0

0.5

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.5

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

NA

PN

AP

NA

PN

AT

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

PR

O

fhg3ikjqí_jÜ:ko���� 2��J�L��{!���P������{!��r �2���PxwvPxw���¦�^�UvP��� �J�L����vP~v����J~vP~^���}v}�Ñ�¤~^{L��{!��u�sJrS�ÿ{!�^�L�P�����2���J�J�v���~S�L~^r �9uw�.���Jx�u���vU��~^{L�ª�P�A�7{!�^�P�L�����2���J�J��v���~S�J�P��{!���P�}���U~���h~�P�o� ° �-(.� *.� ¡ à � Ç ÆkyU~^�J���P���9��{!vqvP�������R�_���F���R�� �)�¢¡¢£ �^�ËvP�J~vq�J�P��{!���P��v���vP�J~vq�9~�PvPxn{}sJu�~�q~�P�L~ò�^�¤R¥�¦_�¨§ª© «­¬�©¯®�© °²± � �#³ ´­°�±�§b°�¥�°ª® ��µ °·¶#«­± ¹¹¸ «­®�°»º � ¥�« �,¼ ´ ° � ¬�¥�¦_±�±½®©¾°²± � �¯³ ´ °»®�¿@³B°�±·À¹®�© ° � ¬·® ¸ � ´¶ ¸ � ¼ °�¥�¦�¤iÁ_°·¶ °�±�®�© � ®e§ª« ´ ´ ¼ °� «

@ °·¥�°·¶¹®�« � ´­´­¿�° � ³ ¥�°·±�±�°·Â#«­±e¦�¶ ´­¿ÃÁ_¦_«­¶ Áª®¦ ¼ ° � ±�� � ´ ´F¤R¥ � ¬Ä®«­¦_¶ÆÅÇ © °·¥�°Ä¤R¦_¥�°,À�«È®|«­±|´­« µ °·´­¿�®�© � ®É®�© °M« ¶F®�°�¥�°·±�®�« ¶ ÁÊ « @ °�¥�°�¶ ¬·°�± � ¥�° ¼ °�« ¶¾Á˱�§ � �¯³Ì°·Â ¼ ¿Í¥ � ¶¾Â ¦_�Î ¶ ¦_« ±�°Ï« ¶  ¸ ¬�°�ÂiÐÑ «@ °·¥�°·¶ ¬�°·±Ò«­¶Ó®�© °¯¥�°�� � «­¶  °�¥�¦,¤b®�© °# � ® � ±�°·®�Å Ç © °¯�¯¦_±�®Ñ±�« �¯³ ´ °É§ � ¿Ó¦�¤

¦�º_°·¥�¬·¦_�#«­¶ ÁÔ®© «­±�³ ¥�¦ ¼ ´ °��Õ« ±�®¦Ô¥ � ¶ µ ®�© °ÏÁ_°�¶ °·± ¼ � ±�°·Âͦ_¶�®©¾°�« ¥"º � ¥�« � ¶¾¬�° � ¬�¥�¦_±�±Ñ± � �#³¾´ °�±� ¶¾Â ¸ ±�°.8 ¸ ±�®�®�© ¦_±�°Ñ§ª«­®�©Ê®�© °Ò©¾« Á_© °·±�®oº � ¥�« � ¶ ¬�°,Å Ç © «­±�� � ¿Ô±�°·°�� � ¥ � ®© °·¥ª¶ � «­º�° � ³ ³ ¥�¦ � ¬�©¼ ¸ ®�¥�°��¯°�� ¼ °�¥½®© � ®b§b°o¬ � ¶ ¶¾¦�® ¸ ±�°o¦ ¸ ¥�³ ¥�«­¦_¥½¬�´ � ±�± µ ¶ ¦�§ª´ °�¾Á_° � ¶ Â#®�© °�¦�¶ ´­¿K¥�° � ´ ¼ °�´­« °·¤B§b°© � º�°#«­±Ö®© � ®ÑÁ_°�¶ °·±�º � ¥�¿@« ¶ Áצ�¶ ´­¿Ê±�´­« Á_©F®´È¿ � ¬�¥�¦_±�±Ñ± � �#³ ´­°�± � ¥�° ¸ ¶ ´­« µ °�´­¿Ø®¦ ¼ °K« ¶F®°·¥�°·±�®«­¶ Á ÅÙ ¶ ¬·´ ¸ ±�« ¦_¶Í¦�¤²Á_°·¶ °�±É§ª«È®©Í¦�¶ ´­¿O±�� � ´­´[º � ¥�« � ®�« ¦_¶¾±Ã� � ¿�§�°·´ ´ ¼ °# °·®�¥�« �¯°�¶F® � ´½®¦ � ¶ � ´­¿@±�«­± � ±º � ¥�« � ®�« ¦_¶ ± � ¥�°�8 ¸ ±�® � ±�´ « µ °·´­¿É®�¦ ¼ °� ¸ °Ö®¦Ò¶ ¦_« ±�° � ±�®�© °·¿ � ¥�° � ¬Ä® ¸ � ´ ¼ «­¦_´ ¦_Á�« ¬ � ´¾°

@ °�¬Ä®±·Å Ç ©¾°¬·¥�¦_±�±Ñº � ´­« Â � ®« ¦�¶Ú³ ´­¦�® ¸ ±�« ¶ Á 8 ¸ ±�®Ã®�© °¯Û�Ü_ÜM�¯¦_±�®�º � ¥�¿@« ¶ Á×Á�°�¶ °·±Ã¬ � ¶ ¼ °K±�°�°�¶O« ¶�ÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°KÞ Å ­ Å° °×¬ � ¶ß±�°�°M¤R¥�¦_�ன «­±É³ ´ ¦,®Ò®�© � ®É®�© °�¥�° � ³ ³B° � ¥�±|®¦ ¼ ° � ³B° ��µá� ®

Åâ Þ�³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�± � ¶¾Â

� ¾°�¬�¦��#³B¦_±�«È®«­¦_¶á«­¶F®¦ Åâ Þʳ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°�±Ï¬ � ¶ ¼ °#±�°�°·¶ß« ¶ÍÝ Á ¸ ¥�°#Þ Å ¯ Å Ç © °��¤¨ ´ © � ±|¶ ¦�§� � ¶ � Á�°�ÂÏ®¦Ã « ±�®« ¶¾Á ¸ « ±�©K§�°·´ ´ ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶ä®�© °ª¤R¦ ¸ ¥[� ��å ¦_¥[¬�´ � ±�±�°·±�Å ° °o¬ � ¶#±�°�°�¤R¥�¦_�æÞ Å ¯ ®© � ®®�© °×ç�¨ § ± � �#³¾´ °�± � ¥�°#¬�¦_¶¾¬�°�¶F®�¥ � ®�°�Âè« ¶é³¾¥�¦@¬�°�±�±Mê � ´­¦_¶ ÁÔ§ª«­®©á®© °M³¾¥�¦_±�® � ®�«­®«­±�ÀG®© °M´­¦ã¬ � ´® ¸ �#¦ ¸ ¥�± Î ¨ ÚVW Ъ« ¶Ø³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±"ë � ¶ ÂØ®© °Ò�#°Ä® � ±�® � ®�« ¬�± � �#³¾´ °�±o« ¶Ø³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±�ì � ¶ ÂÊÞ Åªí�« Á ¸ ¥�°

î Þ

Page 83: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

º.ï �ðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TB

PH

NA

TB

PH

PC

AP

CA

BP

HB

PH

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AM

ET

ME

TP

CA

BP

HP

RO

BP

HP

CA

ME

TB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

NA

PB

PH

NA

PN

AP

PC

AP

CA

PC

AM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

T

ý�þ ÿ��Ví��CB ���������� ������������������������������������ ������! #"$�% &�����(')��%�� �� ��+*��� � � ���� �",��-�������"��$�!�� #.���"��/�� �*��������!*#���� �*����� �� )�0��1Þ ÅÈê�Ü�±�© ¦�§ª±¯®© °Ø¥�°·± ¸ ´È®#¦,¤"³B°�¥�¤R¦�¥��¯« ¶ Á�© «­°�¥ � ¥�¬�© «­¬ � ´²¬·´ ¸ ±�®°·¥�« ¶¾ÁO¦�¶ ®�© « ±Ï¥�°·Â ¸ ¬·°�  � ® � ±�°·®Î � Á � « ¶Ô§ª«­®�© � º_°·¥ � Á_°Ò´ «­¶ µ.� Á_° � ¶  ¸ ±�« ¶¾ÁM° ¸ ¬·´ «­Â ° � ¶Ê « ±�® � ¶¾¬�°�ÐYÅ32�´­®©¾¦ ¸ Á_©Ø®© °Ò °�¶ ¾¥�¦_Á_¥ � �� � ¶ � Á_°·±�®¦Ñ±�³¾´ «­®[�¯°·® � ±�® � ®«­¬�¤R¥�¦��¨®©¾°�¥�°�±�®�± ¸ ¬�¬·°�±�±�¤ ¸ ´ ´È¿_À¹®© °ªÂ «!4<°·¥�°·¶ ¬�° ¼ °·®�§b°�°�¶658792 � ¶¾Âç:5�; «­±b±�®«­´ ´ º_°·¥�¿ ¸ ¶ ¬·´ ° � ¥ � ¶¾Âä«­®b« ±[º_°·¥�¿# « Ù ¬ ¸ ´­®[®¦Ò« ¶¾¤R°·¥�¤R¥�¦_�殩¾« ±� °�¶ ¾¥�¦_Á_¥ � � å ¸ ±�®�© ¦�§� � ¶F¿M¬�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥�± � ¥�°�³ ¥�°·±�°·¶¹®�ÅÇ © °Ò¦�®© °·¥ � Â㺠� ¶¹® � Á_°Ã¦�¤�<=5�>3¦�º_°·¥"±�® � ¶  � ¥�Âˬ�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥�« ¶ ÁÏ®°·¬�© ¶ «@? ¸ °·±�« ±ª®© °Ã° � ±�° � ®o§ª© «­¬�©« ¶ã¤R¦_¥�� � ®«­¦_¶K¬ � ¶ ¼ °o° � ®�¥ � ¬Ä®°�ÂM¤R¥�¦_�殩¾°Ö´ ° � ¥�¶F®b�#¦@ °·´�Å Ù ¶#®© «­±b³ ¥�¦_±�® � ®°o° � � �¯³ ´­°�À¹§�°�� � ¿¼ °Ò«­¶¹®�°�¥�°�±�®�°�ÂÊ« ¶ÔÝi¶  «­¶ Á#¦ ¸ ®ª§ª© « ¬�©ËÁ�°�¶ °·± � ¥�°Ò�¯¦_±�®�¾«A4Ì°�¥�°·¶F®« � ´ ´­¿#° � ³ ¥�°�±�±�°� ¼ °·®�§b°�°·¶Ë®© °´ ¦@¬ � ´�¬ � ¶¾¬�°�¥ Î 5�792�Ð � ¶ ÂO®© °¯�#°Ä® � ±�® � ®�« ¬Ï± � �#³ ´­°�±·Å Ç © °#¤R¦�´ ´ ¦�§ª«­¶ Á×±�¬·¦_¥�°¯¬ � ¶ ¼ ° ¸ ±�°·ÂÍ®¦¥ � ¶ µ Á_°·¶ °�± ¸ ¶ ¾°�¥ª®© «­±²¬�¥�«È®°·¥�« �

B â C D �EGF D �IH CJ KML�EON KML�IH Î Þ Å-ë î Ð

§ª© °·¥�°QP � ¶ ÂSR#¬�¦_¥�¥�°�±�³Ì¦�¶ ÂÊ®�¦Ï®�© °�®�§�¦#³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°�± ¼ °�«­¶ ÁϬ�¦_�¯³ � ¥�°�ÂÆÅ8T�°�¶ °·±�¥ � ¶ µ « ¶¾Á¯©¾« Á_© ´È¿§ª« ´­´ ¼ °o®© ¦�±�°�§ª«È®©M´ � ¥�Á�°o±�°�³ � ¥ � ®�« ¦_¶ ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶×®© °·« ¥��#° � ¶ ± � ¶ ÂM±�� � ´­´i±�® � ¶  � ¥�ÂM °Äºã« � ®«­¦_¶ ±U ¬·¦_¥�¥�°�±�³B¦_¶ ¾« ¶ Á"®�¦�Á_°�¶ °·±½§ª© ¦_±�°²º � ´ ¸ °�±�¤ � ´ ´@« ¶F®¦"®�§b¦Ñ « ± å ¦_« ¶F®½¬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥�±�ÅV2I´ « ±�®�¦�¤�®�© °»®¦_³Ôê�Ü¥ � ¶ µ « ¶ ÁoÁ_°�¶¾°�± ¼ � ±�°·Âɦ_¶Ò®�© « ±G±�¬·¦_¥�°�¬ � ¶ ¼ °�±�°·°�¶É«­¶Ã® ��¼ ´­°�޾ŭê_ÅW5½´ ¦�®�±G¦,¤ ®© °��¯« � ® ¸ ¥�°[ °�¶ ±�«­®�« °�±Â °ÄÝi¶ °� ¼ ¿M®©¾°Ã´ � ®°·¶F®²³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°�± � ¶ ÂÔ®© ° � ¬Ä® ¸ � ´Æ � ® � º � ´ ¸ °�±»¤R¦�¥�®© ¥�°�°Ñ¦�¤G®© °·±�°ÑÁ_°·¶ °�±ª¬ � ¶

î Û

Page 84: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô�º,ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

0 5 10 15 20 25−1100

−1000

−900

−800

−700

−600

−500

−400

ý�þ ÿ��^]��;Ú � � ����*`_a�%# b����.������!�#�c�`*ed@f)_g�ih`�!��jk-��������3 �#� � �A���b �#�+ ���'ml�n�n6"��� #���Q�� o ���p')��%�� �� ��*��� ������ 8q��� �� #�r')������sr�� �����'�����������1

¼ °K±�°·°�¶Ó« ¶ËÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°KÞ ÅÈê_ê_Å Ç © °·±�°K®©¾¥�°�°K³¾´ ¦�®�±Ö±�©¾¦ð§¨®© � ®"®© °|° � ®¥ � ¬·®�°�ÂOÁ_°�¶ °·± � ³ ³B° � ¥"®�¦ ¼ °��¼ ´ °Ô®¦Í¾« ±�®�« ¶ Á ¸ « ±�© §b°�´­´ ¼ °·®�§b°�°·¶k´ ¦@¬ � ´²¬ � ¶ ¬·°�¥ � ¶  �¯°·® � ±�® � ±�« ± � ¶¾Â « �¯³Ì¦�¥�® � ¶¹®�´­¿�À�© � º�°¼ °�°·¶�© « Á_©¾´ « Á�©¹®�°� � ±Ö±�« Á_¶ «ÈÝi¬ � ¶¹®�§ª«­®�© ¦ ¸ ®o®© ° ¸ ±�°É¦,¤½®© °É¬·´ � ±�±Ö´ ��¼ °·´ ±·Å Ù ¶Fº_°·±�®�« Á � ®�« ¦_¶¾±Ö« ¶F®�¦®�© °�±�°"Á_°�¶¾°�± Î >"¥�Åut�°·¥�°·�|¿v7�´ � ¥ µ À¹³ ¥�«­º � ®°o¬�¦�¥�¥�°·±�³B¦_¶  °·¶ ¬�°uÐ�±�© ¦�§k®�© � ®�®© °Ä¿ � ¥�°�«­¶F®°�¥�°�±�®« ¶¾Á¬ � ¶  «­Â � ®°·±×¤R¦_¥ä¤ ¸ ® ¸ ¥�°Ó° � � �¯« ¶ � ®«­¦_¶ÆŨí�¦�¥M° � � �¯³ ´ °,Àb7 Ç TÑí « ± � Á_°·¶ °�®© � ®Ô«­±M« ¶¾Â ¸ ¬�°·Â¼ ¿ÓÁ_¥�¦ð§²®�© U ¤ � ¬·®¦�¥�±Ã¦_¥�¬�°·¥�® � « ¶O¦_¶ ¬�¦�Á_°�¶ °·±�Å Ù ®�±Ò¥�°�±�³Ì°·¬·®«Èº_°¯³ ¥�¦,®°�«­¶ ¼ « ¶  ±�®�¦Ê«­¶¹®�°�Á_¥�« ¶ ± � ¶¾Â�¯¦ã ¸ ´ � ®�°�±�®©¾°#«­¶¹º � ±�«­º�° ¼ °�© � º@« ¦ ¸ ¥Ñ¦�¤²¬�°·¥�® � « ¶O© ¸ � � ¶Í¬ � ¶ ¬�°·¥Ò¬·°�´ ´­±xwzyc{�Å}|ã«­�#«­´ � ¥�´­¿�ÀÆ«­®Ñ© � ±¼ °�°·¶Ë¥�°·³Ì¦_¥�®°·Â~w ê��c{D®© � ®ª® ¸ �¯¦ ¸ ¥ � ¶ Á�« ¦_Á_°·¶ °�±�« ±b� � ¶ ÂÊÁ�¥�¦�§²®© � ¥�°Ã¬�¥�«­®«­¬ � ´­´­¿¯Â °·³Ì°·¶  °�¶F®�¦�¶®�© ° � ¬·®�«­º@«­®�¿ä¦�¤V��T��Ãê�Å

� ïI� ñ��$ôKñ ì�ï : õÔò/õY; ð%� õ8õ8ó��Êñ��I�Kñ � �î_î

Page 85: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï �ðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.5

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.5

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

NA

PN

AP

NA

PN

AT

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

PR

O

ý�þ ÿ���]��ÜÛ ��������s�����������*p�`����-i���!#���u�@���� �#��'����%�� �� ��k*��� ������ �1W�8���� #"b �#��l�n�n/sr�%�� u-�������! #"r"��� #����� �*$ ��r')������sr�� ����8'�����������1

�6�G�=� �r�%�,� Bê ï ô ì ò�� � õ�� ìøï :²òö(� ��ì : ò�� ì � �Kõ���: ìøï :²òö ÷ ñ ÷Lð ô ì òñ�¡ô õ ï ñ�:²ò ë ø>ôDùeö î Þ Å-ë,ÞFì_ì î yë ñ ì ô �£¢ öÔôKõ�¤ ï � ô ñ��I¡AõÔò��Kñ9¥ ë ñ§¦�ôu¥ î Þ ÅÈê�ì¾ê�� î êì �$õÊòòñ�� ï :£�Ôñ ï :¨� �I©ñ1öÊô õ�¤ ïI� ; ì � ï õÊô ë X ø=¦Vª î ì¾Å-Û`«�y_ì�ì îÞ õi� ï ñ$õÊö �£¢ ��: ò ë õi� ï ñ$õÄ:²ò�ó�©c� ï :¨�Êñ�; ì � ï õÔô�¬ ÷ : ÷ ñ�� ì ò îcë [V¦�÷ î ì¾Å)ì_ì`yFë�ëãêÛ öÔõ � öÄ: ÷ ñ ÷vð ô ì òñV¡ô õ ï ñ�: ò ë ¦�óÆg�­ î ì¾Å-ë�ÜFë,Þ î �î ð © ïa¢ ô ì�ï ñ¼ô ñ��I¡)õÊò��Kñ�; ì � ï õÔôM¥ ë ñ§¦Vª®�Cô ñ��I¡)õÊò��Kñ�; ì � ï õÔô§¥ î ëA¯ ô=ªZ¥ î ì¾Å)Ü#«,Þ#y,Þ#�« ô�: ð õ°�Kõ ÷<ì±� ¡ôKõ ï ñ�: ò"úã� ë ôGóBúã� î ëãÅ£y`�FÛ`«,ìFÛ� ó>õ°¡ ì � � ôKõ ÷ ñ ó>ñ � ï ì � :²��õ ÷ ñ$ô ì �Kñ±¬ ïa¢ ôKõi�q:²òñ�Mô ñ �µì�ï ñró³¡�ôKõ ï ñ�:²òµ´ë \ X ø î ëãÅ£yFë�y�Þ î yy ¡)ñ$ô�:¨�$ñ$ò ï ô�:²õ �µì ô ÷<ì�ï ñÁô�: ì�� ¥ ë ó X ö�¥ î ëãÅ£�#«`«ãêuÜ`yê�Ü �I¡ô õ±© ïa¢�ë \]ô õ°�Kõ±¡ � : �µìÔî§� õ ÷ õ � õÊö � ëãŨ«_Û_Û�Ü�y_ì

¶W·�¸��®]��º¹ �W»§��',¼�n^"��� #���(����')������ �� �"����������!������*3'���%�� �� ����A��%s³sr�� ���� �� ���u')��%�� �� ������� ��0���±1�½9�� #������������ #.���*�¾���¿k1

Ù ®Ñ« ±Ö¦ ¼ ºã«­¦ ¸ ±"¤R¥�¦_� Þ Å£�䮩 � ® � ±"§b°Ï« ¶ ¬·¥�° � ±�°K®© °K¶ ¸ � ¼ °·¥�¦�¤�³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°·±�ÀD®© °K�¯¦@ °�´ ¼ °·Á_« ¶ ±®¦�¦�º�°�¥ U Ý ®$? ¸ «­®�°× ¥ � � � ®�« ¬ � ´ ´È¿Ë®¦Ë®�© °M®¥ � « ¶ «­¶ ÁË � ® � Å Ç © « ±|« ±|®�¦ ¼ °M° � ³B°�¬Ä®°·ÂV§ª«­®�©é®© °� � � « � ¸ � ´­« µ °·´ «­© ¦ã¦@Âر�¦_´ ¸ ®«­¦_¶ � ±Ö§b° � ¥�° � ´ ´­¦ð§ª«­¶ Á#®�© °É�¯¦ã¾°�´e®�¦ã¦ä� ¸ ¬�©�¤R¥�°·°� ¦_� ¼ ¿Ë¶ ¦�®

î «

Page 86: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

10

15

20

25

30

BP

HB

PH

PC

AB

PH

BP

HN

AT

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

BP

HB

PH

PC

AP

CA

PC

AB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

PR

ON

AP

BP

HN

AP

BP

HB

PH

NA

PP

CA

PC

AM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

T

ý�þ ÿ��M]��º¹cÀ �������)�� V���§�����������������!�����O���!��� ������� �"��% + ���'xl�n�n�'���%�� �� ��^"��� #����Á)���� �"���-�������"������� �.i��"���� �*�������!��*#���� �*���� �� ��0��1

³B°�¶ � ´ « ±�« ¶ Áج�¦��#³ ´­° � «­®�¿�Å Ç ¦Ë¦�º_°·¥�¬�¦��#°ä®�© « ±·À�§b°M¬ � ¶Í« ¶ ¬·¦_¥�³B¦_¥ � ®°Ï®© °M³¾¥�« ¦�¥�±|¾« ±�¬ ¸ ±�±�°�Âß«­¶±�°�¬·®�« ¦_¶ Þ Å-ÛãÅ-ëãÅÃÂo±�«­¶ Á�º � ´ ¸ °·±¯¦,¤ K L9 â ܮĭê � ¶ ÂÃÅ â Ü®Ä-ܾê�À�§b°ÊÁ�°·®Ï®© °Ø´ « µ °·´ « ©¾¦ã¦@Âͺ_°·¥�± ¸ ±Æ ³ ´ ¦,®ÒÁ�«­º_°·¶Í«­¶áÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°¯Þ Å­ê�ëãÅ6ÇÍ°¯±�°·°#¤R¥�¦_� ®© «­±Ò³¾´ ¦�®Ñ®© � ®|¥ � ®©¾°�¥Ñ®© � ¶á¤ � ´ ´ � § � ¿ � ±Ñ®©¾°¶ ¸ � ¼ °�¥�¦�¤>³¾¥�¦@¬�°�±�±�°·±»« ¶ ¬·¥�° � ±�°·±�À¹®© °o´ « µ °�´­« © ¦@¦@ÂK¥�°�� � «­¶ ±[¥�° � ±�¦_¶ �,¼ ´­¿K¬·¦_¶ ±�® � ¶F®uÅ�í�«­Á ¸ ¥�°²Þ Å­êuì³ ¥�¦�ºã«­Â °�± � ¶é° � ³ ´ � ¶ � ®�« ¦_¶O¤R¦_¥Ò®�© « ± ¼ °·© � ºã«­¦ ¸ ¥·Å Ç © « ±Ò« ± � ¾°�¬�¦��#³B¦_±�«È®«­¦_¶á¦,¤²®© °M³¾¥�¦_±�® � ®�°Â � ® � Î ®¦_³ËÛ�Ü_ÜÏÁ_°�¶¾°�±�Ъ« ¶F®¦,Æ â êuܯ³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±�§ª«­®©Ê¶ ¦ä³ � ¥ � �¯°·®�°�¥ª³ ¥�« ¦_¥�±�Å�T�«­º�°�¶Ê®�© � ®ª®©¾°°·±�®«­� � ®°�ÂÓ¦_³ã®« � ¸ � ¶ ¸ � ¼ °�¥Ñ¦�¤b³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±Ã« ±�Þ À>§b°Ï�#«­Á_©F®�° � ³B°�¬·®Ã®©¾°¯�¯¦@ °�´�®�¦Ô±�°·º�°�¥�°�´­¿¦�º_°·¥ U Ý ® � ±"«­¶  °�°·ÂÓ«­®"¾¦ã°·±�ÅQ;�¦�§b°·º_°·¥�ÀD«­¤½§b°K« ¶F®�¥�¦@ ¸ ¬�°|³ ¥�«­¦_¥�±Ö§ª«È®© K LÈ â ܮĭê � ¶¾ÂmÅ â ÜOÄ-Û§b°Ï¦ ¼ ® � « ¶Ë®©¾°K °�¬·¦_�#³B¦_±�«­®«­¦_¶Ë±�°�°�¶O« ¶ËÝ Á ¸ ¥�°K޾ŭêuÞ¾ÅQÇá°K¦ ¼ ±�°�¥�º�°¯®�© � ®"®�© °Ï °�¬·¦_�¯³Ì¦_±�«­®�« ¦_¶«­±Ò¦�º_°·¥ å ¸ ±�®|¤R¦ ¸ ¥Ã³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±·À�§ª«­®©á®© °¯¥�°·� � «­¶ « ¶¾Áʱ�« � °��¯³¾®�¿�Å Ç © «­±|«­±Ò³B¦�®°·¶F®« � ´ ´­¿ � º�°�¥�¿¸ ±�°·¤ ¸ ´�³ ¥�¦_³B°�¥�®�¿ � ±�À½Á_«Èº_°�¶ � ± ¸ «­® ��¼ ´­°¯º � ´ ¸ °#¤R¦_¥Ã®© «­±É³ ¥�« ¦_¥Ñ§�°×¶¾¦Ë´ ¦_¶¾Á_°�¥Ò¶ °�°·Âè®�¦Ë °·¬�« Â¾°¦_¶ � ¶Ú° � � ¬·®Ö¶ ¸ � ¼ °·¥Ö¦�¤�³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°�±�Åk2Ö´­±�¦¯¶ ¦�®�« ¬�°Ñ®© � ®�®�© °Ã °�¬·¦_�#³B¦_±�«­®«­¦_¶Ø« ±ª� ¸ ¬�©Ë¬·´ ° � ¶ °�¥� ± � ¥�°�± ¸ ´­®Ò¦�¤²« ¶¾¬�¦_¥�³Ì¦_¥ � ®«­¶ ÁM®©¾°ä³ ¥�« ¦_¥·Å Ç © « ±Ò± ¸ Á�Á_°�±�®±Ò®�© � ®Ã®© °ÊɱË0Ì�Í�Í�Ì�Î�Ï±Ë ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶é®©¾°³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±Ñ«­¶ËÞ Å£yä« ±� ¸ °|®�¦M¶ ¦_«­±�°|¥ � ®©¾°�¥Ö®�© � ¶Ë«­¶¹®�°�¥�°�±�®�« ¶ Á×± ¸ ¼ U ±�®¥ ¸ ¬·® ¸ ¥�°,År2Ö´­±�¦ À̶ ¦�®°Ò®© � ®®�© °²�#°Ä® � ±�® � ®�« ¬»± � �¯³ ´ °·± � ¥�°»¤ � ´ ´ «­¶ Á � ¬�¥�¦_±�±�®�§b¦Ò³¾¥�¦@¬�°�±�±�°·±�Å Ç © «­±½±�³ ´­«­®�«­±½Â ¸ °»®�¦"®© °²± � �#³¾´ °�±¬·¦_�#«­¶ ÁɤR¥�¦�� ®�§�¦¯±�°·³ � ¥ � ®°Ñ±�¦ ¸ ¥�¬·°�±�Å

î �

Page 87: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï �ðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

−0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Ð!Ñ°Ò ñ Ñ�Ó �¨¢uÔ±Ó Õ ¤MÖ �9ÓI× �g¡ Õ±Ø � ×Ð ñ§¦�ô�¥ Ò−2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

−0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Ð�ÙcÒ X Õ±Ø%Ø%× ��Ö Ú£� × ÖIÚ²�I�I© ×Ô±Ó Õ ¤MÖ ��Û!Ñ �Ö Õ±ÓuÐ X ø=¦Vª Ò−2 −1 0 1 2 3

−0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

Ð � Ò \ Õ ¡ Ñ � �%Ó Õ±Ü:×ÞÝ�×�� Ö Ñ �Ú²� Õ°Ü9×�Ó Ñ � × ¬ Ö ¢iÓ Õ �IÚ Ø%× �Ó ×��²Ñ Ö ×�Ý ¡ ÓIÕ Ö × Ú Ø ´ Ð \ X ø Òý�þ ÿ��b]��º¹®¹ �àß  ��A�������*Ê*#�� ���� g�á')���� �/�@���+â}"��� #���+����')������ �� �"ã���`������������*m'���%�� �� ��6���� ��0���}dåäWæuçkÁ'���`�0�����è%ju�A���%sé �#�ks��� ���� �� ���k����sr')�����kdºêxë(»Ã�� �*,êoÁ�'������0�����ìcju�� �íM��"%����ì#1zî�1Vç8�0 ����Z*��� �-�����#���(��������#�°q� �¾ï�����°qÊ �#�8sQ�²h� ������Á�����'®������ ���*Q¾��r��������(q��� �������������������'��������� � �! #"�-�����#���=�@��%s���`������������*e'���%� �� ��6���� )�0���$�� �*~�0��%������p���'��������� � �! #"ã-�����#���/�@��%sðsr�� ���� �� ���6'����%�� �� ��}���� ��0������sr'®������1

2Ö´È®© ¦ ¸ Á_©Í«È®�ñ�³¾³Ì°iñ�¥�±Ã®©Gñ,®Ò§�°ä¬�ñ�¶òñuº_¦�« Âé¦ ¸ ¥|¬�¥�¦_±�± U ºcñ�´­« ÂGñ,®�« ¦_¶O¦�º_°·¥|®© °ä¶ ¸Oó ¼ °·¥|¦�¤ª³¾¥�¦ U¬�°·±�±�°�±²«­¤Ì§�°�©Gñuº_°Ö®�© °Ö¬·¦_¥�¥�°�¬Ä®»³ ¥�« ¦_¥[³Gñ�¥�ñ ó °·®°·¥�±·À㮩¾« ±�±�®«­´ ´i´­°�ñuº_°·± ¸ ±�§ª«­®©¯®© °�¬�© ¦_«­¬�°Ö¦,¤Æ®© °³ ¥�« ¦_¥Ñ³Gñ�¥�ñ ó °·®°·¥�±·Å Ù ¶Fº�°�±�®�« Á#ñ.®« ¦�¶ ±|±�© ¦�§ ®©Gñ,®Ò®© ° ó °�ñ�¶á³Gñ�¥0ñ ó °Ä®°�¥Ã©Gñ�±Ò¶ °�Á�´ « Á�« ¼ ´­°É°°4Ì°�¬Ä®ñ�¶ Âä¬�ñ�¶ ¼ °Ö±�°·®�ñ.®»±�¦ ó °Ä®© «­¶ Á|«­¶#®©¾°Ö¦_¥� °�¥b¦�¤GܾÅÈê_Å Ç © «­±�´ °iñuº_°�±^ÅFÀ@®© °oºcñ�¥�«@ñ�¶ ¬�°�³Gñ�¥�ñ ó °Ä®°·¥�Å2 ¬·¥�¦_±�±�º�ñ,´ « Âïñ,®«­¦_¶|¦�º_°·¥�Ų¤R¦�¥�®© °»®�¦_³¯Û�Ü_Ü�Á_°�¶ °·±[« ¶|®�© °²³ ¥�¦�±�®�ñ.®°²ÂGñ,®0ñ"¬�ñ�¶ ¼ °²±�°·°�¶Ï« ¶ÉÝ Á ¸ ¥�°Þ ÅÈêðÛãÅWÇá°"¶ ¦,®« ¬·°bñ|³B°�ñ µ ñ.®�Å â ÜOÄ­ê�ÅVÇÍ°�¬�ñ�¶ ¶¾¦�® ¼ °�®¦@¦É¬·¦_¶¾Ýi °·¶F®²« ¶ä®�© « ±b ¸ °Ö®�¦|®©¾°Ö´åñ,¥�Á_°°�¥�¥�¦_¥ ¼ ñ�¥�± ¼ ¸ ®Ö«­®� ¦@°�±"¥�°�ñ�±�¦_¶Gñ ¼ ´È¿Ô± ¸ Á�Á_°�±�®�ñä³B°�ñ µ ±�¦ ó °Ä§ª© °�¥�° ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶OܾÅ)ÜFÛxñ�¶¾Â�ܾÅ-ÛãÅ Ù ®ó ñ�¿áñ�³ ³B°�ñ�¥"®�©Gñ,®Ñ§�°¯©Gñuº_°¯Á#ñ�«­¶ °�ÂÓº_°·¥�¿Ó´­«­®�®�´ °É«­¶ ó ¦�º@« ¶ ÁפR¥�¦ ó ®�© °#¬·¥�¦_±�± U º�ñ,´ « Âïñ,®«­¦_¶Ë¦�º_°·¥³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±"®�¦#®©ïñ,®"¦�º_°·¥�Å ¼ ¸ ®bñ�¥�Á ¸ ñ ¼ ´­¿×®�© « ±�« ±o¶ ¦�®�®© °É¬iñ�±�°Ã¤R¦_¥�®�§b¦×¥�°iñ�±�¦�¶ ±�ÅÖí�« ¥�±�®´È¿_Ài§b°ñ�¥�°| °iñ�´ «­¶ Á¯§ª«È®©&ñ#± ó ñ�´­´G¶ ¸ïó ¼ °·¥Ö¦�¤½±�ñ ó ³ ´ °·±bñ�¶ ÂÊ© °�¶¾¬�° ¼ ¿Ê¥�° ó ¦�º@« ¶ Á#±�¦ ó °Ò±�ñ ó ³ ´ °·±�¤R¦_¥¬�¥�¦_±�± U ºcñ�´­« ÂGñ,®�« ¦_¶<ÀD§b°×¬�¦ ¸ ´ Âá°�ñ�±�« ´­¿ ¼ °ä¥�° ó ¦ðº@«­¶ ÁàñÚ± ¸ ¼ ±�®�ñ�¶F®«@ñ�´�³Ì¦_¥�®«­¦_¶Í¦�¤ª¦�¶ °ä³Gñ,¥�®«­¬ ¸ ´@ñ�¥¬�´@ñ�±�±·ÀƱ ¸ Á_Á_°�±�®«­¶ Á}ñ ¼ «@ñ�±Ö®¦�§9ñ�¥�¾± ¸ ¶  °·¥ U °�±�®�« ó ñ,®«­¶ Áä®�© °É¶ ¸ïó ¼ °�¥"¦,¤[¬�´åñ,±�±�°·±�³ ¥�°·±�°·¶¹®�Å Ç ©¾°ºcñ�¥�«@ñ�¶ ¬·°�³Gñ�¥0ñ ó °Ä®°�¥²¦�¶Ø®�© °Ñ¦�®© °·¥ª©Gñ�¶ ÂØ« ±�ñ ó °iñ�± ¸ ¥�°Ñ¦�¤e¶ ¦_« ±�°�®©Gñ,®ª±�© ¦ ¸ ´­Â ¼ °Ñ¬�´@ñ�±�±ª« ¶¾Â ° U³B°�¶  °·¶F®3ñ,¶ ÂÊ©¾°�¶ ¬·°Ã±�© ¦ ¸ ´­Â ¼ °�®©¾°Ã±�ñ ó °�¥�°�Á`ñ�¥� ´­°�±�±²¦�¤e§ª©¾°·®©¾°�¥²®© °�¤ ¸ ´­´<ÂGñ.®�ñK±�°Ä®�«­± ¼ °·« ¶ Á¸ ±�°�ÂM¦_¥�¶ ¦�®�Åu2Ö´­±�¦ ÀF®©¾°Ö¶ ¸ïó ¼ °�¥�¦�¤>³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±�³ ¥�°·±�°�¶F®»§ª«­´ ´ ¼ °Ö °·³Ì°·¶  °·¶¹®»¦_¶#®�© °Ö³Gñ,¥�®«­¬ ¸ ´@ñ�¥

î y

Page 88: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

0 5 10 15 20 25−1100

−1000

−900

−800

−700

−600

−500

−400

ý�þ ÿ���]��å¹`ô �Qõ8����*`_a�%� �����.����������c�`*&d@f)_g�ih`�!��j9-������)�^ �#�Qö÷�@���� �#�Q ���'ãl�n�n$"��� #������ 6 �#��')��%�� �� ��*��� ������ 8q��� �+')������s��� �����'����������u���u"%��-��� x�� ������0 ���% �ì#1zl�1zèxd@���*®jV�� )*�q��� �#�%� ^d@¾®��#�°j�1ÂGñ.®�ñÓ±�°·®Sñ�¶ ÂV¬�¦ ¸ ´ Âèº�ñ,¥�¿ßÁ_¥�°�ñ,®�´­¿ß¾°�³B°�¶  «­¶ ÁO¦_¶V®�© °Ô± ¸ ¼@å °·¬·®×¦,¤�®�© °Ê«­¶Fº_°�±�®«­Á#ñ,®«­¦_¶ÆÅÃø"¶®�© °Ê¦,®© °·¥¯©ïñ�¶ ÂÆÀ�®© °Ø¶ ¦_«­±�°Ô³ ¥�°·±�°·¶¹®ä« ±$ñÓ¥�°·± ¸ ´È®#¦,¤Ö®©¾°Ø°�ùã³Ì°·¥�« ó °�¶F®0ñ�´²³ ¥�¦@¬�°·Â ¸ ¥�°&ñ�¶¾ÂV§b°ó ñu¿×°±ùã³B°�¬·®o®©¾°Ã¦�³¾®« óɸïó º�ñ,´ ¸ °Ñ¦�¤VÅÑ®�¦¯ºcñ�¥�¿äº_°·¥�¿Ø´ «È®�®�´ °bñ,¬�¥�¦�±�±ªÂGñ,®0ñϱ�°·®�±�Å Ù ¶  °�°·ÂÆÀ�« ¶×®©¾°¤R¦_´­´ ¦�§ª« ¶¾Áɱ�°·¬·®«­¦_¶ ±·À §�°Ã±�©Gñ,´ ´Æ±�°�°Ñ®©Gñ,®²®�© « ±ª«­±»®© °Ñ¬�ñ,±�°�Åí�«­¶Gñ�´­´­¿_À»§b°�©Gñuº_° ¸ ±�°� ´ « µ °·´ « ©¾¦ã¦@ÂÃñ,±×¦ ¸ ¥ ó °�ñ�± ¸ ¥�°�¦,¤ ó ¦@ °�´�³Ì°·¥�¤R¦_¥ ó ñ�¶¾¬�°�ŵø"¶ °�«­±�± ¸ °®�©Gñ,®|§b°ä©ïñ�º�°M¶ ¦�®Ã¿_°Ä®É°�ù¾³¾´ ¦_¥�°�Âé«­±Ò© ¦�§  ¦Ê®© °·±�°ä´­« µ °�´ «­© ¦@¦ãÂ�ºcñ�´ ¸ °�±Ã¬�¦ ó ³Gñ�¥�°¯§ª«È®©á®�© ¦_±�°¤R¦_¥Ã «!4<°·¥�°�¶F® Î ³B¦_±�±�« ¼ ´È¿�±�« ó ³¾´ °�¥Ð ó ¦@ °·´ ±�Å Ç © ° ó ¦_±�®Ã¦ ¼ º@« ¦ ¸ ± ó ¦@ °�´�®�¦Ú¬�¦ ó ³Gñ,¥�°Ï§ª«­®©O« ±ñ˱�®�ñ�¶ Âïñ�¥�ÂúT�ñ ¸ ±�±�«åñ�¶ ó «!ù@® ¸ ¥�°,Å Ç ©¾° ó ñ�«­¶Í «!4<°·¥�°�¶¾¬�° ¼ °·®�§b°�°�¶Ã<=5�>ûñ�¶¾Â鮩 °oT�ñ ¸ ±�±�«åñ,¶ó «!ù@® ¸ ¥�°Ã« ±ª®© °Ã¥�°·³Ì°iñ,®°·Â�±0ñ ó ³ ´ «­¶ ÁK¤R¦_¥o°�ñ�¬�©Ú¤R°iñ,® ¸ ¥�°Ã« ¶à<=5�>üñ�´­´ ¦�§ª« ¶¾Á ó|¸ ´­®�« ³ ´­°�³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°·±®�¦#«­¶¹®�°�¥�ñ�¬·®o®¦¯³ ¥�¦@ ¸ ¬·°Ò¦�¶ °Ñ±0ñ ó ³ ´ °,Å9> ¸ °Ã®�¦¯®�© °Ò´@ñ�¥�Á�°�¶ ¸Oó ¼ °·¥�¦,¤e¤R°iñ,® ¸ ¥�°�±�« ¶Fº_¦_´Èº_°·ÂÆÀ�«­®ª« ±¬·¦ ó ³ ¸ ®�ñ,®�« ¦_¶ïñ�´ ´È¿�« ¶¾¤R°iñ�±�« ¼ ´ °[®¦ ¸ ±�°^ñ�T�ñ ¸ ±�±�«åñ,¶ ó «�ù@® ¸ ¥�°b§ª«­®�©|¤ ¸ ´­´ã¬·¦ðºcñ�¥�«åñ�¶¾¬�° ó ñ,®¥�« ¬·°�±�Å=Çá°±�©Gñ�´ ´e¬�¦_¶¾±�®¥�ñ�« ¶Ê®© ° ó ñ,®�¥�« ¬·°�±o®¦ ¼ °É «@ñ�Á_¦_¶Gñ,´ Î °i? ¸ «Èº�ñ,´ °�¶F®"®�¦}T�ñ ¸ ±�±�«åñ�¶¾±rñ�´ «­Á_¶ °·Âʧª«­®�©Ú®©¾°¬·¦ã¦_¥� « ¶ïñ,®°�ñ�ùã« ±ÐÄÅ Ç © «­±:ý3ñ,«­º_°Öç:ñu¿_°·±kTQñ ¸ ±�±�«@ñ�¶ ó «!ù@® ¸ ¥�°o« ±b« Â °·¶¹®�« ¬iñ�´i®¦|®�© ° ó ¦ã¾°�´B °�¥�«­º_°·Â«­¶áñ�³ ³B°�¶ ¾«!ùËçÖÅ�í�«­Á ¸ ¥�°ÃÞ ÅÈê î ±�© ¦�§ª±"®© °É´­« µ °�´ «­© ¦@¦ãÂÔ¤R¦_¥�®�© °Ò®�¦_³OÛ�Ü_Ü#³ ¥�¦_±�®�ñ,®�°|Á_°·¶ °�± ¸ ±�« ¶¾Áó ñ�ùã« óɸOó ´ « µ °·´ « ©¾¦ã¦@ Π«�Å °�ÅG¶ ¦�³¾¥�« ¦�¥�±�Ð̤R¦�¥=<(5�>úñ�¶ Â/ý3ñ�«Èº_°�ç:ñu¿_°·±�ÅWÇá°[±�°�°[®©ïñ,®(ý3ñ�«Èº_° U ç:ñu¿_°·±¼ °�Á_«­¶ ±�¦�º_°·¥ U Ý ®�®�« ¶ Á"« óxó °�¾«åñ,®�°�´­¿�À,± ¸ Á_Á_°·±�®�« ¶ Á"¦�¶ ´­¿Éë�¬�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥�±½« ¶|®�© °»ÂGñ,®0ñ¾ÅV<=5�>k¥�«­±�°�±Vñ ¼ ¦�º�°

«�Ü

Page 89: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

NA

PN

AP

NA

PN

AT

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

PR

O

ý�þ ÿ���]��º¹cÿ �vö�� ¼�n6'���`�0�����*����0�%sr'ï�%��� ���% &���9'���%�� �� ��,*)�� �`ÁW����� #"6 ���'el�n�nv"��� #����q��� �#�%# ')������s��� �����'�����������1 Åý3ñ,«­º_° U ç:ñu¿�°�±Ò®�¦&ñÔ³B°�ñ µ ñ,®QÆ â Þʳ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�± ¼ °Ä¤R¦_¥�°Ï ¥�¦_³ ³ «­¶ ÁØ®�¦�§:ñ�¥� ±Ñ®© °xý3ñ�«Èº_°#ç:ñu¿_°·±¬ ¸ ¥�º_°�ñ,±:Æ3«­¶ ¬�¥�°�ñ�±�°�±�Å�2�´­®©¾¦ ¸ Á_©ä®�© °� «!4<°·¥�°�¶¾¬�°"«­¶M´ « µ °�´­« © ¦@¦@Â#«­±�¶ ¦�®»© ¸ Á_°�À «È®»«­±�±�«­Á_¶ «ÈÝi¬�ñ�¶F®Î §ª«È®©Ø¥�°·±�³B°�¬·®Ö®¦¯±�®�ñ,¶ ÂGñ�¥�ÂË°�¥�¥�¦_¥Ðkñ�¶¾ÂÊ®©¾°Ò± ¸ Á_Á_°·±�®«­¦_¶Ú¦,¤½¦_¶ ´È¿Ø믬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥�± ¼ ¿oý3ñ,«­º_°|ç:ñu¿_°·±« ± ó «­±�´ °iñ� «­¶ Á ÅQý�¦�®�°É®©Gñ.®�§�°Ï©Gñuº_° ¸ ±�°�ÂO®© ° ó ñ�ùã« óɸOó ´­« µ °·´ «­© ¦ã¦@Âãñ�³ ³ ¥�¦#ñ�¬�©Ó®¦M®¥�ñ�« ¶¾« ¶ Á<=5�> © °·¥�°M®�¦OÁ�«­º_°M®�© °M¤gñ�«­¥�°�±�®K¬�¦ ó ³Gñ,¥�« ±�¦_¶é§ª«­®�© ý3ñ�«Èº_°Ôç:ñu¿_°·±K§ª© « ¬�© « ±�ñ,´ ±�¦Ë®�¥0ñ�«­¶ °� ¼ ¿ó ñ�ùã« óɸïó ´ « µ °·´ « ©¾¦ã¦@ÂÆÅ Ù ®Ã«­±/ñ,´ ±�¦M§b¦_¥�®©Í¶¾¦�®«­¶ ÁM®© °¯¥�°·´åñ,®�«­º�°K±�«��·°�±Ñ¦�¤b®© °Ï°�¥�¥�¦_¥ ¼ ñ,¥�±�ůíi¦_¥ý3ñ,«­º_°�ç:ñu¿�°�±�À�«­®G« ±D³B¦_±�±�« ¼ ´­°�®¦o¬�ñ�´­¬ ¸ ´@ñ,®°½®©¾°�´­« µ °�´ «­© ¦@¦ãÂSÏ����)É�� �Ö§ª© °·¥�°�ñ,±e§ª«­®�©p<=5�> §b° óɸ ±�®®�ñ µ °K±0ñ ó ³ ´­°�±Ö¤R¥�¦ ó ®© °$>"«­¥�«­¬�© ´ °Ä®uÅ Ç © °K°·¥�¥�¦_¥ ¼ ñ�¥�±Ö¤R¦_¥Ö®�© °É®�§b¦ ó °Ä®© ¦@ ±rñ�¥�°É¬�°·¥�®0ñ�« ¶ ´È¿Ú¦,¤®©¾°�±�ñ ó °ª¦_¥� °�¥·Àã± ¸ Á_Á_°·±�®�« ¶ Áî©Gñ,® ó ¦_±�®[ºcñ�¥�«åñ,®�« ¦_¶K«­±b ¸ °o®�¦Ã®�© °�¬·¥�¦_±�± U º�ñ,´ « Âïñ,®«­¦_¶K³ ¥�¦@¬�°·Â ¸ ¥�°ñ�¶ Âãñ�´­´ ¦�§ª« ¶ Á ¸ ±²®¦ ¼ °Ñ¬·¦_¶¾Ýi °·¶F®Ö«­¶Ø¦ ¸ ¥�<=5�> ´ « µ °·´ « ©¾¦ã¦@Âvñ�³ ³¾¥�¦�ùã« ó ñ,®«­¦_¶ ó °·®©¾¦ãÂÆÅ

«ãê

Page 90: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

00.5

1

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

BP

HB

PH

NA

PN

AP

NA

PN

AT

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

PC

AP

CA

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

ME

TM

ET

PR

O

ý�þ ÿ��Z]��º¹�] ��ö�� ¼�nb'���`�0����V*#���0�%sr'ï�%��� ���% Q���§'���%�� �� ��^*��� �`Á������ #"k ���',l�n�n3"��� #���Vq8�� �p')������sb_�� �����'�����������1�� LÈ �~n���¼k�� )*����~n��zl�1

−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5−560

−540

−520

−500

−480

−460

−440

ý�þ ÿ��(]��º¹�� �9õ����!*`_a�%# �����.��������#����*+���9���å� ��0 ���% $�����+d@ �#��-i�������� ��0�k')�������u')������s��� �����ju�@���� ���� ���'l�n�n�"��� #���8�� + �#��')��%�� �� ��k*��� �`1

«_ë

Page 91: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

0 5 10 15 20 25−1100

−1000

−900

−800

−700

−600

−500

−400

ý�þ ÿ��u]��å¹�� �rõ8����*`_a�%# ^����.����!���#����*x�A����sQ�ih`��s3�s ����.��������#����*���ä��üd@����*®j9�� �*v�9����-��0_��V��������d@¾)��#�°j�@����-i�������%��V-�����#�^����öb1

«�ì

Page 92: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷� �"!#�"$ %'&)(+*-,/.0(+1�243

Ç © °¯´ ¸ ¶ ÁÔ¬�ñ�¶ ¬·°�¥ÃÂGñ,®0ñ�±�°Ä®6w ëãê±{[¬�¦_¶ ±�« ±�®±Ã¦�¤^«,ìÔÁ�°�¶ °¯°±ùã³ ¥�°�±�±�« ¦_¶á³ ¥�¦,Ýi´ °·±"¤R¥�¦ ó ¶¾¦_¥ ó ñ�´uñ�¶¾Â® ¸ïó ¦ ¸ ¥Ô±0ñ ó ³ ´ °·±M§ª«­®�©5®�© °O® ¸ïó ¦ ¸ ¥�±Ô´@ñ ¼ °·´ ´­°� ñ�±Ô±�? ¸ ñ ó ¦ ¸ ±�À�´åñ,¥�Á_°�¬·°�´ ´�ÀÖ± ó ñ�´­´"¬�°·´ ´�ñ�¶¾Âñ�¾°�¶ ¦@¬�ñ�¥�¬�«­¶ ¦ ó ñ¾Å ê�Ü U ¤R¦_´ Â謷¥�¦_±�±äºcñ�´ «­ÂGñ,®«­¦_¶é§9ñ�±ä³B°�¥�¤R¦_¥ ó °� ¤R¦_¥Kº�ñ,´ ¸ °·±#¦�¤bÆ ¼ °·®�§b°�°·¶5ëñ�¶¾Â ë�Üʧª«­®�© ñ�¶ Â駪«È®© ¦ ¸ ®É³Gñ,¥0ñ ó °·®�°�¥|³¾¥�« ¦�¥�±+ñ,¶ Â鮩 °ä¥�°�± ¸ ´­®�±�ñ�¥�°ä±�©¾¦ð§ª¶è«­¶ÍÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°MÞ ÅÈê%«ãÅ2�±Ö§ª«­®�©Ê®©¾°É³ ¥�¦�±�®�ñ.®°�ÀB§�°|¶ ¦�®«­¬�°Ñ®©Gñ.®Ö®©¾°|« ¶F®�¥�¦@ ¸ ¬·®�« ¦_¶Ê¦�¤�®�© °|³ ¥�« ¦_¥�±bñuº_¦�« Â ±�¦ðº�°�¥ U Ý ®�®« ¶¾Áñ�¶¾Â߬�ñ ¸ ±�°�±|®�© °M´­« µ °·´ «­© ¦ã¦@Â�®¦Ê³ ´åñ,®�°�ñ ¸ Å Ù ¶³w ëãêi{�®© °Sñ ¸ ®�© ¦_¥�±Ò« Â °·¶F®«­Ý °�Âò«Ê¬·´ ¸ ±�®°·¥�±É«­¶á®©¾°ÂGñ.®�ñ U §ª«­®�©K®© °�ñ�¾°�¶ ¦@¬�ñ�¥�¬�«­¶ ¦ ó ñ"±0ñ ó ³ ´ °·±�¤gñ�´­´ « ¶¾ÁÖ« ¶F®�¦"®© ¥�°�°ª±�°·³Gñ�¥0ñ.®°²¬�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥�±[§ª«È®©Ï±�®�¥�¦_¶¾Á¬·¦_¥�¥�°�´åñ.®« ¦�¶Ë§ª«­®©Ó¬·´ « ¶¾« ¬�ñ,´�¦ ¸ ®�¬�¦ ó °�±·Å¯í�¦�¥Ö®© °·« ¥�¦_¥� °�¥�« ¶ Á Î §ª© « ¬�©Ó§�°Ï§ª« ´­´e¤R¦_´­´ ¦�§�Ð�±�ñ ó ³¾´ °�±ê U ê�y ¼ °�´­¦_¶ ÁÍ®�¦òñ� °�¶¾¦ã¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñᬷ´ ¸ ±�®°·¥Ëê_Ào±0ñ ó ³ ´ °·±×ë�Ü U ë î ¼ °�´­¦_¶ ÁÍ®�¦ ñ� °·¶ ¦@¬�ñ�¥�¬�« ¶¾¦ ó ñ¬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥oë@À¾±0ñ ó ³ ´­°�±ªë�« U ìFëQñ�¥�°�¶¾¦_¥ ó ñ�´�®« ±�± ¸ °Ö±0ñ ó ³ ´ °·±�À ±�ñ ó ³ ´ °·±»ì_ì U ÞFì+ñ�¥�°rñ� °·¶ ¦@¬�ñ�¥�¬�« ¶¾¦ ó ñ¬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥ÏìãÀ�±�ñ ó ³ ´ °·±KÞ_Þ U î Üàñ�¥�°×±�? ¸ ñ ó ¦ ¸ ±K¬�°·´ ´»¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñ�±·À½±0ñ ó ³ ´­°�± î ê U î «àñ�¥�°M± ó ñ�´­´�¬�°·´ ´¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñ�±�ñ�¶¾Âʱ�ñ ó ³¾´ °�± î � U «�ì�ñ,¥�°"¤R¥�¦ ó ´åñ�¥�Á_°"¬·°�´ ´Æ® ¸ïó ¦ ¸ ¥�±·Å

0 5 10 15 20 25−2000

−1900

−1800

−1700

−1600

−1500

−1400

−1300

ý�þ ÿ���]��º¹65 �/õ��%��*#_a�%# k����.����!���#����*àd�7�_g�ih#����j:-���������ö d@f�_g�ih#����j9�@���k ���Q��� #"����� ��0���b*��� ������ �q��� �d@���*®jV�� )*�q��� �#�%� ^d@¾®��#�°j�')������s��� �����'�����������12�±¯«­¶é®© °×³¾¥�°·º@«­¦ ¸ ±K±�°·¬·®�« ¦_¶ÆÀ½®�© °×³ ´åñ.®°�ñ ¸ ¦�¤ª®© °×´­« µ °·´ «­© ¦ã¦@Â᧪©¾°�¶ ¸ ±�«­¶ Á�³ ¥�«­¦_¥�±|± ¸ Á_Á�°�±�®�±®�©Gñ,®�§b°xñ,¥�° ¸ ±�« ¶ Á ó ¦_¥�°|³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°·±Ã®�©Gñ�¶Ó°±ùã«­±�®Ñ« ¶Ë®�© °KÂGñ,®0ñvñ�¶ Âmñ� ¾«­®«­¦_¶Gñ�´G³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±/ñ�¥�°¼ °�«­¶ ÁM´ °Ä¤ ®Ö° ó ³ã®�¿_År7�¥�¦_±�± U ºcñ�´­« ÂGñ,®�« ¶ Á¯¦�º_°·¥�Å|¥�°·± ¸ ´È®±"«­¶ÊÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°ÉÞ ÅÈê��xñ�¶ ÂÚ§b°É¬�ñ,¶Ë±�°·°$ñ#³B°�ñ µ

«,Þ

Page 93: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDûñ,®Ã±�¦ ó °Ä§ª© °�¥�° ¼ °·®�§b°�°�¶èÜãÅ-ìoñ�¶ ÂÍܾŠÛ@Å Ç © « ±Ã¬�¦�¥�¥�°·±�³B¦_¶  ±Ò¥�°iñ�±�¦_¶ïñ ¼ ´­¿Ó¬·´ ¦_±�°�´È¿Ë®¦Ø®© °¯³Ì°iñ µ¤R¦ ¸ ¶¾ÂؤR¦_¥»®�© °Ñ³ ¥�¦�±�®�ñ.®°ÑÂGñ,®0ñÏ«­¶×®© °Ñ³ ¥�°·º@« ¦ ¸ ±o±�°�¬Ä®« ¦�¶ÆÅ

−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5−1480

−1460

−1440

−1420

−1400

−1380

−1360

−1340

−1320

−1300

ý�þ ÿ��M]��º¹98 ��õ8����*`_a�%� �����.����������c�`*/���8�r�å� ��0 ���% +�������@������) #"r*��� �`1Ç © °K¥�°�± ¸ ´­®±�³¾¥�°�±�°�¶F®°·Âá«­¶Ë®© °|³ ¥�°Äºã«­¦ ¸ ±�±�°�¬·®�« ¦_¶Ó± ¸ Á_Á_°·±�®�®©ïñ,®"®©¾° ¸ ±�°K¦�¤[®�© °É³ ¥�« ¦_¥�« ±"¬·°�¥ U®�ñ,« ¶ ´È¿K§�¦_¥�®©F§ª© «­´ °�Å�í�¥�¦ ó ®© °Ö³ ¥�«­¦_¥ Î ¥�°·Â�Ð�¬ ¸ ¥�º�°�« ¶#Ý Á ¸ ¥�°ÖÞ Å­ê�«ãÀ®Æ â ê�ÜÒ±�°�° ó ±»¥�°�ñ�±�¦_¶Gñ ¼ ´­°�ÅÂ�±�« ¶ Á�®© °9ñ�´ Á_¦�¥�«­®�© ó ®�¦" °�¬·¦ ó ³Ì¦_±�°�®©¾°»ÂGñ,®0ñÖ« ¶F®¦Òê�ÜÖ³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±�§b°»¦ ¼ ±�°�¥�º_°»®�© °»¶ ¦_¥ ó ñ,´ « ±�°�Â: � ºcñ�´ ¸ °·±b±�°�°·¶M« ¶¯ÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°�Þ ÅÈê�y¾Å Ç © °Ö±�ñ ó ³¾´ °�±8ñ�¥�°�«­¶#®©¾°�¦_¥� °�¥b« ¶Ï§ª© « ¬�©#®© °Ä¿Sñ,¥�°o³ ¥�°·±�°�¶F®�°�« ¶×®�© °Ñ¦_¥�«­Á_« ¶Gñ,´Ì³Gñ,³Ì°·¥pw ëãê±{�Åí�«­¥�±�®�§b°�¦ ¼ ±�°·¥�º�°"®©Gñ,®�®© °"¬·´ ¸ ±�®°·¥�« ¶¾Á ¼ ¿ä °·¶  ¥�¦_Á_¥0ñ ó «­±:ñ�¬·¬ ¸ ¥�ñ,®°·´­¿#¥�°�³¾¥�¦@ ¸ ¬�°·Â ¼ ¿M´åñ.®°�¶F®³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±b °�¬·¦ ó ³Ì¦_±�«­®�« ¦_¶ÆÅWø"¶ °o¶ ¦�®�ñ ¼ ´ °o «A4Ì°�¥�°�¶ ¬·°�«­±½®©Gñ,®�®©¾°�´@ñ�±�®[®�§b¦É°�¶F®¥�« °·±�¤R¦_¥½®�© °Ö± ó ñ�´­´¬�°·´ ´ã¬�ñ�¥�¬�« ¶¾¦ ó ñ�Á_¥�¦ ¸ ³ « ¶ Ábñ�¥�°»³¾´åñ�¬·°�Âɧª«­®�©É®© °:ñ� °�¶¾¦ã¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñÖ¬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥½ë ¼ ¿|´åñ,®�°�¶F®½³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±Â °·¬�¦ ó ³Ì¦�±�«­®�« ¦_¶×§ª«È®©Ú©¾« Á_©Øº�ñ,´ ¸ °·±�¦�¤�³ ¥�¦ ¼ ñ ¼ « ´­«­®�¿ Î ¬�´­¦_±�°Ñ®¦#¦_¶ °uÐÄÅoíi¦_¥o®�© °Ã¦_¥�«­Á_« ¶Gñ,´Æ¬�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥ U« ¶¾Á ¼ ¿¯Â °�¶¾Â ¥�¦_Á�¥0ñ ó ®©¾°�±�°o®�§�¦|±0ñ ó ³ ´ °·±9ñ,¥�°ª®�§�¦�ñ, °�¶ ¦@¬�ñ,¥�¬�«­¶ ¦ ó ñ�±[« ¶Gñ,¬�¬ ¸ ¥0ñ,®�°�´­¿Ï³¾´åñ�¬·°� ¼ ¿®©¾°Ã¾°�¶  ¥�¦_Á_¥�ñ ó « ¶oñK¬�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥²§ª«­®�©Ô± ó ñ�´ ´Æ¬·°�´­´Æ¬�ñ�¥�¬�«­¶ ¦ ó ñ�±�Å Ç © «­±²Â «A4Ì°�¥�°�¶ ¬·°Ò«­±»®© °·¥�°Ä¤R¦_¥�°Ñ« ¶¤gñuº_¦ ¸ ¥»¦�¤D´åñ.®°�¶F®�³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±²Â °·¬�¦ ó ³Ì¦�±�«­®�« ¦_¶Sñ�¶ Â׫Ȯ»« ±9ñ�´ ±�¦É« ó ³B¦_¥�®0ñ�¶F® ;�®�© °Ö®�¥�°�ñ.® ó °�¶F®»¥�°�Á_« ó °¤R¦_¥»± ó ñ,´ ´<¬·°�´­´<® ¸ïó ¦ ¸ ¥�±»« ±²Â¾« ±�®�« ¶ ¬Ä®»¤R¥�¦ ó ®©ïñ,®²¤R¦_¥»¶ ¦�¶ U ± ó ñ�´­´Ì¬·°�´­´Æ´ ¸ ¶¾ÁK¬�ñ�¶ ¬·°�¥�± Î «�Å °�Åuñ�¾°�¶ ¦ U¬�ñ,¥�¬�«­¶ ¦ ó ñ�±�À@±�? ¸ ñ ó ¦ ¸ ±�ñ�¶ ÂÔ´åñ�¥�Á_°Ö¬·°�´­´Ì® ¸Oó ¦ ¸ ¥�±�Ð[§ª«­®©6ñɳ ¥�¦_¶¾¦ ¸ ¶ ¬·°�ÂØ« ¶ «È®«åñ,´i± ¸ ±�¬�°�³ã®« ¼ « ´ «È®�¿®¦×¬�©¾° ó ¦�®© °·¥0ñ�³F¿�ÅÉíi¦_¥"´@ñ,®°·¶¹®"³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±Ñ °�¬·¦ ó ³Ì¦_±�«­®�« ¦_¶Ø§�°KÝi¶ Â�®�©Gñ,®"®�© °$ñ� °·¶ ¦ã¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñ

«_Û

Page 94: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷¬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥Ôê׫­±K °�¬·¦ ó ³B¦_±�ñ ¼ ´ °×«­¶F®¦�³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±Øêoñ�¶ ÂVëáñ�¶ Âß®© °×±�? ¸ ñ ó ¦ ¸ ±Ï¬�°·´ ´»¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñ�±ñ�¥�°| °·¬�¦ ó ³B¦_±0ñ ¼ ´ °|«­¶F®¦ä³¾¥�¦@¬�°�±�±�°·±ÃÛxñ�¶  î À ¼ ¦�®©Ê¦�¤½§ª© «­¬�©Ë©Gñuº_°É´­«­®�®´ °Ñ¬·¦ óxó ¦_¶Gñ,´ «­®�¿#§ª«­®�©ñ�¶F¿Ú¦�®© °·¥�® ¸ïó ¦ ¸ ¥�®�¿@³B°�±�« ¶Ê®© °ÉÂïñ,®�ñ�±�°·®�Å Ç © « ±"±�®¥�¦_¶ Á_´È¿Ê± ¸ Á_Á_°·±�®�±"¤ ¸ ¥�®�© °�¥Ö®0ñ�ùã¦_¶ ¦ ó « ¬Ò ° U¬·¦ ó ³B¦_±�«­®«­¦_¶Ë«­¶¹®�¦Ô± ¸ ¼ ®�¿@³B°�±·ÅS;o¦ð§b°·º�°�¥·Àe®©¾« ±�³B¦_±�±�« ¼ «­´ «­®�¿Ê±�©¾¦ ¸ ´ Â ¼ °É®¥�°�ñ,®�°�ÂÓ§ª«­®©Ó¬iñ ¸ ®«­¦_¶<; °·¬�¦ ó ³B¦_±�«È®« ¦�¶Ø«­¶F®¦¯± ¸ ¼ U ³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°�±"¬·¦ ¸ ´ Âãñ�´­±�¦ ó «­¥�¥�¦_¥»®© °Ñ «!4<°·¥�°·¶¹®�±�®0ñ�Á_°·±�¦�¤Vñ¯³ïñ�¥�®�« ¬ ¸ ´åñ�¥± ¸ ¼ ®�¿@³Ì°,ÀB¤R¦�¥²°±ùOñ ó ³ ´ °,ÅÙ ¶Êw ëãê±{<Á_°·¶ °�±�§�°·¥�°�°±ù@®¥�ñ�¬·®�°�Âä¤R¥�¦ ó ®© °�ÂGñ,®0ñë­¶6ñÒ± ¸ ³B°�¥�º@«­±�°�Â6ñ�³ ³ ¥�¦#ñ�¬�©ä®�©Gñ,®� « ±�®«­¶ Á ¸ «­±�© °·Â§b°�´­´ ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶ ®© °Ô «!4<°·¥�°�¶F®,ñ�¾°�¶ ¦@¬�ñ�¥�¬�«­¶ ¦ ó ñÚ¬�´ ¸ ±�®�°�¥�±·Å Çá°×¬�ñ�¶è³B°�¥�¤R¦�¥ ó ®�© °×±0ñ ó °M®0ñ�± µÂ «­¥�°·¬·®´È¿ä¤R¥�¦ ó ®�© °Ñ´åñ,®�°�¶F®ª³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�± ó ¦ã °·´<§ª«­®�© ¦ ¸ ®ª° ó ³¾´ ¦�¿@« ¶ Á µ ¶ ¦�§ª´ °·Â Á_°Ñ¦�¤e¬�´@ñ�±�±²´@ñ ¼ °·´ ±^ñ,±§b°²§ª« ´ ´ã¶ ¦�§I«­´ ´ ¸ ±�®�¥0ñ,®�°�ÅW| ¸ ³ ³B¦_±�°²®�©Gñ,®½§b°�ñ�¥�°²«­¶¹®�°�¥�°�±�®�°�¯« ¶K®©¾°²Â «A4Ì°�¥�°�¶ ¬·° ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶ä³¾¥�¦@¬�°�±�±ê²«­¶ÉÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°»Þ ÅÈê�yrñ�¶ ÂK³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�Þ Î ®© °·±�°oëÖ³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±[©Gñuº�° ¼ °�°·¶Ï¬�© ¦_±�°·¶,ñ�±�®© °Ä¿É¬·¦_¥�¥�°�±�³B¦_¶ ÂK®�¦¬·´ ¸ ±�®°�¥�±²Â °·Ý ¶ °�ÂØ« ¶Êw ëãêi{Mñ�¶ Âש °·¶ ¬�°�§b°�¬�ñ�¶×¬·¦ ó ³Gñ�¥�°�§ª«­®©M®�© °�«­¥»« ¶F®�°�¥�³¾¥�°·®0ñ,®«­¦_¶ U ®© °�±�ñ ó °ó °·®�© ¦ãÂÔ¬·¦ ¸ ´ ÂÔ¦ ¼ º@« ¦ ¸ ±�´È¿ ¼ °Qñ�³ ³ ´­« °�ÂM®�¦,ñ�¶F¿M³Gñ�«­¥»¦�¤e³ ¥�¦@¬�°·±�±�°�±�Å-ÐÄÅ Ç © ° B ±�¬�¦�¥�°Ñ« ¶F®¥�¦ã ¸ ¬�°·Â«­¶Ô®�© °�³ ¥�°·º@« ¦ ¸ ±o±�°�¬Ä®« ¦�¶ØÁ�«­º_°·±kñ ó °�ñ,± ¸ ¥�°�¦�¤e®�© °Ñ «A4Ì°�¥�°�¶ ¬·° ¼ °Ä®�§�°·°�¶Ê®�§b¦¯¶ ¦_¥ ó ñ�´Ì « ±�®¥�« ¼ ¸ U®�« ¦_¶ ±·Å Ç ñ ¼ ´ °ÃÞ Å-믱�©¾¦ð§ª±o®© °Ã®¦_³Ø®°·¶ËÁ_°�¶¾°�±Ö¥�ñ�¶ µ °� ¼ ¿Ô®© °·« ¥o «A4Ì°�¥�°�¶ ¬·°+ñ�¬·¥�¦_±�±Ö³ ¥�¦ã¬·°�±�±�°�±|êñ�¶¾ÂÍÞ Î ñ� °·¶ ¦@¬�ñ�¥�¬�« ¶¾¦ ó ñËêxñ�¶  ñ� °·¶ ¦ã¬iñ�¥�¬·« ¶ ¦ ó ñÔìFÐYÅ6øÖ¤�®�© °�±�°¯®�¦_³OÁ_°�¶ °·±�Àe¶ ¸Oó ¼ °·¥�±¯ê_À�ëñ�¶¾Âéê�ܯ§b°�¥�°É°±ùã³ ´­« ¬·«­®´È¿ ó °�¶F®«­¦_¶ °·ÂÚ« ¶~w)ë@êi{�ñ�± ¼ °�«­¶ Á#±�« Á_¶¾«­Ýi¬iñ�¶F®uÅ Ù ó ³B¦_¥�®�ñ�¶F®´È¿_À�ñ�¶¾Â ¸ ¶ ´­« µ °«­¶ w ëãê°{�ÀB®�© °�±�°Ò¤R°iñ,® ¸ ¥�°�±�©Gñuº_° ¼ °�°·¶Ë°±ù@®�¥0ñ�¬Ä®°�Âʧª«­®©Ê¶ ¦¯³ ¥�«­¦_¥ µ ¶¾¦ð§ª´­°� Á�°|¦�¤�®�© °Ã¬�´åñ,±�± ó ° ó U¼ °�¥�±�© «­³ ± L Åí�«­¶Gñ�´­´­¿_À�ñ�±�§ª«­®�©K®© °²³ ¥�¦_±�®0ñ,®°kñ�¶ïñ�´­¿@±�«­±�À�§b°o±�© ¦ ¸ ´ Â ¸ ±�°²®�© °²© °�´­Â U ¦ ¸ ®½´ « µ °·´ « ©¾¦ã¦@ÂÒ®�¦Ã¬·¦ ó ³Gñ�¥�°®�© °9<=5�> ó °·®�© ¦@Âѧª«È®©/ý3ñ�«Èº_° U ç:ñu¿_°·±�Å�2ÖÁ#ñ�«­¶ÆÀ�§�°[§ª« ´­´ ¸ ±�°�®�© ° ó ñ�ùã« ó|¸ïó ´­« µ °�´ «­© ¦@¦ãÂ ó °·®�© ¦@®�¦Ú®¥�ñ�« ¶ ¼ ¦�®�© ó ¦ã¾°�´ ±Ñ®¦Ú°�¶ ± ¸ ¥�°vñؤgñ�« ¥Ñ¬�¦ ó ³Gñ,¥�« ±�¦_¶ÆÅ Ç © °M¥�°�± ¸ ´­®�±É¬�ñ�¶ ¼ °#±�°�°·¶ß« ¶OÝiÁ ¸ ¥�°Þ Å-ë�ܾÅ�2�±�§ª«­®�©Ë³ ¥�¦_±�®0ñ,®°,ÀB§b°É±�°·°|®©ïñ,®bñ,´­®©¾¦ ¸ Á_©Ô®© °| «A4Ì°�¥�°�¶ ¬·° ¼ °·®�§b°�°�¶Ë®�© °|®�§b¦ ó °·®©¾¦ã ±«­±²± ó ñ�´ ´�Àï<=5�> ®�°�¶  ±ª®¦Ï¦�º_°·¥ U Ý ®o´ °�±�±�? ¸ « ¬ µ ´­¿}ñ,±kÆ «­¶ ¬�¥�°�ñ�±�°�±·Å

= ª Õ°Ó Ñ Ü:Õ±Ó × � Õ±Ü ¡ �¨× Ö × � Ú²�gÖ Ñ�Ø�Ý � Õ±Ü ¡ Ñ±Ó Ú²� Õ°Ø � Ùc× Öa¤ ×�×�Ø Õ Ö �%×�Ó ¡ Ó Õ � × � � × � � ×�×>@?A?AB<CEDFDHGFGFG<I�JLKMNIPO@Q9RASTIVUXWTIPYAZXDF[\B^]

« î

Page 95: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D1

AD

1A

D2

AD

2A

D2

AD

2A

D2

AD

2A

D2

NO

RN

OR

NO

RN

OR

NO

RN

OR

AD

3A

D3

AD

3A

D3

AD

3A

D3

AD

3A

D3

AD

3A

D3

AD

3S

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SQ

US

QU

SM

CS

MC

SM

CS

MC

SM

CS

MC

SM

CLG

CLG

CLG

CLG

CLG

CLG

C

ý�þ ÿ��§]��º¹9_ �W�8����s������!����*)`Na(-i��������(�@���9¼�n�'���`�0����W*#���0�%sr'ï�%��� ���% Q���G �#�:��� �"k���� ��0���u*��� �`1(ë�������0�%���sQ ��0��������'ï�% �*��V ��Q�% #�k���sr'®���^�� �*��������x��°q �0��������'ï�% �*)�V ����% #�k�0�%sr'ï�% #�� c �����b§1

c �^dfe �r�%�$� B¥ ñÌûðø�� Y ��°¥�ghFi ëãÅ-Û,Þ î ë´ û Õ°� ©�Ö × � ѱÓIÓ Ú ×�Ó�Û!Ñ±Ü Ú �¨¢ i�¬ Ü9×�Ü�Ù�×�Ó�j ëãÅÈê��Fë.Þ­ ø Ó Ñ±Ø � Ü:×�Ü�Ù%Ó Ñ�Ø%× ¬�¡ ÓIÕ �aÖ Ñ Ö ×VѱØ�Ý�Ó Õ±Ô°×�Ø Ú Ø�Ý ©c� ×�Ý ôD÷eù ê_Å£�#«ãê î� ø ÓIÕ ¡ � Ú Ø Ú ØrÑ �I� Õ �Ú Ñ Ö ×�Ý ¡ Ó Õ Ö × Ú ØpÐ Ö Ñ �aÖ Ú ØcÒ ê_Å£�#«�Ü îj ª Ó ©��Ö Õ � × � ¥±¬ g�� Ù Ú²�g¡ �%Õ �I¡ ��Ñ Ö Ñ � × ¥ ê_Ũ«`«,ÞFëg ñ�¡�Ú Ý Ú Ý�¢�Ü^Ñ�� � × � ÓI× Ö Õ±Ó ¢ ¡ Ó Õ Ö × Ú ØpÐ ¥�kðï jHl \ Ò ê_Ũ«_Û���yi ó ��Õ �I¡ �%Õ�Û�Ó ©��Ö Õl Ú Ø�Ñ � × ¬i¡ �²Ñ Ö ×��¨× Ö ê_Ũ«�Ü�Þ_Üþ ñÌûðø�� Y ��ïmiLgAi�´±þ Y hhnggh ê_Å î y`y��k û Õ°� ©�Ö × � ѱÓIÓ Ú ×�Ó�Û!Ñ±Ü Ú �¨¢ ´%¬ Ü9×�Ü�Ù�×�Ó ¥ ê_Å î �`y�ì¥oh ó Ó Õ Ö × Ú Ø Ö ¢�Ó Õ �IÚ Ø�×�l Ú Ø�Ñ � × i ê_Å î «`«.Þ

¶W·�¸(��]���ô ��»���'x��� #"b"��� #����Á®���� #.���*�¾��$¿�1

«`«

Page 96: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

0 5 10 15 20 25−2000

−1900

−1800

−1700

−1600

−1500

−1400

−1300

ý�þ ÿ��u]��!ô)À �rõ����!*`_a�%# �����.����!���#����*,�A���ksQ�ih`��s3�sü����.����!���#����*p��ä��üd@����*®j9�� �*v�9����-��0_��V�������+d@¾)��#�°j�A����-i�������%��u-�����#�^���Möb1

«��

Page 97: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû� �"!#�"q %srutwv)x+yztw.í|{~}Gñ����È¿��z�+�A��}��o{­Â��A����Â��\�T�r<<� ó'� ��� ó ñ��Gñ9��ñ9�o�n������2u�~{��iñ����A���n��ñ9�Vw Þ�{�����{��H���n��}���{����o�����(y î�0ñ ó�� �~�A������}���� ó ñ��ïñ�}�� ó ñ��~{���}ïñ�}6���~� ó'� ���f�n���\�n�A� Ù }��\�T{��0���o���T�s�\�T��ñ9�T�\�����o�����o�n�p�0ñ ó�� �~�A��V�o� ó ��{A4����o���åñ9�o����ç U �A�A�~�6�~� ó'� ��� ó ñ Î >r<Dç^7:<GÐ�@�\�T� ó �������A� óxó ��})�V��� ó �9��}���} U ; �f������{�}�����~� ó'� ��� ó ñu{~}$ñ�����{ �\{���}��\�¡{�}T�A���T��{�}��u�Gñ9��ñ+�V�����V�����~{��A�T�åñ��4�~� ó'� ��� ó ñ Î íV<GÐ���H������}�{~�#�~� ó�� ��� U�n���o{��)���n����� ó {@ñ Î 7:<=<GÐ:ñ�}��¢���o���A���A�n�����£� � �A�n� Ù }Øí|{~�������"Þ��-ëãê)���¡�o�T�^�¤�\���¡������� U ���T���~{��9�A��{ U���f�¥�¦��{~�\�Íê�Ü U �V�����§�A�o���o�+¨cñ���{~�Gñ9�o{���}©��{~�o�áñ�}��ª��{ �\�����T� � ��{������u��}¦�\��� � ñ��0ñ ó �n�o�A���A�� ��{�}��Æ â ê�Ü��z���iñ�}«�A�����o� U ¨cñ���{~�Gñ9�o�¬�@¨��A�¡��{!4��n�o�n}��¡¨cñ��~���A�)�����\�T��¨cñ���{åñ�}T�A� � ��{���� � ñ��0ñ ó ��\�A�QÅ���\�T�����A�����~�o�­�9������{~�H�¦�iñ�}§®��¡�o�n�A}¦{�}MÝ����T�o�ÑÞ��-ë_ë¥�

0 5 10 15 20 25−5000

−4800

−4600

−4400

−4200

−4000

−3800

−3600

−3400

−3200

−3000

ý�þ ÿ���]��!ôG¹ ��æW��%���_a-i�����!*��� ���% 6�±-����3 �#�p c�s�¾ï���^�������� ��� c �'���`�0��������kq��� �#�%# ^')����������d@¾)�!#�°j:�� �*q��� �+')����������d@���*Oj�12u�¢��{~�o�¯�o���°����}����o�n�o��� �\�§{�}±�\��� � ���n¨f{����T�¦���A�n�o{���}��u�����A} ñ � ��{����¢{~�§�T�o�A���¡�o���°�A�o���o� U¨cñ���{~�Gñ9�o{���} � �o�f�A�n�������xñ9�A�o���o�+�\�T�¬}�� ó ®��A�)��� � ���¥�n�A�o���A�����f�A�+}��9�¡��{~¨���ñ����·Ý�}��A� � �iñ��²� Ù ��\�n}������o� � �åñX�\��ñ9��ñ�}��$ñ����o���H���f��{~¨��n�uñ ó {�}�{ ó � ó }�� ó ®��A�|��� � �o�f�A�n�o���A���\�+�T�o��� Ù }¬�\��{~�|��ñ9�o����\�T{�� ó {~}�{ ó � ó {~�kñ��o���T}��§�o�A} � �o�f�A�n�o�o�n�A�:2³���n�A� ó'� ���o{~�o{���}©{~}6�\�,Æ â êuÜ � �o�f�A�A���o�n� Î ����{�}���\�T�´¨cñ����T�����8Å��\�ïñ9�+�#ñF¨����\��� ó ñ%ùT{ ó � ó {~}ÚÝ��������|Þ��-ë_ë_Ð���ñ�}µ®��´�o�A�n}«{�}ÊÝ������o�|Þ�� ë,ìT� Ç �T��0ñ ó�� �~�A��ñ��o� � ���A�o�n}6�\�A�«{~}§�o������ñ ó ���������A�3ñ��+w Þ�{N��{~�o�¦��ñ ó�� ���A�Ãê´�o�Úê î �åñ������A� �©�A��}��o{~���+�9�>r<Dç^7:<ª��{~�o�p�0ñ ó�� �~�A��êbñ�}��×ë´�A��}T�o{��¶�\{~}��������£�z��>r<Dç^7:<·�A�n������{~}��A� Î ø�7 Ù <<�ãì+ñ�}��v<<�Bê�ÜFÐ

«�y

Page 98: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

−0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5−3900

−3800

−3700

−3600

−3500

−3400

−3300

−3200

ý�þ ÿ���]��!ô®ô ��õ8�%��*`_a�%# �����.��������#����*p�@�������`sr')�#�%sQ�3*)�� �r-��������z�%Á# �#�^-��������� )�0��'��������V')������sr�� �����1����{~���Òê�Ü+ñ�}��Úê_êrñ����u�\��}T�o{������n� ó {�}Gñ��²�n�A�����0ñ ó�� �~�A�n��|Oñ ó'� ���n�A�Bê%«��\�|Þ�«´�A��}��o{~���#���(>r<Dç^7:<����ñ ó�� ���A�ªÞ#�s�\�#Û`«f�BÛ����o� î ìxñ9}�� î Ûs�o�S«,Ü'�n��}��o{~���­���|®����f�¥�Ôç³ñ�}��§���o���A�­�0ñ ó'� �~�A�A����ñ ó'� ���î Þ¢{~�u�\���,ø�7 Ù <��Bê��A�n�����~{�}��9����ñ ó�� ���$«ãê�{~�rñ©�o{�}T������>r<Dç^7:<��0ñ ó'� �~� � �åñ9�A�A�·{~}·��{~�\�ª�o��{�����n}��A��ñ��|�n�����¶�\�n�+���0®��~�¥�f�Ëç÷ñ�}T�ª���\�T�A�u�o{��o�����A�n�<�0ñ ó�� �~�A�b«_ë U ��Ü6ñ��o�´�V�����~{��A�T�åñ��#� � ó'� ��� ó ñÎ íV<GÐ�²�0ñ ó'� �~�A�k�FÛ��o�Sy_Ûxñ����p7:<=<òñ�}��&y î {��kñ��~��}��Q>r<Dç^7:<¸�0ñ ó'� �~��� Ç ���´���A�n� ó'� ����{~�o{���}ñ����o�A�n�����n���T��{ �\�¬�\�T�#���\�����n�o���o�­��®T�0ñ�{�}T�A�s����{�}���ñ)���n}����o�����0ñ ó whÞc{¹� Ç ����®��o�iñ���{�}��¡� � ���²�\�T�>r<(7:<º��ñ ó'� ���n�#{�}6�\���o�¨��n�0ñ�� � ���¥�n�A�o���A�­�o�������A�¶�\�­�o� ó �)�o��® U ���o�o����\�������²�o� ó ��\��{~}��¬����{��H�§{��®Gñ9�H���A�p� � ®6����{~�o�n���o��{���}'{�}ãw Þ�{¹� Ù �z{~��ñ������)�����¶�\�'���f����{�}���ñX�z��� ó �#�����o���kñ��o�iñ��������A���3<=5�>ñ�}T�ª���A}T���o�����0ñ ó � �T{A4��A�A�oí����­�±ùOñ ó'� ���9����ñ ó'� ���p«ãê Î >r<(7:<eÐ#{��­}��@� � ñ��¶�\� �¢���o��� � �n�µ��{~�o��o��� �9�\���n�8>r<(7:<§�0ñ ó'� ���n��ñ�}��'}����0�\���oíV<¦�0ñ ó'� ���n��ñ��0{~���9ñ��0��{~�\���\�T�­�T�A}�����������ñ ó ��2u�~�o���� ���¥�n�A��� î ñ ��� �iñ��o���\�)®���{�}��u�o������\���n���\����ø�7 Ù �0ñ ó'� �~�A�A���o� ó �n�o��{�}�� ����{��H�s�\�T�����A}T���o�����0ñ ó�gñ�{~���n���\�������í|{~}Gñ��~�~���%ñ9�N��{ �\�¡�\��� � ���n¨f{����T����ùïñ ó�� �~�A�n��{�}�Ý������o��Þ��-ë,Þ­�z���A� ó'� ñ������o���0���A�~�����T�N�~{����n��{~���¥�f��V���p<=5�>w��{~�\�º�\�Gñ9���V���¡�\���6ý3ñ�{ ¨�� U ç:ñF���n� ó �f���n�¹�v2u��{�}º�o��� � �o�n¨f{~��������ùOñ ó�� ���A�n�|�z���o�n��o�Gñ9�^<=5�>»���f�A��}T�����@¨��n� U Ý���ñ��:?���{~�H���~�xñ�}��©���������n���\��ñ´���o�iñ9�\�n��}�� ó ®��A���9� � �o�f�A�n�o���A�#�\�Gñ9}�o���s}Gñ�{ ¨�� U ç:ñF���n� ó �f���A�E� Ù ��ñ��~�o����{ ¨��n�rñ���{������A� ó ñ�ù¥{ ó � ó ¨cñ������9�<�o�T�����A�¶�\{~}��©{~�u{��u®��n���\�n�����{~�o�A�¢�\�s�\��{~� � ñ����o{��n���åñ��z�Gñ9�0ñT�

�_Ü

Page 99: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ïþðï#ñBòeóÌ

ñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷G

ø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûð

üGú�øDû

0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51 0

0.51

OCIOCIDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLTonsTonsSUDHDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLTonsDLCLLympDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLDLCLBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooBlooCordBlooThymThymOCIWSU1JurkU937OCIOCISUDHDLCLFLFLFLFLFLFLFLFLFLBlooBlooBlooCordCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLCLLDLCL

ýbþ­ÿ���]��!

ô�ÿ ��ö¼�

¼�nr'������0��

���*#���0�%sr'ï

�%��� ���% +

���M���`sr')

�#�%sQ�3*)��

�`1

05

1015

2025

−500

0

−480

0

−460

0

−440

0

−420

0

−400

0

−380

0

−360

0

−340

0

ý�þ ÿ���]�

�!ô#]�oõ�

���!*`_a�%# Q

����.��������#��

��*&���Q�}

�@� )�0 ���%

á���^ö

�@���/s��ih#

��s3�s��

��.������!�#�c�`

*ª��ä��

�� �*á �#�

�����-��0_��V

�±�����^½^

��������� �

sQ�²h� ����

1

�¾ê

Page 100: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷� �"!#�V� ½º24.�¾f¿À,/2NÁ�Á©,/r­14ÁÂ2

à ���ÔÝ����������iñ������Gñ9�0ñ°���n�����§�o�ïñ������T�o�§{��¬�\�T�¢����ñ��¶�p�n�A�~�#�n�f�A�~�§�ïñ9��ñ·�o��p�9�r| � �A�~� ó ñ�}¸��ñ��3wz«ãê°{E� à �T�6ñ�{ ó �����\�T{������\�T�T�«�:ñ��´�\�µ{~}6¨��A�¶�\{~�#ñ9�\�'����{��H�º����ñ9���¬���A}��n�¬�o���@�z�A� � �A��{��f��{����ù � �o�A���o{~��}p�H�Gñ9}����A��������{�}��+�o�����A�n������¥�n���9��Ħ{��n�o�#ñ����0ñF�f�����n�o�­���o�n���o�Gñ9�0�A�@¨��A�o�n���o���#��������������\���¡���iñ����u���A}T� ó � U �o� ó � î ë�Ü_Üs���n}��A�n��ý ���o���o�Gñ9���V���#�\�T{����Gñ9�0ñ��o��F�²���/ñ��o� � �A���V��� ó {�}���o���¡���A�n� ó�� ����{~�\{~��}©{�}¢���n}��¡� � ñ9�A���

í|{~�������½Þ�� ë�Û������@���|���@�/�o�������A�~� U ���¥�4��{��9�A�~{����f�¥� ¨�ñ9�o{��n����{~�\�QÆÅ�V�����\�T� ó ñ�ù¥{ ó � ó �~{����n��{~���¥�f�<=5�>¬�Oý�ñ�{~¨�� U ç:ñF���A�#�n�����¶�\�n�o{�}T�¢ÆIñ��z���A���A��{�®��A�©{�}6ñ ��� �A}���{�ùäç#Ç8ñ�}T���\��� ó �f���A� � ��� � ���o�A�©®6�|¥�n�#ñ��4�n�3ñ���w î «�{E�9Ǻ�´�iñ�}µ���A�¡�\�Gñ9�3<=5�>È��{ ¨��A�­�o{~��}�{ÈÝ���ñ�}6�o�~�©��{~�����n�­�~{��9�A��{~���f�¥�p�o�Gñ�}¦�A{~�o���A����#�o�������o���A�´�£��� ó �n�\�T�¥���n� Ù �s{~�´�z�����o�É}����\{~}��¦�o�Gñ9�¬�o�����n�o����� U ¨cñ��~{��GñX�\{���}º��}¸�o���}|¥�n�#ñ��ó �¥�T�A�����f�A��}����0���´�@¨��n���\���­�0ñ ó �#�0ñ9}����kñ����V�����\�T�­�9�\���n�0�£�z� ó �f���A�~�A����ñ9�H�p���n}��@Ê � �o�f�A�A����n� ó ®�{~}Gñ9�\{~��}©{�}©�o���+|f�A�#ñ�� ó �f���A�<{~�����A���A�o{~®��n�µ®6�}ñ��o{~}������)®T{�}Gñ��¶��¨cñ��o{@ñ�®��~� U {¹�Ë���ªê�{~�N�\�Gñ9����n}��¬®��A�~��}����­�\���o�Gñ9� � �o�f�A�n�o�A�ÆÜp���\�T�A����{~�o�9� à ���n�o�n�V���o���Mñ��o��{���}�{~}��p���A}��n�u�\� � �o�f�A�A���o�n�)�o� U?���{~�o�A��ñ)�o�iñ��o�H���\�T�o�������xñ9���ië^Ì¢�A� ó ®T{�}Gñ9�o{���}T�AÍ6�o� ó ��\��{~}��+�\�GñX�0�0ñ � {~���~�´®��A�A� ó �n��{�}T�V�iñ��o{~®����ñ�� �\���´}f� ó ®��n�+��� � �o�f�A�A���o�n��{~� {~}��A����ñ����A�<� Î�ñ��o{~�����u�T�A����{����o{��n�u�A�������ª®����T�o�A�ª�o�vñ����o{~¨��+ñ9�ñ�}&ñ ��� ����ùT{ ó ñX�\{���}<�����@�z�n¨��n�A���\����¦�n�����~�¦}��9� � ���o��{�®�� �©{ ó'� ���^¨��)�\�����o���~�T�\{~��}ãñ�}��ãñ�� �����H�{ ���9ñ���}�����}��A�n�A�o��ñ����p�\�¬�����u�\�T� ó �\�s{�}T�A�o�iñ��o� �\���+}�� ó ®��n����� � ���¥�n�A�o���A��ñ�®��@¨��ÉêuÜT�[í|{������o�Þ��-ë�Ï©�o���@�����o�Gñ9�¡�V���)�\�T{����Gñ9��ñ9�o�n�´®��n�£�z�A�A}�Ï}ñ�}��Vê�Ü � �o�f�A�n�o�o�n�¬��{ ¨��s�\���'��{~�����A�¶� � �o�A�T{�� U�o{~¨��s�~{��9�A��{~���f�¥�<�"í²��� ó �\���¬�z�A�~� U �H�ïñ��0ñ���\�n�o{��n�A�·®�{~���������§���0�\���¬��ù � �n�o{ ó �A}6�)�z���±ù � �n�n�¡��}T�� ���¥�n�A���'�n���o���A� � ��}T��{�}��·�o�·��ñ��H�������\���©��}��@��}��A�n������f�A��� � �ïñ��o�n�µÆITÏê���|���TÃë¥��ĺ�0ÄàTKê��ñ��s�T�·Ý�}��n�Ð{�}¸�\�T�©���o{~��{�}Gñ9� � ñ � �n�}wz«ãêi{PÇ � ���T��ñª� ó ñ�����}�� ó ®��A�¬�9� Ñ��A�åñ9�o�o{ �Ò�f{�}���Ñ � �o�f�A�n�o�o�n���{~���o{�}����T{��o�T{�}��s®��n�£�z�A�n}¦�\�T�¡�V��������{A4��A���A}6�����f}��H������}�{~�0ñ9�o{���}��­�����A�§{�}©�\���¡��ù � �A��{ ó �A}6�F�

í|{~�������bÞ��-ë î �o���@���|�o���z�o�A} � ���¥�n�A���o�A�|���·Ý�}T�A�s®6�/<(5�>¬�XÓ"�|�iñ�}¬�iñ��o{~�~�¡®����o�n�A}��o�Gñ9� � �o�f�A�n�o�o�n�êkñ�}��¯ì+��� � ���A�o�n}6��Ñ��n�åñ����o{ �Ò�¥{~}���Ñ � �o�f�A�A���o�n���o�Gñ9���H�Gñ9�0ñ���\�A��{�����ñ9� � �Gñu�gñ9�n�\���HÊ9�n���T�o�o{åñX�\{���}´�¶�¥} U�H������}�{~�0ñ9�o{���}Qñ�}��¡�n����ê^Ï#���f}��H�T�o��}�{~�0ñ9�o{���}¡���A� � �A��\{ ¨��A� ���W50���¥�n�A���o�A��ë¥�ðÞ�� î ��ñ�}��/�#�A�����o�A� � ��}���o�§��f�A��{~}�� � ���¥�n�A�o���A�Qñ�}��«�iñ��H�º�iñ�}«®�����}�{@?����n�~� ó ñ �T� �n�ª�\�¢��}��s���0�o��� ó ñ å ���+�A�n�����n�f�A�~�� �ïñ��o�n�z®6�s���n�V�A���A}��n�­�o�)�\����®�{~��������{���ñ9�f{~}T�V��� ó ñ9�o{���}´��{~¨��A}�{�}ãwz«ãêi{NÆV��{�������{~���6�\�A��{�}KÝ����eÞ�� ë î Ç�à ���ÒÝ��Ò�\�¦�A�A�~�4�n�f�A�~� � �Gñ9�o���MTÒëf�²���T{��H�ª{~��¨��A�¶�µ���������u{�}§�±ù � ��}��A}6�o{åñ��~�~�¢�����^��{~}�������ñ9���)�n��� U�o���o�n�A�|{~�¡}����´�o�A�n�@¨��A���A�òñ��/ñ¢��{��¶�\{�}T�n� � �o�f�A�n�o��®��T�´��ñ�}º��ñ���{�� �·®��'��®T�0ñ�{�}T�A�°®��·�o���'��{�}T��ñ��

�Fë

Page 101: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

0 5 10 15 20 25−70

−60

−50

−40

−30

−20

−10

0

ý�þ ÿ��®]��!ôf� �WæW��%��Z-�������*��� ���% k�% 3�������� ��0�����`�0�`�����W*)�� �8�@������ä��Ãd@ ���'���#��-��°j�Á%�8����-����V�������8dås���*�*������#�-��°ju�� �*� �#� Ô���"%���§sr�`*#���=d@¾ï�� � ��%s ��#�-��°j�1�A� ó ®�{�}ïñ9�\{~��}������o���3ñ9� å ñ��A�n}6��|xñ9}��©Ä � �Gñ����A�)ÆV}����z�o���@��}²ÇL� à ���u��� ó ñ�{�}T{�}�� � ���¥�n�A�o���A�+ƹϥ�«¥��yT�)ñ�}T�ØêFÕ6Ç|�o�n� ó �\�¡®������ ó {�}Gñ9�o�A�s®6��}���{~�o��ñ�}T����ù � �A��{ ó �A}6��ñ9�Gñ����o{~�gñ���\�­Æ � ñ����o{��n���åñ����~��{�}� ���¥�n�A�o�Q«�Ç� à ��{~�+� ó'� �Gñ���{����A�u�o�Gñ9�+�o���¬{��T�A}6�\{ÈÝ���ñ9�o{���}¦�����\�T� ó ���¶� � ñ9�o�o{ ó ��}�{����T� }�� ó ®��A����#�@ñ9�\�n}6� � ���¥�n�A�o���A�s{~�+ñ�}¸��ùf�\�o� ó �n�~�°�����n�V�����V��ñ9�o���o���9���\���6<(5�> ñ �T� �o�#ñ9�H�<� à ��{~�´�z�����~�®��)�n¨��n} ó �����+{ ó'� ������ñ9}��z{�}©��ù � �n�o{ ó �A}6�o����{~�\�T���T� � ���n¨f{������#��}��@�����A�T���¡���4�\���)��}T���A���~�f{�}��� ���¥�n�A�o���¶�\�o�T�n�\�T�o���z�����A���¢�o���¢{����n}6�\{­Ý���ñ9�o{���}É���­�\�T�©�o��ñ9���~�/{�}T�V��� ó ñ9�\{ ¨�� � �o�f�A�A���o�n�'�z�����~�}�����®��Qñ�����ñ��¶�}ñ���{�}©�o��� � �o�n�o�A}6�­�\�n��� ��ñ������

í��o� ó ñ¸®�{~��������{���ñ9� � ��{~}������¡¨¥{~�n�Ö{~�©{~� � ñ��¶�\{~�A���@ñ��o� �Ð}����\��������\�6�Å�o�Gñ9�©�o���·�n�f�A�~{�}�� � �o� U�A�n�o���A�s���n�o�¢{��T�A}6�\{ÈÝ��A�¸��{ �\�����¥�$ñ�}6� � ��{����´�o��V�A�o�n}��A���o�ª�\�����o{ ó � U �o�A��{��n�����o�o����\�����©�����\����±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6�F� à ���µ����{���{~}Gñ�� � ��®��~{���ñX�\{���}É���o�n�kí������o{~�A�¬�o�0ñ�}��¶�V��� ó ñ9�o{���}É�\�°����\�A� ó {~}��©�\����±ù � ���A���o{���} � �iñ�����������¥�n��{~��ñ��~�~���±ù � ���A���o�A�¢���n}��A�:ñ�}��v5N��ñ����o��}©�n���o���A�åñX�\{���}���{~�o�p��}��@��}©�A�n����n�f�n��� U �o�n�����åñX�\�A�'���n}��A���\�/ñ��o��{���}'�\��� ó �\���A�A�~�²�n�f�A�~� � �ïñ��o�n�A�0Ó£}��o��� �iñ��o� ����<=5�>¬���\�T� ��ñ ó ���ñ9}�®��vñ��H�T{��n¨��A��®6�¸�o��V�A���A}��n�§�o�ª�\���©���n}�� U � � �A�n{­Ý���¨cñ���{åñ9�o{���}Gñ9� � ñ��0ñ ó �n�o�A��×�Ø � � à ��{~�s{���o�T�^��}§{�}©Ù������o��Þ��-ë`«¥�¥�����A���¡�o���¡�±ù � ���A�o��{���}§���Wñs�A�åñ9�o�o{~��ñ��MTÏê � �ïñ��o� ó ñ��o�9�A�#���n}���Æ��n�f�n��{�}7:<=ý"ë�Ç�{���{�}T���A�n�ª�o� � �o�n�o�A}6�o�A� ó ����� ���\����}���� �¢®6� � ���¥�n�A����ë¥�²����{��H�àñ��A�n���o��{~}����o��Ù��T�oÞT� ë î�A���o�o�n� � ��}������\� � ��ñ��p�±ù � �o�n�o��{���}¦{�}ãTÏê��

�_ì

Page 102: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

í|{~�������oÞT� ë��¡�o�T�^���:ñ ó ���o���A� ó�� �~�±ù���ùOñ ó�� ���­�����o��� � �@���n�������\��{~�8ñ ��� �o�`ñ��H�<� à ��� ��{��¶�\��}�����n}��A�n������{��H�«�A�f�����V���u�\��� ó ñ�{~} � �����\�n{�}·�A� ó�� ��}��n}��+�����H���o� ó ����� ó �n�A�=ñ����¬��}��@��}°�o��®��ó �����'�¶�\�o��}����~�/�±ù � ���A�o���A�Ú{~}Ã| � �Gñ9�o���������A}¼}��n���H���o� ó ����� ó �n��}��A�n�¼�\�«®��oñ��o��� ó ®��~�A�<�Ó£}��T�A�A���¥Ù����eÞ��-ë��)�o���@���z�o�Gñ9�0��ù � �o�A���o{~��}p������}������ � ���A�o�n}6��ñ9�o{~¨�� ��{��¶�\��}T��ÆI;Òê@Ç�{~����� ó {�}GñX�\�A�®6�¡�\���9| � �Gñ��o� U � � �n�A{~Ù�� � ���¥�n�A���V�¬ÆV�A� ó'� ñ�����Ù����GÞ�� ë î Ç��; �@�z�n¨��n�A���o���A���9ñ����9ñ9���o����{���}�{ Ù���ñ9}���n��}6�\�o{~®��T�o{���}���®�� � �o�f�A�n�o���A�#ëàñ�}�� î ÆITÏê}ñ�}T��Ä � �Gñ��o�FÇ+ñ�}��¸�o��� ó �iñ��o�T�o�A�É��ù � �o�n�o�o{~��}� ����Ù��~�¬ÆV�o���~{�����{~}���{�}�Ù�����Þ��-ë��T���~�^�z�A� � ñ�}T�A�ÒÇ��o�T�^���z�A�~��ñ����~�¬�o�Gñ9���\��{~��� � �n�A{ Ù��u��{~���o��}��­�Gñ��8ñó �T�H�¦®����#ñ����n�#�±ù � ���A�o��{���}¦�0ñ�}T���+�\�GñX���±ùf�\�n}��������n���<®��n����}��&| � �ïñ��o�9� à �T{��#{��#}T�����A}6�\{~�o�n�~���}T�±ù � �n�n�o�A�òñ��)�\�T� � ���¥�T���n�o{���}°�����T{����o��}�� � �����\�n{�}��¡�o�T�������°���n��� � ���A�n�A���'�\���'�o� � ��{~��ñ9�o{���}���W>rý�2Û�o�Gñ9�����Ù�}��A�3| � �Gñ������

��Þ

Page 103: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

ý�þ ÿ���]��!ô�� �V»��#�� ��� Q'������0�������(��*#�� c � Ü���*�¾c�)��ä�� ���G �#�8�������� W�0���!�)�0�`������1=»��#���0�`������ �"^'���`�0������������ 6¾ï�������� 6 ��+¾ï�3'O����.`�� #"p�� x �#�b-i�������%���'®���������9���( �#�b�0�����M�0�`�����r���9�)��"%������"%�c ���*x�% S��#¾�')���� �è�Á�ì#Á¥Ý��� �*�Þ�1�»����9�@�%#��*)�àßO������ � ����` ����#��% �� á��� ���% �sr�� �#�`*�������k�! �*������� ���*��� � ���^ ���'�1

�6Ï

Page 104: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

ý�þ ÿ��ï]��!ôT5 �W»��#�u�0h�')��������% r����-������M���ï �#�8½b¼�_g��'ï����� Ü)�u�0�`������ Qæ����:èzâ:ä��§è�l@Ý%æà'ï����.`�=�� Q½b¼�')�������då���±qW����')�� ����ºÁG���%����*6���� ��°j�1�»��#�r*#�� � ���*v���� ��3���9 �#�r�)sµ���� �#�rsr���� v�@���:�������}')����0�����8qW����"%�c ���*¾c�x �#�r-�����#�3���� �#�b"��� #���'O�����ãÜ)�k-��������� ���% ����Z')������sr�� ������@���^�������}'���`�0�����d@ ���'}¾)���^���)��� �j�1�ß �����=������9�� =���� /¾ï�������� � �)�� ( �#�9�����0�% �*�')����0������'���@Ü)���kda½b¼�'®�������°jM���(�� �*#����*�*��%s��� ��� c ��A���� �����"��� #��1

� î

Page 105: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDû

ý�þ ÿ��Z]��!ô�8 ��»��#�9�0h�')��������% p����-������V���§ �#�^������ ��% ��9õ3¼9"��� #�Qd~â:ä��(¼�è^ä�æ�j�'ï����.`�V�� �Ô�'®��������då���±qW���')�� #���aÁO���%�!��*x�!�� #�°j�1:»��#�b*#�� � ���*v���� #�3���8 �#�r��sµ���( �#�bsr���� S�A���^�������6'���`�0����9q�����"%�� ���*6¾��$ �#�-�����#�9���� �#�:"��� #����'ï����� Ü®��-��������� ���% ����O')������sr�� ����u�A���u��������'���`�0����^d@ ���'$¾)���u������� �j�1=ß p �����V��������� u���� �¾ï�^������ � ���� ��r�0�%s�¾)�� )�� ���% +���� �#������0�% �*GÁ���²h` ���� �*+����"%�c �+'���`�0����V'����@Ü)�����V���V��Lå�������*�@���( �����(������ ��% #��1�»��)���=�0�%s�¾)�� ��� ���% Q�0��������'ï�% �*��= ��� �#�:½b¼�Á`êü�� )*�Ôb'®��������'������0�������(��*#�� c � Ü���*¾����§äN�éd�Ü�"%#���^ì#1zè@Ý%j�1

�#«

Page 106: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷� �"!#�"æ ½º24.�¾f¿Úçµ(�èuéÂ3�yz()tw2N(�¿�.0Á©ê#¿�3�24¾¥¾

í����¡�\��{~�¡�±ùOñ ó'� ���������GñF¨������o�n�¸�\�������iñ����s�ïñ9��ñ����n�´���kT�ñ��o�H�º�n�+ñ��¹�Êw ë_ë�{¹�©Ó£}/�o��{��¡�¶�\���T��i>rý�2 ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF�¥�<�z�A���z�T�o�A���\�­���n�o�A� ó {~}����\� ó�� ���0ñ9�#ñ��~�o�A��ñ9�\{~��}��<���¥���iñ��������A}T����ù � �o�n�o�o{~��}�~�n¨��n���­{�}¦�o�A� � ��}��o���\�6ñs¨cñ��o{~�n�£�¢�����A}6¨f{��o��} ó �n}6��ñ��4�H�Gñ�}T���A� �o���H�Êñ��­���iñ9�u�����f�H�����6�¥�T�o�����n}� �A����ù¥{~�����Wñ ó {~}��oñ��A{~�º�¶��ñ��¶¨cñ9�\{~��}<�4�n�o����êFë¹ë©�0ñ ó�� �~�A�)�z�A�o�Sñ�}Gñ�� �f�o�A�°��{~�o�º�������~� U ���A}�� ó �ó {��n�o�#ñ����0ñF�f�A�½í�{���������ë�� ëcy´�o�T�^���z�\�Gñ9���\�T� ��{~�����n��� � �o�A�T{��n�o{~¨�� �~{����n��{~���¥�f�s{�����®T�0ñ�{�}T�A�p�T�o{�}T�

0 5 10 15 20 25−1350

−1300

−1250

−1200

−1150

−1100

−1050

ý�þ ÿ���]��!ôf_ �8æW��%���u-i���!��*��� ���% +�% �������� 8��#�`�.+*��� �r�@�����§äN�éd@���*®jW�� )*$�8����-��­�V�������rd@¾)��#�°j�1®��n�£�z�A�n}Úì@Õ&ñ�}T�íì^Ï � �o�f�A�n�o���A�A�Êí|{~����ëT�-ì�Õ§{��~�����¶�\�0ñX�\�A�+�o��� � �o�f�A�n�o�o�n���V����ÆÖîïì^Ï¥��Ó"���iñ�}®��¡�o�A�n}§�o�Gñ9�#�o��{��#}�� ó ®��A�#�9� � ���¥�n�A���o�A�­{�� � �o��®Gñ9®��~���\�f�s�åñ��������Oñ��#�o�¨��A��ñ��4���N�\��� ó ñ ��� ��ñ���o�©®��¬¨��A���µ}���{~���&ñ�}�� � ñ��¶�\{åñ9���~���o�A�T��}��Gñ�}6��ÆV���Ë��� � �o�f�A�A���o�n��ëT�4Ï¥� î �Mñ�}��Éì�ì^ÇL� à ��{��rñ9�#ñ�{�}��{~�����~{����6�\�­�\���s{ ó�� ���¶��ñ�}��n������®��A{~}��}ñ�®��~���\�©{~���A}6�\{ �Ò�¦�o��� ó ����� � ñ��o��{ ó ��}�{������ }�� ó ®��n�)���� ���¥�n�A���o�A��®6�v<=5�>¬�ï;­�@���¨��A�n�²{~��{~�^ñ��~�o�¬��®6¨f{��������\�ïñ9�#�n¨��A}©��{~�o���\���u�åñ������u}�� ó ®��A�#�9� � �o� U�n�A�o���A�3ñ¬}f� ó ®��n�#���N�\��� ó �A�~��ñ����~����� ó {�}GñX�\�u�n�A�¶��ñ�{~}¢�£� � �A�����N�±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6�F���#���T�~� � �o�f�A�A���ky{~� �¶�\�o��}����~�Ðð�{�}��T���A�n��Ñp���T�o{�}T�'�o���´�n}6�\���§{~}��o���¶��ñ9�o{���}ïñ���� � �Gñ��o�9�#Ó"�u�iñ�}àñ9���o�'®��´���A�A}¦�\�Gñ9��o�����0ñ ó � � �o�f�A�n�o�¡�A��}��o�o{~®��T�\�n�)�o{~��}�{~Ù���ñ�}6�\� �¦�o�©�\���s�@ñ9�\�¬�¶��ñ����A�¡����}�{~�o�o�����A}«���0ñ���¨cñ9�o{���}áñ9��z�����~�ª®����±ù � �n�n�o�A�«®Gñ����A�·��}µ�o���¬®�{~���������©�����o���¬�±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6�F;�|f�0ñ9�\{~��}Gñ��¶� � �Gñ����¬{�� �H�Gñ�� Uñ���\�n�o{����A�§®6�©�\���¡��� � ����\{���}§�9�|���A�o�����o�n�A�­{�}��n������{~}��s}�{ �\�o�����A}<�

�`�

Page 107: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï þðï#ñBòeóÌñBô>õRöÑñÌ÷Gø¾ùGú|ôDñÌûðüGú�øDûÓ£}Ð�gñ��n�A� ó ñ�}6�É�±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6��ñ����A��}��T{~�\{~��}��s{~}Ð�o��{��s�ïñ9��ñ����n�xñ����§®��A�¶�'���A���A�o{~®��n�¼®6� ñ·�A� ó U®�{~}Gñ9�\{~��}«��� � �o�f�A�A���o�n�A�|����{~�����o�¨��n�0ñ�� � �o�f�A�n�o���A���n��}6�\��{�®��T�o�'�o�&ñ¢¨cñ��o{~�n�£�·�����±ù � �A�o{ ó �n}6��ñ���A��}���{~�o{���}T�A�W2 �#ñ�{~}��o��{���{~�0�±ù � �n�n�o�A��®�{~��������{��iñ���� ��;§2u�~���\�����±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6��ñ����o�o�iñ9� ó �A}6�\�0{~}'�o��{�����o���T�p{�}6¨���� ¨��)�¶�\�o�n�o�¶�V�����A��}T��{~�o{���}��n�0Ä&ñ�}6�p�����\���)�¶�\���A�o���A����{��~�§ñ�4��n�n�kñ¬}�� ó ®��A���9�����A}��n�0ñ��� ���¥�n�A�o���A��ÆV�o���H�oñ��z����ñ9��¨cñ9�\{~��}p��� � �����\�n{�}p�T�A}Gñ9�o���0ñX�\{���}²Ç��ø+}p�o���+���o���A�z�Gñ�}����¥�\�T�u{�}6�o�A}�������o�o�n�o����{����8ñc4��A����iñ��H���0ñ ó'� ���p{�}¸¨cñ��o{~������ñ9� � �A�n�o���9� { �\�s®�{~����������� |¥���H�úñ�}Ð��®����A��¨cñ9�o{���}�z�������'}����z®�� �iñ��o{~�~� � ���o��{�®��~�#®Gñ����A����}����0ñ�}��Gñ����p�n�����¶�\�A��{�}����o�n�o��� �\�n�½í������o���A� ó �������Añ����¶�:ñ��{�}©�o���´�iñ�}��n�A�­���\�T��{��n�A���\��� � ����®Gñ�®T{���{~���o{��u��� � ���A���A}6��ñ9�o{���} � �o�@¨f{��T�A�§®��o<=5�>È�n�����~�¦��{~�o�n�n�\� �®��+���o�n���\�¬{~���A}6�o{~�Ò���\���u� � �A�A{ Ù��)���n}��A���o�Gñ9����� ó {�}Gñ9�o�u�iñ��H�©�����\�T�+��{��¶�\{~}��n�z�£� � �A�#�9�4���\���A����o�n� � ��}������

�`y

Page 108: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ùeóBø>ñBô � ï#ú@ùiø>ñÌ÷GøÊóBô=[ X ñÌûðû�\�ñ X [�öÑóM[�ûuõRøÆõI[�÷

1 29 35 45 54 62 69 77 84 89 95 105 112 122 134 144147 160165 1730

0.51

ý�þ ÿ��r]���ÿ®À �e»��#�x-��������� ���% ����9')������sr�� ������p�@���$�µÜ��A ����� #_a'���`�0����¬��äN� ������������ ��� c-`����% �sr�� c ����� �������1�»��#�k �!�.`���% , �#���#����� á��% � ���Z�ih#�����0���������'ï�% �*$ ��/ �#�k�@�%�����°q��� #"��0h`'ï������sr�� c �����0�% �*)�� ���% ���� x����*#���Lòï�#���� :��#�`�.OÁï����¾)�� ��%�ºÁOõ9è�n%è�Á�s��� ���*����% #��ÁT�:»�»^Á��9»�»V_Iè�ÁG*�����s���*���Á)�����¾)�� ��%�²_Iè�Á®�%��sr�� ����� �������ÁM��sQ�� #�,������*ã�� ���-��� ���% GÁM ��� ����"��� &*#��')���� ���% GÁ§*)����`h#���r������@ �Á§� �� ���% �����6')�������Á �� �� ���% �����')�������0_Iè�Á *�¾c��Á s��� )è�Á)�����¾ï�% $���%����0��Á)�0�%��*$� �������Á��0�%��*,�� ������ _Iè�1

y�Õ

Page 109: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ï kðïäú@ó§\ʪO[�ôDöÃüGú@ùiøÆõI[�÷àªï[�ô X ñ<û Yó¦ô\õ ö¼÷ùø ú)û·ü§ý³þ¦ÿ������Aû�� ú)û·ü ���� � ���#��� ,¸ç«ê�� �º.�+3²é¶2��§é¶(�¿T3�y��¡&+1�¿�éÂyz(Ħ{~�A�o�`ñ��o��ñ@�f��ñ��~���@�³���)�\� ó ��ñ������o�s�\�T�'��ù � �o�n�o�o{~��}°���n¨��A�~���9�z�o��������ñ�}����¡���z���A}T�A���o{ ó ���~�0ñ U}��n�����o� �}ñ�}��ãñ��������GñF¨�����{~�o�A�T�o�o�n� � ���n¨f{����T�o�~�����\��{~�#�Gñ��­®��n�A}§�o���@��}µ�o��®��¡¨��n���¢�����n�V���4{�}�A�@ñ��o��{~�Ò�f{�}T�u�\� ó �������uñ�}�� � ���A��{~�n�o{�}��+�n��{~}�{��iñ��¥®��A�ïñ@¨f{~�����A�W; �@�z�n¨��n�A���\���n�o��ñ����#���0ñF��®Gñ9�H�f�0�\��\�T� ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF� ó ��\���f�<���|{������\� ���^�\�����Gñ9��ñ �A���~���A��\{~��} � �o�f�A�A����{���®��9�\���o{ ó �z�n��}��o� ó {~}��bñ�}T��±ù � �A}���{~¨����Q2u�~�o���������µ�\��{~�u�Gñ9�+}����)�¶�\� �T� �n�·{~�\� �±ùf�\�n}��o{ ¨��,ñ�}��·�����A�n�A�¶�V�������o�s{~}ª�o�n�o�iñ��o�H�<�{~���n���o���A}6�\� �©�o�n}����n�o�­{~��{ ó'� ��ñ��n�o{���ñ9�Zñ��kñ���{åñ9��}�����{����o�¥���E��|¥�n�A��}��T�~����ñ��#�z�¡���A���A�o{~®���{�}©�o��{���\�T�A�o{~�A���\�T�}ñ�}Gñ�� �¥��{���ñ9}��Ð{�}6�\�n� � ���n��ñX�\{���}É�����\�����T�0ñ�}��T�'�9� }T��{��¶�¸�Gñ9�0ñ � ��{�}6�\�¬{~���gñ����V��� ó�\��{~¨f{åñ9�¹�

7:��|O; Æ 7�� ó'� ñ���ñ9�\{ ¨��Q�Wù � �o�A���o�n�m|¥�i?����n}��A�p;­�f®��o{~��{���ñ9�\{~��}²Çrwmë�Ï%{4�ïñ�� ®��A�n}µ���¨��n��� � �A�&ñ��3ñ�0ñ � {��'�±ù � ���A�o��{���} � �o��Ù��~{�}��)�o�A�H��}�{A?��������kñ9�\���n���o�Gñ�} ó ��ñ9�o����{�}��¡�\��� �±ù � ���A�o��{���}p��� � ñ��¶�\{~�A� U�åñ9�|���n}��A�n�6�±ù � �o�n�o��{���}'{�� ó �iñ��o�����A����{~�o�A��\� ���V��� ó �\���#�H����� ó ���o� ó �A�n��{��T�A}6�\{ �Ò�¥{~}��+���A��{~��}��|��}�\�T�'�H�T�o� ó ���o� ó �s�\�ïñ9���A�����o�A� � ��}��º�o�§�T{A4��A�o�n}6�\{åñ9�����A}�����ù � �o�A���o{~��}<�S2 ����{ �\� ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF��±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6�\�n�N�z�����i?���{~�o�,ñ§�n��}6�\�����0�0ñ ó'� ���$ñ9�¡�z�A�~��ñ��������)�0ñ ó�� �~������{~}6�\�A���A�¶�+ñ�}T�°�o���A���ñ����s�åñ�®��A�~���A�§��{~�o�·��{A4��A���A}6�¡�T���n�pñ9}��«���f®���{���{~�o�n�«�o�©}���� ó ñ����H���o� ó ����� ó �A�A� à �����0ñ9�o{����9��T���¬{�}6�\�n}��o{ �\{~�A�­{�� �o���A}µ���o�n�Êñ��bñ ó ��ñ9�o������������ù � �o�n�o�o{~��}<�+Ó"��ñ � ñ��¶�\{��n���åñ9�­���A��{~��}µ�ïñ��u��{�� U}�{ Ù���ñ�}6�o�~�·��{~���/��ù � �o�n�o�o{~��}<��{ ��{��¡�åñ�®��A�~���n� N ì��N�o{~��}�{ Ù���ñ�}6�o�~�·�~�^� F ìSñ�}��/�¨��n�����\��{~}��ª�n���o�{����åñ�®��A�~���A��ÕT� à ��� ó �iñ��o�T�o� ó �A}6� � ���¥�n�A���­{~���o{~��}�{ Ù���ñ�}6�o�~�'�gñ����o�A���\�ïñ�}©�\�Gñ9���V��� ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF��Gñ9�0ñ}ñ�}��«�\������{ ó �n}��o{~��}Gñ��~{~�£�¢�����\�����GñX��ñ � �o�f�����n�A�°{��)�o��������� �áñ��gñ��n�o���)��� ì@Õ©���n�o�)�\�Gñ9}���0ñ�}��Gñ9�o� ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF����ù � �n�o{ ó �A}6�o�A�87:��|O;÷ñ������s�Gñ����o����ñ������n�oñ��T¨cñ�}6��ñ����u�\�GñX����}��~�'¨��n���� ó ñ��~�8?��Gñ�}6�o{~�\{~�A�´������ýk2 ñ��o�p�o�i?���{~�o�n�úñ9}��É�o�ª�o�����\�n�H��}�{@?����©{~� � ñ��¶�\{~�A���@ñ��o� �«���o��V�����V���� ó ñ��~���0ñ ó�� �~�A�n�

à ��{~�'�T�A�o�n�o��\�¢�V��� ó ���+�GñX��ñ·{��s��®6¨f{������o� �¸}����'����{~�o�A�Ð�\�·�\���o<=5�>-�V��� ó ���@ñ9�\{~��}/�o�Gñ9�s�z��GñF¨��p���A���A�o{~®��n�¸�\�����¬�gñ��n�&;­�@���¨��A�n�z{~}/���T�´�V���~�z��ù � ñ�}����n��®�����}T�¸��}/�o���������¦�~{����n��{~���¥�f�Æ��°?��Gñ9�\{~��}�ë�� ì���ÇN�z����ñ�}'�o�n���o�Gñ9� �NÆ"!AØ � C D Ø �$# K Ø � Ç|��}�� ��ñ ��� ��ñ9�o�0{�}s��}T���\�A� ó ñ�}������n}��A�­��}�� ��Gñ���ñ�}��±4��n�n����}s�\����� � �Gñ9�o�A���V����{ �\���@��} � ñ��0ñ ó ��\�A����ñ�}��s�\����� � �Gñ9�o���V���&% ��� Ø^�W2u����{ �\{~��} Uñ��~�~���6�o���'% ��� Ø�� � �GñX�\��ÆV�i?��Gñ9�o{���}�ëT�~ì)(�Ç ó ñ����n��}��¬��ù � ��{~�A{~�9ñ����o� ó'� �\{~��}��9ñ�®����T���o���u�V��� ó �9�

yTì

Page 110: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

XZY ù+*Bø ,.- �$/ ú@ùiø ,10Gø2*.-=[ X ,Ìûðû�\�, X [�34*M[�û658795I[�0�NÆ"!AØ � C D Ø �$# K Ø � Ç� à ���n�o�n�V���o�����z�¡��ñ�} � �~��� U {�}vñs}��� � ñ���ñ ó �n�\��{��­�V��� ó ñ�}��¢���A��{~¨���}T�n�ÀÙ®ùT�n�� ��{�}6��{ �\�A��ñ9�\{~��}��n�

à ���Q7:��|O;¤�Gñ9��ñ´{�����{����A�o��\�rñ9}��©�Gñ����\�����A� � ���o��{�®��~�u�¶��ñ9�o�A� U }���� ó ñ��E�6�^¨��A� U �±ù � ���A���o{���}&ñ�}T���}T���A� U �±ù � ���A���o{���}<� à ���n�o�n�V���o�����\��� ó ����� ��®6¨¥{~����� �H����{��n��������{��¶�\�o{~®��T�o{���}¢{���ñ ó �T�~�\{~}�� ó {åñ��ñ��n�o�����z�o���A���­�o���o�n� �¶��ñ9�o�A�A��Ó"�����­���nÙ�}��bñ:(��n��� ó �n}���®�{~}Gñ��¶�s¨��A��\���&;<Ø � �\�����n}����\���\�T� �¶��ñ9�o����<�o�A��{���}=<s��}Sñ��o��ñF�?>�ñ��bw ì # Õ # Õc{�{ ���\�T� ���A��{~��}�{~�0��}����n� U ��ù � �o�n�o�o{~}����=w Õ # ì # Õc{�{ �<{~�0{~�z}T��� ó ñ��ñ�}T�~w Õ # Õ # ìi{��V���#�@¨��A� U �±ù � ���A�o��{�}����\���n}§�z�´�ïñ@¨����o���)�V�����~�@��{�}����V��� ó �V���#����� � ����®Gñ�®�{~��{ �\{��n��NÆ@;<Ø � C A Ø � Ç�î BC EED � ÆE� EØ � ÇGF�HIKJ Æ�ë��L�`«�Ç�����n�o�­���­�GñF¨�� ���o�n�p�\������� � �n�o���A�o{ � ���o�´�T�A}����o� � ñ����o{��A�T�åñ����n��� ó �A}6�o���9��ñ)¨��A��\���n��ø+���z}T�n�� ñ9�0ñ ó �n�o�A�o�n�M� EØ � �o� � �o�n�o�A}6� �\��� � ����®Gñ�®�{~��{ �£�'�o�Gñ9�­�o�n��{���}N<�{��#{~}¢����ñX�\��P0{�} � �o�f�A�n�o��O�������~���@��{�}��&ñ�}Ð{����n}6�\{��iñ�� � �o�f�A�A�T���o���o�ª�\���©�#ñ9���o��{åñ�} <=5�>-�T�A�o�n�o{~®��n� � ���n¨f{������o� �ÚÆV���A�n� ó U� ���o{~}��©�@¨��n�/ñ9�o�0ñF�f��ñ�}��«}��9�)���A}T�A�HÇL�4�����)� � �Gñ9�o�A�+�V���u�o���A��� � ñ��0ñ ó ��\�A����ñ��o�s��®T��ñ�{~}��A�·®6���{!4��n�o�n}��o{åñ9�o{�}��¬�o���)�V�����~�@��{�}��¬��ù � �o�n�o�o{~��}PQ

Ø D � RQ� D � ÌQ � D � % � Ø � �~���9�NÆ8;�Ø � C A Ø � Ç FTSVU BQ EWD � � EØ � F ì6X Æ�ë��L���6Ç

�����n�o�§�\���ã<=ñ����0ñ9}���{åñ9} ó ���~�o{ � �~{��A� S �Gñ��'®��n�A}í{~}6�\�o�f�����n�A���\�/�n}��o�T�o�¦�o�Gñ9���\�T�¦��� óxó ñ U�o{���}��n��}��¶�\�0ñ9{�}6�#�@¨��n���\��� ó ���~�o{�}�� ó {@ñ�� � ����®Gñ�®�{~��{ �\{��n�0{�����ñ9�\{~��Ù��n�<��>+{A4��A���A}6�\{@ñ9�\{~}����o��{�����{~�o����A� � �A�� �o�'� EØ � ñ9}��¢�o� U ñ��o��ñ�}���{~}��s�o�n�o��� �\��{�}©�o���)�V�����~�^��{~}��¬� � �Gñ9�o�

� EØ � î RY� D � % � Ø �[Z EØ �RY� D � % � Ø � Ä Æ�ë��L��y6Çy\�

Page 111: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�]/ k /_^ *§\ʪO[�-�3:` ^ba 795I[�0àªï[�- X ,dc Yà ������}�� �)���\�T�A�N�H�Gñ�}����z{�})�\�T�z� � �Gñ9�o�A��{��4{�}¡�\�����i?��GñX�\{���}��V���e% � Ø � � à �o{~¨f{@ñ���� ���F�\�T{��4®��n�A� ó �A�% � Ø � î �NÆ8;<Ø � C A Ø � ÇT��ù �9f�gih6jLk$l m Ion wm�����qp � {KrÌY�ts D � �4Æ8;<Ø � C A Ø � s ÇT��ù �9f�guh6jLk]l m I�n wm�����ip � s {"r Æ�ë��v(�Õ6Çñ�}��§�o{ ó {~�åñ����~�����\���¡��{~���n��{��T�¥�f�vñ ��� �o��ù¥{ ó ñ9�\{~��}�®��A�A� ó �n�wyx PQ

Ø D � �~��� ìz {Q | D �~} RC� D � ÌQ � D � �NÆ@;<Ø �\� A��Ø � Ç�p |��� Ä Æ�ë��v(Tì^Ç��¨��n�����\��{~}��p�n�����)�o� ó ñ�{~}��#��}��H�Gñ9}����A����|{~�����o�'ë��v(Tì������@���¬���@� �\�����T�A��� U ���T�´��{~���n��{��T�¥�f�·¨�ñ9�o{��n�+ñ��/Æï{~�´{~}��A����ñ����A�¸�V�o� ó �¢�\�¸ì@Õ�V�����o�9�Ò� �o{��o�������0ñ����A� ó ñ'��ñ ó'� ���n�A�:­}���{~���¡�\�����A�T��¨��n�u�V���#�\�T� ó {��n�o�#ñ����0ñF���ïñ9��ñT���z�����'}������®����A�¶¨��+ñ'�o{~}������+�z�A�~� U ���nÙ�}T�A� � ��ñ9�����0ñX�\���n�­�o���´�~{��9�A��{~���f�¥��{~���o��ñ9�o��}Gñ9®��~����ñX�u��}6�o{���Æ îÛë� ���¥�n�A�o���A�rñ9}��µ�\�T�A}µ�o���´®��A��{�}����\�����o� � �o�������A���o{�}��'�\��� ó �f���n�N{~���^¨��A� U Ù����\{�}T�����µÆ îùë

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11−120

−115

−110

−105

−100

−95

−90

�q������]���ÿ�¹b� õq�����`_8���\�&�W�E�)�����W�\�������)�������b��öbÁ����\�� ���s�¾¡���¢�)£9¤�����¥o���������¢£¦�)�q���\�3æVë�Ô`õT��§6��§M¨� ���¥�n�A�o�u���A�n� ó�� ����{~�\{~��}µ�9���\���ª©:�8|¬« �Gñ9��ñ'��ñ�}·®������A�n}°{~}¦Ù������o�¬ëT�L(\�f��Ǻ�¬��ñ�}µ�o�A�´�\�Gñ9��o� ó �§���u�o���µ�n�åñ������¶�\�����n�o���o� � �o�A���A}6��{~}¼�o���¦�ïñ9��ñ°�Gñ��p®��A�n}í��}T�A�@¨��n�o�A�±®��¥���o���µ���A�o�T�~�\�

yM(

Page 112: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

­d® a *.7 ,.- �$/¯^ba 7 ,10e72*.-�° ­ ,1c�c�±�, ­ °�34*9°²c658795K°�00 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

0

0.5

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

0.5

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3�q�����M³���ÿ®ô´� ö¼� ì&¤b����¥o�������\��¥o��µ'¤¶�����E���W�� ·�)£$���\�VæVë|Ô`õ¸��§6��§M¨V¼ ¥o�)�������G¤¶�� ��b�´�G�������W��µk�)����§6��¥o��µ4§��§)µ'¤b�W����Á)è¹�G���1�E¤¶����§6��¥o��µ4§'§) ��$â'�G�/ê?§)���Eº� �§) $��í9��¾��������uõu�W�G���W��¥0���G��µ4§M¨ñ������gñ��¡�V�o� ó �n��}6¨f{�}��n{�}����o­}T�V�����o��}Gñ9�o�A� ���|�T���p�\�§�\��� � �o�n�o�n}����@ñ��H�·����©:��|¡«w�Gñ9��ñ¥��{~��{��{ ó�� ���o��{�®��~�z�o�)�0ñF�¬������\���n������}������\�T{�� � �¥��� � �n���V��� ó ñ9}��A�#{~���������o�¡�o���#�H����{~�A�#��� ó �¥���n�T���¨������ ó �������Gñ9�0ñrñ�}��s�����n} ó ���o���Gñ9��ñ+®��A�n� ó �A��ñF¨cñ�{��@ñ�®�����{~�|��{����f®���ñ�}�{�}6�\�n�o�A�¶�\{~}��)�o�n�o��ñ9�o�H���{~�o�n�n�\{~��}<���u����{~�\�º�\�����#ñ������o{åñ9}¼»�½q¾ ó �f���A�E��{ � ó ñF�°®���®��n}��nÙ��n{åñ��0�\� � �åñ��n� � ��{������´��}�o��� ó �f���A� � ñ��0ñ ó ��\�A���A�¬Ó£}«�\�T{��)��ñ9�o���4��{ ¨��n}°�o�Gñ9�)�\�T� � ñ��0ñ ó �n�o�A����ñ��o� ó �T�~�\{~}�� ó {åñ��~�A���\�T�� ��{��������z�����~��®���¾+{��o{~�H������\�n���u�`ñ�{�}<�6�o���A���u�A}T�Gñ�}��n� ó �A}6�\���\�´�o��� ó �f���A����{~����®�� {~}6�\�A���A�¶�\{�}T��o� � �A�o�����u�����n} ó ���o���Gñ9�0ñ´®��A�n� ó �n�:ñF¨cñ�{��@ñ�®��~��� à ���u�����ñ�{~���0���<�o���­�H�Gñ�}����n���\���\���­� � �Gñ9�o��[¿f�ïñ9�\{~��}����o�[¿f�T{��o�n�§�o��{�}��n��� � ���0ñX�\�)�o�T�H� � ��{�������ñ��o�¡��{ ¨��A}¢{~}ãñ ��� �n}���{�ùo�#�ó¦ô$À�Á � û��ÃÂ�ÿ+þ ¬ �Fû�� ¬Ó£}��\��{~���H�Gñ � �\�n�A���z�¦�GñF¨�� � ���A�o�n}6�\�A� ñ°}��n� �V��ñ ó �n�z���o�¯Æ"»e½&¾¡Ç��V���s�\�T�&ñ�}ïñ��~�f�o{~���9� ó {�Ä�n�o�#ñ����0ñF�Ð�Gñ9�0ñT�òÇ/�¢�GñF¨��&ñ��o�����A�Ð�\�GñX�'�o��{���}��� ó �n�\�T�¥�Ð�@¨��n�o�A� ó �n���\�T�§�~{ ó {~�0ñ9�\{~��}�������¶��ñ�}��ïñ��o�É�n�����¶�\�A��{�}��§�\�n�H��}�{�¿����n��Äu�V���´��ùïñ ó�� �~���|�o���p���A�¶�\�o{~�n�o{���}º���#�Gñ9�0ñ � ��{�}6�\�¡�\�µ�o{�}T������¶�\�o�T�n�\�T�o�A�n���\���'{�}ïñ�®�{��~{~�£�¦�\�§��®fñ��A��\{ ¨��A� �eñ��o���A�o�´�\���'}�� ó ®��A���9���A�~�����o�A����{�}«�\�T�p�Gñ9�0ñ&ñ�}T��o�����@ñ��H�·���z�\�0ñ9}�� � ñ9�o�A}T�n���o­�o{�}T�¦�GñX��ñ����n�\�¡�V�o� ó ¨�ñ9�o{������)�V��� ó �¡�����iñ�}��A�n�+ñ�}T�°�o���'����ñ��¶�ÆGÅ��)É�É�ÆT��Ë�Ì]Çs�#É�Ï�Í2È8ϱË0ϱÎ)É@ÍÊÉ��)ÏoÇu�����GñF¨������ ó ��}����o�0ñ9�o�A�¸���@�¡��{~} ñ9}¸��}���� � �n��¨f{����A� ó ñ�}�}��n�A�Ë ë

Page 113: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�$/ ¥oh / ­ °�0 ­ ^ `+c)5K°�0+c»�½&¾ {~��ñ�®��~���\�©�����A�n�A�o�¶�V����� �·�±ùf�o�0ñ���´®T{����~����{��iñ���� �����A���¨cñ�}6�¡���A}��n��ñ�}�� � ���¥�n�A�o���A�n�Ì»e½&¾ {��}����|�o�n���\��{���\�A�¬�o� ó {��A���#ñ����0ñF���Gñ9��ñ¥� à ��� ó ñ�}�}T�A�|{~}�����{~�H�¬�\���^ñ9�o�o� ó �n� � �o��®ïñ�®�{��~{��¶�\{����V��� ó���n�A��� � ���A�´�V�o� ó �o���p���A���¬�����\�T�p�±ù � ���A���o{���}���ñ��~���@���pñ9}�� � ñ��¶�\{~�A���@ñ��+�V��� ó �o�µ®��p�����A�<���������}��,ñ���{~���o�n�o��� �\�­{�}©�\��ñ��n�0ñ�®��~��� � �GñX�\�A�n� à ��{~��{������ ó ��}��¶�\��ñ9�\�n�¦��{~�o�©�\�������A���A��{ � �o{���}§���uñó �¥���n���o�Gñ9���A�������©®��¡���o�n�§�V���Í©:�iά«ù�ïñ9��ñT�&��{�}Gñ��~�~�����o���A���Qñ��o�)���n¨��n�0ñ����9ñF�¥��{~}�����{��H�¢�\���®Gñ���{��Ì»�½&¾ ó �f���A�|�A�����~�·®��s�n}��Gñ�}T�A�A���,ø)}T� � �����o{~®����s��ù¥�o�A}���{���}«{~�+�\���s���������8ñ ó {!ùf�o���o�����¾+{~�o{��H�T���n� � ��{������´��ñ9�\�T�A���o�Gñ�} ñ�}/{�}���{ ¨f{����Gñ9����}�����¾+���ñ�{~�������#�����H� ñ ó �f���n�9ñ����p��{ ¨��n}{�}mñ �T� �n}���{!ù�¾¬�$�Wù � �A��{ ó �A}6��ñX�\{���}·�o���@�z�A�º�o�Gñ9���o�T�H� ñ ó �f���n�|��{~��}<� �¡��Ï��n�Qñ�}6�·�o�iñ���{ ó Ä� ���^¨�� ó �A}6���@¨��A�+�o���s����{���{~}Gñ�� ó �f���A�E�4« �@�z�n¨��n�A��ñ�� ó ���o�¬�ïñ9��ñ�®��A�n� ó �n��ñF¨�ñ9{��åñ9®�����{~� ó ñF�®��¡�z���¶�\�§�o�n�o���o}T{�}��s�\�T�

Ë Ï

Page 114: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 115: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÑÐ���Ò���Ósü ÔÕ ÖV×ÙØ+Ú ÛÜ×ÙØ+Ý Þ ßàÛ Ú áãâåä ßæØ�çèäé äëê ì ØeíîäïÚ äãÝ ×îÖÔ©ô$À ð.���§üpûòñ·þ¸Â¯���Fû��Ó£}��o�A�n�A}6�p����ñ����A���o���oñ ��� �~{��iñ9�\{~��}É��� ó ñ��H�T{�}��¢���iñ��o}T{�}��Êñ��~������{~�\� ó ���\�V¾rý�� ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF��Gñ9�0ñ+�\� � �n���V��� ó �A�n�����T�åñ����n�åñ����o{ Ù���ñ9�o{���}¬�V���0¨cñ���{����T���\� ó �������£� � �A���ïñ��0®��n�A}p�����@��}��o�´�GñF¨��®����\�Å�¶��ñ9�o{��¶�\{��iñ���ñ�}��Å�n��{�}T{���ñ9�­��{���}T{~Ù��iñ�}��A�9�ó�����p��ùOñ ó�� �����#{~}6¨��A�¶�\{~�#ñ9�\{~��}���{�}6�\�º���A�T��� ó {åñô ��($õE�f� � ó�� �T� ó ñ ô÷öMø õE��®��0ñ9{�}���ñ�}T�A�A� ô Ï ø õE�f�~��}��¡��ñ9}��A�n� ô÷ö õ�ñ�}��'�\�����n�åñ����o{~Ù���ñ9�o{���}���� ó ���~�o{ � �~�� ��{ ó ñ����©�o� ó �����o� ôùö ÕT�<Ï Ë � ø ì[õ��GñF¨��s�o�T�^��}·�T�^�³�n�åñ����o{~Ù���ñ9�o{���}ãñ�}��·�n�����¶�\�A��{�}��Sñ��������o{ �\� ó ��GñF¨��p®��n�A}òñ�®��~�'�o�ª��{~���\{~}�����{~�o�°®���£���n�A}Ð��{�Ï��n�o�A}6�s�n�åñ����o�n��������ñ ó�� ���A�/ñ�}��/�n¨��n}Ð��{����A�@¨��n�� ���n¨f{����T�o�~����}T�f}T�^��}±��{~�o�iñ��o�ª����®T�£� � �A�A�ûú){~¨��A} ñ � ñ����o{��A�T�åñ��?¾rý�� ó {~�A���#ñ��o��ñF�Ð�Gñ9��ñ9�o�n�ñ�}��§�GñF¨f{�}�� � �n���V��� ó �n�§�o��{���{~}�{~�o{åñ����A�@ñ��o��{~Ù��iñ9�\{~��}<��{~��{~���o��ñ9�o��}Gñ9®����¡�\�?¿����A�¶�\{���}µ���@� ó �T�H�{ ó'� ���^¨�� ó �A}6�¡{�} � �A�¶�V��� ó ñ�}��n�s�A���T���«®��s��®T��ñ�{~}��A�«{ � ó �����¬�Gñ9�0ñ©�z�A���SñF¨cñ�{~�åñ�®��~�:Ä���{~¨��n} ñ�A�T�o�o�n}6���\��ñ�{�}�{~}����o����o{~�A���$ñ�}��¬���A}��n�0ñ��~{��0ñX�\{���}��n�o�����²üA�9���@��®�{���ñ �\��ñ�{�}T{�}����o��~ý�s�T�u���z}��A�n��\�§��®T�0ñ�{�}þýüA��Ó£}º�9�\���n���z���o�T�A�|{~�){~�¡�z�����o�º� ó ®Gñ����f{~}��§��} ñ¢�åñ9�o���n�)���\�T�T�°{�}��n������{~}�� ó ���o��0ñ ó�� �~�A�s�\�º{ ó'� �o�@¨��§�n�åñ����o{ Ù���ñ9�o{���} Ì�Ë ó ñ����¢�\�T�¦���A�o�T�~�\�'��®T�0ñ�{�}T�A� ó �����§��{������o�����n� à �T�ñ�®�{~��{ �£�¬�\��ñ9}����z�A�#�����H�oñª¿f�T�A���o{���} � ���o�A}6�\{@ñ���� �s��Ï��A�o�z�\���+��ù � �n�o{ ó �A}6�0ñ���{~���z�f�T���+�0ñF¨f{�}T����{�}®����\�©�\{ ó �bñ�}�� ó ��}T�n��� à ��{~�������o�}ñ�{ ó ���o�,ñ��������A�o���\�T�¡�V�������@��{~}��ª¿����A�¶�\{~��}��ì��������=ñ#��{ ¨��A}�}�� ó ®��A�4���¥�0ñ ó'� �~�A�A�X���@�¸��{���}T{~Ù��iñ�}6�4{����\��� � �A�¶�V��� ó ñ�}��n�����¥�o���0�A�@ñ��o��{~Ù��n��ÿ�¥��Ó"�²�\�T���o�n�o��� �\��ñ������o{~��}�{~Ù���ñ�}6�F����ñ�}¬�z� � �o�n��{�����\�T� � �n���V��� ó ñ�}T�A���9���o�����n�åñ����o{~Ù��A�|�����n}� ���A���A}6�\�n�µ��{~�o�ãñ9����{~�o{���}ïñ�����ñ ó'� ���n��ñ9}��©��{������\��{~� � �n���V��� ó ñ�}T�A�){ ó'� ���^¨��)ÿË��

Page 116: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

­d® a *.7 ,.- j / ,1c�79583 a 79580�� c a 3:* ^ ,�c65��\,_-e,���`�58-e,.34,10e7�c(T�:DZ{ �\�)}��� ñ�� �\�n�o}Gñ9�o{~¨��A�<�\� ó {��n�o�#ñ9�o�0ñF�f�<®��A�n� ó {~}���ñF¨cñ�{��@ñ�®����9�A{~��{~� � �����o{�®T�����\�#�n� ó'� ñ��o��o��� ó ��{~�\� ó {��A���#ñ����0ñF�f���\�'��{����A�@¨��n�#����{��H�§{�� ó ���o�+��'�A{��n}6��ÿ

Ó£}¸�o��{��´�H�Gñ � �o�A�A���z� � ���A�o�n}6�s�\���p�V�������@��{~}��¦}T�^¨��A���z�����ÅÆ � ��®��~{��o�T�A�¸{~} ô Ïfì õÒÇL���|{~�o���o�~�����z����¨��n��� � ñu��{ ó'� ��� ó ��\���f�����~�����)�V���Wñ��o���A���o{�}T�¡�o������{���}�{ Ù���ñ9}��A�z����ñ � ñ��¶�\{~�A���@ñ����n�åñ����o{ Ù���ñ9�o{���}���A�o�T�~�F�?�u}°{�}6¨��A�o��� � �@���n�´�@ñ@� ó �¥���n��{��+�o���A}º�A��}��¶�\�����n�o�A�/�o� ó �f���A���o�����A�o������Ä"�0ñ9�o�,ñ��Qñ�V��}T�n�\{~��}¡���f�\�����\��ñ�{�}T{�}�����ñ ó'� ������{��A�9� à �T{�� ó �f���n����ñ�})�o���A}�®��0�����A�¡�\�­�±ùf�\��ñ � ���åñ9�o�|�\�T�0�o�A�¶��n�o�o���u�V���u�@ñ��o���A�u��ñ ó'� ���´�o{��n�A�n�4½��@���n�¡��ñ��~�A���@ñ9�\{~��}�� ô (�õuñ�����ñp���0ñ�}��Gñ9�o�·�:ñF�µ���0�A�¶�\{ ó ñ9�o{�}����ñ ó�� ���ÊÄ"�o{~�A����� ¿���{���� ó �A}6�\�n�z�T�^�z�n¨��A�n���\���n�o�}ñ������£���°�o�iñ��o��}��¬���6�É�\���� ñ����©}����,ñ ��� ��{��iñ]Ä®��~�µ���n�o�9�å�|{������\� �����o���n�¼�o�n�~����}Å�\�T�àñ����o� ó'� �\{~��}í�o�Gñ9�p�o���ª��ñ ó�� ���A�Sñ��o�µ{�}���� � �n}����n}��o�~�����ñF��}��V��� ó ñ ú�ñ������o{åñ9}É��{��¶�\�o{~®��T�o{���}<� ©����iñ��o� �����o��{��¬{~�s}����$ñ ��� ��{~��ñ�®T���p�T�A�o�9�þÎ¥�n�A��}��T�~����o���n�àñ��������A�o�+�o��� � ����®���� ó �������n�o�A� ó {�}T{�}��'�\���¬�~�n¨��A�����0�n��}TÙ��T�A}��n�'{~}áñ�}·� ó�� {~�o{~��ñ��4�A���o����n���\{ ó ñX�\�������n�o�iñ�������ñ�����{�}6�o�A�o�n���o�A��{�}s���@���\���#�n�o�������0ñX�\� ó ñF�����n�A����ñ����­��{~¨��n} ó ���o���GñX��ñT�

Ó"�­{���{ ó'� ���¶��ñ�}6��}����#�\���n��}T�V�����¡�o��{�����{ �\�©�\�T� � �o��®��~� ó ���N��ñ��~�A���@ñ9�\{~}����\�T���n��}TÙ��T�A}��n�´{~}}ñ� ñ9���\{~�A���@ñ��0�A���o�����0ñ9�o�bñ��z���A���A��{�®��A��{~} ô ($õ§ñ�}�� ô �9ë$õ�����{~�H���A� ó'� �T�o�u®�����}��T�������A�¶�\{ ó ñ9�o�A������o���¬���¨¥{@ñ9�\{~��}µ�9���\���´�\�A�¶�+�n�o�o��� �V�o� ó { �\� �±ù � �n�n�o�A�·¨cñ������/ñ��3ñ��V��}���\{���}ª�����o���¬}�� ó ®��A� �����ñ ó�� ���A�n� à ���n�o�#�GñF¨���ñ������u®��A�A}����o���A�����o����{��n� ó ���o��� � �A�A{ Ù����\� ó {~�A�o�`ñ��o��ñ@�f�N����{��H�$ñ�}ïñ��~�f�o�¨cñ���{åñ9�o{���}����T���­�o���gñ9�n�\���o���\�GñX���iñ�}�®���ñ��������A�o���A��®6�'�±ù � �A��{ ó �A}6��ñ����T�A�o{~��}p����®6�s�o��� �T�o�­������ � �~{���ñX�\{���} ô � (T��( � �]( ø õE��� ���o�T� ô ë\($õ��~�¥���9�A�pñ9�N���@�Ð�o� � ��{��iñ9�\{~��}�ñ�}��´�0ñ ó'� �~����{��n�z�iñ�}�{~}��A����ñ�����o��� � �^�z�A����� �bý3ø�Î+� ó �¥���n���n�¢« �@�z�n¨��n�A��}T��}��+�����\���n�o�)�±ùOñ ó'� �~�A�:ñ9�o� � ñ����o{��A�T�åñ����~�s�����n�V���{~}´����\�n� ó {�}�{~}��#�\�����V�T�o���o� � �n���V��� ó ñ9}��A�0���ïñ­�n�åñ����o{~Ù��A�������A} � �o�n�o�A}6�o�A����{ �\� ó �����0�0ñ ó'� ���n�A�Ǻ�­��{~����{~}6�\�o�f�����n�3ñ ó �n�\�T�¥�s�\�ïñ9�z��{~�����n}Gñ�®��~�������o� � �o�A�T{��n����� � �n}����n}��A�+�9�<���n}��A��ñ���{~�0ñ9�o{���}��}/�0ñ ó'� ���'�o{~�A�Sñ�}��/�o�A�����\��{~� ó �n�o���¥�º��}¸�n{����6�´��{¦Ï��A���A}6�¬�iñ�}��A�n�¬�Gñ9�0ñµ�o��\�¬��� � ���A���A}6�\{~}��ñ��@ñ��o���´� � �A��\�o� ó �����A�@ñ��o��{~Ù��iñ9�\{~��}µ�0ñ��o���A� à ���n�o���0ñ9}������o���¬�V�o� ó �o���s�o�n�åñ9�o{~¨��n�~�§���o�0ñ�{~���6��Ä�V���¶�:ñ9�o�µ�0ñ��o�§������{~�o�n�o{ ó {�}ïñ9�\{~}�����{¦Ï��A���A}6�u�o� ó �����­�£� � �A�u�o�p�\�T� ó ���o�´�H�Gñ����~�A}���{�}�����ñ����¢���� ���A��{~�n�o{�}��s�\�T�����T�\�n� ó �)�9���o�o��ñX� ó �A}6�F�VǺ�¡�o�Gñ��~�<�o�n�)�\�Gñ9�#�o��{��#�T{¦Ï��A�o�n}��A��{�}©�n�åñ����o{ Ù���ñ9�o{���}��{�'�A��� �£����{~���6®������[���n�n�\�n�s{�}��\���z}f� ó ®��n�|���T�\�0ñ9{�}�{~}����0ñ ó'� ���n�|��� ¿���{����A���V�����~�^�¸�A�o�����N�0ñ9�o�A�A�Ó£}Ð�\�����V�������@��{~}��µ���A�n�o{���}����z�©��{���� ó ���\{ ¨�ñX�\�p�����s���iñ��o}�{~}�� ó �¥�T�A�z�V��� ó ñ·�¶��ñ9�o{����o{��iñ�� ó �ÊÄ�H�Gñ9}�{��n� � �n�o� � �A��\{ ¨�����Ó£}©�o�n�n�o{���}�(��z�+��{�����{�}6�o�o�f�����A�u��������{���}�{ Ù���ñ9}��A�u�o�A�¶�#�V�����A���o�����0ñ9�o�A�A�Ó£}��o�n�n�\{~��}�ë«�z� � �o�n�o�A}6���o�n�o��� �\����®T�0ñ�{�}��n�É�V�o� ó �\���¢�A{~���6��®��n}��H� ó ñ��o�É�ïñ9��ñ·�o��\�s����{~�����Ë ø

Page 117: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

j / ��/¯a c)7 a 795"c)795 ­ ae^ 3:, ­d® a 0�5 ­ c¹3~°�795 � a 795K°�0{�}§�o�n�n�o{���}ªÏ��z������������� ó �n�o���¥�T�������9���\�'�A� ó'� ñ������o�����A�åñ9�o�o{ Ù���ñX�\{���} � �A�¶�V��� ó ñ�}��n�´�9� ó {�Ä�A���#ñ����0ñF�f�N��{ �\�¡�\�Gñ9�N���Oñ�}��n�Ð��ù � �A��{ ó �A}6��ñ9���\�A�H�T}�{�¿����&Äd©�� ó�� ñ��0ñ9�o{~¨����Wù � ���A�o���A�?Î¥�[¿����A}��n�«­�f®���{���{~�0ñ9�o{���}°ÆK©�� Ρ«uÇ��Ó£}¢�\���)Ù�}Gñ9���o�A��\{~��}©��� � �o�n�o�n}�� �������n��}��A�~���o{~��}��n�Ô©ô�� � ¬ �'����� ¬ ���6¯�·ÿ ý ÓÌÂNÐ����2�6 ¬ ý³ûÃ�����:�����Aûò�à ��� � �o��®Gñ�®�{~��{~�£�àñ ��� ����ùT{ ó ñX�\�A� �ª�n���o���A�n��ÆK½.��©#Ç)�V��� ó ���@ñ9�\{~��}ª�\�§���iñ��o}T{�}��©�\�T�A���¶�«�A}Gñ�®T���A�®�����}����z�\�¬®��+���n�o{~¨��A�©��}��\���+}�� ó ®��n�����<�o�0ñ�{~}�{�}��´�0ñ ó'� �~�A����� ¿���{~�o�A���o�¬��®T�0ñ�{�}����A}T�A�0ñ9��{���ñ]Ä�\{~��}µ�n�o�����u�~�A�o�­�\�Gñ9}ª�o� ó �+ñ9�o®�{ �\�0ñ9�o{�� ��� ó ñ��~��¨�ñ9�����~üu��{~�o� � ����®Gñ�®�{~��{ �£�©���o�iñ9�\�n� �o�Gñ�}ª��� ó �ñ���®�{~�o�0ñ���{��~���åñ������´¨cñ��~�������:« �@���¨��n�¡�o���A���s®�����}����+�o�A}��·�\�p®���¨��A�¶�·���A}T�A�0ñ9�Vñ�}�����ñ��u�o���n�ñ������T�A�o{ ¨��n�µ{�}ãñs��������� ��ñ����´���A}��������\�A}T�¦�\�'®��¡�gñ9���o�¥� � �A�o��{ ó {��¶�\{�� �\�'®������uñ9}�� � �0ñ���\{��iñ���������q��������ùïñ ó�� �~���f�V�����~�^��{~}���Ħ{~�o�H���A�~� ô Ï�Õ$õE�¥�z�)��ñ�}©���n�o{ ¨��+�\�T�u�V�����~�@��{�}��´®����T}��<�VǺ�u��{�����\�)�T�n�\�n� ó {�}����\��� ó {�}T{ ó � ó }�� ó ®��n�����²�\��ñ�{�}�{~}�� � ñ9�o�o�A�o}T�9�s�\�Gñ9�A����{~�o� � �o��®Gñ�®�{~��{~�£�¡���o��ñX�\�A��\�ïñ�}��f����{ ¨��Qñs���A}T�A�0ñ9��{���ñ9�\{~��}��n�o�o���­�~�A�����o�Gñ�}�üA�uǺ� ó ñ��9�¡�o���)�V�����~�@��{�}���ñ9�o�o� ó�� �o{���}T�� Ǻ�kñ��o�#�\�¶�f{�}��¡�\�¡���iñ��o}xñ)�6� � ���o���A��{������V�o� ó ��� ó �­���n���¦��{~¨��A}'{�}���� � �n}����n}����\��ñ�{�}T{�}����ñ ó�� ���A�#�T�0ñF��}§�V��� ó ��� ó �)�¶��ñ9�o{���}ïñ����p��{��¶�\�o{~®��T�o{���}��¢�

� ø+���#�H����{��A�¡�������iñ��o}T{�}��$ñ��~������{~�\� ó ���Ù�}��n� ��� ó �+Ù�}�{~�o���6� � ���\���n�o{~�­� � ñ��n� �«�� ø+�����~��ñ���}�{�}T��ñ��������o{ �\� ó {����A��}���{��¶�\�A}6�ÍÄ0{ �#{��^ñ9®����u�o�¬Ù��#�\�T�+�\�0ñ9{�}�{~}��¬�Gñ9�0ñ � �n���V�n�n�\� ���

ý �@�¡�u�z�°���nÙ�}T�°�o���·¨��A���o{~��}¤� � ñ��n� ñ��©�o���«�o��®�� � ñ��n�/���pñ����u��� � ���\�T�A�o{~�¦{~}!� �\�ïñ9�oñ��o��A��}��o{~���\�n}6�)��{~�\�¦�\�����o�0ñ�{~}�{�}T�p�Gñ9�0ñT�'�u�~���n��}���{����o�A}6�¡�6� � ���o���A��{��+�o�Gñ9�+�ïñ@¨��s�A���o���+�~�A���u�\�Gñ9}ü ó ���¶�+�~{���{�}���{����¡�\��{~� ¨��A�o��{���}·� � ñ��n��� à ���n�o�n�V���o�������¬�iñ�}·�o�n���0ñ9�\�¬����� � ����®��~� ó ñ��u�o�Gñ9�+�9�Ù�}��T{�}��¬�o���¡}f� ó ®��n�#���4�\��ñ�{�}�{~}��¬��ùïñ ó�� �~�A�#��� ¿���{����A�¢�o�T�H�§�o�Gñ9�#�\�T�A�o��ñ9�o�)}����6� � ���o���A��{���{�}�\�T�z¨��n�o��{���}s� � ñ��A�z��{~�\�´�A���o�������o�iñ9�\�n���\�ïñ�}=üA�+�¼¨��n�o��{���}s� � ñ��A�z�\�Gñ9���A��}��0ñ�{�}T�|}��+�6� � ���\���n�o{~���{~�o�¤�n�o�����¢���o�iñ9�\�n�¢�o�Gñ�}èü§{~�¢�f}T�^��} ñ���ü�Ä£��ùT�ïñ������o�A�<� «3ñ������o�~�A� ô � ö õ � �o�@¨��A�À�o�Gñ9�¢�\���� ����®Gñ�®�{~��{ �£�'�o�Gñ9���\�T�¡¨��A���o{���}¦� � ñ��A��{��#"ZÌX�·ü�Ä£��ùT�ïñ������o�A�¦{��#���n�o�#�\�ïñ�}¦���#� ¿��Gñ��<�o�� � � ��ù �1f F üK�dr%$ ƹϥ� ì^Ç

Ǻ�¦��{��~�#}��@� �o����\�H�Ú�\�T� � ���¥���u���)�\�T{����\���n���o� ó ���V���6ñ ó �����¦�����ñ�{~���n�¼���n�o�n�o{ � �\{���}<���\����o�iñ����n�­{~�#�o��V�A�o���A�¢�\� ô Ï9Õ]õE� ËMË

Page 118: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

­d® a *.7 ,.- j / ,1c�79583 a 79580�� c a 3:* ^ ,�c65��\,_-e,���`�58-e,.34,10e7�cà ����¨��A���o{~��}/� � ñ��A�p{��&"ZÌX�4ü�Ä£��ùT�ïñ������o�A�Ð{~�z�\���n�o��{��/ñ9���~��ñ��¶����}��p�6� � ���\���n�o{~�('/��{~�o�/�A���o���������ñ9�o�A�¬�o�Gñ�}þü¬�\�GñX��{��¬�n��}��o{~���o�A}6�s��{~�o�òñ����e�É�\�0ñ9{�}�{~}��ª�±ùOñ ó'� �~�A�A� à ��� � ����®Gñ�®T{���{ �£�°����ñ�6� � �9�\���n�o{��)'p�o�Gñ9�z�Gñ����n�o�o����������ñ9�o�A�z�o�Gñ�}�üz®��n{�}��¬�n��}���{����o�A}6����{ �\�6ñ´�0ñ�}��T� ó �\�0ñ9{�}�{~}��´��ù�Äñ ó'� �~� {~�:ñ9� ó ���¶�)ÆÂì F üHÇL� à ���A���n�V�����+�\��� � �o��®ïñ�®�{��~{~�£�¬�o�Gñ9�#{ ��{~���n��}��o{~���o�A}6�#��{~�o���©�����o��� ó{~�+®�����}����n�eñ9®��@¨���®6�ÐÆÂì F üHÇ h �Qý �@�¡���~�n�)����ñ9�o�o� ó �¬�o�Gñ9�:Oª�6� � ���o���A��{��)��ùT{~���)��{ �\�·�A���o���������ñ9�o�A�u�o�Gñ�}�ün�Qø)®6¨f{������o� ��� O+* � � � ñ�}��ª�o���A���n�V�������\��� � �o��®ïñ�®�{��~{~�£�©�9���o����¨��A�o��{���}·� � ñ��n�}��9�#®��n{�}��Ìü�Ä£�±ù¥�Gñ9�����o�A�¢{���� ��� �n�#®�����}����n�©®�� � � � ƶì F üHÇ h ��, ��{�}��¬�o���+���0ñ�}��Gñ9�o�¢{�}��[¿��Gñ���{ �£��o�Gñ9�¬{ �­Õ-* ü.*Öì���ƶì F üHÇ&* �±ù �9f F ü[r����\�T� � �o��®Gñ�®�{~��{~�£�µ�\�Gñ9�´�\����¨��A���o{~��}É� � ñ9�A��{~��}����ü�Ä"�±ù¥�Gñ��T���\�n�ª{��#�~�A�����o�Gñ�}¢����� ¿��Gñ9�<�\� � � � ��ù �1f F üK�dr��ý­�^�¡�9�����z�����~�¬��{~���0�\�+®�����}T���\��{~�+¿��Gñ9}��o{~�£�´�o�u�o�Gñ9�N�\��� � �o��®ïñ�®�{��~{~�£�u�����gñ�{��~���o� ÆV{¹�Ë���4¨��A���o{~��}� � ñ��A�&"ZÌX�Íü�Ä"�±ù¥�Gñ��T���\�n�²Ç#{��#®��A���@�À�o� ó � � �o��Ä£����\�n� ó {�}��n�2¿��Gñ�}6�o{~�£�/���� � � �±ù �df F üK�9r�*0�1$ ƹÏf� ��ÇÎ¥���~¨f{�}��¬�o��{��#�V���²�§��{ ¨��n�­�T� �32 ì ü ÆV��} � � �54 ��}<ƶì768��Ç�Ç$ ƹÏf�L(6ÇÎ¥�T�H�©®����T}������o�A}��p�o�¬®�� ¨��n��� � �n�o��{ ó {����o{��­�����­�\���o��� � � � �o�A� ó ñ��z�o��ñ9��{��¶�\{~��ñ��~�~�ªO/9:9 � � � �à ���n�o��V���o�9�®ñ9�~�\�T�������¬�o���A�����n�o{���ñ9���~���������H��®����T}�����ñ��o�z¨��A�¶�s�����n�V���E�6{�}�ñ � ��ñ��n�o{���ñ9�T�o�n}��o�#�o���n�ñ����¡��{��9�A� ���o��®��+�gñ����\�f�s¨cñ������9�

à ���&ñ��~�o�A��}Gñ9�\{ ¨��}ñ �T� �o�#ñ9�H�í{��s�0ñ����n}¼�V�o� ó ����ñX�\{��¶�\{~��ñ�� ó �A�H�ïñ�}�{��n�A� Îf��ñ9�o{��¶�\{��iñ�� ó �A�H�Gñ9}�{��n�{~�xñ«Ù��A�~�¼�9�u�\�T�A�����n�\{~��ñ�� � ���f��{��A�����o�n�í�\� ó �¥���n�#�A� ó'� �~�±ùÐ�¶�¥�¶�\� ó �'��{~�\���åñ9�o���¢}�� ó ®��A������0¨cñ���{åñ�®��~�A�­�A� ó'� ���o�n�·��� ó ñ9}��¦{�}6�o�A�0ñ9�n�\{~}��p�n}6�\{~�o{��n�A�)Ó£} � ñ��¶�\{~�A���@ñ��A�²�\���p�8ÆGϱË�ÇSÌ<;��="���Ç=É ÉEÉ@Ç=ÉÒ���������0ñ9�\{~���\{~��ñ�� ó �n�H�Gñ�}�{~�A���A}Gñ�®T���A�0���0�\���o{ ó ���@ñ9�\� � �A�¶�V��� ó ñ�}��n���V����� ó ñ9������ñ ó�� ���#�o{~�A�n����A�åñX�\{~¨����\�·�\�T�§}�� ó ®��n�'�9�u�\�T}Gñ�®��~� � ñ��0ñ ó ��\�A���A� à ��{~�,ñ ��� ���#ñ��H���Gñ���®��n�A}��o���n�A�n�o���V�T���~�ñ �T� ��{~�A�«�\�ãñ§}�� ó ®��A�����#}T�A����ñ��0}��n�£�z���o� ó �¥�T�A���Qñ�}T�º�~��ñ���}�{�}��oñ��~������{~�\� ó ��ÆÒ�V���¡�±ùOñ ó'� ���ô ìFë��4Ï�Ïf��ì � õÒÇbñ�}T�ª���s��{��~�|®���{��Ê���ª���n�o�n�o{�®��¬�\�T�s�^¨��A��ñ���� ó �n�o���f�����������¢��{~�\�«���A� � �A��¡�\���\�T��~{�}��iñ�� � �A�o�n� � �o�o��}&ñ���{�}6�\���¥�T���A�n�ãñ9®��@¨��9�

ì@Õ�Õ

Page 119: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

j / ��/¯a c)7 a 795"c)795 ­ ae^ 3:, ­d® a 0�5 ­ c¹3~°�795 � a 795K°�0©���}���{����n�#�\���)�V���~���@��{�}����V��� ó ���åñ9�o{���}p�����o���¡���iñ��o}�{~}�� � ����®��~� ó �VÇ/�)�GñF¨��pñ¬�\�iñ��H���n�?> ñ�}T�ñ«���\�T���A}6�3@¯��{ �\�Ð�\���§�0ñ ó � � ñ���ñ ó ��\��{��©�V��� ó � à ���¦���#ñ��#���bñ�}6�Ð����ñ9�o}�{~}��¼Æ�� � �A�n{~Ù��iñ���� ��V���©�n�åñ����o{~Ù���ñ9�o{���}²Çxñ��������o{~�o� ó {��©�\���·�V���~���@��{�}T��;/��{ ¨��n} ñÐ�o��¦�9���\��ñ�{�}T{�}��¸��ùOñ ó�� ���A�oñ�}T��A���o�o�n� � ��}���{~}��/�@ñ�®��A�����V�o� ó �\���§�\��ñ9�H���A�n���o�0ñ�{~}��o���µ�¶�\���T�A}6�©�o�T�H�Å�\�Gñ9�p{~�'��{ ¨��A��� � �o{ ó ñ��� �A���V��� ó ñ�}��A�#Æ�{¹�Ë����ñ������A�n�<��{~�\�)�o�����\�iñ��H���A�\Ç<��})�V�����o���A�n�9��}T�o�A�n}´��ùOñ ó�� ���A�n��������{~���~�����o�0ñ9�o{���}<��A��}��o{~���A�)�\�T���~{�}��iñ�� � �n�o�n� � �o�o��}ÅÆV�z�'��{~���uñ����o� ó ���\�Gñ9�¡�o����®T{åñ��+�o�A� ó �ïñ��´®��A�n}/{~}��A�~�����A�{�}·�o���'�z�A{~���6�\�\Ç�xǺ�xñ��o��{�}6�o�A�o�n���o�A�¸{~}°�~��ñ���}�{�}T�ãñ¢�o����9�z�z�A{~���6�\�BADCFE�GïÆÒ�����A��� z {���\�T�'�T{ ó �A}���{���}Gñ9��{~�£�§���z�����¡{~} � �T�¡� � ñ��A� � �~���+�\����®�{@ñ��HÇ ���T{��H�º��{~��� � �o�@¨f{����s�o���s�V�����~�^��{~}�����n�A{���{���}©�V��}T�n�\{~��} H � î±�o{���}4ÆIAKJ<L � Ç$ ƹϥ�Ëë�Ç�u�­�\��{~�u���n�+�9�����n{����6�o�+{����\������}��~�©�o��}Gñ�®T��� � ñ��0ñ ó ��\�A� {�}¦®����o�µ���T� �\�iñ��H���n�rñ�}��ª����� �¶�\�¬Ä���n}��A���V��� �n��}6¨��A}T{��A}T�A����������{��~�����A}��9�\�´�o���¡�\��ñ9�H���A�n���u�z�A{~���6�\� ®��3> ñ�}��§�\�������o�����A}6�A���+®6�Aª�VǺ��ñ����){�}6�\�n�o�A�¶�\�n�¦{~}§��®T��ñ�{~}�{�}T��ñ��V��}���\{���}Gñ�� ó ñ ��� {~}��¬®��n�£�z�A�n}¦�\�T��}�� ó ®��n�#�����o�0ñ�{~}¬Ä{�}T� � ñ9�o�o�A��}��3ñ9}��©�\���¡���n}��A��ñ���{~�0ñ9�o{���}©�n�o�o���#�����o���¡���o�����A}6�A�

à ���Qñ������ ó �A}6��{�}���{���� �\���¡�o{~��}©�V��}���\{���}§{~}§Ï¥�Ëë'{~��{�}6¨cñ���{åñ�}6�#��}T���A�kñ�}6� � ���o{ �\{ ¨��)�o��Ä£����ñ��~{�}�������\�������n{����6�­¨��A��\���n��{E���9�MAON S A-�V���3ñ9}�� S+P ÕT��« �n}��A�9���z����ñ9}µ{ ó'� �~{��A{ �\� �'Ù®ùãñ��o�iñ����®6�����V���0�±ùOñ ó'� ���9���o�A�~�A��\{�}T�BA�Qzî z �f���T�A�o� z {~���\���­{�} � �T����{ ó �A}���{���}ïñ���{ �£��� à ���A���o�n�o{��iñ���� �����{ ¨��A}6ñ��o��������o�0ñ�{~}�{�}�� � ñ9���\�n�o}���R·���\�T�+��ñ���{��n�����9ñF���o�¬�o����o���u�z�A{������o�������������¶�\�����n}6�F�SA{��0�\���o{ ó'� � � � {��H�,ñ��¶�\�����n}6��ñ9����ñ�}���� ó �V��� ó �\�T�u¨��n�o�o{~��}�� � ñ��A�sÆV�\�T�+� � ñ9�A�+����ñ����²���o�����n}��o��A��}��o{~���\�n}6�u��{~�o�§�o���¡�\��ñ9�H���A� �^¨��A�­�\���¡�\��ñ�{�}�{~}�� � ñ9���\�n�o}��\ÇÍÄ·ú¡{~®�®������iñ��o}T{�}�����T±���n}áñ'}T�n��\��ñ�{�}T{�}�� � ñ9�o�o�A��}§{~� � ���A���A}6�\�n�<�²�o� ó �+���4�\�T�+���n{����6��¨��A�n�o���o��{~}��o{~��� �o��{���¨��A���o{���}§� � ñ��n� ó ñF�®��A�A� ó ��{~}��A��}��o{~���\�n}6����{~�\�¬�o�����o��ñ��H���n��ñ�}��¬�\�T�#�o{��n�����²�\�T��¨��n�o�o{~��}�� � ñ9�A�#��{��~�¥���n�A����ñ������¢�u��\�T{��#� � ñ��A�¡���n�A�o�iñ��o�n�A�²�\�����VUVWX��1YZWz���o�����A}6�­��{��~���@¨��n�o�åñ �ãó ���o�bñ�}�� ó �����u��{~�o�©�\���)�\�iñ��H���n�ñ�}��p���A}��n�u�\�T�+���A}T�A�0ñ9��{���ñ9�\{~��}'�A�o�����z��{~��������� � � à ���n�o��V���o�9��{~�<�z�+�iñ�}���®T�0ñ�{�}Sñ�}���ù � �o�A���o{~��}�V���#�\�T�´��{��A�������\���¡¨��n�o�o{~��}ª� � ñ��A�/ñ9�Ò�o�A�­�0ñF�=� � ñX�o�\�n�o}��n���z����ñ�}¦��®T��ñ9{�}ãñ�}&ñ ��� �o��ù¥{ ó ñ9�o{���}�V�����o���¡���A}��n�0ñ��~{���ñ9�\{~��}��A���o���n�������ñ � ñ9���\{~�A���@ñ������n{����6�z¨��A��\���n�[Aµ���o��ñ��H�T�A�\> ñ�}����Gñ9��ñ��o��]R î0L_^ # $`$`$ # L h �\���­�V�����~�^��{~}��{�}T��{��iñ9�\�����V��}���\{���}��o��\����}��¡ì){¦Ï§�\���)���¥� � �T�����4�\���)�¶�\�����n}6� � �A���A� � �\����}¢{����n��}��o{~���o�A}6����{~�\��\�ïñ9�����N�\���)�\�iñ��H���n� � �A���A� � �\�o��}¦�V����ñ��~���GñX��ñ � ��{�}6�\�#{~}¢�o���¡�o��

ì@ÕTì

Page 120: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

­d® a *.7 ,.- j / ,1c�79583 a 79580�� c a 3:* ^ ,�c65��\,_-e,���`�58-e,.34,10e7�ca ÆIA©Ç�î hC � D ^ p.bdc ìe z > Lgfhic je z AkLlfmh\n oqpZrspdt

u]vxwzy{w pxo}|�t?~ j(�� | P��.�V�x�����V� vSw<y�u �m� w r�� vxwzy{w � � y{wV� � vxw�� �d�m�x� w � � � vxwB�dw<y �{� �d� ��� �V� w� h � � y � � � y � � �<�x��� y � w �)� � � � �8�{� w<y � � �V�S�3� � � y � � �<�x��� y � w �V� vxwzy �m�� h ~��[� h� ��� ^ p bdc je z >:L � hic je z A�Lgf h)n �[oIA Q F z t��dA oqpZr ö t

u]vxwzy{w �So}|�t�~ j:�m� |�~ �&�8�x���(�V� vxw<y�u ��� w r� �V  � �x¡(� vxw#w¢ � w �z���8� � �d�.� � � v ��� ¿ �£�V��� � �¥¤ u � � v.y{w �{� w ��)�{��� vxw � y � � � � �S¡ � �8��� w<y � � �V�x� � � � Ä����¦ � w � w �8� vxw<y � � �V�S�§� vxw �§���V  � �S¡¨� vxw � � � � � z N © u�w � ¦ ��� � �ª� vxw � ���`�V�m� w �¬« "£"�W «V­ W{;«®�® X�¯z°MÉ@Ç «V± Éq¯="£r�² ��� v ��� � � � � � � �:�<�V� ¦ w � v � u ��� v �=� � vxw(�dwzy �{� �d� �{� �V� w ��� �x�d� � �x�8� w � ¦ ¤u�w � ¡ v � �Vw ���� y � u � � v �d� w � � y � � �z�x�³� y?� �V��� w � � ¡ w � w<y �V� �m� �8� � �d� w<y{y � y o � w<w � �S¡ w � ô j � õ � r j ö� � y �&� y{w � w ��� � � � t5r\� vxw<y�w � � y�wBu�w�v � �dw �8�´� �x� y � ¢ � ���8� � �d� � � y � vxw ¡ w � wzy �V� ��� �=� � �V� wzy{y � y � �� � �x�x�� � �V�§� �?� �V� � � w �{�mµ w8� �lrT« � u�wz�Vw<y<� � v �m� � �x� y � ¢ � ���8� � �d� �m� �x�V� � � y � � �<�x��� y �¤ª�V�z�<� Äy �8� w r·¶ ¤����V  � �x¡#� vSw)w5¢ � w �z���=� � �V��� � � h u � � v¸y{w ��� w �z�¹���#� vSw � y � � � � �x¡ � �V� � � w � �V�x� � � �{�{�m¦ � w� w �V� vxwzy � �ºu�w(v � �dw �`�8���<�S�³�8� w �´� vSw � w �V�+� � � � y �Z�x�x��:� � �k�V��¤ y �V�S�x�d� � � y � � ¦ � w � rªÎ �x� v� y �[�S�x�z� � ¡ w � wzy �V�m�m¤ v � �Vw � ��� � y �m¦ �S� � �d� � u � � v(�Vw<y ¤¸�m�d�x¡»��� � � �¼� �x� v � v �=�·� vxw � w �V�&�V�x�¸�&� � �� y � ¦ � ¦ � w½� �V�m� w o �&�[� w t �S���x�V�M�<� � �x� � � w Ä � r w r � � vxw ¤�� y�w �x�8�½¾ W ­ ¿5À�« UVWX « Y�É "ZYVr_� v �m�M� y � ¦ � w ��m� � �Vw<y �z�d� w ¦ ¤.Á£�S� � �x¡(� vxwBw5¢ � w �z� w � � �V�m� w � � �m� �% �V�x�/� vSw � w¢ � �V� w ��� � �8� � �x¡(� vxw y{w � �x�� r� �V  � �x¡.� vxw ���d¡�� y � � v �O� w � �Vw � � � u � � v � � �x�Ã� �dwzyBy �V�x�x�d� � � y � � ¦ � w � � � �d� w � v � �x¡.� v �8� É ¾¡ w � w<y �V���¤ � w � � Ä � �dw<y �V¡ � �x¡ r© �V�m�<�x���8� � �d�.� ��Ä ô ��� �� õ ���\� � y � y �d�Å� y � � � �8�Æ�V�x� y{w � � w � �d�/� vxw � � Ä �<�V��� w � X�W ®Ç­ ÉqÈ «#� y � ��  r¹� v ����V�m��� u � � � �{�½� y �V� ��� � y �É�d� y � y � ¦ � w � � y �d�Ê�d� w � � �<�V���z�x�³�=� � �S¡ Ä ô �m� �% õ ���½�d� w � � �`�8���<�S�³�8� � �x¡

� � �Ë1Ì\Í Ä ô � Ë õ F jÎ $ oqpZr � tÏ � y � vxwzy � w ��� � � � � � � vxw � � w � � � vSw�y�w � � � �`�.� y � �� ´�{� � w<y � � y �Ã� v ��� �`�V�m�<�x���8� � �d��� y{w ¦ w ¤d�V�x�� vxw � �<� � w � � � v �m� � vxw �{��� �V�S��� vxw:y{w �8� w<y ��� y�w � wzy{y{w ���{� ô j � õ � � y � w ��� � � � r

j ��Ð

Page 121: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ7Ò � Ò�Ó¨Ô1ÕSÓ£ÕÆÖ}Ô1ÕÆÖ ­ Óº×(Ø Ù ­d® Ó�ÚgÖ ­ Ô»Ø~°_ÕÆÖ �xÓ£ÕÆÖK°_Ú� vxw � w � v �Z�´� w � � y ��¦ w �¨� ¦ � �dw � � y ú �m¦x¦x� � w � y � � �x¡k�<�V� ¦ wBw¢ � w �x� w ���{���V� vSw<y � w<y � w � � y �d�� w � y � � �x¡.�8��¡d� y � � v � � r»² �+� vxw ��� y ¡ w�Û � � � � � o Û ~è�Ç6<Ü´t �gÝ �x� w<y#w � �8� ô pdp]õ � �V�x�x�+� v �=�»� vxw¡ w � w<y �V� �m� �8� � �d� wzy{y � y � � �8�Þ� � � � ���V� � wzy � w � � y �d� � �`�8� w � � � � $ßpÊ��à ^ o � � � vxw.� �V��� w � � Ü ���Á ¢[w � �Zu�w �<�V��� ��� �x� w � vxw � �x�x�� � �V�£�V�x� w � w �x� w �x� w �V��� vSw �%�x� ¦ w<y � ��� �8��� w<y � � y �8� vSw<y � v �8�Û tr·Î � � � ��� y �¤ � � vxw ¶ �`¤ w � � � � � ���V�Æ�<��� �{��� Á wzy o �<� y�y{w �{� �d�x� � �x¡&�{��� vxw � ���x� w ���#�8�)� vSw � w ��� y�w� � �k� �{� � � � vSw¸�Vw<y �{� �V� ��� �V� w t � �<�V� w � � � � $âáVá ��à ^ o ô p8á�õ³tr Ï � y � vxw � �x�V� � � w�y �x� w8�ÆuMw ¡ w ���� �<�V� � �x¡�� � � $ Ð á ��à ^�ã Q �V�S� « w ¦x¦.� �<�V� w � � � � $âá � ��à ^�ã Q o � w<w ô �d� õ � � y ��¡d�Z�[� y{wz� � wzu trq« w �x� w � �� �x� w � y � � v �8�·� vxw � w � w �x� w �x� w �d� � ��� � �S� y � ¢ � ���8� w �m¤Bä � àZå o u]vxwzy{w)æ � �x� y ���V� vxw �]j�� � y � vxw�&� y{w½w � � � w ��� y �x� w � t �V�x��� v ��� �m�[�d  � � �   w ��¡d�Z�[� ¦ � �{�m�M� � y �d� y � �x�S�z� � �d�£�V� � � y � r¢« � u�wz�Vw<yz�� vSw<y{w � y�w � � � ��� ���{� � w � � v �8�]� w<w �3�{� ¦ w �V�x� y�w ��� w ��ç� � vxw � w � �V���S� � �d� � � y{w � � y � vxw � wzy � w � � y �d�Þ�V�x�è�x�V�¸�V� y �V�m¡d� y � � v �é� �½� ��� w<y�w � � Ä � vxwÎ � �x� � y �\ê w ���� y½ë �8� v � � w r� � vxw � w�y{w �³�8� � �d� � v ���S� � y{w � �è� vxw �³� y ¡ w.Û � � � � � � �¨� vxw ¤ v �d��� u]vxw �Þ� vxw �Z�S� ¦ wzy � �� �=�{� wzy � �]�m� ���x� v ¡ y{w �=� w<y � v �V�/� vxw �%�x� ¦ w<y � �º� w �=��� y�w � Ä �<� w � y �¤k�S�V�]� vxw �`� � w:u � � v� � � y ��� y�y �`¤��£�8��� r� � vxw ¤§� �{� �x� w � � w<y � w �z�¸� w �V� vxwzy Ä � r w r � � vSw � y � � � � �x¡ � �V� � � w �(� y�w � w ��� w �ì� y{w �x� ��� w� y�w<w r� vxw Á y � � ����� � w �m� w � �{� �m¤&� �dwzy �<�V� w r&¾ � w � y � � vkw ���V� ô j p�õ � y ¡d� w � v �8���B� � � w � y � � �x� � y � �dw �z��� y���V� v � � w�v � � � vSw � �8� w ¡ w � w<y �8� ��� �8� � �d� w<y{y � y � w � w �x� w �x� w � � � vxw � � � w � y � wzy � w � � y �d� r/T w�`�8� y �=� vxwzy � � ¦Zí w �z� � �dw �m¤�� �dw<y �<�d� w � vxw � w �z�d�x� ���{� � w � �)� �V����� u � r�² ��� vxw �³� y ¡ w#Û � � � � � � � vxw¡ w � w<y �V� �m� �8� � �d� � wzy � � y �k�V�S� w �<�V� ¦ w�w¢ � y �V�z� w � w¢ � � � � � ���¤ � � � uMw(v � �Vw � wzw � rB² �´� vxw � �k�V�m�� � � � � �xu�w�v � �dw �{� y{w � � y �?���.�%�x� w<y � �<�V�º� w � v � � ¿ � w � �{� w¢ � y �V�z�#�k���Z� w ��� � � vxw ¦ w<v � � � �V� y rT vxw ��� v ���#�m� �x�d� w8�luMw Á£�x�¨� v �8�#� vxw ¦ w � �#Áx�:� � �d� y � v � � w � � �x�x�z� � �d�x�V� � � y �î¡ � �dw � � � ��dwzy ¤-¡d�[�Z�ïÁS� r Ï � ¡d� y�w p[r j�� v � u � � vxw �Z�S� wzy � �<�V� � �d�m�S� � �d� �:� � y � y �V�x¡ w � � Û!� �V��� w � �V�S��V� � ��� vxw ¦ w � �MÁx�\� � �d� y � �x�x�� � �V�£�V� � � y � r²� � �`�V� ¦ w � wzw � � y �V�ð� vxw Á£¡d� y{wV� � vxw � u �(�<� y��dw ��<� � �x� � � w �V�x�¸� vSw Áx� ��� �Vw<y ¤&¡d�Z�Z�&� �Vw<y �:�³� y ¡ w\y �V�x¡ w � � Û3� �8��� w � �8�x�k�x�8� í � � � � �(� vxw �³� y ¡ wÛ � � � � � r¼T w �`�V���V� � �&� �Vw<y �z�d� w � vSw Áx�£�V� ����� � w r�� vxw�w Ï w �z�½� � �8�x� � �S¡ u]v � � w �x� �m� w ���¸� vxw� y � � � � �x¡ w5¢ �V� � � w �#� �x¡d¡ w � � � � v �8� u�w(u � ���º� w�dw<y ¦ w � ¦ � w ���/� ¦ ��� � � � w<y � w �z� � w<y � � y ���V�x� w r� v �m�)�m� w ¿ � � � �V� w ���\�����V�x� � �x¡&�¸�<�d� � ���V���)� wzy �Å�{���d� y � �S�x�z� � �d�.� v �8�)� w � w<y � � � w � � vxw ¦ w � �w<y�y � y\y �8� w �V� v � wz� � ¦ � w r

j �dñ

Page 122: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

­d® Ó�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ��-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö���ÙkóºÙ��_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1�q�����ôö´�³÷b�·ø ��ù�ú)�ûù�üûýW¥�§1þ¬�¥ú7þ ÿ�üûý ú�����ú������ý�ú7ÿ�� ��1þÿ�ù��gú�����������xù��¥ü��%ü���ÿ����1ù¹ú��£ü���ù��mú���µ���� àZå��! #"� � � �x�&�k� y ��� wV� � vxw � y ¡d�S� w �%� �·� y{w � w �%� w �k� ¦ � �VwV� � w �8�(� � ���#� vxw � �d�m��� u � �S¡ � �x�x�� � �d�£�V� � � y �y�w �³�=� � �S¡ � �V� � � w ����µ w �8�x�/¡ w � wzy �V� ��� �8� � �d� w<y�y � y!%oW�Çt�~ ä � àZå 4%$ oqpZr ø tu]vxwzy{w !%oE�Çt ��� � vxw½w¢ � w �z� w � wzy{y � y�y �8� w � � � wzy � y{w � w �����=� � �V��� � � w¢ �V� � � w � � ä ��� � vxw ­ W « X5"´É "ZYX «V± W �ôæ �m� � vxw ;ZW�È «'& X «V± W �8�x���d� y �S� ��� w � w<y � $ ��� � vxw)( «'& W ¾ WX5X�¯=X�Ä � vxw � � � � ���x� w<y�y � yy �8� w �V� v � w� � ¦ � w r.� vxw � w �<�V� � ���V��� � u � ���·� v �8�x¡ w � � y �£�=��� � w � � � � � � Ï wzy{w �%�B� � � �z�x�m� � w � �V�S�� wz�dw � � � � �x� �m� w �V�x� � � u�w u � ��� � y �Z� wzw � ¦ ¤�� �{� �x¡ w � �x� y � �`�8� w<y�y � y\y �8� w �\� y �d� w �V� v �£�8��� � w �� � y�� � y � �d� �\� �V� � � w ����µ w � ���(Áx�]� vSw � � y �V� w � w<y � � � � vxw ���Z� w � rÔ+*-, . Ó0/�Ð21òñ3154613798² �è� y � w<y ����ÁS���d� yBw<y�y � y ���Z� w �·�{� � � y � � �z�x�³� y �x�8��� � w � � �¼u�w � w<w �ª��� ¦ � � �m�-�<��� �{��� Á wzy � � �� � y � �d� �·� �V� � � w ����µ w � ��� wz� �V�m�£�8� w � vxw]y{w#: � � y�w � w � �x� y � �<�V� wzy{y � y � r_� v ���·�m� �V� v � w�dw ��� vSy �d�x¡ v� � ¦<;¥� �V� � � � �x¡?� � �V� y �z�d� � � w � w �x�8��� � w �·� � �{��µ w>= � �����?�½� y � � � � �x¡ � w �·� � �{�mµ w � �V�x�(�½� w � � � w �� �ô�{�mµ w?=3@ �lr_� v ������� y{w � w �=� w �BA ^ � � � w �¼� � y_w �V� v � �V� � � w �{�mµ w �lr¼� vSw � �Vw<y �8¡ w]w<y{y � y �V� y � ���� vxw � w A ^ y�w �V� ��� �8� � �d� �¼�m� � � w �k� � �d� y·w<y{y � y�w � � � ���8� w �V�x�¸� vxw Ð p � v �V�x� � p � v � w<y � w �%� � � w � � y{w� � w �(���#� w Á£� w �8� w<y{y � y_w � �dw �m� � w r·� v �m� � �dwzy �V¡ w �m� �V���S� ;¥¦x� � � w � w � � � ���8� w � � � vxw � y � w�w<y�y � y

j � á

Page 123: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ7Ò C=Ò�Ø:ÙôÕED�F�GHF_×IF¼��J;�� w<w � �x� w �x� � ¢0K � � y � w ��� � � � rº� vxw Ð p � v �V�x� � p � v � wzy � w ��� � � w � � y{w � � w � � � � �³�V� w � � � vxwM� � y �L;�V�x� w ¦ w �`�8� � w � vxwM� � y � �V�x� w � w �x� � �{� ¦ w � � � � � �m� � � �`�8���m¤ ¦x� � � w � ;l� wzw � �x� w �x� � ¢0K � � y � w ��� � � � r¶ w � � y{wku�w �<�V�ªÁx���V� y �&�[� w �¹�{��� vSw � w.w � �S� y � �`�V� wzy{y � y � �¼uMw � wzw �ª�{�+� �{� w ��� u]vSw � vSw<y � y�x�V�:� vxw ¤�� y�w � ���=� ��� � � �`�V�m�m¤ �{� ¡V� � Á£�<�V��� r¸� v �m�B�m�#� � y � � �z�x�³� y �m¤ � � � � y ���8�%� � � y � ���V��� � �V� � � w�{�mµ w ��M u � � v �d�S� w �x�V�x¡ v � �V� � � w � � � vxw �<��� �{��� Á wzy·u � ���S�x�V� ¦ w � ¦ � w ��� � w � y ���V��¤ � � y �x���� y�w �V�S���� w#Nôw �� � �dw �¤ y �V�x�x�V� r/T w �`�V� wz� �V���x�8� w � v �m�B��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w ¦ ¤ï�<�V� � � y � �S¡�� vxw � w � � � y{w �w<y�y � y\u � � v � vxw w<y�y � y � ¦ ��� � � w � ¦ ¤ y �V�x�x�d�Å�<�³� �{�{� Á w<y � y�w �V� ��� w � ¦ ¤.� y � � � � �S¡ u � � v � vxw � �V� w� � � �S� �dw �z��� y �¹¦ �S� � wzy ���S� w �&�³� ¦ w � � r Ï � y·w �V� v � � �d� y A ^ y�w �V� ��� �8� � �d� � � ���{�mµ w � ��uMw � w<y � � y �A Q � w<y ���S���8� � �d� � � � � vSw ��� ¦ w � � �{�3¡ � �dw A Q y �V�S�x�d� wzy{y � y � r Ï � y w �V� v ����µ w � uMw �`�V�ï�x� u�<�V� � � y �x��½� vxw � �d���m� u � �x¡ w � �S� y � �`�V�ô� ��� � y ��¦ �S� � �d� � � y � vxw:y �8�x�x�d� wzy{y � y

=�OQP ËÂ oSRôt�~ jA ^ A QTVUW X � ^

TYW Z � ^E[ oSR @ ! Â�\ X \ Z t oqp[r^]�tu]vxwzy{w [ o�|�t¹~ j»�� |�2 j �V�x�.���8� vxwzy�u ��� w r·� vxw �{� ¡V� � Á£�<�V�x� w � � � vxw �<��� �{��� Á wzy �m� � vxw �.¡ � �dw �¦ ¤ = O_P Ë ooý!  t �Su]v � � v ��� � vxw � wzy � w �����V¡ w � � y �V�x�S�d�Å�z�³� ���{� Á w<y � u � � v.wzy{y � y�y �8� w � ���V��� w<y � v �8�ý!  � u]vxw<y�w ý!  ��� � vxw � �Vw<y �8¡ w�w<y�y � y � � � vxw �V����£�8�_�<��� �{��� Á wzy r)² � �m�?� � � � y ���8� � �dw ��� � �m��� � � y �=� w� v ��� u � � v � � ���V���xÁx�z� � � � �d� � w¢ �V� � � w r K �£�8��� � w � u � � � y{w �8� w � u � � v`= ~ ÐV�d� �V�x� Ü ~ j �d�� w �=��� y�w � r·� vSw Á y � �M� u � � w �8��� y{w � uMwzy{w � w � � y � ¦ � w ú �V� ���{� �V� � u]v � � � ��� vxw½y{w �k� � � � �S¡ ] ø u�w<y�w�x� �m� w r_T � � v A ^·~ j �V�x�BA Q ~ j �d� � � vxw �V����£�V� wzy{y � y �V�x� y �V�x�S�d� w<y�y � y � �m� � y ��¦ �S� � �d� � u�w<y�w�`�8���<�S�³�8� w � � � y ��~ p �V�x� �3~ip � r)� vxw�y �8�x�x�d�O� �m� � y ��¦ �[� � �V� � �<�V� ¦ w � w<w � � �3Á£¡d� y{w � p[r Ð�V�x� p[r ñ y�w ��� w �z� � �dw �m¤ r�� vxw �V�z�{�£�V� w<y�y � y �)� � y � vxw � u � � �V��� w � � � � uMwzy{w � r á ÐV� p �V�x�3� r j á ö ��<� y{y{w �{� �d�x� � �x¡��{� ��� ¡d� � Á£�<�V�x� w � � � � r Ð��V�S��� rM� vxy �d�S¡ v �d�S�)� v ���)� � �dw � � � ¡��8� � �d� u�wBu � �m�Æ� � w� �{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V�S� w � wz�dw �Æ� � � r � p � � �V� y �<�S�{� N ; � v �8� ��� �ZuMw#u � ���ô� �{� �x� w ���z�³� ���{� Á w<y �m� � w � y � � �x¡� �V� w � v � �x¡ �m��� � �\� w<y � � y ���V�x� w ���\¦ w �{� w<y � v �V��� v �8�)� � � y �V�x�x�V� �<��� �{��� Á wzy �=�]� w � � � ]�pba � �� vSw � � � w r¼² �k� v ��� w¢ �V� � � w8�Zu�w �`�8�.�<�d�x�z���x� w � v �8�M� vxw �<��� �{��� Á wzy ¦ w �z�d� w �M��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�%� � � y �¦ w � u�w<w � p �8�x�´Ð8� rÝ �x� w uMw�v � �dw ��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�%� w<y�y � y �½� � y � y �V�x¡ w � � � � �V�m� w � �ôu�w �<�V��Áx�?�d� y � w �8�´�V�x�+Ð p � v�V�x� � p � v � wzy � w ��� � � w �<� y��dw � r>c w �<�V���ô� v �8�]�V� y � v � � w � � �x�S�z� � �d�£�V� � � y � ���!%oE�Çt�~ ä � àZå 4d$ $ oqp[r j � t

j � p

Page 124: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ��-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö���ÙkóºÙ��_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

fhgjilk_ö�kLmon>p q6r ýs��ýs�t1þ��%ýs�ûü_��ýu�Zÿ�üûý ú��Bú��E�v�����ú q ùt�w�ûú��w�x��ú��>��þs����ûýu�Zùt�w��ÿ��ûýL�zy|{¥ÿ}�¥ü|~:ü_�w1ýs�%ýs��y r ú7ýL�=ü��� ú7ÿ�ü]ú��H����V�>�j�ûú q ü���ù:ü¥ú#�+��`ü���¥ù�ü " ø �%ù��}����dýL��y7ýu�1ù��\ü���ù ùt���ûú����w`ü¥ù���}��ü���ù6�V�����ýs��y7ýs�1ù��\ü���ùr �ûú��}�[ý þ ý�ü��]ü���`ülü���ù·ùt����ú��gýs�lþ�ù����Æü������� " ø ��ù��ûù��6��ýu�w��þ ù�y7ýs�1ù��lü���ù·ùt���ûú��E�v`ü¥ùx�¹ý�ü���ú7ÿ%ü r ùt� q ÿ�üûýs�zyü���ù)þs�xù5þs�Ï � �{� � �x¡�� vxw � � y �V� w � w<y � � � � v ���B� y �d� ��� y � � � � �x¡ � w �¸� ��� oE��^ # ý!  U t # $`$`$ # oW� O # ý! Â�� tt� � � � y ������ �d�S�x� ¦ ¤.� � � � � ���{� �x¡ � � �å \ P \ � OW X � ^ o ä � àZåX 4%$ @ ý! Â�� t Q oqp[r jdj t� � ¦Zí w ��?�{� æ # ä #t$ 2 � $ oqp[r j Ð t� v �m� � � � � � ��� �8� � �d� �m� �x�8� � � y � � ¡ v � � � y�u � y �0� � � vxwzy{w � y�w �k�8�%¤§� � � � �k� r�� � u�wz�Vw<yz� � vSw� y � ¦ � w � ¦ w �<�d� w � �<�d� �Vw¢�u]vSw � $ ��� Á ¢[w � r·� vSw<y{w � � y{w8�Su � � v $ Á ¢[w � �SuMw �`�V�����V  w ���d¡ � �V�S�� �d� �Vw � vxw:w�: � � � �8� w ��� � y � ¦ � w �

� � �å \ P \ � OW X � ^ o ���d¡ o ä t @ æ ���d¡ oW� X t 4 ���V¡ o $ @ ý! Â�� t�t Q oqp[r j ñ t� � ¦Zí w ��]����� vxw � �V� w �z�d� � � y � � ��� � r¹� ��Á£�x��� vxw � �x�m� � �d���[� � �V� uMw ��� � � �m¤ � �d� �Vw � v ����� y � ¦ � w �� � y�� � y � �d� � � �8��� w � � � $ �8�x�.� vxw � � w<y � � y � �(� � � w � w � y � v r

j � ö

Page 125: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ7Ò C=Ò�Ø:ÙôÕED�F�GHF_×IF¼��J

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

fhgjilk#öoks��n5p�q6r ýu��ýL�t1þH�%ýs�¥ü_��ýs�Zÿ�üûý�ú��´ú����w��}��ú q ùt����ú��w����ú�����þs����ûýu�Zùt�w�:ÿ��ûýL�zy9~�3ü_�w1ýs�%ýs��y r ú7ýL�=ü��� ú7ÿ�ü\ú��x����V�|�j�ûú q ü���ù#ü¥ú#�+��`ü���¥ù�ü " ø �%ù6�������ýs�>y7ýu�1ù��]ü��%ù#ùt���ûú��?�w`ü¥ù���}�.ü���ù6������dýs�?y7ýu�1ù��\ü���ùr �ûú��<�Zý þ ý�ü��\ü���`ülü���ù·ùt����ú��ºýs�Æþ�ù����Æü������� " ø ��ùH�ûù��6��ýu�v��þ�ù�y7ýu�1ù��lü���ù·ùt����ú��E�w`ü¥ùH�¹ý�ü���ú7ÿ%ü r ùt� q ÿ�üûýs��yü���ù]þs�xù5þs�� vxwzy{w � � y{wV� �d� y �<�d� � � w � w � w � v �[�S�d���d¡8¤ � � y ��� u � ; �z�³� ���]� y � ¦ � w � ��� çj r�� � ¦<;¥� �V� � � � �S¡(�V�x� �{� ¡d� � Áx�`�V�x� w � w � � � �x¡o � t�� � ¦<;¥� �V� � � � �x¡� r Ï � y �(�£�8��� � w �?� �Su � � v�= � U �8�x� =�� Y � �8� � � w �M� y �d�ð�<�³� �{� w �#j �V�x��Ð y{w �{� w � ;� � �dw �¤ � � w � w �� j �-� y � � � � �x¡ � w � ����µ w � ��^ # $<$`$ # � Z # $`$`$ # ��^ Í � �Vw<y � vSw � ��� wzy�� �V�ô j � # =�@ j � õ�r��� r Ï � y·w �V� v � y � � � � �x¡ � w � �{�mµ w8�Zy �V�x�x�V���¤ � �8� � � w � Z � �V� � � w �·� y �d� �<�³� �{�)j �V�S��<��� �{� Ð � � ¦Zí w ������ � vxw)y{w#: � � y�w � w ���M� v �8� Â�  U   Y�¡£¢   U¢   Y r�c w � w �8��� v ��� A ^ � � � w � r¤ �V���ô� vxw�¥�¦s§ � y � � ��� w � � ��� � � � � � y �{�mµ w � �l¨  X r�m��� r�� y � � �¨�8�x�+� w � � �.�<�³� �{�{� Á w<y �d� w �V� v �{� � � �»�£�8��� � w � ¨  X �8�x�¨�`�V�m��� vSw �<� y�y{w ;�{� �d�x� � �x¡ w<y�y � y !  X ro ¦ t�© w<y ���S���=� � �V�/� w � �

j � �

Page 126: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ��-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö���ÙkóºÙ��_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ� r Ï � y�w �V� v � � � vxw3¨  X � y � � �ì� w � � ��� � � � � �)y �8�x�x�d�&�m¤ � w<y ���S� w � vxw � y � � � � �x¡�³� ¦ w � � A Q � � � w � rH¤ �V����� vxw � w � wzu �x�8��� � w � � ¨ O_P Ë XªZ r��� r�� y � � �´�k�z�³� ���{� Á w<y �d� w �8� v � � � vSw � w �£�8��� � w � � �V�x� wz� �V���x�8� w � � � wzy{y � y r�¤ �V���� v ��� w<y�y � y ! O_P Ë XªZ ro � t9� � ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w ¤ �V�m�<�x���8� � �d�� r Ï � y�w �V� v � y � � � � �x¡ � w � ����µ w � � �z�d� � � y �x���� vxw)w � �x� y � �`�8�S� �m� � y ��¦ �[� � �V�(� w Á£� w �¦ ¤ p[r^]Sr��� r Ï y �d� � v �m� � �m� � y ��¦ �[� � �V� � �x�x�� � �V� �½w� �V���£�=� w � vSw � ���V��� w � � � �8��� w � � � � � yu]v � � v � �{� ¡d� � Áx�`�V�x� w � w�dw �l� �H«B�m� �V� v � wz�dw � o �¥¤ �S� �`�8���m¤ « ~ � $ � pdtrÐ r?¬ w � y � � �x¡ ¤ � y��Vw ú w � w<y �=� � �V�o � t Ï � y�w �V� v � � ¦ � �dw � vxw � � � � ���x� � �`�V�m�<�x���8� w �k� ¦ � �dw8� �`�8���<�S�³�8� w � vxw � w �8� w<y�y � yý!  �V�x�/� vSw Ð p � v �V�x� � p � v�: �x�V��� � � w � ro ¦ t�, �{� �x¡&� vxw � w � � oW�ô^ # ý!  U t # $`$`$ # oW� O # ý!  � tt� � �_� �V� � � w ����µ w � �8�x��� �Vw<y �8¡ w�wzy{y � y � � Áx�� vxw � w � y � � �x¡(�<� y��dw ¦ ¤o � t/² �Þ� vxw � �V� w ���V�x� wzy<� � �{� �S¡-� vxw � w ��� �:� �V� � � w �{�mµ w � �V�x� : �£�V��� � � w � � ÁS�k� vSw�z� y��Vw � �<� y�y{w �{� �d�x� � �x¡&�{�(� vxw Ð p � v �V�x� � p � v�: �£�V��� � � w � r

­ *v® �°¯)¯)4�±�²`³0/�±�13´ /91 µ¶³5´2²�·)¸ µ¹4�³3ºxºH±�»�±²`³¼/�±15´ ½¾¸!1À¿�Á4�·B¶º

� � � �m��� � � y �=� w � vxw � y �Z� w �x� y�w � w � � y ��¦ w � � �ï� vxw � y{w� � �d� ��� w �� � �V� � � � v � ��¦ wzw � � �x� � � w �ï�{�w � ¡ v �½� � Nôw<y�w ���?�<�V�x� w<y �z�³� ���{� Á£�`�8� � �d� � y � ¦ � w � � r�� vxw � w � y � ¦ � w � �]� �8��� � ���{��� u � ¦ y ���V���<�8� ;w ¡d� y � w ��; � �m� � y � � � �x�8� � �d� ¦ w � u�w<w �-���S���d� y ��� y � v �V���d¡ � w � o w r ¡ � �{�x���V� y»�dwzy � � � �x� y ���V�_� y¦ w � u�w<w ��� � N�wzy{w �%�¼� ��� w � � w � t �8�x� � y�w � � �z� � �x¡?� y{w �=��� w ���·�d�S�{�<�d� w � r_� vxw � � y � w<y ��� ¡ w � w<y �V���¤�z�d� �{� � w<y�w � �V� w � ��� wzy �z�³� ���{� Áx�`�8� � �d�¨��� �   r K ��� �S� vÆ�_u�w Á£�x��� v �8� � ���8� �m� � � �`�V� ��� ¡d� � Á£�<�V�x� w�m� y{w �8� vxw � � � y � �k�V�m� � �V� � � w ����µ w � �V�x�´� vxw<y�w � � y�w&w�dw ��� vxw � ���V��� w<y � � � vxw � w �£�8��� � w � � � y{w� �IÃ&� � w �����m¤���� y ¡ w �{� w �£� ¦ � w �z�d� � � y �S�z� � �d��� � ��� w � y � � �S¡&�z� y��Vw r\� vxw �³�8��� wzy � y � ¦ � w � � � w �x��{� ¦ w ���x� v�v � y � w<y �8�x� y{w�: � � y{w � y�w � w �����8� � �d��� � ���V��¤��&� y{w � �V� � � w � ��� y{w �V� v � ���8� ��� � � �<�V���� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w rx� �V�x�¤ � � vxw �%�x� ¦ w<y � �Ç� �V� � � w �_� ��� vxw �£�8��� � w � ��� � � � w � ¦ � y{w �¤���� y ¡ wzy � v �V��� vSwj �bÄ

Page 127: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1Ò Å=ÒkÓºòÇòô×%Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú´Õ F e Ó�Ú e Ùôó e ×[Ó�Ô7Ô1ÖSÆ[Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú+òôóÇF�È�×[ÙÇØ Ô�%�x� ¦ w<y)y{w#: � � y{w �3�{� y{w �V� v ��� ¡d� � Á£�<�V�x� w �V�x��� vxwzy{w � � y{w � vxw �%�x� ¦ w<y � �¼� � � ��� � � v �8�½�`�V� ¦ w� � w �k�{�BÁx��� vxw �<� y��dw �m� �Vw<y ¤ � �k�V�m� r�² ��� vSw � w �`� � w � � � ���`�V� ¦ w � � w � �x�ô�{� y�w �³� ¢ � vxw � w � v �Z� ;�d�m�d¡V¤ � � � ¡ v ���¤ �V�x��Áx�·� vxw �z� y��Vw]u � � v � � � �%� � � v �8��� y�w �x�V� � ���8� ��� � � �<�V���¤ �{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V��� r�c w � �S�m� �� ¦ ��� � � w � � �+� v ��� �k�8�x� w<y � v �d�x�m� ¦ w � y�w �8� w � u � � v �`�8�S� � �d���V�m� v �d�x¡ v ���`¤ � � � ��� ¦ w � � w � �x�� � �8� w5¢ � ��� y �8��� y ¤ª�z�d��� w¢ � r K �m� v �d�x¡ v � �(� � �x�ÊÉ � v � �x� w � � � y �V��¤è� � � vSw.w � ¡ v �¸�x�8��� � w � �vxwzy{wV� � � ���)� � ���{�m¦ � w � v �8� � ���8� �m� � � �`�V� ��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w u � ���g� w�dwzy ¦ w�y{w �8� vxw � u � � v � vxw � �8� � � w �� � � � ��� ¦ � w r�� v ��� ���`¤ ¦ w �x� w ����� vxw � � Ã&�z�x�m�¥¤¨� � � vxw � y � ¦ � w � �V�x� u � � v ��� y�w � �V� � � w � ��{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V�S� w �<�V�x��� ¦ w(y{w �V� vxw � rB� � uMw�dwzy<� � �#���`¤´�V� � � ¦ w � v �=�#� vxw � w � � � y{w � w ��� �:¦ w � �x¡���8  w �&�x� �x�V���z�d� �dw ¤(� vxw � � � � y ���8� � �d� y�w�: � � y�w �¸��� � w<y � � y � � vxw �<��� �{��� Á£�<�8� � �d� r�Ë � � vxwzy¼u �`¤ �Áx��� � �S¡��/� w � y � � �x¡/�<� y��dw ���:� y�y{w � wz� �V���B� �:� � ��� �x�8�B�z� w � y#u]vxw � vxw<y �V��¤ï� w � y � � �S¡ �m�:� � � �V�z����8  � �x¡ � �³�V� w r/² �x� wzw � � � � �m� �x�8���z� w � y u]vxw � vxwzy �V��¤�� w � y � � �x¡��<�d�x�m� WUVWX ���8  w � ���V� w r/² �� vSw � w5¢ � � wzu � w �� � �V� � �ºuMw � w � � y �m¦ w �V�x� � ��� wzy � y�w ��� vxw&y{w � �x�m� � � ¦ ��� � � w � � � y w �V� v � � �d� yw � ¡ v �)�£�8��� � w � � r�� � ¦ � w p[r Ð � �S����� y �m� w � � vxw � w � y � � �x¡¸�<� y��dw � � y �8� w � w<y � � ¦ ��� � � w � � � y]w �V� v�£�8��� � w �½�V�x�/��� ¦ � w p[r ñ&�z�d�&� w �%� � �d�/� vxw:y{w � �x�� � � ¦ ��� � � w � rÌ+ÍIÎ�Í�Ï�ÐzÎ ÑlÒIÎ�ÓÕÔBÖ Ío×�Î�Ø�ÙSÐ Ú¾Ð�Í�Û Ü�ÒIÎ�ÓÝÔÞÖ ÍI×�Î�Ø�ÙSФ �V�x� w<y\� � r �x� y ���V� áxràßba ß[r ñ a Ä r^]za¬ w �x  w � � � �oK»ë ¬ � � r K ¬ ¬ � r^áza Ð rßpba ñ r á�a¤ �d���V� � ¤ �V�x� w<y]� � r �x� y �k�V� áxr Ä a ]Sr � a j Ð râá�aÝ?� � y � �8� � ¤ �V�x� w<y\� � r �x� y �k�V� � r �dñ a j r Ð a j r Ä a¬ ¤Z� � v �d�k� � ¶>¬g¶�¤ � � r Ï �d�m� � �<�x��� y � a � r^]za j rßpba¶ y � � � � �d�S�{�<�d� w j áxrßpba j áSr j a ÐVñ r Ä a¬ ¤[� � v �V�k� � �d�S���z�d� w jdj r Ð a j ßba Ð áSr ñ a¶ y�w � � � � �d�[���<�V� w Ð áxr ñ a ñ�Ð r ñ a á � râá�a

â�ã}ä kºöok ÷}nxp �dü_�w r ú7þs`ü¥ù��(ùt���ûú��h�w`ü¥ù��h`üxå����¼�� q6r þ ù��

j � ]

Page 128: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

Ì+ÍIÎ�ÍoÏ�ÐzÎ ä æ $¤ �8�x� wzy)� � r �x� y ���V� Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w j r Ä ] ; � r^á ñ � r �d�dñë3w �V� j râá Ð ; � rßp Ð � r �d� j �ßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w j r j ß ; � r á ñ � r �d�d�¬ w �x  w � � � ��K#ë ¬ � � r K ¬Ç¬ Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w ñ ]Sr Ä ; Ð r ñ � r �d�d� áë3w �V� � rêß'ß j ; � r^á�p � r �d� ]ßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � r Ä'Ä á ; � r^á � r � j �¤ �d�m�d� � ¤ �8�x� wzy]� � r �x� y ���V� Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � râá ñ ] ; � r ñ ß � r �d�ë3w �V� � râá Äd� ; � r Ð'Ä � r �d�ßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � rsp �d� ; � r ÐVñ � r �d�Ý?� � y � �V� � ¤ �V�x� wzy)� � r �S� y ���V� Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w j � ràß ;�j ràß'á � r �d�ë3w �V� � rêß ñ á ; � r^áb] � r �d�ßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � rà]']�p ; � r^ázß � r �d�¬ ¤Z� � v �d��� � ¶|¬º¶>¤ � � r Ï �d��� � �<�S�³� y Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w Ä rà]'] ; Ð r á Ä � r �d�ë3w �V� � rsp'ß ; � ràß � � r �d� jßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � ràábß j ; � r^áVá � r �d�¶ y � � � � �d�S���z�d� w Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w j r � á ; � r ñ ß � r �d� áë3w �V� j r j Ð ; � r ñdñ � r �d� áßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � rà] Äd� ; � r Ð á � r �d�¬ ¤Z� � v �d��� � �d�[���<�V� w Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w j r Ð8ñ ; � r á j � r �d�bÄë3w �V� � rà]8á ñ ; � r ñd� � r � jßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � r Ä ß Ð ; � r Ð j � r �d�¶ y{w � � � � �d�S���z�d� w Ð p � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � rsp ñ�Ð ; � r j á � r � jë3w �V� � râá Ä p ; � r � ß � r � jßdp � v�: �£�8�%� � � w � râá Ð ] ; � r � j � r �d�â�ã�ä�kgöokLmon�ë ÿ q�q ���Bú��Æþ ù��w�%ýs�zy���ÿz���1ù r �w q ù�ü¥ùt�w�

jdj �

Page 129: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1ÒÅ=ÒkÓºòÇòô×%Ö eÓ£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú´Õ F eÓ�Ú eÙôó e×[Ó�Ô7Ô1ÖSÆ[Ö eÓ£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú+òôóÇF�È�×[ÙÇØ Ô

ìí î íïð î ñòóð ñòóð�ôõöï î í îS÷ï òø ÷ùíï�úûöü ð ýî îð þÿò î � ï òø ÷þí îí�í� ò � û �ï òóð ûï ð þò� ýî � úî û í �ð ö ö õö �� îö í õ �í îð þð ö ö õö ìòð öð � úð � õ � �ð � îï

� � ��� � ��� � ���� � ��� �� �� � � �� �� ! � � " ! � � " ! # � �$ � � � �� � % � & � � ' & � �� ( � ( �) %� * � � % & ��& � � � � �� + � � � �, � % � � - ,. . � � % � �� � �� � % � �/� 0� � � � ' & � � + �� $ & % '1 2� � � �* �� ���3 � , 4� � & �5#6 3 � �� # 3 3 7 �� �� � 7 � � �� ! � � " ! � � " ! # � �$ �� � �� � % � & � � ' & � � + ��5 � ) %� * � � % & �� & �8, & % � * � � � & � & � % & � �� � � �� 5 � � � ��� ��� � �� � � " � �� �� � � � � " � 7 ! �� � � ! � � � ! 9� � �� � % � � :� � � " & � � ' & � �� (5 ( % �� % & � � � . ��� �,. ' : �� � �, � % � � ) %� * � � % & �� � 3 �$ �� ���� �� � % � � /� 0� ; � � + � � ' & � � + �� $ & % '1 2� �� �* �� ��< � � & � 5 � � ���� � ��� � �� � � � 2 �� �� � 2� � � " ! 2� � ! � � � ! 3 �$ �� � �� � % � & � � ' & � �� (5 �) %� * � � % & �� & � ���, � % � � = % � � + � * � � � & + �� % �. � %> � � � � �� : ��� � . �� ( % �� % � &? � ��3 � �* ' � � �5@ 3 @ � � ���A � � � & �, � �

� 7 � �� � 2� 2 ! 2� ! � � ! 3 �$ �� � �� � % � & � � ' & � �� ( � ( �) %� * � � % & ��& � � � , � % � � # ( ( & % & �� � � �* �� � � � � � (, ���� � �� % �> � �@� &� 5 �, % � � �� "� 2� � � 2� � � ! � ; � " ! � " ! B % �� % & � % � � � � � � : �� * � � + �� � ( & C � , � % ��3 � � � &� . �, � �� & � &� � � , � % � +, % �,. . � � % � ���� �� � % � � /� 0 � 2 � � + � * � � � & + �� $ & % ' 1 2� �� �* �� ��3 � �* ' � � �5�, % � � �� � � � � � � 2� � 7 ! � ; � � ! " � � ! B % �� % & � % � � � � � � : �� * � � + �� � ( & C � , � % ��3 � � � &� . �, � �� & � &� � �, � % � +, % �,. . � � % �* � ��� & + �� � � � �� � % � � /� 0 � $ & % '1 2� � � �* �� ��@� � � %5�, % � � �� � "� � � � 7� ! 7 " � 7 ! " � 7 ! B % �� % & � % � � � � � � : �� * � � + �� � ( & C � , � % ��3 � � � &� . �, � �� & � &� � �, � % � +, % �,. . � � % � �� � ��� % � � /� 0 7 � $ & % '1 2� � � �* �� ���

DE FHG I G JLK MON P P QRS T U R VW N XY W QZ []\ T P P V Z Y W

jdjdj

Page 130: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ^`_bac_ed fhgji y glknmpoqksrtglrnu y kvixwzy|{s}~rtrtglo

� vxw Á y � �]�£�8��� � w � ��� o�� p']�� t �<�V� �{�m� � � � ��j á � � á ñ w5¢ � y{w �{�{� �d��� w � � � y�w � w ��� �]� � y Ð�Äd� � �V� � � w � rj ÄV�k� � � vSw � w � �V� � � w � � y�w � y �V� � � Nôw<y{w ��� � y � �k� y ¤.���S���d� y � o � � y?w5¢ �V� � � wV� � y � � ���=� wV� ���x�S¡w ��� t �8�x� j �d� vxw �V�m� v ¤ � �V� � � w ��� y �d�É� vxw � �V� w � �m�{� � w � r K � � �x� � y �_ê w �z�{� y�ë �8� v � � w o�� ê ë to � w<w � v � � � w<y Ð � � y � w ��� � � � �V�x� y{w � wzy{w �x� w � t u � � v �3� � � w � y o � r w r �x�V� � y �Z�x�x�� t   w<y � w � u � �� � w � r�� w � � w �!�V�m�\� � � vxw j á � � á ñ � w �8��� y�w ��� � � vxw �Z�S� wzy � �<�V� w¢ � w<y � � w ��� � r�� �{� �S¡-�d� y��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w � w � � �Su�w Áx�x�.� v �8� � ���=� ��� � � �`�V� �{� ¡V� � Á£�<�V�x� w ��� y�w �V� vSw �3�8� j p � y � � � � �x¡ � �V� � � w � r

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45All Sample SizesFirst 8 Sample SizesFirst 6 Sample SizesFirst 4 Sample SizesLOO error

fhgjilk öok��ln�� ù��w�Zýs�zy���ÿz���1ù��E��ú��gü���ùx�%ú�� q 1þb�1ùt�w�ûÿ}�lüûÿ q ú7ÿz�Ç�}`ü����Ç�%ýO�xùt�ûù��8üÇ�8ÿ qc� ùt�w��ú��[ü_�v1ýs�%ýs�zy�� q6r þ ù��x�ûù]ÿ��¥ù�� "� w � y�w �x� u � ¦ � w ����� y{w �8� w �V� y � w � y � � �S¡3�&�[� w � � � y � v �m� �£�=��� � w � r9Ë y{y � yBy �8� w � u�w<y�w�w ��;� � ���8� w � � � y ] � � N�wzy{w ��� � �V�m� w � � � � o Î ~ ñd� # á � # p � # á � # ÄV� # ] � # j ñd� # j ß � # Ð j � t � � u�w �m�¼� � �� w � �dw ; �d� w ; �d�[� wzy{y � y �<�d� � �S� w ��� �{� �x¡&�V����� � � vxw Ð'Äd� � �8� � � w � r� � N�wzy{w ���M�Z�S� ¦ wzy � � � � vSw � w �{��µ w � u�w<y�w � vSw ��� � w ���{���<�V� � � y �x��\� w � y � � �x¡ �<� y��dw � �{� � � �Vw � � �L;¡��=� w»v � u � vSw � w � y � � �x¡B�<� y��dw#w � � � �k�8� w ��� � � y � �dw � � � vxw �{�mµ w � � � vxw � y � � � � �x¡ � w � � �x� y�w � � w � rÏ �d� y �<� y��dw � uMwzy{w � y{w �8� w �+� �{� �x¡�� t � vxw�wzy{y � y½y �8� w �½� � y �V���Æ� y � � � � �S¡ � w � ����µ w � � ¦ t � vxw Á y � �Ä.� y � � � � �x¡ � w � ����µ w � � � t � vSw Á y � � á � y � � � � �x¡ � w � ����µ w � �8�x�-� t í � � �:� vxw Á y � � á �{�mµ w � rk� vSw

jdj Ð

Page 131: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1Ò Å=ÒkÓºòÇòô×%Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú´Õ F e Ó�Ú e Ùôó e ×[Ó�Ô7Ô1ÖSÆ[Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú+òôóÇF�È�×[ÙÇØ Ô

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

fhgjilkÆöoköon�� ù��w�Zýs�zy���ÿ����1ù|��}� ù q6r ýu��ýs�t1þ��}`ü� ��ú��¼üûÿ q ú7ÿz���1ùt�w�ûÿ�����ú�� q 1þI��`ü� " � ù��w�%ýs�zy���ÿz���1ù���� � ù�ù��¸þ ù��w�=üH��ý�ü��)1þ þ r ú����ûý � þ�ù|�w q6r þ�ù?�ûý���ù�� "y{w � �x�� � �x¡��<� y��dw � � y{w � v � u � � �kÁ£¡V� y{w p[r á �V�m�d�x¡ u � � v � vxw � w � �dw �d� w �d�S� wzy{y � y�u � � v �V����Ð'Äd�� �8� � � w � r K � w¢ � w �z� w � � � � ��� y{w �V�x���&� y{w � y � � � � �x¡ � w � �{�mµ w � � y�w � � w �ï�{��Áx�#� vxw �<� y��dwV�� vSw �&�[� w � � � � y � �dw � ;�� r w r � vxw � y�w � � �z� w � wzy{y � y]y �8� w �8�½Ð ß'] � y � � � � �S¡ � �V� � � w � � �x� y ���V� vxw �� vSw � w � �dw �V� w �d�S� w<y�y � y r�� vxw ���V��� �{�mµ w � � y�w � � w � � � vxw �8�z���x�V�l� w � �Vw ; �d� w ; �d�S� wzy{y � y ��� �d�x�¤� �x� y � ¢ � ���8� w �m¤3Ð a � w �{� � v �V�´� vxw � vxw � y{w � � �z� w � w<y�y � y r K � �m�V�»� � � vxw � w � y � � �x¡��<� y��dw � ¦<;��� � � w � u]vSw �+�V�m� � �8� � � w �{�mµ w � � y�w � � w � � �8�x��� vxw w � �x� y � �`�8���£�8���¸� v �8� u � � � � w �����¸Áx�]� vxw�<� y��dw �`�8� ¦ w � w<w � � ��Á£¡d� y�w pZrsp[r� vxw ���V�m�x� y � � � � �x¡ � w � �{�mµ w � � y�w � � w �k��� �<�d� � � y �x�z��� vxw �<� y��dw8� � vxw ÁS�{� w � wzy{y � y¹y �8� w)w¢ � y�w ��;�{� �d� ��� ¡ � �dw � ¦ ¤ !%oW�Çt�~ jH� á Ð � à Í�� ����� � � �d� ] Ä � oqp[r j á%tÏ � y � vSw Ð p � v �V�x� ßdp � v�: �x�V��� � � w � � � vxw:y�w �{� w �� � �dw �<� y��dw � � y{w ¡ � �dw � ¦ ¤! ��� oW�Çt·~ jH� Ä ][� à Í�� ��� � � � �d�dñdÐ oqp[r j pdt!�� � oW�Çt�~ j��mj ß�� à Í�� �~��� � � �d�d� � oqp[r j á�t� w �`�8�è� y � u � w�dwzy �V���z�d�x�z��� ��� �d� � � y �d�é� vxw � w �<� y��dw � r Ï � y � �{�m¤ � � vSw � w �<�`¤ y �8� wkæ ��� � �<;� y � ¢ � �k�8� w �¤&� � p � �x¡d¡ w � � � �x¡�� v �8�M� v ���M� y � ¦ � w � �m� y{w � � �V�£� ¦ �¤k� � Ã&�<�x��M���(� w � y � rH� � u�wz�Vw<yz�

jdj ñ

Page 132: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

fhgjilk�ö�k���n�� ù��w�Zýs�zy ��ÿz�w�1ù�����ú��_ü���ùMþ ù5ÿ¡ 1ù q ýs q ú�� r ��ú7þ ú�y�����`ü� "£¢ ù��0��ýu�w��þ ù������%ú��-ü���ù�ù q�r ýu��ýs�t1þùt���ûú��?�v`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��~ !��ÿz���1ù�y7ýu�1ù��]ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú��?��ÿz���1ù�¤Çü��%ù � þ ÿ�ù���ÿz���1ù��?�w��ú��0ü��%ù���~<ü�������¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��x��}��ü���ù?y��ûù�ù��`�~§8ÿ}�ûù?����ú#�h�·ü���ù �©¨ª¨ ùt���ûú�� "� vxw ¶ �1¤ w � w<y{y � y � wzy � � � y{w.�dwzy ¤ �<�m� � w �{� µ w<y � � �S¡d¡ w � � � �x¡�� v �8�&¡ � �dw � w �S�d�x¡ v � �V� � � w � ��Vw<y ¤¨¡V�[�Z� � wzy � � y �k�8�x� w �m�»� � �{�{�m¦ � w r�� vxw �{�mµ w � � � vSw&w � �dw �m� � w � w Á£� w � ¦ ¤´� vxwB: �£�V��� � � w ��m� � �x� y � ¢¬« Ð a � �S� � �<�8� � �x¡&� v �8�½� vxw ���Z� w � �m� y{w � � �V�£� ¦ �¤��8�<�<� y �8� w r K �x� y � ¢ � ���8� � �d� �\� � y��� y ¡ wzy � �V� � � w �{�mµ w � �`�8� ¦ w � ¦ ��� � � w � ¦ ¤ � � ¦x� � � ���S� � �x¡.� vSw&y�w�: � � y{w � � �V��� w � � � Î � ������� vSw�z� y��VwBw#: �x�8� � �d� � r Ï � y\w5¢ �8� � � wV� � � y Î ~¬á �d� u�wBv � �Vw!%o}á �V� t·~�ß � ñ a oqp[r j ßdt! ��� o}á �V� t·~¬á � ßba oqp[r j Ä t!�� � oIá �d� t·~ Ä � ]ba � oqp[r j ]�t� vxwzy{w � � y{w8� � vxw �V� v � wz� � ¦ � w#w<y{y � y � �{� �x¡ á �d� � �8� � � w �\�m� ß � ñ « Ð � áza�r^`_bac_®­ ¯°o£gl±²o£ix}ewxi´³²kvµj¶l³²ye³¸·z¹² �ª� v ��� �£�8��� � w � � ÐVñ � uMw�v � �Vw á Ä � �V� � � w � � � �8�<�S� w �m¤Z� � v � ¦ �³� � � � �¸� w �x  w � � � o K ¬Ç¬ºt �V�S�Ð p � �V� � � w � � � �V�z�S� w ��¤ w ��� � �F� w �x  w � � � o K»ë ¬ºtr Ï � ykw �8� v � �V� � � w8��uMw+v � �Vw ß � j Ð ] w5¢ ;� y�w ���{� �V� � �V�m� w � ré� vxw �<��� �{��� Á wzy � � w � u � � � � � �x� � y �´ê w ���� y�ë �8� v � � wïu � � v �Þ� � � w � y

jdj á

Page 133: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1Ò Å=ÒkÓºòÇòô×%Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú´Õ F e Ó�Ú e Ùôó e ×[Ó�Ô7Ô1ÖSÆ[Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú+òôóÇF�È�×[ÙÇØ Ô

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

fhgjilkÆöok»º<n�� ù��w�Zýs�zy���ÿ����1ù����mú��_ü���ù�þ�ù5ÿ¡ 1ù q ýs q ú�� r �%ú7þ�ú�y�����`ü� "q¢ ù��0��ýu�w��þ ù������%ú��ªü���ù¹ù q�r ýu��ýs�t1þùt���ûú����v`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��~ ���ÿz���1ù6y7ýu�1ù��]ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú�� ��ÿz���1ù�¤ ü��%ù � þ ÿ�ù6��ÿz���1ù�� ����ú��!ü��%ù���~<ü�������¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��H��}�(ü���ù?y��ûù�ù��Þ�~§8ÿ}�ûù?����ú#�h�·ü���ù �©¨ª¨ ùt����ú�� "

  wzy � w �]�V�x�§�V�m� ß � j Ð ] � � � vxw � w �=��� y�w � uMwzy{w � � w � rª� vSw �{��µ w � � � � y � � � � �x¡ � w � � � � w � u�w<y�wÎ ~ j � # j p # ÐV� # Ð p # ñd� # ñ p �V�x�¨�d�x�¤ p � �V� � � w � uMwzy{w¸y{w#: � � y�w �+��� y�w �V� v �d� y pba � ���8� ��� � � �<�V��{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V�S� w � wz�Vw � r Ï � ¡d� y{w p[r^á � v � u � � vxwBw � �x� y � �`�8� w<y�y � y]� �V��� w � �V�S�3� vSw � w � y � � �x¡¸�<� y��dw �� � y � v ��� �£�=��� � w � r�� vxw � w � y � � �x¡(�z� y��VwBw � � � �k�=� w � � y �d� � vxw:w � �x� y � �`�8� w<y�y � y �]���!%oE�Çt�~ � � ßbß � á[� à Í�� ����� � � �d� ] � oqp[r ÐV� t� vxw � w �`�`¤ �V�x� � w � y � � �x¡ y �=� w �g� �»� v �m� w5¢ �V� � � w � v � u � v �=�º� vxw �<��� �{��� Á wzy � w � y � � �&� y{wH: � � �� %�m¤� v �V� � �!� vxw � y�wz� � �V� � w¢ �V� � � w r � v ��� � �<�V� � � w � u � � v � vSw � ���V��� w<y �%�x� ¦ w<y � �B� �8� � � w �y{w#: � � y�w �3�{� y�w �V� v ��� ¡d� � Á£�<�V�x� w � �S¡d¡ w � � � �����x� v�w � ��� w<y � y � ¦ � w � r�² � � �V�� � � � �`�V� ¦ w � w<w �� y �V�Ã� vxw Ð p � v : �x�V��� � � w � �ïÁ£¡V� y{w p[ràá � � � ��� � � �{����¦ � w �{��¡ w � µ wzy ��� w � � w<y�y � y �8�(� ¦ �d�[� ß ñ� �8� � � w � r¹� vSw¼: �£�V��� � � w#w � �dw �m� � w �m� �(�m�V�]�³� y ¡ w<y � v �V� � �.� vSw � y{wz� � �d� � �£�8��� � w � ;�� y � ¦ � ¦ �¤�x� w ���»� vSw � �V�z�_� v �8� uMw � y{w � ��� �x¡»�»���x� v � ���V�m� w<yºy �8�x¡ w � � �x�8��� � w � ����µ w � ���½Áx�·�d� y ���Z� w � r

jdj p

Page 134: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

fhgjilk�ö�k�¼�n�� ù��w�Zýs�zy ��ÿz�w�1ù�����ú��_ü���ùMþ ù5ÿ¡ 1ù q ýs q ú�� r ��ú7þ ú�y�����`ü� "£¢ ù��0��ýu�w��þ ù������%ú��-ü���ù�ù q�r ýu��ýs�t1þùt���ûú��?�v`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��~ !��ÿz���1ù�y7ýu�1ù��]ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú��?��ÿz���1ù�¤Çü��%ù � þ ÿ�ù���ÿz���1ù��?�w��ú��0ü��%ù���~<ü�������¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��x��}��ü���ù?y��ûù�ù��`�~§8ÿ}�ûù?����ú#�h�·ü���ù �©¨ª¨ ùt���ûú�� "

^`_bac_¾½ ¿À³py~³pÁÃÂÄwzÁlÂÄoqk

� vxw �<�d�m�d���<�V�x� wzy �£�8��� � w � � p ñ � �<�d� �{��� � � � � Ðdн�x� y ���V� � �V� � � w � �8�x� á � � �V� � � w � �z� y{y�w �{� �d�x� ;� �x¡»���#���V� � ¡d�£�V���º� �m�{� � w r Ï � y¼w �V� v � �V� � � wV�Vu�w\v � �dw Ð � �d�d� w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d� � �V�m� w � r�� �x� �   w �&� � ��V� vxw<y �x�8��� � w � � � � v ��� �£�=��� u � �·� � ¦%í w �z� w �¸���»� vxw � �d���m� u � �x¡ � y{w ;¥� y �[� w ���{� �S¡ � � w �); Á y � ���m¤ � � vSw�£�=��� y �V�¼���V¡�� y � � v � u � � ���8  w �ï�V�x�+� vxw ���V� v ¤ � wzy ¦ �d� � � ; ���V�x¡ w ��� � �x�x�� � �V� u � � � �x� � � w �´�{�y�w �x�x� w � vxw � �tÅ£� w �x� w � � �d�[��� � w<y � rº� v ���¼� � w � u � � � �x� � � w � ¦ ¤�� vxw � y � ¡ � �x�8��� y � � � � vxw �£�=��� � w � rK ¡�� � � � � vxw �<��� �{��� Á wzy � � w � u � � � � � �x� � y �#ê w �z�{� yBë �V� v � � w(u � � v �.� � � w � y   wzy � w ���8�x�-�8���Ð � �d�d� � w �8��� y{w � u�w<y�w � � w � rhË � � � �k�=� w � � � w<y{y � y � �=� Î ~ j � # j p # ÐV� # Ð p # ñV� # ñ p # á � # á%p # p �»�V�S�� vxw � w � y � � �x¡B�<� y��dw � �8���d�x¡ u � � v � vxw � w � �Vw ; �V� w ; �d�S� wzy{y � y � y�w � v � u � � ��Á£¡V� y{w pZrêß[r Ý � y pba��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w � wz�dw � ��� �8� v � w�dw �ï�8� � �S� y � ¢ � ���8� w �m¤ j � � �8� � � w � �V�S�¨� vxw � �x�x�� � �d�£�V� � � y � � �� vxw Áx�{� w ��� w � y � � �x¡(�<� y��dw ��� !%oE�Çt�~ � � á�ß'] Ä � à Í�� � �®Æ~� � oqp[r Ð j tjdj á

Page 135: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1Ò Å=ÒkÓºòÇòô×%Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú´Õ F e Ó�Ú e Ùôó e ×[Ó�Ô7Ô1ÖSÆ[Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú+òôóÇF�È�×[ÙÇØ Ô

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

fhgjilkZö�k�Çln£� ù��v�%ýs�zyh��ÿ����1ù�� ��ú��Çü��%ù_þu� q6r �%ú q q ú�� r �%ú7þ�ú�y�����`ü� "Ä¢ ù�����ýu�w��þ�ù�� ����ú��3ü���ùºù q�r ýu��ýs�t1þùt���ûú����v`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��~ ���ÿz���1ù6y7ýu�1ù��]ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú�� ��ÿz���1ù�¤ ü��%ù � þ ÿ�ù6��ÿz���1ù�� ����ú��!ü��%ù���~<ü�������¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��H��}�(ü���ù?y��ûù�ù��Þ�~§8ÿ}�ûù?����ú#�h�·ü���ù �©¨ª¨ ùt����ú�� "^`_bac_ba ÈÉm�w�kv}ewzÁÊÂÄwzÁlÂÄoqk

� v �m� �£�8��� � w � � á'áË� �z�d� ����� � � � � Ð á � �V� � � w �?� y �d� vxw �V�m� v ¤�� � � y � �V��� ���{� � w �V�S�¨ñd� � y �V� ��� ;� � ¡d�£�V���#� ���{� � w r.� vSw<y{w � y{w j � p ñ á w¢ � y�w �{��� �d�-� wz�Vw � �B� � y:w �8� v � �V� � � w r�© y�w ;¥� y �Z� w ���{� �x¡ � � y� v ��� �£�8��� � w � � � � �V� �dw �/�V�x� � �x¡ j �V�x�k� vxw �����V  � �S¡B� vSw �£�8�{� y �8�ô�m�d¡�� y � � v � � � � vxw?w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d�� �V��� w � r K �m� j � p ñ á � w �8�{� y{w � u�w<y{w � � w ���8�x��� vSw �<��� �{��� Á wzy�u � � �V¡�� � ���½� � � w � y � � �x� � y �_ê w ���� yë �V� v � � w r K � u � � v �z�d���d�+�<�V�x� w<y<� � ���8� ��� � � �<�V� ��� ¡d� � Á£�<�V�x� w�u � � y�w �V� vxw �-�=� � �x� y � ¢ � �k�8� w �¤j � � �V� � � w � �V�x� Î ~ j � # j p # ÐV� # Ð p # ñd� # ñ p # á ��� y � � � � �x¡ � w � � u�w<y�w � � w ���{�kÁx�»� vxw � w � y � � �x¡�<� y��dw r Ï � ¡d� y�w p[r Ä r�� vxw:w<y�y � y � �x�x�� � �d� ��� ¡ � �dw ��� �!%oE�Çt�~ � � ß ñ á Ð � à Í�� ��Ì��®� � oqp[r ÐdÐ t^`_bac_�^ ¯|¹Íixµj¶l³²ixw´i´³²kvµj¶l³²y~³²·z¹

� vxw Á£�£�V�]�&� y � v �d���V¡V¤ª�£�=��� � w � � á�� �z�d� ����� � � � � Ð á � � N � � w ��� y ¡ w ¶ ; � w ���\�m¤Z� � v �d��� � �8� ;� � w � �V�x� j Ð � �V� � � w � � ��� �V��� � �<�x��� y �8�x�ï� vSy �d� � �¸�m¤Z� � v �[�¤ � � � � rÞË �V� v � �8� � � w(v � �¸j Ä � á ñ�Ð� w � � � y{w � w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d� � �V�m� w � �8�x�.� vxw �£�8��� u � �)� y{w ; � y �Z� w �{� w � ¦ ¤����V  � �x¡(� vxw ���d¡ � � � w �V� vjdj ß

Page 136: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

fhgjilk?ö�k ÷ËÎ�nÏ� ù��w�%ýs��y���ÿ����1ù�����ú��:ü���ù � �w1ýs��ü_�ûù�`ü q ù��8ü ú7ÿ�ü���ú q ù`��`ü� "À¢ ù��3��ýu�v��þ�ù��6����ú#�Éü���ùù q6r ýu��ýs�t1þ�ùt���ûú����w`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��e `��ÿz���1ù6y7ýs�1ù��\ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú��?��ÿz���1ù�¤ ü���ù � þÿ�ù6��ÿz���1ù�������ú#�!ü���ù��~<ü��Þ���� ¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��H����(ü��%ù?y��ûù�ù��Þ�e§8ÿ���ù?����ú����·ü���ù �ШѨ ùt���ûú�� "w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d� � �V�m� w r#� v ���#��� � � ���V�x�£� y �+� w � v � � : � w � �#� � � y�w � w<y��Vw � � vxw � ¤Z��� w � y ¤ ¦ w � uMwzw �� �dwzy �V�x�¨�x�x� wzy:w¢ � y{w �{��� �d� r K � � � w � y � � �x� � y � �Vw ���� y ���V� v � � w�u � � � � w �¨���/�z�³� ���{�m� ¤�� vSw�£�=�����V�x�ï�V��� j Ä � á ñ�Ð � w �8�{� y{w � u�w<y�w � � w � r�� y � � � � �S¡ � w � �{�mµ w � � � Î ~ j � # j p # ÐV� # Ð p # ñd� # ñ pu�w<y�w � � w ���V�x� ��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� wMu � � y{w �V� vxw � � � y ÎÓÒ pZr Ï � ¡d� y{w p[rà] � v � u � � vxw]w � �x� y � �<�V� w<y�y � y ��V�S�3� w � y � � �x¡(�z� y��Vw �)� � y � v �m� �£�8��� � w � r�� vxw � w � y � � �x¡(�<� y��dw ��� ¡ � �dw � ¦ ¤!%oW�Çt·~ � � pbß�� à Í�� � Í � ��� � � �d�d� á � oqp[r ÐVñ t^`_bac_¾Ô ÕÖkswz}×ÁÊÂÄwzÁlÂÄoqkn{tksoqw�{si´o£Á`{سpgc{tÂijpi´o� v �m� �x�8��� � w ���<�d� �{��� � w ��� �Æ� �V� � � w ��� y �d� � �=� � w ��� � u � � v � v � ��� v �Z�Z��� w �x�S����� ¦ �³� � ���d��� � �âp Ä �qrñ ] � � � vxw � �V� � � w � u�w<y{w � y �d� � �8� � w ��� � u]v � y{w �V�z� w � � � � �V� y � ¦ �m¤����k� y{w �=��� w ��� o � � � �����V� � �dw� � � w<y � u � ¤ w � y � t u]v � � � �_� vxw �V� vxw<y Ð j u�w<y�w � y �d� � �8� � w ��� � u � � v � � �Z� y � y{w �=��� w �����d�S�{�<�d� w rÏ � y½w �V� v � �8� � � wV� ß � j Ð ] w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d� � �8��� w � u�w<y{w � � � � �³� ¦ � w r K � � � w � y � � �x� � y � �Vw ���� y ��� ;� v � � w�u � � � � w � u � � v j p � � w �=��� y�w � � v � � w � ¦ ¤�� vxw�y �V� � � �w; �k� y ¡ � ��� y � � w<y � � � j � �bÙr)� y � � � � �x¡Ú Õ©Û�ÜÄÝbÜeÞsßáà�à�Ü×â¥Þ¾ã�ä¾Ü×ÝæåOÝsç®Û�ßèÝéÜeê¸Þéß�ëËÜ©Þ¾Ûìâ¥ÞíÝéÜ~ÞæÞ¾Ûìâ¥Þvî`å�ê�åïî`åOÝbÜ�ÝtÞéÛ�ÜÄä®âñð�åïãìÝtîòâáä¾óñå�êpëËßèã�êìð²ßñê²ÞéÛ�ÜÄêôã�î²ëËÜ×ä

ßáàæõïÜ�â÷öñÜeø»ßèê�Ü~øùßñã�ÞÐÜeä¾äéßèä¾Ý

jdj Ä

Page 137: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1Ò Å=ÒkÓºòÇòô×%Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú´Õ F e Ó�Ú e Ùôó e ×[Ó�Ô7Ô1ÖSÆ[Ö e Ó£ÕÆÖ�F_Ú+òôóÇF�È�×[ÙÇØ Ô

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

fhgjilklöok ÷Z÷}n�� ù��w�%ýL�zy���ÿ����1ù����mú��¼ü���ù\þu� q6r �%ú q )ú7ÿ%ü���ú q ù?��`ü� "£¢ ù��0��ýs�w��þ�ù�������ú#�-ü��%ùMù q�r ýu��ýs�t1þùt���ûú����v`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��~ ���ÿz���1ù6y7ýu�1ù��]ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú�� ��ÿz���1ù�¤ ü��%ù � þ ÿ�ù6��ÿz���1ù�� ����ú��!ü��%ù���~<ü�������¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��H��}�(ü���ù?y��ûù�ù��Þ�~§8ÿ}�ûù?����ú#�h�·ü���ù �©¨ª¨ ùt����ú�� "�{�mµ w � � � Î ~ ÐV� # Ð p # ñV� # ñ p # á � u�w<y�w � � w �/��� w � � � ���8� w»w<y�y � y � r� ���8� �m� � � �`�V� ��� ¡d� � Á£�<�V�x� w�u � � y�w �V� vxw � u � � v á%p � y � � � � �x¡ � �V� � � w �E; �8���&� � �g� vSw�w �%� � y�w �£�8��� � w � ��V�x������� y ¡ wzy �{��µ w � v �V��� vxw �{�mµ w �)� � y]u]v � � v � vxwBw<y{y � y]y �8� w u � � w � � � ���8� w � r\� vxwzy{w � � y{wV� u�w�`�8�x�x�V�#� � w � vxw � w � v �[�x�V���d¡V¤�� � � w � � y ��¦ w � � � � � y r6� � uMw�dw<yz�ÆuMw �<�V�+�`�8�S� � �d� � �¤�� �x� �¤´�� w � y � � �x¡ �<� y��dw �{�B� vxw �x�V� ;¥��� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�%� � �V�m� w � � � �<�V� ¦ w � w<w � � �¸Á£¡d� y�w p[r j � r K � �d� w � � ¡ v �w¢ � w �� � � vxw � w � y � � �x¡ �<� y��dw �m� : � � � w � �£�V�<�z� y �=� w ;¼� ��� �dw<y�w � � � ���8� w � � vxw � w � �dw ; �d� w ; �d�[� w<y�y � y¦ ¤/� ¦ �d�S� ßba�r�� vxw � w � y � � �x¡��z� y��Vw ��� ¡ � �dw � ¦ ¤!%oW�Çt�~ j��mjdj pÊ� à Í�� ��� Æ � � � � �d� á � oqp[r Ð á%t^`_bac_�ú ¯|¹Íixµj¶l³²ixwû{tksoqw�{si´o£Á`{سpgc{tÂijpi´o� vxw � �8� � � w � ���V  � �S¡ª� � � v �m� �£�8��� � w ���V���½�`�V� w � y �V� � �8� � w �%� � u � � v � � N � � w ��� y ¡ w � w ����m¤Z� � v �d��� o � ¬ ¤>¬ºtz� á Ä �qr ñ�Ð\� � � vxw � �V� � � w � u�w<y�w � y �V� � �8� � w ��� � u � � v � �x�z� w ����� �x�Z� y�w �8�{� w �%��d�S�{�<�d� w � u]v � � � ��� vxw �8� vxwzy Ð á � �V� � � w � u�w<y{w � y �d� � �8� � w ��� � u � � v � �Z� y � y�w �8�{� w �%�¼�d�S���z�d� w rË �V� v � �V� � � w �z�d� ����� � � � � ß � j Ð ] w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d� � �V�m� w � r K � � � w � y � � �x� � y � �dw �z��� y ���V� v � � w»u � �

jdj ]

Page 138: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

fhgjilkSö�k ÷'mon�� ù��w�Zýs�zy���ÿ����1ù��é�mú��Æü���ù·þ�ù5ÿ¡ 1ù q ýs q ú�� r ��ú7þ�ú�y�� �}`ü� "©¢ ù�����ýu�w��þ�ù��é����ú#��ü��%ù_ù q�r ýu��ýs�t1þùt���ûú��?�v`ü¥ù��¥¤Çü���ù � þs��~ !��ÿz���1ù�y7ýu�1ù��]ü���ù q ù���.ùt����ú��?��ÿz���1ù�¤Çü��%ù � þ ÿ�ù���ÿz���1ù��?�w��ú��0ü��%ù���~<ü�������¦ ~<ü�� r ùt�w��ù��8üûý þ�ù��x��}��ü���ù?y��ûù�ù��`�~§8ÿ}�ûù?����ú#�h�·ü���ù �©¨ª¨ ùt���ûú�� "� � w � u � � v j p � � w �=��� y�w � �8¡�� � �ï� v � � w � ¦ ¤ï� vxwky �V� � � �w; �k� y ¡ � �¨� y � � w<y � � � j � �qr�� y � � � � �x¡ � w �����µ w � � � Î ~ ÐV� # Ð p # ñV� # ñ p # á � u�w<y{w � � w � r K � u � � v � vSw ¶ y � � �§�`�8�x� wzy �£�=��� � � ���8� ��� � � �<�V���� ¡d� � Á£�`�8�x� w/u � � �x�8� y�w �V� vSw �ì�x��� � �\� w � y �¤ �V���M� � � vxw �x�8��� � w � u � � � � w � o � �§� v ��� �`� � wV�Î ~�p � tr·� vxw � w � y � � �x¡(�z� y��Vw �m�\� v � u � � � p[r jVj �8�x� � � ��� ¡ � �dw � ¦ ¤!%oW� t¹~ � � ]Vá ñ j � à Í�� � Æ � � � � � � j oqp[r Ð pdt� � w¢ � w �z� w � � � vxw �<� y��dw ��� �x�V� �dw<y ¤3�V�<�z� y �8� w �V�S��� �dwzy{w � � � �k�8� w � � vxwBw<y{y � y �8� pbß � �V� � � w �o � r w r � vSw � w � �dw ; �d� w ; �V�S� w<y{y � y t ¦ ¤ ]za�r^`_bac_¾ü ÕÖksoqw�rý{ØÂÄwzÁlÂÄoqkn{tksoqw�{si´o£Á`{þ³pgc{tÂij²ixo� vxw Áx�£�V�M�x�8��� � w �(�z�d����� � � � w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d� � wz�Vw � � � � ñ á � �V� � � w � � y �d� � �8� � w �%� � u � � v ¦ y�w � � ��{�x���V� y � � v �8�·� w ��� � ��� �{�mµ w � u � � v � ��Á �dw ¤ w � y � � � � �m� w � � w �d� � w �¹�8�x�(� vxw\y�w ��� � � � �x¡ ádá � y �d�� �=� � w ��� � � v �8� u�w<y�w � ��� w � � w � y{wzw � � y �=��� w � � �BÁ �dw ¤ w � y � � ßdpì��r3Ë �8� v � �V� � � w �<�d� �{��� � w �è� �Ð á � á Ð á w5¢ � y{w �{�{� �d� � �V�m� w � �V�x�B�V¡�� � � � �]� � � w � y � � �x� � y � �dw �z�{� y ���V� v � � w·u � � � � w � ���)�<�³� �{�{�� ¤ r� �8� � � w �{�mµ w � � � Î ~ j � # ÐV� # ñd� # á � # p � # á � # ß � uMwzy{w � � w �ª�V�S� � ���8� ��� � � �<�V� �{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V�S� w(u � �

j ÐV�

Page 139: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ7Ò Ñ7Ò�õ_Ô`ÖIÚ�æï×ZÙôÓºógÚºÖIÚ�æ e õºó ÿ_ÙôÔ?Õ F e F_Ø ò�ÓºógÙ�Ù � òÇÙôólÖIØ:ÙÇÚ�Õ[Ó�×BØ ÙÇÕED�F�G¼Ô�V� v � wz�Vw �¬�8�.� �x� y � ¢ � ���8� w �m¤ ádp � �V� � � w � r K ¡�� � � � � y � w � � w � � �d� y � w � v �Z�x�d�m�d¡V¤ �m� �x�V�� � �{����¦ � w ¦ �S� u�w �<�V��Áx�¹� vSw � w � y � � �x¡ �<� y��dw � �{� �x¡��8��� � �V��� w � � � � ¦ � �dw r·� vxw � w � y � � �S¡B�z� y��Vw�`�8� ¦ w � w<w � � � pZr j ÐB�V�x� � �M�`�V� ¦ w � w<w � � y �d�ð� v �m��� ���8�M� v �8��� vSw �<� y��dw ��� �S�V� � � y � � �<�x��� y �¤�V�z�<� y �8� w ; � �Vw<y{w � � � ���8� � �x¡´� vxw � w � �dw ; �d� w ; �V�S� w<y�y � y ¦ ¤ª�&� y�w � v �8� ába.rï� vxw � �x�x�� � �V�£�V�� � y �Å� � � v �m� �<� y��dw ��� ¡ � �dw � ¦ ¤ !%oW�Çt�~ � � á Ä p Ð � à Í�� Í � ��� � � � � jH� oqp[r Ð á�t­ * ­ � ºH±�´27 4�·0³ ¸�´2±�´27 ²��9¸��À·Bº�/91 ²+13 ¯|³ ¸�· ·��5¯)·)¸�±� ·)´+Á

/6³ 4  ·0/ 1��3º² �.� vxw � y{w� � �d� �\� w �z� � �d� u�w � � �dw � � � ¡��8� w � v � u �d� y � w � v �[�S�d���d¡8¤��z�d�x�m� ¦ w � � w �.��� � y{w � � �z��<��� �{��� Á£�<�8� � �d� � wzy � � y �k�V�S� w r�� w<y{w�uMw � � w � �B�{���z�d� � � y{w �<��� �{��� Á£�<�8� � �d� � w<y � � y ���V�x� w ¦ w ;� u�w<w �-�£�8���/¡ w � w<y �8� w � u � � v � � � y ��� y�y �`¤ � �V�x��� v �8� ¡ w � w<y �8� w � u � � v �/� wu w¢ � w<y � � w �����V�� w � v � � : � wV� ¤>Ëh�I� � á%p��qr Ï � y � ¦ y � w �l� ��� y �[�S�x�z� � �d�&���B� vxw ¤>Ëh�I� � w � v � � : � w8� � wzw áxr^]Sr j r¼� v ���u � y   v � �B� y�wz� � �V� � �¤ ¦ wzw � � � ¦ � �m� vxw � � � � ázáË� �8�x�ª�/��� y{w �<�d� � y�w<vxw � �{� �dw � w � � y �m� � � �d�ï� �� vSw ¤>Ëh�I� � w � v �[���V�x�.� vxw �£�8��� � w � � � � w ���`�8� ¦ w � �d�x�x�/� vxwzy{w r^`_�^`_×d ¿� ���� m�� }~ÂÄks³²w�kskswĹ

� � � � y �{�x�£�8� w �m¤ � � �(� � ����� �x� v �´� wzu � w � v � � : � w8� � vxw�� �V���x� w � � ¤>Ëh�I� �£�8���+� � � � �³� ¦ � w ���� ���V�m�M�<�V� � � y{w �ª�{�+� v �8� � � y � � � y ��� y{y �`¤ r K � � � � � vxwzy{w � y�w �x�¨�£�8��� � w � � � � � � �³� ¦ � w¸u]vxw<y�w� �8� � � w �M� y �d� � vxw � �8� w � ���{� � w � v � �Vw ¦ w<w ���8�£�V�m¤ � w �/� �{� �x¡ ¦ �V� v � � � y ��� y�y �`¤ � �V�x� ¤>Ëh�I�Br� v �m� ���V  w � � � y�w �z�)�z�d� � � y �m� �d� ¦ w � u�w<w �3� vxw � u ��� w � v �Z� �]� � � � �{����¦ � w rx� � u�wz�Vw<y<�ÇuMw �`�8��<�V� � � y{w � y � í w �z� w � w<y�y � yBy �8� w ��� � y ¤>Ëh�I� u � � v � v � � w�y{w � �x�m� � � ¦ ��� � � w � � �ï� vSw � y{w� � �d� �� w �z� � �d�:���]¡ w � � �d� w � � w �]� � v � u ���x� v � w<y � � y ���V�x� w¼uMw � y�w �m� �{� �x¡ u � � v � vxw ¤>Ëh�I� � w � v �Z� r� w � �x� � � w �¸�d� y � w � v �[�S�d���d¡8¤����:� vSy{w<w ¤>Ëh�I� �£�8��� � w � � r¼� vSw Á y � ���<�d� �{��� � w �k� � �<�³� �{�{�� ¤ � �x¡¦ w � u�w<w � y{v � ¦ �x�d�B¤d� � � y �z�d�k� � � � w � �d��¤V� � � y �<�V�k� � �V�x� � y � � ���8� w �`�V�x� w<yz� � vxw � w �z�d�x���m�[�V  w ��8�·� vxw � � ¦<; �<�³� �{�{� Á£�`�=� � �V�&� � y�v � ¦ �x�d��¤V� � � y �<�d��� ��� ���{�B�8� �dw �d�³� y �V�x� w � ¦ y ¤d�d�x�V� �V�x�¸� vxw Á ;�£�V�%�£�=��� � w � � � � �d� �dw � � y{w � � �� � �S¡½� vSw � y�w �8�{� w ���¼�d�S�{�<�d� w � �£� �8� � w �%� � u � � v � � ��� � ���x�&�d� y � r

j Ð j

Page 140: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ� � ¦ � w pZrâá � v � u � � vxw � w � y � � �x¡¨�<� y��dw � �V�x� � y{w � � �� w � w<y�y � y&y �=� w � � ¦ ��� � � w � � �è� vxw � w � � ;�Vw � � � ¡��=� � �V� � r¼¤ �d� � � y ��� �V�+� � � vxw � w(� �V��� w � u � � v � v � � w � ��� vxw � y{wz� � �d� �#� w �z� � �d� � v � u � � �� v �8� � vxw � wzy � � y �k�V�S� w¸u � � v ¤>Ëh�I� �m� �z�d� � � y � ¦ � w ����� v �8�B� ¦ ��� � � w �-� �{� �S¡�� � � y ��� y�y �`¤ � rK �m� v �d�x¡ v � � y � y �d� �z�d�x�<�m� �{� �dw8� � v ���·�m� � �dw<y ¤ � y �V� �m�{� �S¡ y{w � �x��M�8�x� � �x¡d¡ w � � � � v �8��� y{w �=� � �S¡�V�S���V�x�V�m¤ �{� �x¡ � � y � vxwzy ¤>Ëh�I� �£�8��� � w � � u �d�x����� wzy ��� � �x�¤ ¦ w»u � y � v�u]v � � w r

Ì+ÍIÎ�Í�Ï#Ð�Î ä æ $ !%o}á �d� tc v � ¦ �x� � ¬ w � � � © y � � ���8� w j r j ß Ð ; � rßpbßdp � ñ � ß ñ ]�� j � à �K � �dw �d�³� yM� � r w � ¦ ¤d�V�£�V� � ràá�pVp ; � r ñ�Ð j � ] � pbß Ð � j � à �� � �m� � �V�S���z�d� w � rêß8ázß ; � rßp8ádá � Ð � Ä á']�� j � à �â�ã�ä kºö�kO� nz� ù��w�Zýs�zy6��ÿz���1ù��������ùt���ûú��h r}r �ûú���ý q `üûý ú������mú���ü���ù�� p�ë�� �}`ü���¥ù�ü�� "

­ *�� µ 15´ ²�4��2ºH±15´ º² �-� v ��� � v � � � w<yz�_u�wkv � �dw � ��� y �[�x�S� w �-�3�x� �Vw �M� w � v �Z�x�d���V¡V¤ � � y w � � � ���8� � �x¡.� vSw � ���8� ��� � �L;�<�V� �{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V�S� w � � � � � y ��� y{y �`¤3�z�³� ���{� Á£�`�8� � �d�¨�8�x� � y{w � � �� � �S¡.�<�³� �{�{� Á£�`�=� � �V� � wzy � � y �k�V�S� w ��� �³� y ¡ w<y �£�8��� � w � � u�w<y{w � � � � �³� ¦ � w r½� � � ���m� � � y �8� w � � � � � wV�Æu�w(v � �dw � �x� � � w � � �?�{� w � ¡ v �»� �L;� y ��� y�y �`¤��x�8��� � w � � � w �x� �z� � �x¡»� u �:� ��� � � �S�z� � y � ¦ � w � � r_� vSw Á y � �·Á �dw �£�8��� � w � �·� � � �d� �Vw �¸�&� y ;� v �d���d¡ � �`�8�_�<��� �{��� Á£�<�8� � �d� ��; w r ¡ r �{�x���V� y»�dwzy � � � �x�d� ; ���S���d� y � y � ��� � y � � � �£�8� � �d� ¦ w � uMwzw �� � N�wzy{w �%�����x�&�d� y �¥¤ � w � r�� vxw � w �z�d�x� � w � � � � �d� �dw � � y{w � � �� � �S¡B� vSw �d�S�{�<�d� w � � � y�w �8�{� w ��� � rÏ y �V��� vxw]y{w � �x�m� � � � � vxw �8�£�V�m¤ ����� � � �·�<�V� ¦ w � w<w �¸� v �8�¼� vSw � � �dwzy � w � � uMwzy ��� u � � y ���Z� w ��� � �x¡¡ w � w<y �V� �m� �8� � �d�B� � � � �x�x�� � �d��� � � �V� � � w �{�mµ w ÁS� � � vxwMw � �S� y � �`�V� wzy{y � y � y{w � � �d�£� ¦ �m¤ u�w ��� r�© � y ;� � �<�S�³� y �m¤ � � y � vxw �&� y � v �d�m�d¡V¤ w5¢ �8� � � w � � � vSw»w<y�y � y�w¢ � y � � �V�³�8� � �d� ��� : � � � w �V�<�z� y �8� w?u]v � � � �� � y � vxw � y{w �=��� w ���:�d�S�{�<�d� wV� � vxw �V�z�<� y �V�z¤+� w � y�w � � w � �V�m� v �d�x¡ v´y{w � �x�� � � y�w � � � ���º� � w � �x� � ��V� w5¢ � ��� y �8��� y ¤ � w � � w r¹� v �m� � w � y{w � � w � � � wzy � � y �k�V�S� w �m� �&� � �M� �   w �¤��S� w ����� vxw � �S� y{w � � w ��z�d� � � w¢ � �¥¤/� � � vSw � y � ¦ � w � � �V�S�´� � � � � w �.�x�8��� � w � �{��µ w � r K � �d� w � � ¡ v � w¢ � w �z� � � vSw �&� y{w� y � � � � �x¡ � w � �{�mµ w � � � w �����(Áx�]� vSw � w � y � � �S¡(�<� y��dw �½� �x� y{w � � w � � vxw � y �V�<�z� y �8�z¤ r² � �m� ¡ w � wzy �V�m�m¤¸� v �d�x¡ v �\� v �8�\� vxw � � Nôw<y{w �x� w �]¦ w � uMwzw ���z�³� ��� w �)� �.��� y � v �V���d¡ � �`�V� �z�³� ���{� Áx�`� ;� � �d� � y � ¦ � w � � � y{w ���x� v ¡ y{w �8� wzy � v �V��� v � � w � �3� vxw � y{w �=��� w ���»�d�[���<�V� w � y � ¦ � w � � r½� v ���

j ÐdÐ

Page 141: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Ñ1Ò �7Ò e F_Ú e ×Zõ�Ô1Ö�F_Ú�Ô���(� v � u � � �§�V� y¸y{w � �x�m� � � vxy �d�x¡ v � vSw �%�x� ¦ w<y � �½� �8� � � w � y�w�: � � y�w � ��� y{w �V� v � ���8� ��� � � �<�V��{� ¡d� � Á£�`�V�S� w r0² �F� vxw �&� y � v �d�m�d¡ � �<�V� w5¢ �8� � � w � � �{� ¡V� � Á£�<�V�x� w�u � � �V� u �`¤ � w � �{� �m¤ y�w �V� vxw �u � � v j � ; Ð8� � �V� � � w � u]vxw<y�w � � � �+� vxw �d�S�{�<�d� w¸w¢ �V� � � w � � á � ; p � w¢ �V� � � w � uMwzy{w �¥¤ �x� �<�V���¤y{w#: � � y�w � r(� � ¦ w � ¦ � w ��� w¢ � y � � �d�³�=� w(y{w � � �V�£� ¦ �¤ u�w ��� � � vxw �&� y � v �d���V¡ � �<�V���x�8��� � w � � �¥¤ �<;� �<�V���¤ y{w�: � � y{w �ÞñV� ; á ��� y � � � � �S¡ � �V� � � w � u]v � � w � vxw � y�w �8�{� w �%���d�S���z�d� w � y � ¦ � w � � u �d�x�m��¥¤ �x� �<�V���¤k� w<w � � �d� wzu]vSw<y{w � ��� vxw:y{w ¡ � �d�/� � ßdp ;�j �d� � �V� � � w � r¬ w � y � � �S¡(�<� y��dw �\� � y � vxw �d�[���<�V� w � y � ¦ � w � � u�w<y{w ¡ w � w<y �V���¤k� v � y �V�� wzy ��� w � ¦ ¤.� w �`�`¤ y �=� w ��<�m� � w ��� µ wzy � u]v � � � � � � y � vxw ��� y � v �d�m�d¡V¤ � y � ¦ � w � � � � vSw � w¹� �V��� w � � w �x� w ���{� ¦ w ¡ y�w �8� w<y � v �8�� rßp ; �V¡�� � � y{w � � � � y � � �S¡�� vxw#� � wu � v �8�]� y{w �8��� w ���]�d�[���<�V� w � y � ¦ � w � � � y{w:v � y � w<y �{�&� w � y � rK �m�d�x¡ u � � v � vSw ¶ �`¤ w � w<y�y � yz� � vxw � w � w �<�`¤ y �8� w � �`�8� ¦ w � � w �-�{���<�V� � � y{w � vxw � � Ã&�<�S�m�¥¤� � � vxw � y � ¦ � w � � r Ï � ¡d� y{w p[r j ñ � v � u � ¶ �`¤ w � w<y{y � y\�dwzy � � � � vxw � w �`�`¤ y �8� w � � y � vxw �x�8��� � w � �� � w � vxwzy{w r K �m� v �d�x¡ v � vxw �%�x� ¦ wzy � � �£�8��� � w � �¹� ���S� � w � ��� y�w �³�=� � �Vw �¤ � ���V��� �Vu�w � wzw � v �8�¹� vxw� y�w �8�{� w ���#�d�S�{�<�d� w � y � ¦ � w � � o ¦ �m� w t � w �x�+�{� ¦ w ��� ���x�8� w �´��� u � y � � � vSw(y � ¡ v �?� � � vxw � ���V��V�x� v � �dw)v � ¡ vxw<y � � �Vw<y � w � w �`�`¤ y �8� w � r¼� v �m� � w �&�d� � � y �8� w � � vSw � �x� y�w � � w �k� � Ã&�<�x��¥¤ � y�w � w ���� �.� vxw � w � y � ¦ � w � � r

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010

5

10

15

fhgjilk)ö�k³÷'��n � ��1ù�� ùt���ûú����w`ü¥ù � �}����dýL�v���1ùt�w�ûÿ��#ýL�V�1ùt�w�ûù�ú��>��ù��t��2�v`ü¥ù � �V�����ýs�v����ú�� q ú�� r �%ú7þ�ú�y��r �ûú � þ�ù q � � �ûù��<����}�(ü_�ûù�`ü q ù��8ü¹ú7ÿ�ü���ú q ù r �ûú � þ ù q � � � þ ÿ�ù#� "j ÐVñ

Page 142: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇó+Ñ7Ò�ÙôÔ7ÕÆÖIØ:Ó£ÕÆÖIÚ�æ-Ô1 òÇ×ZÙ.Ô`Ö�ç�ÙkóºÙéè_õgÖIóºÙÇØ:ÙôÚºÕgÔ� � � �x�&�k� y ��� wV� �V� y � y � � � � w ��� w � v �Z�x�d�m�d¡V¤ � y � � � � w � y{w � � �d�£� ¦ �m¤/�8�<�<� y �8� w � y{w � � �z� � �d� � � ��£�=��� � w � ����µ w¸y�w�: � � y�w � w ��� �#� � y �<�V�x� w<y �<�³� �{�{� Á£�`�=� � �V� � y � ¦ � w � � r(² �¨� v ���#� w � � w8� � �:�`�V� ¦ w� � w �3� � � y �x� w ; � � ; � v �S� ¦ u]vxw �3� w �{� ¡d� � �S¡¸�V� w¢ � wzy � � w �%�]� y ¦ w � � w ���d�x� w �V� w¢ � wzy � � w �%�v � �#¦ wzw �+�<�V� � � w � w �´���.¡ w �#�8� � � w ��� � u]vxw � vxw<y � y �x�V� � � �m� u � y � v%u]v � � w �<�d�m� w �� � �x¡k�&� y{w�£�=��� r�² ���<�V�è�V� � � ¦ w � � w �ª��� w� �8���£�8� w � vxwky�w ���8� � �dw �<�d� � � w5¢ � �¥¤¨� � �3�<�³� �{�{� Á£�`�=� � �V����� �  �V�S� ¡ � �dw � �d� w � �x� � �`�8� � �d�ì� � v � u ���x� v �x� �m� w ���.� y{w � w ��� � �!� vxw �x�8��� r ² � �V�m�?� � �d� yw5¢ �8� � � w � �_uMwkv � �dw � � w �è� vSw � � �x� � y � �Vw ���� y ���V� v � � w � � �d� y �<��� �{��� Á wzy ¦ �[��� vxwzy{w ��� �S�y�w � � �d� u]v ¤�� vxw � w � v �Z�x�d�m�d¡V¤ � y�w � w ��� w ���z�d�x�m���x�8� ¦ w � �S� � � w �¸�����8�%¤&�d� w � � �B�%�x� ¦ w<y � �� � N�wzy{w �%���<��� �{��� Á£�<�8� � �d�B�V��¡d� y � � v � � �V�x� � vxwzy{w ��� �x� y�w � � �d�B�{�?� � � � ��� v ��� � �S� y ���8� v ��� �{� � � �¤�z�³� ���{�m� ¤ � �x¡(� � � y ��� y{y �`¤k�£�=��� rxË � �V���x�8� � �x¡�� vSw � w � y � � �x¡(�<� y��dw �)� � y � � � y � w �¥¤�� � �V�m¡d� y � � v � ��V�S�&�x�8���?�¥¤ � w � u �V�x��� � y � � � � w � � w � �x� � � �{� ¡ v � �¼� �%�{�»� vxw\w Ã&� � w �x� � w � � �Ǧ �V� v � vxw �V�m¡d� y � � v � ��V�S�k� vxw �£�8��� �¥¤ � w � r Ï � �£�V�m�m¤ �8uMw»v � �Vw � � w �/� � wzu0w5¢ � y{w ���{� �d�.� w � � � y{w � w ���¹���Z�d� o ¤>Ëh�I�?t�{� � v � uðv � u � vxw � w � y � � �x¡��z� y��Vw � w � v �[�x�V���d¡V¤¨�<�V� ¦ w � � w �ª�{�´�<�d� � � y�w � � N�wzy{w �%���£�8����¥¤ � w � r

j Ð á

Page 143: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

µ!�³5¯0/�·)¸ �

"$# %'&)(*(*+,# - . &�- / 02143*5 (76 8 &93;: 5 (*< =

��*?> @ ´�/�¸!1����2²`/�±15´� vxw �z�d��� � �Z� w �ª� w�dw ��� � � w ���(� � v � ¡ v ; � w � �{� �¥¤�� � � y �d� y{y �1¤ � � � y{w � w ����¤ w � y ����� � w �V� � �S¡3����V� w¢ � �m� �{� �dw ¡ y � u � v � �/¡ w � w w¢ � y{w �{��� �d�´�x�8��� r�� v �m� �x�8��� � y � � � � w � � w � � � y{w � w ��� � � � � vxww¢ � y�w ���{� �V�´� � � v �d� � �V�x� � � � ¡ w � w �?�{� ���x�m���V� w �V� � �¤.�V�x� � y �V� �m� w � ��� ¦ w � �Vw<y ¤ � � � � y ���V������Z�d� � � � � y � vxwzy � �S¡¨� vxw �x�x� w<y � ���V�S� � �x¡�� � � y ¡d�V� ��� � � �8�&�+� w �����S�³� y � wz�Vw � r ë � � ���V�£�V�¤ ������ � � � � y ��� y�y �`¤/�£�8����� v � �»� � y?v � �?¦ wzw � � ��� w<y{w � � w � � �3� ��� �<� �dwzy � �S¡.� � Nôw<y�w ��� � �V���¤ w¢ � y�w �{� w �¡ w � w � �V�x�&¡ y �d� �x� �x¡ � w ��� � �V� � � w �¹¦ � � w ���d��� vxw � y¹w5¢ � y{w �{�{� �d� � y �VÁ£� w � r Ï � y¹w5¢ �V� � � wV� ¶ v �8� ;���8� v � y í wzw�w �#�V� �ªáË� � � w � v � wzy � y � v � �<�V�g�<�m� � � w<y � �x¡��{�k�z��� � � w<y � � � y ��� y{y �`¤.� w � � � y{w � w ��� �½� � y� � y � �d� � v �x���V�B�m�x�x¡]�`� y � � �x�d��� � �V�x� � y �d� � v �m� �z��� � � wzy � �S¡½� �m� �z� �Vw<y�w � � y�wz� � �V� � �¤:�x�x %�x� u �� � ¦<; �¥¤ � w � �V�x�¨¡ w � w � � v �8� uMwzy{w � � N�wzy{w ��� � �V�m�m¤ w¢ � y�w ��� w � ¦ w � uMwzw �ï� vxw � r)� � w �������V� w � �V�� ßBA � � � w �+� � � y ��� y{y �`¤ � �{��� ��� �<� �dwzy Äd�V�&¤ w � � �»¡ w � w � � v �8�»� y{w�y�w ¡d�S�³�8� w � ¦ ¤/� vSw � w ���º�z¤Z�<� w rc w � w �����m¤ �lv � uMw�dwzy<� � vxwzy{w(v � �#¦ w<w �-� � v �m� �?��� u � y � � � y ¤ � �x¡��{�/�x�x� wzy � ���V�x� v � u � vxw � ¤Z� ;� vSw �{�m� � �_� y �V� w � � �)�m� y{w ¡d�x�³�=� w ���V�S� v � u � v �m�\� ¤Z��� vxw �{���)��� � N�w �z� w � ¦ ¤ w5¢ � w<y �£�V� � � � ���x� � rc w ¡d�x���8� � �d�k�<�V�/�[�z�<� y �8�\�&� � �\� � � vxw � �m� � � �x�� � ���V¡ w �\� y{w � w ��� � � � y �V� w � � � ¤Z�%� vxw ����� r|� � u ;wz�Vw<yz� � vxw � y �V� � � y ��� � � �d�´� � � c�C K �m�»� � �{����¦ �¤�� vxw �&� � � � �tÅ£� w ��� � �V�¼�V�S� ���»� � � w � � � N�w �z� w �¦ ¤ � y �8� w � � � � v �8� ¦x� �x�(� vxw � � w � �dw � �{�:� vxw � y �V���V� w<y·y�w ¡ � �d� � � �x� � y{w �V� � �ô� � y � � �z�x�³� y ¡ w � w � r� �x� v �<�d� � � w5¢ � ��� wzy �V�� � �d� � ¦ w � uMwzw � ¡ y �V� �x� � � ¡ w � w � �8�x�ï� vxw � y �V� w � � � � vxw ¤ � ¤Z��� vxw �{��� w� y�w ¡ w � wzy �V�m�m¤ï� w � � y ��¦ w �§� � ¡ w � w � � � y{w ¡d�x���8��� y ¤-� w � u � y   � r ² � �m��� �x� v � w � u � y   � � v �8� u�w� y�w � ��� wzy{w � � w � � � y{w�dwzy � w w �S¡ � � wzw<y � �x¡ � y �d�ð� vxw � w�dw � � � � � c�C K � w � � � y{w � � �.� � � y ��� y{y �`¤w¢ � w<y � � w ��� � r

A Ð p

Page 144: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇóD�=Ò&ÖIÚ ÆxÙôógólÖIÚ�æïógÙéæ¼õº×ZÓ£Õ F_ó<J�Ú�ÙÇÕFE�F_óHG�ÔI�JLK�MONQPSRUTVPSWXTDPSYLYLW[Z\PS]QJDN�Z_^$Z`TLKbacaedcRLfgP_hiRLZkjlRmRUKnNojpZ�WXhqdeM�NXJLWXZSrLf�JDM[KnN�MsZ?tu]bZ�rLYUaeKbTvTLdct ;twKnWXKbR\NXdxPSayK : rVP?N�dcZ�RLMnz{I�JLKnMXKK : rVP?NXdeZ�RLM�TUKbMX]nWXdc|}K~JLZkj�N�JLK ]nZ�RL]bKnR\N�W�P�N�deZSRLM�ZStlN�JLK��?PSW[deZ�rLMYLW[ZBTUrL]nNXM�K���Z�a���K�Zk��KnWsN�de^gKSz K acN�JUZ�rLf�J�YLW[Z�|VPS|Uac�N�JLK�^gZ�M[N�WXK�P?aedeMON�dc]�^gZBTLKna�ZStuNXJLK�PS]nNXrVPSaW[K�PS]�N�deZSRLM�N�PShideRLfgYLaePS]bK?�}M[rL]QJ�P$^gZ`TLKba�W[K : rLdeW[KbM�h`RUZ�jlacKbTLfSK�ZSt�N�JLK�RLKnNojpZ�WXh~MON�WXrU]nN�rUWXK�PSRUTNXJLK��SP?WXdeZSrLM�WXKbPS]nNXdeZ�R�WXP?N�KnMbz K NuN�JUK�Z?N�JLKnW�KbRLTgZSt�N�JLK�M[Y}Kn]nN�W[rL^�iNXJLKl^$ZSM[NuMXdc^$YUaeKyP?YLYLWXZ�PS]QJdcM�N�Z ]naerLMON�KbW�f�KbRLKnM�|i�qN�JLKndeW�K��BYLWXKnMXMXdcZ�R�YLWXZ Á aeKnMbz���KnRLKbM�jld�N�J�M[de^gdeaxP?W�K��BYLWXKnMXMXdcZ�RmYLWXZ Á aeKbMPSW[K aedchSKba���NXZ�WXKbfSrLaxP?NXK�K�P?]QJ�ZSNXJLKbW�Z�W�|}K~WXKnf�rLaeP?N�KnT�|i��PSRLZSNXJLKbW�M[JVPSWXKnT�YLPSWXKnRiNgf�KnRLKSz K^$P í Z�W�TLWXP�jl|VPS]Qh�ZSt�N�JLdcM�PSYLYUWXZ\PS]QJgdeM�NXJVP?Nud�NudeM�dc^$Y�Z�MXM[de|LacKpNXZ�dcRUtwKbWuP?Ri��RLZSN�dcZ�R�ZSt}]�PSrUM�PSacdcNo�; jlJLdc]QJqfSKbRLK�deM�W[Kbf�rLaeP?N�KnTPSRLT~jlJLde]QJf�KbRUK�dcM�WXKnf�rLaxP�N�deRUfLzI�JLKnWXK$deM�P~f�WXZkjldeRUf|�Z`TU��ZStpaedcNXKbWXP?N�rLW[K�N�JVP�N�N�PShSKnM�P~^gdeTLTLacK�f�W[Z�rLRLTm|}K�Noj�KnKbR�NXJLKbM[KgNojpZK��BNXWXKn^$K�aeK���KnaeM�ZStpTLK�NQPSdca�z ÏVWXdeKnTL^$PSRDKnN�P?a ��A�]Ë� j�PSM�N�JUK Á WXMON�MXrL]QJ{P?NXNXKb^gYUN�PSRLT�rUMXKbT�N�JUKtwWXPS^$K�j�ZSWXh�ZSt��yP���KnMXdePSR�RLKnNojpZ�W[h`M�NXZD^gZBTLKnauWXKbfSrLaxP?NXZ�W[��RUKnNojpZ�WXhiM�deR���K�P?M[N�z ��rLK$NXZqN�JUKM[^_PSacayRirL^�|�KbWgZSt�PSWXWXPk�`MgWXKnaxP?NXdc��K�NXZmNXJLK~RirL^�|�KbWgZSt�fSKbRLKnMb��P�|}Z`ZSNXM[N�WXPSYLYLdcRLf�YLWXZ`]bKnTLrLW[Kj�PSM�rUMXKbTN�ZgK��`N�WXPS]nN�twK�P�N�rLW[KbM���d�z KSz¡WXKnf�rLaeP?N�Z�WO� deR\NXKbW�P?]nN�dcZ�RLM�¢�YUWXZ�^gdeRLKnR\NldeR~N�JLK�TVP?N�PUz�I�JUKjpZ�WXh$YLWXZk�`deTUKbT�M[Z�^$K�YLWXZS^$dcMXdeRUf�WXKnMXrLa�N�Mp|LrUNyNXJLKsPSrUNXJLZ�W[M�]bZSRL]bacrLTLKbT�NXJVP?N�deR�Z�W[TLKbW¡N�Z�dcRUtwKbWRLK�Noj�ZSWXhiMytwWXZ�^£K��BYLWXKnMXM[deZ�R TVP�NQP�PSaeZ�RUKS�`^�rL]QJ_aePSWXfSKbWuTVP?N�PSMXK�N�MpjpKbW[K�W[K : rLdeW[KbTFz Ý NXJLKbWn�B^gZ�WXK]nZ�^$YUaede]bP?N�KnT�yP���KbM[dxPSRRLK�Noj�Z�W[h~^$Z`TLKbacMyJVP���K�|�KbKbRqYLWXZSY}Z�M[KbTFz�ÏVZ�W�K��UPS^gYLacKS� c PSRLf�Kna�KnN�PSa�ªáUA � deR\N�W[ZBTUrL]bK�N�JLK�]bZ�RL]nKbYUNyZSt,P�M[KnN�ZStHJUdeTLTLKnR�M[N�P?N�K��?PSWXdePS|LaeKnMb�iYLW[ZBTLrU]bdeRUf�P�¤�PSac^_PSR Á a�N�KbWNo�`Y�K�^gZBTLKna�z � Z�^gK�RLZ�Rv�yP���KbM[dxPSRqRLKnNojpZ�W[hqP?YLYLWXZ�PS]QJLKbM�JVP���K�PSaeM[Zg|�KbKnRvYLW[Z�Y�Z�MXKnTFzp¥¡KbrURLfK�N�PSa � Ä�Ð � rLMXKnT�MXdeRUf�rLaxP?W��?PSacrLK�TLKn]bZ�^gY}ZSMXdcNXdeZ�RN�Z�YUWXZ`TLrL]bK�Pgt�PS^$dcac�~ZStuY�Z�M[MXde|UaeK�RLK�Noj�ZSWXhiMPSRUT~NXJLKbR~Y�KbWOtwZ�WX^gKbT~P�WXZS|LrLM[NlW[Kbf�W[KbM[MXdeZSRMON�KnY~NXZ�K��`N�WXPS]nN�NXJLKs|}KnM[NlZ�RUKg��deR�NXKbW[^$M�ZSt,M[YVPSW ;M[dcNo�U¢�z � de^gdeaePSW�^$K�N�JLZ`TLM�JLPk�SK~PSaeM[Z�|}KnKbR¦YLW[Z�Y}ZSMXKbT¦|\� � K�P��SKbW�KnNgP?a � ß']Ë� P?RLT¨§FPShmKnNgPSa� Ädñ � Ä áì� z� ZS^$K�ZSt¡N�JLKnMXKgYLrL|Lacde]bP?N�dcZ�RLM�K��SP?aerVP?NXK�N�JLKndeW�PSacf�Z�WXd�N�JL^gM�ZSR�W[K�PSa�TVP�NQP~PSacNXJLZ�rLfSJ�NXJLdeMsTUZBKnMRLZ?N�^$PSh?K�Z�| í Kb]�N�d���K$PSMXM[KbMXM[^$KnR\N���KnW[��KbPSM[��P?M�hiRLZkjlacKbTLf�K�ZSt¡N�JUK�NXWXrLK�RLK�Noj�ZSWXh�deM�dcRL]bZ�^ ;YLacKnNXK�Z�W¡RLZSN�h`RUZ�jlR~P�NyPSaca�z Ý RLK�dcR_YVPSWON�dc]brLaePSW�N�JVP?N�M[N�PSRLTLMpZ�rUNydcM¡NXJVP?NpZSt � rUMX^gKbdeKnW � ñ�Ð � dcRjlJLdc]QJ_N�JUK�PSrBN�JLZ�WuK��SP?aerVP?NXKbMuN�JLK�Y�KbW[twZSWX^$PSRL]bKlZStFJLdeM¡�yP���KnMXdePSR�RLK�Noj�Z�W[h�^$Z`TLKbaVZSR_WXKbPSaedcM[NXde]M[de^�rLaeP?N�KnT_TVP�NQP�P?RLT�deMuN�JUKbWXK�twZ�WXK�PS|LaeKlN�Z�^_P?hSK�ZS| í Kb]�N�dc�SK�]bZSRL]bacrLMXdcZ�RLMbz � K�jldcaeaLtwZ�acaeZkj©NXJLdeM

A Ð á

Page 145: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�7Ò«ªÒ&ÖIÚºÕlóÇF�G�õ e ÕÆÖ�F_ÚYLW[ZB]nKbTLrLW[K�deR�N�JLdcM�]QJVPSYUNXKbWnz K rLM[KntwrLaLW[Kn�`deK�j¨ZStV�?PSWXdcZ�rLM�P?YLYLWXZ�PS]QJLKbM�twZSW�WXK���KnWXMXKlKnRLf�deRUKbKbW[deRLfWXKnf�rLaeP?N�Z�WO��RLK�Noj�ZSWXhiM�]bPSR|}KstwZ�rLRUTqdcR �¬A Ð � z� dcNXJ­P�twK�j®K��B]bKnYUN�dcZ�RLMn��P?YLYLWXZ�PS]QJLKbM_|VPSMXKnT¯Z�R¯�yP��SKbMXdePSR­RLK�Noj�ZSWXhiM JVP���KDW[K : rLdcWXKbT�N�JVP?NN�JUK�K��BYLW[KbMXM[deZ�R�TVP�NQP�|�K�TLdeM[]bW[KnN�dcMXKnTFz�I�JLdeM�dcM�dcRD]bZ�R\NXW�PSMONsN�Z�K?z°fLz � Ä�Ð � jlJLKbW[K�N�JLK�RUKnNojpZ�WXhdeM�deRUtwKnWXWXKnT�TLdeW[Kb]�N�ac�mtwWXZS^±N�JUK ]bZ�R\N�dcRirLZ�rLM�K��UYUWXKbM[MXdcZ�R�TLP?NQPUzmI�JLKnWXKPSWXK_MXKn�SKbWXPSaldeRLJLKnWXKnRiNYLW[Z�|LaeKn^$Myjld�N�J N�JUK�TUdeMX]nWXK�N�deMXP?N�dcZ�R~M[NXKbYFz�Ï�deW[M[NXac���BdcNldcM�RLZSN�]bacK�PSW�JLZkj²^_PSR\� TUdeMX]nWXK�N�K�M[N�P?N�KnMMXJUZ�rLaeT$|}K�rLMXKnTFzuI�Z`Z�twK�j³PSRLT$NXZBZ�^�rL]QJ dcRUtwZ�WX^$P?NXdeZ�R�]nZ�rLaeT$|}K�aeZ�MON�z�I,Z`Z�^$PSR\�$]bPSR�^$PShSKN�JUK�N�PSMXh_ZSt,aeK�P?WXRLdcRLf�N�JLK��yP��SKbMXdePSRRLKnNojpZ�WXh dcRUtwK�P?MXde|UaeKSz Ý RNXJLK�ZSN�JLKnW�JVPSRLT´�V^$Z�MON�^gZBTLKnaeMtwZ�W�]bZ�R\NXdeRirLZ�rLM�TVP?NQP$YLWXZ�Y�Z�M[KbT�MXZ$t�PSW�JVP��SK�|}KnKbR�|VP?MXKbT�ZSRDK��BYLacde]bd�N�a�� aedcRLK�PSWltwZ�W[^�rLaxP�N�deZSRLM; dµz°K?zDN�JLK_K��BYLWXKnMXM[deZ�R¦ZSt�PDYVP?W[N�dc]brLaePSW�f�KbRLK_deM�^gZ`TLKbacaeKbT{PSM�PDacdeRLKbPSW�]nZ�^�|LdcRVP?NXdeZ�R�ZSt�N�JLKK��BYLW[KbM[MXdeZSRZ?t�N�JLK�fSKbRLKnMyN�JVP?NyWXKbfSrLaxP?NXK�d�N�z�I�JLdcM�No�`Y}K�ZSt,^$Z`TLKba¶jldeacaVN�JLKnWXKntwZSWXKsZ�RLa��g|}KsP?|LaeKN�Z�]bPSYUN�rUWXK�TLKbY�KbRUTLKbRL]ndeKnM�|�KnNojpKbKbRvf�KbRLKnM�N�JVP?N�PSW[Ks]bacZ�MXKsN�Z�|�KbdcRLf�aedeRUK�PSWnz

K RUZSN�JLKnW�dc^$Y�Z�WONQPSR\NldeM[MXrLK�deM�NXJVP?N�ZSt�M[YVPSWXM[dcNo�Sz���deZSaeZ�f�dc]�PSacac�S�`d�N�deM�N�JLZSrLf�J\N�NXJVP?N�WXKnf�rLaeP?N�Z�WO�RLK�Noj�Z�W[hiM�PSWXK$MXYVPSW[MXK?zvI�JVP?N�deMn��N�JLK$RirL^�|�KbW�Z?tlf�KbRLKnM�WXKnf�rLaeP?N�dcRLfvP?Ri�mYVP?W[N�dc]brLaePSW�f�KbRUK�deMMX^$PSaca�z�·oRvP$�yP��SKbMXdePSRRLKnNojpZ�WXh twWXPS^$K�j�ZSWXh¶�LN�JLdcMlMXYVPSW[MXd�No�~]�PSR|}K�KbPSMXdcac��dcR\N�WXZ`TLrL]nKbTqdeR N�JLKtwZ�W[^¸ZSt�P~YLW[deZ�WsZ�R�N�JUK$RirL^�|�KbW�ZSt�]bZ�RLRUKb]nNXdeZ�RUM�dcRiNXZPYVP?W[N�dc]brLaePSWsf�KnRLKSz$·oR�t�PS]�N��,MXrL]QJ�PYLW[deZ�WpPSMXM[rL^gYUN�dcZ�R�]�P?R�^_P?hSK�NXJLK�aeKbPSWXRUdeRLf�NQPSM[h$]nZ�RLM[deTLKnW�PS|La��_^gZ�W[K�MON�W�P?def�J\NXtwZSW[j�PSWXT P?M�N�JLKMXYLPS]bK�ZSt�Y}ZSMXMXdc|LaeKsRUKnNojpZ�WXhiM�deM�WXKnTLrL]nKbTFz�ÏVZ�W�^$ZSM[N�ZSt,N�JUK�]nZ�R\N�dcR`rUZ�rLMl^$Z`TLKnaeMyYLW[Z�Y�Z�MXKnTF�VdcNdeM�RUZSN¡Z�|\�BdcZ�rLMuJLZkj©NXZ�ZS|UNQPSdcR�MXrL]QJ$MXYVPSW[MXd�No��z K T$JLZ`]�N�Kn]QJLRLd : rLKnM�M[rL]QJ�PSMuYLW[rLRLdcRLf�RUKnNojpZ�WXh]bZSRLRLKb]�N�dcZ�RLM�JVP��SK |}KnKbR¦YLWXZSY}Z�M[KbT�|LrBN�jldcNXJLZ�rUN�h`RUZ�jlacKbTLfSK ZSt�N�JLK_RLKnNojpZ�WXh�M[NXWXrL]�N�rLW[KS�udcNdeM�rLRL]bacK�PSW�P?N�jlJVP?N�aeKn�SKba�PvNXJLWXKnMXJLZSaeT�MXJUZ�rLaeT�|�K MXK�N�zm·oR�N�JLdcM�]QJVPSYBN�KbWn�¡jpK YLW[Z�Y}ZSMXK�NojpZMXKnYVPSWXP?N�K�PSYLYUWXZ\PS]QJUKbMuN�JVP?Nu]nWXrL]ndxPSacac��|}Z?N�J�j�ZSWXh�TLdcWXKb]�N�a���jld�N�Jg]bZ�R\N�dcRirLZ�rLMuK��BYLW[KbM[MXdeZSR_TVP?N�PUzÏ�dcWXM[NXac�S�?jpK�acZBZSh�P�N¡P�WXKb]nKbR\N�a���YLW[Z�Y}ZSMXKbT�M[YVPSWXM[K��yP���KbM[dxPSRgPSacf�Z�W[dcN�JU^7NXJVP?N�YUWXZk�`deTLKnMuP�acdeRLKbPSWRLK�Noj�Z�W[h~PSRLT jpK�NXJLKbR~dcRi�SKbMON�def�P?N�K�P�Y�Z�MXM[de|LacK�RLZ�RLacdeRLKbPSWyTLdcM[NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�R_N�JLP?N�j�ZSrLaeT~KbRLPS|LaeK�P]bZSRiNXdeRirLZ�rUMb�VRLZ�RUaedeRUK�PSW���Pk�SKbM[dxPSRqRLKnNojpZ�WXh~P?YLYLWXZ�PS]QJFz

I�JLK�WXKb^$PSdcRLTLKbW�Z?t�N�JLdcMl]QJVPSYUNXKbW�dcMlZ�WXf\P?RLdeM[KbTqPSM�twZSaeaeZkjlMnz�·oRqNXJLK�RLK��`N�M[Kb]�N�deZSRF�Vj�K�YLWXZk�`deTLKP��SKbWO�$|UWXdeK�t�deR\NXWXZ`TLrL]nNXdeZ�R�N�Z��yP���KnMXdePSR�RLK�Noj�Z�W[hiMbz¡·oR_MXKn]nNXdeZ�R ñ j�K�deR\N�W[ZBTUrL]bKlN�JLK��yP���KnMXdePSRRLK�Noj�Z�W[hD^gZBTLKna�N�JLP?N�jpKgM[JVPSaca�rLMXK�NXZ ^$Z`TLKba�WXKbfSrLaxP?NXZ�W[�qRLK�Noj�Z�W[hiMbz � Kn]nN�dcZ�R á deR\N�W[ZBTLrU]bKbM

A Ð ß

Page 146: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

e DºÓ�òÇÕlÙÇóD�=Ò&ÖIÚ ÆxÙôógólÖIÚ�æïógÙéæ¼õº×ZÓ£Õ F_ó<J�Ú�ÙÇÕFE�F_óHG�ÔNXJLK�acdeRLKbPSW�WXKnf�WXKnMXM[deZ�Rq^$Z`TLKba�rUMXKbTvPSRLTqMXKb]�N�dcZ�R�¹�deR\N�W[ZBTUrL]bKnM�NXJLK�M[de^�rUaxP?NXKbT~RLKnNojpZ�W[h~twW[Z�^jlJLdc]QJ�j�KsM[JVPSaca}]nWXK�P�N�K�TVP�NQPUz�I,KbMON�WXKnMXrLa�N�M�PSW[K�YLW[KbMXKnR\N�KbTdeR_MXKb]�N�dcZ�R á z � Kn]nNXdeZ�R ß TUKbMX]nWXdc|}KnMP�Y�Z�MXM[de|LacK�RLZ�RLacdeRLKbPSW�]nZ�RLTLd�N�dcZ�RVPSa�TLdeMON�W[de|LrUNXdeZ�R�PSRLT~deR M[Kb]nNXdeZ�R Ä jpK Á RLdeM[J jldcN�J M[Z�^gKs]bZ�R ;]naerLM[deZ�RLMnz K M�^$KnRiNXdeZ�RUKbTDdcRvN�JLK�deR\N�W[ZBTLrU]nN�dcZ�RF�¶N�JLdcM�]QJVP?YUN�KnW�WXKnYLWXKnMXKbR\NXM�jpZ�W[hq]nrLWXW[KbR\N�a��vdcRYLW[Z�f�W[KbMXMgPSRUT¦PSacNXJLZ�rLf�J�M[Z�^gK�WXKnMXrLa�N�M�PSW[K�YLWXKnMXKnRiNXKbT�dcN�dcM�YLWXdc^_P?WXdea���PDY�Z�deR\N�KnW�N�ZDtwrBN�rLW[KW[KbMXKbPSWX]QJvTLdeW[Kb]nNXdeZ�RUMbz

��*Qº » ³�8À·BºH±�³ ´ ¼ ·0/_½ 15¸~¾Àº�yP��SKbMXdePSR~RLKnNojpZ�W[h`MlYLW[Zk�BdcTLK�P�WXKnYLWXKnMXKnRiN�P?N�dcZ�R ZStHN�JUK¡¿[Z�deR\N�YUWXZ�|VP?|LdeacdcNo��TLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSR_Zk��KnWlPM[KnN�ZSt�WXPSRLTLZS^;�?PSWXdePS|LaeKnMbz�I�JLdcM�W[KbYLW[KbM[KbR\NQP?NXdeZ�Rm]bZSRLMXdcM[N�M�ZStpNoj�Z]bZ�^gY�Z�RLKbR\NXMbz K;ÀSÁÃÂ�ÄQÅ�ÆoÄXÀÇ Å & Å�È�Á�Å�ÉS Ç�ÊVË �b� K ��¢��VN�JUK��SKbW[NXde]nKbM�ZSt�jlJLde]QJv]bZ�W[WXKbM[Y}ZSRLTvN�ZgN�JLK�W�PSRUTLZ�^9�?PSWXdePS|LacKbM�PSRLTvPM[KnNpZStF]nZ�RLTLd�N�deZSRVPSaLYLW[Z�|VPS|Udeaed�No��TUdeM[NXWXdc|LrUN�dcZ�RLM�NXJVP?N¡TLKbM[]bW[de|�K�NXJLKl|}KnJVP��BdcZ�rLW¡ZSt}K�PS]QJg�SP?WXdxP?|LaeKf�d���KnRqd�N�M�de^g^gKbTLdeP?N�K�YVPSWXKnR\N�Mbz

I�JLKpM[NXWXrL]�N�rLW[K�ZStBN�JLK¡f�W�P?YLJ�TUKbMX]nWXdc|}KnM�N�JUKp]nZ�RLTLd�N�deZSRVPSa�dcRLTLKbY�KbRUTLKbRL]���W[KbaeP?N�dcZ�RLMXJUdeYLM�YLW[KbM[KbR\NdcR�N�JUKDTLdeMON�W[de|LrUNXdeZ�R´z Ë TUf�KbM�]nZ�RLRLKn]nN ÊUÇ Â�Ä�ÌVÆÃÍ jld�N�J©NXJLKbdcW Å Ë ÁÃÈ�ÀSÂ�Ä�Ì PSRLT©f�dc�SKbR­d�N�M_M[KnN_ZStYVP?WXKbR\NXMb�LP�YVPSWON�dc]brLaePSW�]QJLdeacT�RLZBTUK�dcM¡]nZ�RLTLd�N�dcZ�RVPSacac��deRLTUKbY�KbRLTLKnR\NyZStFPSaeaVZSNXJLKbW��wd�z KSz�NXJLZ�MXK�RLZSN|�KbacZ�RLf�dcRLf�N�Z�NXJLKsMXK�N�Z?t�d�N�M�YVP?WXKbR\NXMQ¢yRLZ`TLKbMnz¡I�JUKs]bZ�RLTUdcN�dcZ�RVPSa}deRLTUKbY�KbRLTLKnRL]bK�YLW[Z�Y�KbW[NXdeKnM�ZStP�TLdeMON�W[de|LrUNXdeZ�R~Zk��KnW�P�MXK�N�ZSt�W�P?RLTLZ�^9�?PSW[dxPS|LacKbM�Î)Ï � Ð Ù # �ô�ô� # Ð�ÑË� P?aeaeZkj³rLMlN�Z�t�PS]nNXZ�WXdcMXK�dcNdcRiNXZ�N�JLKstwZ�acaeZkjldeRLf�YLWXZ`TLrL]�N�twZSWX^

= � Ð Ù # �ô�ô� # ÐgÑ ¢uÏ ÑÒ XÓ Ù = � Ð

X[Ô © P X ¢ � á z A ¢jlJLKnWXK © P X TLK�ÕVRLKnM�N�JUK�M[KnN�ZSt�RLZ`TLKbM�N�JLP?N�PSWXKsYVP?WXKbR\NXM�ZSt Ð X z·ÖN�dcM�de^gY�Z�W[N�PSR\N�NXZ�RLZSN�K$N�JVP?N�^$Z�W[K$NXJVPSR�Z�RLK_f�W�PSYUJ�]�PSR�dc^$YLa���N�JLK MXPS^gK_MXK�N�ZSt�]bZ�RUTLd ;NXdeZ�RVP?a,dcRLTLKnY}KnRLTLKbRU]bK�WXKnaxP?NXdeZ�RUMXJLdcYLMbz���WXPSYLJLM�N�JVP�N�de^gYLa�� N�JLK�M�PS^gK�W[KbaxP�N�deZSRLMXJLdcYLM�PSWXK�M�PSdcTNXZD|}KnaeZ�RUfNXZqN�JUK_M�P?^$K$K : rLdc�?PSacKbRL]nK_]naxPSM[Mbz~I�JLdeM�K : rLd��SP?aeKbRU]bK_]naxPSM[M�]bPSR�|�K$TLKnMX]nWXde|�KbT�|\�P ÊUÇ Â�Æ�Á Ç ÈÃÈ�×ÀSÁÃÂQÄQÅ�ÆoÄXÀ_ÉS Ç�ÊVË � © � K ��¢�jlJLKnWXK�TLdcWXKb]�N�KnTmKnTLf�KnMs]bZ�W[WXKbM[Y}ZSRLT�N�Z TLdcWXKb]�N�KnTmKnTLf�KnMNXJVP?NlPSYUY}KbPSWydeR~P?aea�^$Kn^�|}KnWXMyZ?t�N�JLKsK : rUdc�?PSaeKnRL]bK�]baxP?MXMlPSR rLRUTLdeW[Kb]nNXKbT~KbTUf�KbM�]nZ�WXW[KbMXY�Z�RLT NXZ

A�Ø Ä

Page 147: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

��Ù C�Ù$Ú5ÈFÚIJ�Û´Ü�ÝwÚ,Þ�Þ�Û�ßFE�F�àHGmá0F�G�Û}â0ÆoF�àqà,Û æ�ã,âBÚVß F�à<JmÞ,Û�ßFE�F�àHGuÜKbTUf�KbMlN�JVP�N�PSYLY�K�PSW�dcRqP?aeaF^gKb^�|�KbW[M�|LrUN�RLZSN�P?acj�Pk�`M�deR�NXJLK�M�PS^gK�TLdeW[Kb]nNXdeZ�R´z

Ôò_�­`_×d f kswz}eÁj}×Ál·xÕÖw�äpoqræ}~wzÁÃu o©{�å ³¸ks±ªrI�JLK�N�PSMXh�ZStLNXW�PSdcRLdeRUf�P���Pk�SKbM[dxPSR�RLK�Noj�ZSWXh��?PSW[deKnM�f�W[K�P?NXac���?TLKbY�KbRUTLdeRLf�Z�R�N�JUKy]QJVPSWXPS]nNXKbWXdcM[NXde]bMZSt�NXJLK�NXW�PSdcRLdeRLfgTVP?N�P�PSRLT�Z?t�N�JLK�TLdeMON�WXdc|LrUNXdeZ�R|}KndeRLf_^$Z`TLKbacaeKnTFzl·oR�Z�rLW�]bPSMXK?�´N�JUK�N�WXPSdeRUdeRLfTVP?N�PgdcM�]bZ�^gYLacKnN�K�PSRUTNXJLK�M[N�W[rL]nNXrLWXK���dµz°K?zuNXJLK�MXKnN�ZSt�WXKnf�rLaxP�N�Z�WO��YVPSW[KbR\N�M�twZ�W�K�P?]QJvf�KnRLKk¢�deMrLRLhiRLZkjlRFzyæ�RL]bK�P�twZSWX^4twZ�WyNXJLK�]bZ�RLTUdcN�dcZ�RVPSa}TLdeMON�W[de|LrUNXdeZ�RUM�JVPSMl|}KnKbRq]QJLZ�MXKnRF�¶N�JLKsN�WXPSdeRUdeRLfYLW[ZB]nKbMXM�PS^gZ�rLR\NXM�N�Z~Y}KnW[twZ�W[^$dcRLf P MXKbPSWX]QJmZk��KnW�Y�Z�MXM[de|LacK�M[NXWXrL]�N�rLW[KbMnz_�sKbRUKbW�P?aeac�S�´N�JUdeM�jldeacadeR\�SZ�ac�SK�TLK�ÕVRLdeRUf�P�MX]nZ�WXdcRLf�twrLRU]nN�dcZ�R_twZ�W¡]�P?RLTLdeTLP?N�K�M[N�W[rL]nNXrLWXKnMlPSRLT�NXJLKbR_ÕLRLTLdeRUf�N�JLK�M[N�W[rL] ;N�rUWXK�N�JVP?N�Z�YBN�de^gdeM[KbMyNXJLdeMlMX]nZ�WXK?zlæ�RLK�Y}Z�YUrLaxPSW�M[]bZ�W[deRLf�twrLRL]�N�dcZ�RqdcMl|VPSMXKnTvZ�R~N�JUK�Y�Z�M[NXKbW[deZ�WYLW[Z�|VPS|Ldcaed�No��ZSt�PDf�W�PSYUJ¨fSdc��KnR�N�JLK�NXW�PSdcRLdeRUfDTVP?N�P¦��dctlRUZ�YLWXdcZ�W�hiRLZkjlaeKnTLf�K deM�de^gY}Z�M[KbT�ZSRN�JUK�M[NXWXrL]�N�rLW[K�ZSt�NXJLK�f�WXPSYLJF��^$P��Bde^gdeMXdcRLf�N�JUdeM�MX]bZSWXK�dcM�KnMXMXKnR\N�dxP?aeac�qPg^_P��Bdc^�rL^9acdehSKnaedcJLZBZ`TPSYLYUWXZ\PS]QJV¢�z

K R�de^gY}ZSW[NQP?RiN�YUWXZ�Y�KbWONo��Z?t�N�JLK]bZSRLTLdcNXdeZ�RLPSa�deRLTUKbY�KbRLTLKnRL]bKnM�deR¦N�JUKvTLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSR¨dcM�N�JVP?NN�JUKsMX]bZSWXKsrLM[KbT N�Z�K��SP?aerVP?NXK�N�JUK�MXrLd�NQPS|Udeaed�No��ZSt,TLd N KbW[KbR\N�f�WXPSYLJLM�dcMyf�KnRLKbWXPSaea��$TUKb]bZS^$Y�Z�M�P?|LaeKN�ZN�JLK$MXrL^çZStyNXJLK_acZB]bPSau]bZ�R\NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�RLM�twWXZ�^èKbPS]QJ�RLZ`TLKSzI�JVP?N�deMb�,j�K_]�PSR�ZSYUN�dc^$dcMXK�N�JLKaeZ`]�P?a}MON�WXrU]nN�rUWXK�PSWXZSrLRLT K�P?]QJRUZBTLKg�wd�z KSz�d�N�MyM[KnNlZSt,YVPSW[KbR\N�M�¢�deRLTUdc�`deTLrLPSaea���z,I�JLdeM�YLW[Z�Y�KbW[No�_deMJLdcf�JLac�qTLKnMXdeWXPS|LacK�deR�N�JLK�N�PSMXhDZ?t�dcRUtwKbW[WXdeRUf�WXKnf�rLaxP�N�Z�WO�DRLK�Noj�Z�W[hiM�PSMsd�N�^$KbPSRLM�N�JLP?Nsj�Kg]�P?RTLKn]bZ�^gY}ZSMXK�N�JLK�YLWXZS|LaeKn^9ZSt�ÕLRLTLdeRUf_P�]bZ�^gYLacKnN�K�RLK�Noj�ZSWXh~deR\N�ZgZ�RLK�ZSt�ÕVRLTLdcRLf$NXJLK�|}KnM[N�MXKnNZSt�YVPSW[KbR\N�f�KbRLKnM�twZSW�K�PS]QJf�KbRUKSz

�~é�ê ë »¶³�ì3·Bºx±�³5´ ¼ ·�í_½ïî3¸~¾ ð î��5·�ñ »sî�ò ó9ô�õ��vñ�ö�íqî�ò�ì¼®ô�í_½ïî�ò~¾m÷

� K�jldeM[JvN�Z |�K�PS|UaeK�NXZ�WXK���KnWXMXK�KnRLf�deRUKbKbW�WXKbfSrLaxP?NXZ�W[�RLK�Noj�ZSWXhiM�twWXZ�^®Z�|UMXKbWO��KnT�K��UYUWXKbM[MXdcZ�RTVP?N�PUzD·oR�^gZBTUKbaeacdeRLfPDW[Kbf�rLaeP?N�ZSW[�mRLKnNojpZ�W[h�jldcNXJ�P��yP���KnMXdePSR�RLKnNojpZ�W[h��ujpK_N�W[K�P?N�NXJLK�K��`øYLW[KbMXM[deZ�RaeK���Kna�ZSt�KbPS]QJvfSKbRLK�PSM�P�W�PSRUTLZ�^4�?PSW[dxPS|LacKsPSRLTJLKnRL]bK�P�RLZBTUK�dcR~Z�rLW�RLK�Noj�Z�W[h¶z�ù�MTLKnMX]bW[de|�KbT�KbPSWXacdeKnWb�,Pq��Pk�SKbM[dxPSR�RUKnNojpZ�WXh�deM�^$PSTLKgrLY{Z?t�P �lù��9PSRLT{PqM[KnN�ZSt�]bZSRLTLdcNXdeZ�RLPSa

A�ØSú

Page 148: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü Ú�ý�ß�Û�àD��ÙgÝwÞ ÆLÛ}àHà�ÝwÞ�æ�àHÛéæ�ã,â`ÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜYLW[Z�|VPS|Udeaed�No��TLdeMON�W[de|LrUNXdeZ�RUMbz � RUtwZ�WON�rLRLP?N�Knac����Pl��ù�� ]�PSRURLZSN�dcRL]bacrLTLKyP?Ri��]n�`]bacde]paeZ`Z�YLMb�?MXZ�^gK�øNXJLdeRLf$N�JVP?N�deM�]nZ�^$^gZ�RLa�� twZ�rLRLT�dcRDWXKnf�rLaeP?N�Z�WO�RLKnNojpZ�WXhiMnz�I,Z Z��SKbW[]bZ�^gK�N�JUdeM�YLW[Z�|LacKb^�}jpKrLM[K�P�TU�`RVPS^gde]��yP���KnMXdxP?R�RLKnNojpZ�W[h�zuI�JLdcMpW[K � rLdcWXKbMpTLrLYLacde]bP?N�dcZ�R�ZStFKbPS]QJ�RLZ`TLKljlJLKbW[K�Z�RLK�MXK�NZStHRUZBTLKnM�W[KbYLW[KbMXKnR\N�M�N�JLK�K��BYLW[KbMXM[deZ�R~P�N�P�]nKbW[N�PSdeRgN�dc^$K�����dµz°K?z�N�JLK�deRLYUrUN�¢¡PSRLT_NXJLK�ZSNXJLKbWpMXK�NW[KbYLW[KbMXKnR\N�M�NXJLK�K��BYLWXKnMXM[deZ�R�P�N�NXde^gK�� � A �ÃN�JLK�Z�rUNXYLrUNQ¢�z¡·ÖN�dcM�j�Z�WON�Jq|LWXdcK Å � TUdeMX]nrLMXM[deRLf�N�JUKRLZ?N�deZSRDZSt�N�dc^$K?z�I�JLK�NXW�PSdcRLdeRUf_M�P?^$YLacKbM�RLKbKnTmRUZSN�|�KbacZ�RLf_NXZ�MXZ�^gK�]nZ�^$YUaeKnNXK�NXde^gK�M[KbWXdcKbM�øZ�RUK�ZStpNXJLK�de^gYLacde]bd�N�PSMXM[rL^$YBN�deZSRLM�N�JVP�Nsj�K�JVP��SK$^$PSTLK�dcM�N�JLP?N�K�PS]QJmdeRUYLrUN���Z�rUN�YUrUNsYVPSdcW�deMdcRLTLKbY�KbRUTLKbR\N�a���P?RLT_dcTLKbR\N�dc]�PSacac��TLdeMON�WXdc|LrUNXKbTFz���KbRL]nKS�UNXJLK�YLPSdeW[Mp]nZ�rLaeT$]bZ�W[WXKnMXY�Z�RLT_NXZ�Y�Z�deR\N�MdcRDMXZ�^gK�NXde^gK�M[KbW[deKbM�Z�W�]nZ�rLaeTv|}K�¿[rUM[N�NXJLK�W[KbMXrUacN�M�ZStuM�PS^gYLacKbM�rURLTLKbW�TLd}KbW[KbR\Ns]bZSRLTLdcNXdeZ�RUMb�twZ�W�K��UPS^$YUaeKS�LNXJLK�WXKnMXrLa�NlZSt�fSKbRLK�hiRLZ`]QhSZ�rUN�K��BY�KbW[de^gKbR\N�Mnz� K�^�rLM[N�RLZkj2TLK�ÕVRLK�NXJLK�twZ�WX^9Z?t�N�JLK�]bZSRLTLdcNXdeZ�RLPSaFYLW[Z�|VPS|Ldcaed�No�_TLdcM[NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�RLMbz¡·oRvZSWXTLKnW�NXZ^$PShSK�N�JUdeM�]QJLZ�dc]bKS�HjpK$^�rUM[N�TLKb]ndeTLK�jlJLK�N�JLKnW�jpKgjldcMXJ�NXZqrUMXKg]bZ�R\N�dcRirLZ�rLM�K��BYLW[KbMXM[deZ�Rm�?PSa�ørLKnMb�FZSW�TLdcMX]bW[KnNXdeMXK�N�JLKn^qzÍ��deMX]nWXK�N�deMXP?N�dcZ�Rv]bPSrLM[KbM�P_acZ�MXM�deRvdcRUtwZ�W[^_P?NXdeZ�RqPSRLTDPSaeM[Z_Z�Y�KbRLM�rLYM[Kn��KnW�PSa�RUKnj � rUKbM[NXdeZ�RUM�ølJLZkj ^_P?Ri�qTLdcMX]bW[KnNXK�M[N�P?N�KnMsMXJLZ�rUaeT�|�K�TLKnÕLRLKbT�Zk��KnW�N�JLK�WXPSRLf�K�ZStNXJLK��?PSaerLKnM��qI,Z`Z�twKnj²PSRLT�jpK�^$P��_RUZSN�|�K�PS|LaeK�N�Z�]bPSYUN�rUWXK�N�JUKs|}KnJVP��BdcZ�rLWyZ?t,NXJLKsRLK�Noj�Z�W[h¶zI,ZBZq^_P?Ri�mP?RLT{N�JUK$RirL^�|�KbW�ZSt�YVP?W�PS^gKnNXKbWXM�deR�Z�rLW�RLKnNojpZ�W[hmjldcaea�deRU]bWXKbPSMXKgMXrU]QJ�N�JVP?N�N�JUK]nZ�^$YUrUNQP?NXdeZ�RUM�WXK � rLdcWXKnT¨jldcaea�|�Kb]nZ�^gK deRUtwKbPSMXdc|LaeK?z� VZ�W�N�JLKnMXK~WXKbPSMXZSRLMgjpK~]QJLZ`Z�MXK~N�Z�jpZ�WXhjld�N�J]bZ�R\N�dcRirLZ�rLM��?PSaerUKbMbzI�JLK�]QJLZ�dc]bKsZSt�]bZSRiNXdeRirLZ�rUMl�?PSacrLKbM�dc^$YUaedeKnMpNXJVP?NlZ�RL]nKsj�K�TLKn]bZ�^gY}ZSMXK�Z�rLW�YLW[Z�|LacKb^4dcR\N�Z�N�JUKN�PSMXh�ZSt�dcRUtwKbW[WXdcRLf�MXKn�SKbWXPSa´acZB]bPSaVRLKnNojpZ�W[h`Mn�UjpK�PSW[K�aeK�tÃNujldcN�JgjlJVP?NpdeM¡KbM[MXKbR\NXdxPSacac��P�WXKbfSWXKbM[MXdcZ�RYLW[Z�|LacKb^ twZ�W�KbPS]QJ¨f�KbRLK?z¦·oR¨NXJLK~YLWXZ`]bKnKbTLdcRLf�M[Kb]�N�deZSRLM�j�K jldeacayPSa�jyP��`Mg]bZ�RLM[deTLKnW�¿[rLM[N�Z�RUKacZB]bPSa}RUKnNojpZ�WXh�ø�d�z KSz�j�K�PSW[K�dcRiNXKbW[KbM[NXKbT~deRgÕVRLTLdcRLf�NXJLK�RLK�Noj�Z�W[h�]bZSRLRLKb]�N�dcZ�RLM�PSRUT�JLKbRU]bK�N�JUKY�ZSN�KnR\N�dxP?a}YVP?WXKbR\NXMyZStHZ�RLK�YVPSWON�de]nrLaxP?W¡fSKbRLK?z¡I�JUdeMpjpZ�rLacT_N�JUKbR |�K�WXKnY}KbP?N�KnT�twZ�W¡K�PS]QJ f�KnRLK�NXZZ�|BNQPSdcR~NXJLK�]bZ�^gYLacKnN�KsRUKnNojpZ�WXh¶z

Ôò_®½ò_ed � ¯ }eÁloqw�k�� Âij²Áp{s}eÁªgl³pglrnÂijpÁ�� }®{s}~³²Álwzy�� }~rý{tkv}��jgc{æ}e³²Á VZ�acaeZkjldeRLf� VWXdcKbTL^$PSR�KnN�PSa �¬Akúì� ��j�Ky|�KbfSdeR�|\��aeZ`Z�hideRUf�P?N,N�JUK�^gZ�M[N�MXdc^$YLacK�twZ�WX^2ZStLWXKbfSWXKbM[MXdcZ�R^gZBTUKbaFtwZ�WlZ�rLWl]nZ�RLTLd�N�deZSRVPSaFTLdcM[NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�RLMbz� VZ�WyNXJLK�K��BYLWXKnMXMXdcZ�RDZSt�P�YVPSW[NXde]nrLaxPSW�fSKbRLK?�����LjpKPSM[MXrL^gK�NXJLK�twZ�acaeZkjldeRUfgtwrLRU]nN�dcZ�RVPSa�twZ�W[^)twZ�W�d�N�M�K��BYLWXKnMXM[deZ�R�P?N�N�dc^$K��lf�dc�SKbRvNXJLK�K��BYLWXKnMXMXdcZ�R

A����

Page 149: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

��Ù �Ù$Ú5ÈFÚUÿ�Û´Ü�ÝwÚ,Þ�Þ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGmá�þ"!�Û}â$#Lþ�àqà,Û æ�ã,âBÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ,Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜZStlN�JUK�ZSN�JUKbW�f�KnRLKbM�wdcN�M�YVPSWXKnR\N�Mb�udcR¦�yP���KbM[dxPSR¦RLK�Noj�ZSWXh{NXKbWX^gMQ¢�%'&D�(�Ï A �ô�ô�*) ¢�P?N�N�de^gK��+ A z C ZSN�dc]bK�N�JLP?N�dct¡j�K$PSWXK�]nZ�RLMXdcTLKbW[deRLf~f�KnRLK,(qN�JUKbR-%'&�deM�PS]�N�rVPSacac�.��P?N/��+ A |LrUN�jpKJVP���K�deR\NXWXZ`TLrL]bKnTNXJLK/%vRUZSNQP?NXdeZ�R NXZ$P��SZ�deT N�JUK�RUKbKbTtwZ�WyN�dc^$K�PSRLTf�KbRLK�dcRLTLde]nKbMnz

��Ï Ñ0 & Ó Ù21 &3%'& �54 � á z Ø ¢jlJLKnWXK 1 &�deMyNXJLK�M[NXWXKbRUfSN�JZStHN�JLK�]nZ�RLRLKn]nN�dcZ�R|}K�Noj�KnKbRvdcR\N�Z�Z�rLW�f�KnRLKstwWXZ�^ f�KbRUK6(Vz�·oTLKbPSaea��jpK�jpZ�rLaeT_aedeh?K�P�MXYVP?WXMXK�MXZ�acrUN�dcZ�RgWXK Å Kb]nNXdeRLf�N�JLKlt�PS]nNpN�JVP�N�KbPS]QJ�f�KnRLK�dcMpZ�RUac��WXKnf�rLaeP?N�KnT_|\��PMX^$PSacaitwWXPS]nNXdeZ�R�ZStLNXJLK�N�Z?NQPSa`RirL^�|�KbW�Z?t¶f�KbRLKnM�PSRLT�JLKbRL]nK�^_P?Ri��ZStVNXJLK 1 &�N�KnWX^gM�jldcaea\|�K87bKnWXZLz·oRq�yP���KbM[dxPSRqRLKnNojpZ�W[h�N�KbW[^$Mn�Lj�K�]�P?RqTLK�ÕVRLK�N�JLK�M[KnN�ZSt�YLPSWXKnRiNXM�Z?t�Z�rUW�]nrLWXW[KbR\N�f�KbRLK,9�PgN�Z|�K�NXJLK�M[KnN�ZStuPSaca�f�KbRLKnM8(_twZ�W�jlJLdc]QJ 1 &�: � zyI�JLK 4 N�KnWX^®^gZBTLKnaeM�N�JUK�^gK�PSM[rLWXKn^$KnR\N�RLZSdeMXKPSRLT´�F^$Z`TLKnaeaedcRLf�N�JLdcM�PSMsP;7bKnWXZ~^gK�PSRm��PSrLM[MXdxP?RF�´jldcNXJD�?PSWXdePSRL]bK$< � �Fde^gYLacdeKbMlN�JUK�twZ�aeacZ�jldcRLfTLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSR�twZ�W=�}z �?>5@!�BA�CED # < � ¢ � á z � ¢jlJLKnWXK6@ �GF #�H ¢�WXKnYLWXKnMXKbR\NXM�P$RLZ�W[^_P?a�TLdeMON�WXdc|LrUNXdeZ�R~jldcNXJv^gK�PSR.F PSRLTq�?PSW[dxPSRU]bK H z � K�JVP��SKPSacMXZ�deR\N�W[ZBTUrL]bKnT~NXJLKs��Kn]nN�ZSW�RLZ?NQP?NXdeZ�R ZStIDDÏ � % Ù # �ô�ô� # % ÑË� C P?RLTJA Ï � 1 Ù # �ô�ô� # 1 Ñì� C zKqZ�W[KpfSKbRLKnW�PSacac����dct`jpK�JVP���K�L¦Z�|LM[KbW[�?P?NXdeZ�RUM�ZStBN�JLK¡K��BYLW[KbM[MXdeZSR�ZStUNXJLKpfSKbRLKnMb�SjpK�]bPSR�]nZ�RLMXdcTLKbWN�JUK�twZSaeaeZkjldcRLf�^�rLa�N�d¬øÖ�?PSWXdeP?N�K�TLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSR

M >5@ �ON C A # < �QP ¢ �GRUzTSi¢jlJLKnWXK M ÏVUW� Ù #YXZXZX # � CE[ C P?RLT\N4ÏVU D Ù #ZXZXYX # D C][ zI�JLK�acK�PSW[RLdeRUf$NQP?MXhRLZkj dcR\��Z�a���KbM�rLMXdcRLf_N�JUK�Z�|LM[KbWO��KbTmTVP?N�PgNXZ�deRUtwKnW�NXJLK�jpKbdefSJiN���Kn]nN�ZSW�ADz^�Z?N�de]nK�N�JVP?NsNXJLdeM�dcRL]bacrLTLKbM�|�ZSN�JmaeKbPSWXRUdeRLf MON�KbYUM�TLKnMX]bW[de|�KbT{PS|}Zk�SKgtwZ�W���Pk�SKbM[dxPSR�RLKnNojpZ�WXhiMnz_�M[deRLf���Pk�SKbMlaxP�j��`j�Ks]bPSR ]bZ�^gYLrUNXK�P�Y}ZSM[N�KnWXdcZ�W�TLdcM[NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�R_ZStHNXJLKbM[K�j�Kndef�J\N��?PSaerUKbMyf�d���KnRN�JUK�ZS|LMXKnW[��KnTvTVP�NQP � �`A Ô a # <cbQ¢uÏ � � a�Ô A # < b ¢ � �BA~¢d � � a�Ô A # < b ¢ � �BA~¢*efA �GRUz«¹�¢jlJLKnWXK � �`A ¢$WXKhgVKb]�N�MZ�rLW YLW[deZ�W |�KbacdeKnt�dcR­N�JLK��?PSaerUKbM ZSt�N�JLK�jpKbdcf�J\N�MPSRLT j�K�rLM[K a N�Z

A��UA

Page 150: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü Ú�ý�ß�Û�àji�ÙgÝwÞI#LÛ}àHà�ÝwÞlk�àHÛck�ã,â`ÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜW[KbYLW[KbMXKnR\N�N�JLK jlJLZSaeKTVP?NQP?MXKnNbz � � a�Ô A # < b ¢��pjlJLKnR��`deK�j�KnT¯PSMgP�twrLRL]nNXdeZ�R¨ZSt6A twZSW�ÕB�UKnTNXW�PSdcRLdeRLf�TVP�NQP�dcMuZStÃN�KnR_]�P?aeaeKnTgNXJLK È�Ánm\Ä�È�Á ËEo�o À �iP?RLT�PSM[MXrL^gdeRUf�NXJVP?N�PSaeaLNXW�PSdcRLdeRLf�K��LP?^$YLacKbMpPSWXKdcRLTLKbY�KbRUTLKbR\N�a��PSRLT~deTUKbR\N�dc]�PSacac�$TLdeMON�WXdc|LrUNXKbT~]�PSR|�K�t�P?]nN�ZSWXdeM[KbTPSM�twZ�acaeZkjlM� � a�Ô A # < b ¢uÏ CÒp Órq � �`� p Ô A # < b # D p ¢ X �GRBzsR\¢·ÖtyjpK�^$PShSKgRLZqYLWXdcZ�W�PSMXM[rL^$YBN�deZSRLM�P?|}Z�rBN�jpKbdcf�J\N��?PSaerUKbM_��d�z KSz � �`A~¢�Ï A ¢�jpK_]�P?R�ÕVRLT�P]naeZ�M[KbT twZ�WX^'M[Z�aerUNXdeZ�R$twZ�W�N�JUK��?PSaerLK�ZSt�A9N�JLP?Ny^$P��Bde^gdeM[KbMpNXJLK�acZ�f�ZSt,K � rVP�N�deZSRtRUz«¹Bzvu�rLK�NXZNXJLK � rVPSTUW�P?NXde]�N�KbW[^®deR~N�JLK�aedeh?KbacdeJLZ`ZBT´�UN�JLdcM�M[Z�aerBN�deZSRqdcM�M[de^gYLac��NXJLK�aeK�P?M[N�M � rVPSW[KbM�M[Z�aerUNXdeZ�RPSRUTqdcM�f�dc�SKbR|i� A Ï£�`NtNwC´¢�x q N M X �GRBzzy�¢ù�MgNXJLKbW[KvPSW[K~RLZ�YUWXdeZSW�WXKbMON�W[de]nNXdeZ�RUM�Z�R¨NXJLK~�SP?aerLKnM�deR{AD�¡dcN�deM�Z?tÃN�KbR¨twZ�rLRLT¦N�JLP?N�MXrL]QJ­PM[Z�aerUNXdeZ�R$deM¡YLWXZSRLK�NXZ�MXK���KbW[KsZk��KbW øÖÕLN[N�dcRLf�PSRLT$No�BYUde]�P?aeac�S�`PSaeaVjpKbdefSJiNp�?PSaerLKnMpjldcaeaV|�K�RLZ�RBø|7bKnWXZLz VZ�WyK��UPS^$YUaeKS�BMXKnK�ÕLf�rLWXK�RUz � z�I�JLKbW[KntwZ�W[K�ZSrLWyYVPSW[KbR\NlMXK�N�9�P�jldeaca}dcRL]bacrLTLKsP?aea�Y}Z�M[MXdc|LaeK�fSKbRLKnMPSRUTvj�K�JVP���K�dcRUtwKbW[WXKnT�PgtwrLacac� ]nZ�RLRLKn]nNXKbT�RLK�Noj�Z�W[hNXJVP?N�YLWXZk�`deTUKbM�acdcNXNXaeK�dcRUtwZ�W[^_P?NXdeZ�R´zyI�JLdeM]bPSR_|�KlYVPSW[NXdxPSacac��P���Z�dcTLKbT$|\��YLrUNXNXdeRLf�P�YLWXdcZ�W�Z�R}A'N�JVP?NuY�KbRLPSaedcMXKbMuaePSWXf�KyjpKbdcf�J\Np�?PSacrLKbM¡PSRUTJLKnRL]bK�t�P���Z�rUWXM�MXde^gYLacKbWb�BMX^gZBZ?N�JLKnWytwrLRL]nNXdeZ�RUMbz�ù7MXrLd�NQPS|UaeKsYLW[deZ�WydcMlP?7bKbW[Z$^gK�P?RD��PSrLM[MXdxP?R� �BA ÔW~ ¢�>5@!�O� # ~ x q ¢ �GRBzs�\¢jlJLKnWXK?�LtwZ�W�twrUNXrLWXK�M[de^gYLaedc]bd�No���\j�KsJLPk�SK�TLKnÕVRUKbT N�JLK Ç ÅQÅh�`Â Ç Å�× ~ jlJLde]QJ~dcMyK � rLd��SP?aeKbR\NpN�Z�N�JUKW[Kb]bdcYLWXZ`]�P?aFZSt�NXJLKs�?PSWXdePSRL]bK?z

ù�MlPSaea¶TLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSRLM�P?WXK���PSrLM[MXdxP?RLMb�`j�Ks]bPSR M[NXdeaeaVÕVRUT~P�]bacZ�MXKnT�twZ�WX^�MXZ�acrUN�dcZ�R$twZSW�K � rVP�N�deZSRRUz«¹ A9Ï �ONtNwC?� ~ P ¢3x q N M X �GRBz ú ¢I�JLdcM�YLPSW[NXde]brUaxPSW�twZSWX^¸ZSt�MXZ�acrUN�dcZ�RDjldeaca�YLW[Kn��KnR\N�Zk��KnWOøÖÕUNXN�dcRLfLz_��KnRLKbWXPSaea��DJLZkjpKn�SKbWb��N�JLKgMXZ?øacrUN�dcZ�Rvjldeaca�MON�deaca�dcRL]bacrLTLK�^$PSR\�qjpKbdcf�J\N�MsN�JLP?N�PSWXK�]baeZSMXK�N�Z�7nKbWXZPSRUTmJUKbRL]nKgZSrLWsYVPSW[KbR\N�MXK�N9�P_jldeaea,M[NXdeaca,dcRL]bacrLTLK�PSaea,Y}ZSMXMXdc|LaeK�f�KbRUKbMbz, VZ�W�K��UPS^gYLaeK?�´MXKnK�ÕVf�rLW[K?RUzTSLz��BYLPSWXM[dcNo�q]bZ�rLacTD|�KPS]QJUdeKn�SKbT |\�$YLWXrLRUdeRLf�PSaeaVjpKbdefSJiNp�?PSaerLKnM¡NXJVP?NyPSWXK�]bacZ�MXK�N�Z$7nKbW[ZLzv��ZkjpKn��KnWb�Vd�NpdcMpRUZSNy]naeK�P?W�P?N

A��\Ø

Page 151: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�Ù �Ù$Ú��FÚUÿ�Û´Ü�ÝwÚ,Þ�Þ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGmá�þ"!�Û}â$#Lþ�àqà,Ûrk�ã,âBÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ,Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜjlJLdc]QJ$acKn��KnaVN�JLK�jpKbdefSJiNXMpM[JLZ�rLacT$|�KlYLWXrURLKbTFz�ù�M�j�K�YLWXrURLK�jpKbdcf�J\N�Mn�ijpK�PSWXKlWXKn^$Zk�`deRUf�KnTLf�KnMtwWXZS^�ZSrLWs�yP���KnMXdePSR�RLKnNojpZ�WXhvPSRLT�]QJVP?RLf�deRUf�Z�rLW�W[KbYLW[KbM[KbR\NQP?NXdeZ�R�ZSt�NXJLK�¿[Z�dcR\N�TLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSRFzI�JLKnWXKntwZSWXKS�}dcNljpZ�rLaeTqMXKnKb^®N�JVP?N�N�JUK�]QJLZ�dc]bK�ZSt�NXJLWXKnMXJLZ�acTvdcM�]nWXrL]ndxPSaµzy·ÖN�jpZ�rLacTv|�K�t�PSW�^gZ�WXK]bZSRi�SKbRLdcKbR\N�d�t�N�JUdeM�MXYVPSW[MXKnRLKbM[M�]bZ�rLacT{|�K�PS]QJUdeKn�SKbT¦PSrBN�Z�^$P?N�dc]�PSacac�qTLrLW[deRLf^$Z`TLKnauNXW�PSdcRLdeRUfLz��K�jldcaea}MXKbK�JLZkj²NXJLdeM�]bPSR|}K�PS]QJLdcKn�SKbTvdcR N�JLK�RLK��BN�M[Kb]nNXdeZ�R´z

�=�|�=��� �6�����E�����{��ä����]���v���������E�������*���I�JLK�MONQPSRUTVPSWXT�^gKnNXJLZ`T�twZ�W�aeK�P?WXRLdcRLfq]nZ�RLRLKn]nNXdeZ�RLM�deR�PD��Pk�SKbM[dxPSR�RLK�Noj�ZSWXhmdeM�|LPSMXKnT�rLY}ZSRM[N�PSW[NXdeRLf�jldcN�J~P�WXPSRLTLZS^ MON�WXrU]nN�rUWXKS�VK��?PSaerVP�N�deRUf�P�MX]nZ�WXdcRLf�twrLRU]nN�dcZ�R~PSRLT�NXJLKbR~^$PShSK�f�WXKnKbTU�]QJVPSRUf�KbM�NXZNXJLK_MON�W[rL]nNXrLWXK$ø�dµz°K?z ]QJVPSRLf�KnM�N�JLP?N�^gZ�MON�dcRL]bW[K�PSM[K$N�JUK$M[]bZ�W[deRLftwrLRL]nNXdeZ�R´z��SP?R�BZ�^gKbW[KbR¨KnN$PSa,UTy S [ rUMXKbT�MXrL]QJ­PSR¨PSYLYLW[Z\PS]QJ�jld�N�J�N�JUK~twZSWX^*ZSt�^gZBTLKna�TLdeM[]brLM[MXKnT­PS|�Zk��KSz·oRL]nZ�WXY�Z�W�P�N�deRUf�MXYVPSW[MXKnRLKbM[M_deR�NXJLdeM�MO�BMON�Kn^ deM�N�W[dc�`dxP?ayPSM�d�NgPS^$ZSrLR\N�M�N�Z�M[de^gYLac��YLrUN[N�deRUf�Paedc^$d�N�Z�RDN�JLK�R`rU^�|}KnWsZSt¡KbTLfSKbMsKbR\NXKbWXdcRLfP_YVPSWON�dc]brLaePSW�RLZ`TLK�P?RLT�Z�RLac�K��SP?aerVP?NXdeRLf_Y}Z�M[MXdc|LaeK]QJVPSRUf�KbMsN�Z MON�W[rL]nNXrLWXK�N�JLP?N�TLZ RLZSN�]bPSrLM[K$P_�`dcZ�axP?NXdeZ�RqZStuN�JLdcMs]bZ�RUM[N�WXPSdeR\Nbz$��Z�jpKn�SKbWn��N�JUKbWXKPSW[K�YLWXZS|LaeKn^$M�jldcN�JqN�JLdcM�^$K�N�JLZ`TFz� �dcWXMON�ac�S��NXJLK�f�W[KbKbTB�DMXKbPSWX]QJ�W[Z�rUN�dcRLKbM�]�PSRDt�PSacaHdeR\N�Z�acZB]bPSa^gdeRLdc^_PUz�I�JUdeM�]bPSR�|}KyZk�SKbWX]nZ�^gK�|i��rLMXdcRLfsaeKnMXM øof�W[KbKbTB��PSYLYUWXZ\PS]QJUKbM���K?z°fUz�PS]b]nKbYUNXdeRLfs]QJLPSRLf�KnMN�JLP?N�TLKb]nWXKbPSMXK�N�JLK�M[]bZ�W[K�jldcN�J�RLZSRBø�7nKbWXZ~YLW[Z�|VPS|Udeaed�No�U¢�Z�W�|\��M�P?^$YLacdeRLf_RLKnNojpZ�WXhiM�twWXZ�^�N�JLKY�Z�M[NXKbWXdcZ�W�TUdeM[NXWXdc|LrUN�dcZ�RFzl�BKn]bZ�RLTUac����NXJLKyYLW[Z�|LacKb^7deR�d�N�M�K��UPS]nN�twZ�WX^ deM�h`RUZ�jlR�NXZ�|}K8^�9�øoJVP?WXTFz·o^gY}Z�M[deRLf~P~YLW[deZ�W�ZSRmNXJLK�R`rU^�|}KnW�ZSt�KnTLf�KnM�dcRiNXZP~YLPSW[NXde]brUaxPSW�RUZBTLK�M[def�RLd�ÕV]�P?RiNXac�qWXKnTLrL]bKnMN�JUK�M[K�PSW[]QJvM[YVPS]bK�|LrUN�d�N�M[NXdeaea´W�PSYLdcTLac�$|�Kb]bZS^$KnM�dcRUtwK�P?MXde|UaeKsPSM�NXJLK�R`rU^�|}KnW�Z?t�f�KnRLKbM�WXKbPS]QJLKnMN�JUK�Z�W[TLKbW�ZSt�NXJLZ�rLMXPSRLTLMlø�M[Z�^gKnN�JUdeRLf$]bZ�^g^$ZSRdcRv]nrLWXW[KbR\N�^gde]nWXZ\PSW[W�P��`Mbz���Z�jpKn�SKbWn�´j�K�RLZ?øN�dc]bK�PSRdeR\N�KnWXKnM[N�dcRLfgYVPSW�P?aeaeKnaF|�KnNojpKbKbRqN�JLdcM�MON�WXrU]nN�rUWXK�TLKnNXKbWX^gdeRLP?N�dcZ�R~YLWXZ�|UaeKb^9PSRLT~N�JLK�t�PSM[N^$PSWXf�dcRVPSa�aedchSKbacdeJLZ`Z`T�^_P��Udc^$dcM�P?NXdeZ�R_PSaefSZ�WXd�N�JL^'YLW[Z�Y}ZSMXKbT|\�~I�deYLYUdeRLf�PSRUT. ¶PSrLa�U¡y Ø [ z¢lKb]�P?aeaUNXJVP?NudeR�NXJLKlaxPSMONuMXKb]�N�dcZ�RgjpKlZk��KbW[]�PS^gKlN�JLKlYLW[Z�|LaeKn^£ZSt}Zk��KnWOøÖÕUNXN�dcRLf�|i��deR\N�W[ZBTLrU]bdeRUf�P��PSrLMXM[dxPSR YUWXdeZSW�TLdcM[N�W[de|LrBN�deZSR_Z�R�NXJLK�jpKbdefSJiNXM�ZSt,Z�rLWyRUKnNojpZ�WXh¶zv�{K�]bPSR~K��`N�KnRLT N�JLdcMydeTUK�P�N�ZdeR\NXWXZ`TLrL]bK�MXYVPSW[MXKnRLKbM[M�|\�$rLMXdcRLf�P�MXKnYVPSW�P�N�K���PSrLMXM[dxPSR_YLWXdcZ�WptwZ�WpK�PS]QJ jpKbdcf�J\N���d�z KSz�Y}ZSNXKbR\N�dePSaYVPSW[KbR\N�fSKbRLK�¢���KbPS]QJ�jldcNXJ�dcNY£°M�ZkjlR�PS]b]nrLW�P?]n��YVPSW�P?^$K�N�KbW ~�¤ z�ù�MXMXrU^$dcRLf�dcRLTLKbY�KbRUTLKbRL]nKlPS]bW[Z�MXM

A����

Page 152: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü Ú�ý�ß�Û�àji�ÙgÝwÞI#LÛ}àHà�ÝwÞlk�àHÛck�ã,â`ÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜNXJLK�f�KbRLKnM�jpK�]�PSR NQP?hSK�N�JLK�YLW[ZBTLrU]nN�ZSt,N�JLKnMXK�deRLTLd��`deTLrVP?a´YLW[deZ�W[M�N�Zgf�dc�SK

¥ �`A Ô§¦ ¢�Ï ÑÒ ¤Órq ¥ � 1

¤OÔW~¨¤ ¢ �GRUz A�� ¢jlJLKnWXK ¥ � 1

¤[Ô ~�¤ ¢qÏ©@ � 1¤OÔ � # ~ x q¤ ¢�zª��KDP?WXKvRUZ�j�dcRiNXKbW[KbM[NXKbT¯dcR©Kn�?PSacrVP?NXdeRLf�N�JLKtwZ�aeacZkjldeRLf

Y�Z�M[NXKbW[deZ�W�YLW[Z�|VPS|Udeaed�No�_Z?t�Z�rUWyj�Kndef�J\Nl��Kn]nN�ZSW�A¥ �`A Ô M # ¦ # <cb�¢�Ï ¥ � M Ô A # < b ¢ ¥ �`A ÔW¦ ¢¥ � M Ô§¦ # < b ¢ �GRUz A�A ¢

jlJLKnWXK~j�KJVP���KZ�^gdcN[N�KbT�NXJLK~TLKbY�KbRUTLKbRL]nKvZ�R Ð twZ�W�]baePSWXd�No��z�ù�f\PSdcRF�p|�Kb]bPSrLM[KvPSaca�ZSt�N�JUKTLdcM[NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�RLM�PSW[K_��PSrLM[MXdePSRF�FN�JUdeM�Y}ZSM[N�KnWXdcZ�WsdeM�PSacMXZq��PSrLMXM[dxPSR�jld�N�J�^$KbPSR�PSRLTm]bZk�?PSWXdePSRL]bKf�d���KnRq|\� «

Ï �G¬­�®<lx'b3NwC�N¢3x q ¯ Ï°<lx'b « NwC M �GRUz²± Ø ¢jlJLKnWXK�¬ deM�PDTLdxP?f�Z�RVPSau^$P?N�W[d���ZSt�NXJLK ~¨¤ �?PSaerLKnMbz���K�]bZ�rUaeT�K��BNXKbRLT¦N�JUdeM�^gZ`TLKba¡|\��PSYBøYLa��`deRLf�YLW[deZ�W�TLdeMON�W[de|LrUNXdeZ�RUM�N�Z�NXJLK ~�¤ |UrUN�PSM�NXJLKbM[KTUdeM[NXWXdc|LrUN�dcZ�RLM�jldeaeap|}K_RLZ�RBø ��PSrUMXMXdePSRF�jpK�]bPSRvRLZgaeZSRLf�KbWlZ�|BNQPSdcRqP�N�WXPS]nN�PS|LaeKsY�Z�MON�KbW[deZ�Wnz�I�JLKnWXK�twZ�WXK?�}I�dcYLYLdeRUf$P?RLTj ¶PSrLa�M[rLf�f�KnM[NXKbTPSYUYLWXZ��Bde^$P?N�dcRLf~N�JLKn^çjld�N�J�Y�Z�deR\N�KbMON�de^$P?NXKbM�ZS|UNQPSdcRLKbT�^��m^_P��Udc^$dcMXdcRLf N�JLK$aeZ�fq^_PSW[f�deRLPSaacdehSKnaedcJLZBZ`T

aeZ�f ¥ � M Ô§¦ # <2bQ¢�ϳaeZ�f�³µ´x ´ ¥ � MÔ A # <cbQ¢ ¥ �`A ÔW¦ ¢�e�A X �GRUz²± � ¢

ù�f\PSdeR´�¶PSaea�ZSt�N�JLKnMXK�TLdeMON�WXdc|LrUNXdeZ�RLM�PSW[K���PSrUMXMXdePSRLM�PSRLTqMXZ�P?f\PSdeR´�Lj�K�]�PSRqZ�|UNQP?deR N�JLdcM�acdeh?Kbaed¬øJLZ`Z`TdcR~]baeZSMXKbT~twZ�W[^ jlJLdc]QJq]bPSRq|�K�^_P��Udc^$dcMXKnT_jldcNXJqW[KbMXY�Kb]�NlN�Z ¦ z¡I�JUdeM�twZ�WX^ deM

aeZSf ¥ � M Ô§¦ # <2b�¢uÏ­+ ±Ø UWLqaeZSf Ø·¶ �¦aeZ�f ÔT¸Ô � M C ¸ x q M [ # �GRUz²±ZSi¢jlJLKnWXK ¸ Ϫ<2b P �{N�¬\x q NwC X �GRUz²±�¹�¢� JLKnR�j�K�Y�KbWOtwZ�WX^)NXJLdeM�Z�YUN�dc^$dcM�P?NXdeZ�R´�Lj�K�ZS|LMXKnW[��K�NXJVP?N�^_PSR\�ZSt�NXJLK ~¨¤ �?PSaerUKbM�P?YLYLWXZ�PS]QJdcRUÕVRLd�No��z�I�JLdcM�MXrLf�fSKbM[NXMgNXJVP?N�N�JUK]nZ�WXW[KbM[Y}Z�RUTLdeRLf�Y�Z�M[NXKbW[deZ�W�TLdcM[NXWXde|UrUN�dcZ�RLM�twZ�W�N�JLK 1

¤ PSWXK�SKbW[�{MXJVP?WXYLa���Y�K�P?hSKbT¦P�N¹7bKnWXZ�P?RLT�JLKbRU]bK_NXJLdeM�YVPSW[NXde]nrLaxPSW�]bPSRLTLdcTVP?N�K$YVPSW[KbR\N�f�KnRLK_]bPSR�|�KYLW[rLRLKnTqtwWXZS^ N�JUK�^gZ`TLKbaµz

± � S

Page 153: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�Ù �Ù$Ú��FÚUÿ�Û´Ü�ÝwÚ,Þ�Þ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGmá�þ"!�Û}â$#Lþ�àqà,Ûrk�ã,âBÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ,Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜ

I�JLKldeRUTLdc�`deTUrVPSa`YLWXdcZ�WXM�ZSR�NXJLKyjpKbdefSJiNXM�YLWXZk�`deTUKbMurLM�jldcNXJ�N�JLK�W[K � rLdeW[KbT�MXYLPSWXM[dcNo��|UrUNpP?N�jlJVP?N]bZSM[N���·oR�]bZ�^gYLrUNXdeRLfvNXJLK�^$PSWXfSdeRVPSa�acdeh?KbaedcJLZ`ZBTmTLrLW[deRLfDZSYUN�dc^$dcM�P?NXdeZ�RF��jpK ^�rLMON�deR\��KnW[N ¸ �PSR�Z�Y�KbWXP?N�dcZ�R�ZSt=º~� )c» ¢�z$� JLKbR�jpKgJLPk�SK_P�aePSWXfSK�RirL^�|�KbW$� ) ¢�ZSt�fSKbRLKnMb��N�JLdcMs|}Kn]bZ�^gKbM�P?RKbRUZ�WX^gZ�rLMu]bZS^$YLrBNQP?NXdeZ�RVP?aL|LrLW[TLKbRFz�I,Z�Z��SKbW[]bZ�^gK�NXJLdeMn�`I�dcYLYLdcRLf�PSRLT� �P?rLaVRLZSNXde]bKnT$NXJVP?NuN�JLK^$PSWXf�dcRVPSa,aedchSKbacdeJLZ`Z`TD]bZk�?PSWXdePSRL]nK ¸ ]bZ�rUaeT�|}K�TLKn]bZ�^gY�Z�MXKnT�dcRiNXZ~MXKbYLPSW�P?NXK$]nZ�^gY}Z�RUKbR\N�MstwZ�WK�P?]QJ ~¨¤ ��d�z KSz��LKbPS]QJvf�KnRLKk¢�PSM�twZ�acaeZkjlM¸ Ï <2b P � 0 &Z¼Ó ¤

~ x q& D½&3DcC& � ~ x q¤ D ¤ DcC¤ �GRUz²±�R\¢Ï ¸ x ¤ � ~ x q¤ D ¤ D C ¤ �GRUz²±·y�¢

jlJLKnWXK ¸ x ¤ W[KbYLW[KbMXKnR\N�M�N�JUKy]bZk�?PSWXdePSRL]nK�^$P?N�W[d���jldcNXJ�f�KnRLK8¾FW[Kb^gZ��SKbTFz��BrL|LMON�dcNXrUN�dcRLf�NXJLdeM�deR\N�ZK � rVP�N�deZSR\RBz±ZS�jpKsÕVRLT~N�JVP�NldcN�dcMyY}ZSMXMXdc|LaeK�NXZ�TLKb]nZ�^gY}Z�M[KsN�JLKsacZ�f�^_P?WXf�dcRVPSa�aedeh?KbacdeJLZ`ZBT$deR\N�ZPSTLTUdcN�d���K�]bZ�R\N�W[de|LrBN�deZSRLM¡twW[Z�^'N�JLK�deRLTLd��`deTLrVP?a ~¨¤ ]nZ�^$Y�Z�RLKnR\N�Mbzv VZ�W�P�^gZ�WXK�TLKbM[]bW[deYUNXdeZ�RF�`N�JLKWXKbPSTLKnW�deM�WXKntwKnWXW[KbT�N�Z-UTy Ø [ z�¿�MXM[KbR\N�dePSaea�����j�K�]bPSR�TLKnÕLRLK�P�MXYLPSWXM[dcNo�t�PS]nNXZ�W/À ¤ PSRUT�P � rVPSaed�No�t�PS]�N�Z�W=Á ¤ twZSW�K�PS]QJZSt�ZSrLW�Y}Z?N�KbR\NXdxPSaFYLPSWXKnRiNXM�P?MytwZ�aeacZ�jlM

À ¤ Ï°D C¤ ¸ x qx ¤ D ¤ Á ¤ Ï°D C¤ ¸ x qx ¤ M X �GRUz²±��\¢ù�RLPSac�`MXdcM_ZStsNXJLKDTLKn]bZ�^gY�Z�MXKnT¯aedeh?KbacdeJLZ`ZBT¦W[Kn��KbPSaeM�NXJVP?N_dcN$JVPSM P�rLRUd � rLKv^$P��Bde^�rL^ jldcN�JWXKnMXY�Kb]�N�NXZgKbPS]QJdeRLTLd��`deTLrVP?a ~¨¤ �LTLK�ÕVRLKbTvPSM�twZ�aeacZkjlM~¨¤ Ï À b¤Á b¤ +®À ¤ # d�t�Á b¤ :ÂÀ ¤ �GRUz²± ú ¢~�¤ ÏÄà # dct�Á b¤�Å À ¤ X �GRUz ØÆ� ¢I�JLK�de^gYLacde]�P�N�deZSRLMlZStuN�JLKnMXK�WXKnMXrLa�N�M�deM�NXJVP?N�d�tuf�KbRLK}¾�dcM�]brLW[WXKnRiNXac��P�YLPSWXKnRiN_�wd�z KSz ~¨¤8Ç Ã¯¢|LrUN�Á b¤ Å À ¤ NXJLKbR~jpK�MXJUZ�rLaeTWXKn^$Zk�SK�fSKbRLK,¾¡twW[Z�^ NXJLK�YVPSWXKnR\N�M[KnN�deR~Z�WXTUKbW�N�ZgdeRL]nWXKbPSMXK�N�JLK^$PSWXf�dcRVPSaLacdeh?KbaedcJLZ`ZBTq��dµz°K?z�MXK�N ~¨¤ NXZ?ï¢�z��BKb]nZ�RLTLa����Ud�t�f�KnRLK�¾�deM¡RLZSNy]nrLWXW[KbR\N�a��$P�YVPSW[KbR\N��wd�z KSz~¨¤ Ϫï¢u|UrUN�Á bq :�À ¤ �\j�K�MXJLZSrLaeT_PSTLT_d�NuN�Z�NXJLK�^$Z`TLKbaV|\�gMXK�NXNXdeRLf ~�¤ ÏÄÀ b¤hÈ �OÁ b¤ +jÀ ¤ ¢�zv_�M[deRLfN�JUKbMXK�M[NXW�PSdcf�J\NXtwZ�WOjyPSW[TqrUY}TVP�N�K�WXrLacKbMn�¶jpK�P?WXK�PS|LacK�NXZ_P?TLTDPSRUTvWXKn^$Zk�SK�f�KnRLKbMlN�ZgN�JLK�MXK�N�Z?tYVPSW[KbR\N�MljlJLdcaeM[N�PSacj�P��BMldcRL]bW[K�PSM[deRLf�N�JUK�^$PSW[f�deRVP?a´aedchSKnaedeJUZBZ`T_rLR\NXdeaF]nZ�R\��KbW[f�KbRU]bKSz

± � ¹

Page 154: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü Ú�ý�ß�Û�àji�ÙgÝwÞI#LÛ}àHà�ÝwÞlk�àHÛck�ã,â`ÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ�Û�ßFE~þ�àHGuÜ�=�|�=�É� ����Ê�Ë��l��Ì]�*�vÍ��6�����E����Î}�I���½�/�*���Ï�ªÍ������½�|ÌEÐ/Ñ EÒ�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ÕnÖ]×tU¡y Ø [ÉØ Ô�Ù,ÚZÛÆÖ�Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÓÕnßQÙ�à3á]Ù,ÛÆâ�Ò�ã�Ù�ÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß�ÕnÖfàQÒ}àQá]Ù/Ü`Ò�ÓnÓÒ�Ô�ÕnÖ]×?Û Ón×�Ò�Ý�ÕàQá]Þ±�æ=ç�Ö�Õà3ÕnÛÆÓnÕßQÙ6< b æØ æ��èà�ÛÆÝ*à=Ô�Õà3á\Û?ßQÕÖ]×�ÓnÙ/ÚYÛÆÖ]é]ÕéEÛ àQÙ/êEÛÆÝQÙäÖfà�D ¤ Ø ÛÆÖ]éJßQÙhà ~�¤ ÛÆß=Ü`Ò�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ß~�¤ Ï ÔcÔ D b¤ ÔeÔÔeÔ D C ¤ M ÔeÔ b È ÔeÔ D ¤[ÔcÔ b +�< b ë R�æ Ø ±·ì� æ�í�ÒÆÞ�ê]åîà3ÙïÀ ¤ Û Ö]é�Á ¤ Ü`Ò�Ý Ç ÈÃÈ ) ê�Ò�ß�ßQÕnâ�ÓnÙ/êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ßäæS]æ��'ÙYÓnÙäÚäà6Û?Ö]ÙäÔðÚZÛÆÖ]é�ÕnéEÛ àQÙ/êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà�D ¤ Ü`ÝQÒ�ÞñÛ ÓnÓ ) ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ/êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ßäæò æ�í8Û ÓnÚYå�ÓóÛ àQÙ�ô ¤ Ï°Á b¤ +®À ¤ æR�æ=ç|Üõô ¤ : � ÛÆÖ]é ~�¤�Ç Ã ë ¾vÕß�ÛÆÓnÝ�ÙZÛÆé�ö;Û?êEÛÆÝQÙäÖfà�ì Ø Ý�Ù�ø�Ùäß�àQÕnÞ�Û à3Ù ~¨¤ æyîæ=ç|ÜIô ¤ : � ÛÆÖ]é ~¨¤ ÏÄÃ ë ¾lÕnß�Ö]ÒÆà�ÛÆÓnÝ�ÙZÛÆé�ö�Û$ê]ÛÆÝQÙäÖèà�ì Ø ÛÆé]éwD ¤ à3Ò$àQá]Ù�ß�Ùäà=ҠܨêEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ß�ÛÆÖ�éÚYÛÆÓnÚäå]ÓóÛ÷à3Ù ~¨¤ æ��æ=ç|Ü�ô ¤ Å � ÛÆÖ]é ~¨¤6Ç Ã Ø à3á]ÙäÖø¾�ÕßïÚäå]ÝQÝ�ÙYÖfà3Ó²öùÛ\êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà¹â�å�à¹ß�á]Ò�å]Óéúâ�ÙwÝQÙäÞ�Ò�ãÆÙYé Ø ß�ÒÝ�ÙYÞûÒ�ã�Ù�D ¤ Ü`ÝQÒ�ÞÏà3á]Ù�êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà�ßQÙhà�Û Ö]é\ß�Ùäà ~¨¤ ÏÄÃÄæú æ�_�êré]Û à3ÙïÀ p ÛÆÖ]éJÁ p æ± � æ=ç|Ü�ÚäÒ�Öfã�ÙäÝQ×�ÙäÖ]ÚYÙ/áEÛ ß�â�ÙYÙäÖtÝQÙZÛ Ú�á]ÙYé Ø ÚYÒ�ÖfàQÕnÖèå]Ù6àQÒ$ß*à3ÙYê.± � Ø ÒÆà3á]ÙäÝ�Ô�ÕßQÙ Ø ÝQÙhà3å]Ý�Öwà3Òïß�à3Ùäê;S]æ±�±�æ�í8Û ÓnÚYå�ÓóÛ àQÙ ¯ ÛÆÖ]é « å�ßQÕnÖ�×}àQá]ÙsÕEÖEÛÆÓ¨ê]ÛÆÝQÙäÖèà�ß�ÙäàZæ

K\ÒÆÝQÙ�é]Ùäà3ÛÆÕnÓß�ÛÆÖ]éûß�àQÙYê]ßvà3áEÛ÷à�ÚYÛÆÖûârÙ=à�Û üÆÙYÖûà3Ò�ÕnÞûê]Ý�Ò·ãÆÙ=à3á]Ù�ÙäýûÚäÕnÙYÖ�Úäö}ÒÆÜrà3á]Ù�ÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ�ÚYÛÆÖâ�Ù/Ü`Ò�å]Ö]éJÕnÖùUTy Ø [ æþ é�ÿ �������vñ�ö�íô�� ¼®ô�í_½çî�ò~¾ç�ÖJÒ�ÝQé�ÙYÝ=à3Ò}Ùäã ÛÆÓåEÛ àQÙ�ÛÆÖ]éJÚYÒ�ÞûêEÛÆÝ�Ù�à3á]Ù�ê�ÙYÝ�Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚYÙ/Ò Ü"êEÛ Ý�à3ÕÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝ8ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓnß Ø Ô�Ù�Ü`ÒÆÓnÓnÒ�ÔÂà3á�ÙÙ]Û Þ�ê]ÓÙïÒ Ü��6å�ßQÞûÙYÕnÙäÝïU �\Ø [ Û Ö]é\×ÆÙYÖ]ÙäÝ3Û àQÙ$éEÛ à3Û}Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ Û}ßQÕnÞ$å]ÓóÛ àQÙYé�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü½æ�ù6ÓàQá]Ò�å]×�áJÖ]ÒÆà

± � R

Page 155: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�Ù �?Ù_Ü�Ýwá�ã�â`ÚVß�Ûr!�Þ,Û}ß � þ�à��ÛÆß�ÝQÙYÛÆÓnÕß�à3ÕÚ�ÛÆß�å]ßQÕÖ]×ï×ÆÙYÖèå]ÕnÖ�Ù�Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYß�ßQÕnÒÆÖ;éEÛ à3Û Ø à3á]Õß�ÞûÙäàQá]ÒîéûáEÛÆß�ßQÙhã�ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓcÛÆé�ã ÛÆÖfà�ÛÆ×ÆÙYß Ø ÞûÒ�ß�àÕnÞûê�Ò�Ý�à3ÛÆÖfà3Óö.à3áEÛ àïÔ�ÙtüèÖ]Ò�Ô Ù��ÛÆÚhà3Ó²öùÔ�áEÛ÷à¹à3á]ÙwÖ]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüùß�àQÝQå]Úhà3å]Ý�ÙtÕnßïàQáEÛ àïÔ�ÙtÛ ÝQÙwàQÝ�ö'ÕnÖ]×à3Ò\Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓ�ÛÆÖ�éøá]ÙYÖ�ÚYÙ;ÚYÛÆÖøÒ�â`¿�ÙäÚäàQÕã�ÙäÓöùÙäã ÛÆÓåEÛ à3Ù�ÛÆÖ]éúÚYÒ�ÞûêEÛÆÝ�Ùwé]Õ²cÙäÝQÙYÖfà$Þ�Ò'é]ÙYÓßYæt�ùÙwå]ß�Ùà3á�Ù,ßQÛÆÞûÙ/Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQü;àQÒ�ê�Ò�ÓnÒ�× ö;ÛÆß���å]ßQÞûÙYÕÙYÝyø�Û�± Ø ×�ÙYÖ�Ù,Ö�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQütÕÖ]ßQê]ÕÝQÙäétâèöJÛ?ß�ÞwÛÆÓÓröÆÙZÛÆß*àßQå�âBø�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQü Ø ÕÖèãÆÙYß*à3Õn×�Û à3Ùäé�âèöµ EÝQÕÙYé]Þ�ÛÆÖ U ± ú [ æ��=á]Ù�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQü5àQÒ�ê�Ò�ÓnÒ�× ö{ÚZÛÆÖ�â�ÙjßQÙäÙYÖÂÕnÖÕE×�å�ÝQÙïR�æ±Ææ�ç�Ö�à3á]Õß�ÕE×�å]Ý�Ù Ø ÙZÛÆÚ�á\Ö]Ò'é]ÙïÝ�ÙYê]Ý�ÙYß�ÙYÖfà3ß/Û}×�ÙäÖ]Ù Ø ßQÒÆÓnÕné�Ùäé]×�ÙYß�ÝQÙäê]ÝQÙäßQÙäÖèà�ÛÆÚäàQÕã Û àQÕnÖ]×

CLN2

RNR3

CLN1SRO4

RAD51

SVS1

MNN1

CDC5CLB2

MYO1

ALK1

ACE2

���jilk���k�������� �"!$# %�&(')�*+',&.-0/214365714/8�:9<;2=?>ÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß ë ÛÆÖ]é�£TÙ�îÚäÓnå]ß�Õã�ÙwÒ�ÝY£Ià�öîê�Ù;Ý�ÙY×�å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß ë ÕÖúà3á]ÙwÚZÛÆß�Ù;ÒÆÜ=à3á�Ù;ÕnÖ]ê�å�à3ß$àQÒ-��@/�r±·ìQìÛÆÖ]é®é]ÒÆà�à3ÙäéµÓnÕÖ]ÙYß}Ý�ÙYê]Ý�ÙYßQÙäÖfà;ÕnÖ�á]Õnâ]Õ²à3Ò�Ý*öøÝ�ÙY×�å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ßäæµ�'Ò�å]ÝQÚäÙ.×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß ë ÕGæ¡Ù æµ×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß}Ô�ÕàQá5Ö�ÒÕnÖ�ê]å�à3ß3ì�ÛÆÝ�Ù/ßQáEÛÆé�ÙYéJÕnÖt×�ÝQÛ�öÆæ�ç|à=Ô�ÕnÓÓrâ�Ù/ÙZÛÆß�ÕnÙäÝ=ÕnÖ;Ò�å�Ý�ÛÆÖEÛÆÓ²öîß�Õnß�àQÒ?ÝQÙhÜ`ÙYÝ8à3Ò?ÙYÛÆÚ�áJ×�ÙYÖ]Ù/âfötÕ²à3ßÖ]Ò'é]Ù,Ö'å�Þ¹ârÙäÝ6ÝQÛ à3á�ÙYÝ6àQáEÛÆÖ\Õà3ß�ÖEÛ Þ�Ù æyù­ÓÕnß*à6Ò Üõà3á]Ù,×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß�Ô�Õà3áJà3á]ÙäÕnÝ�ÚYÒÆÝQÝQÙäßQê�Ò�Ö]é]ÕÖ]×wÖ�Òîé]ÙÖèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ßûÚYÛÆÖ{ârÙtß�ÙYÙäÖ5ÕÖ{à3ÛÆâ]ÓÙtR�æ²±�æø��å]ßQÞûÙYÕÙYÝ?å]ß�ÙYé{à3á]Õß?Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüùà3Ò-×�ÙYÖ�ÙYÝ3Û÷à3Ù�é]Õnß�ÚYÝ�Ùäà3ÙéEÛ à3Û�æï�6Ò�Ô�Ùhã�ÙäÝ Ø Ô�Ù}ÛÆÝ�Ù?ÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙäß�à3Ùäé-ÕnÖ�ÚYÒÆÖèàQÕnÖèå]Ò�å�ß/éEÛ à�Û�ÛÆÖ�é�ßQÒ�áEÛZã�Ù?à3ÒtÞûÒ'é]ÕÜBö�à3á�Ù?éEÛ à�Û×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö�ê]ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäßQßäæ6�lÒ�é]ÒtàQá]Õnß Ø Ô�Ù?ÝQÛÆÖ]é]Ò�ÞûÓö\Ú�á]Ò'Ò�ßQÙ?à�Ô�Ò�ß�à3ÙYÛÆé�ö�ß*à�Û àQÙ¹ã ÛÆÓnå]Ùäß�Ü`Ò�Ý�ÙYÛÆÚ�á×�ÙäÖ]ÙÆæ��=á]Ù�ß�à3Û à3Ù,Û}×�ÙYÖ]Ù�Õß�ÕÖtÔ�ÕnÓnÓrß�àQÒîÚ�áEÛ ß�à3ÕÚZÛÆÓÓöwé]ÙYê�ÙYÖ]éJÒ�Ö�à3á]Ù�ß*à�Û àQÙ,Ò ÜõÕàQß=êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ßäæ� EÒ�ÝÙ��ÛÆÞûê]ÓÙ Ø íBA�^ï±/Ô�ÕÓnÓcâ�Ù�ÕnÖtÕ²à3ß=á]Õ×�á]ÙYÝ=ß*à�Û àQÙ/Ô�Õà3á�ê]Ý�Ò�âEÛÆâ�ÕnÓnÕ²à�ö � æ ú Õ²ÜõíBA�^ Ø Õß8ÕnÖ�ÕàQß=á]Õn×Æá]ÙYÝß�à3Û à3Ù ë ßQÙäÙúU �\Ø [ Ü`Ò�Ý?Þ�ÒÆÝQÙ;é]Ùhà�ÛÆÕÓnß3ìhæC�=á�ÙJÙîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö{ãÆÛ Ónå]Ù;Ü`Ò�ݹÛ-ê]ÛÆÝ�àQÕnÚYå�ÓóÛÆÝï×�ÙYÖ]Ù�Õß¹à3á]ÙäÖ

± � y

Page 156: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü Ú�ý�ß�Û�àji�ÙgÝwÞI#LÛ}àHà�ÝwÞlk�àHÛck�ã,â`ÚVß,þ�àBÿmÞ�Û�ß �~þ�à��uÜé]ÝQÛZÔ�Ö\Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ ÛED,ÛÆå�ßQßQÕnÛÆÖ�é]Õnß*à3Ý�Õnâ]å�àQÕnÒ�Ö;Ô�Õ²à3á�ÞûÙZÛÆÖJÙ � åEÛÆÓ2àQÒûàQá]Ù�ÚYå]Ý�ÝQÙäÖèà6ß�àQÙZÛÆéîö�ß�à�Û÷à3Ù�ÓnÙhã�ÙYÓÜ`Ò�Ý8àQáEÛ à�×�ÙäÖ]ÙÆæ

F�G�H�G IKJ0LNMOG$P¢�^�¢ � ±íBA�^ï± Ø�î¢�æ�S �¢lù�u ò ± SíBA�Q Ø òKSR�æ¹± Rù�í8¿ Ø yù"A�T}± �K.^6^ï± úíBA�^ Ø ± ���@��r± ±�±í8u�í ò ± ØUWV$X�k���k��$��YZ'*$'[�%2*$)�&4\$'�]1^%2[4[(/�_,� %�&(')`*$/a)+'b*a!$�dce',1f[,g

þ é,h ó9ô�÷^�qñ�íq÷ "Õ×�å]Ý�ÙYß}R�æ � Ø R�æ¡S ÛÆÖ�éµR�æTS-ßQá]Ò�Ô ×�Ý3ÛÆê�á]ÕnÚYÛÆÓnÓ²öùàQá]ÙtÔ�ÙäÕn×�áfà}Þ�Û à3Ý�ÕnÚYÙäß?×�ÙYÖ�ÙYÝ3Û÷à3ÙYé{Ô�á]ÙäÖµÓnÙYÛÆß�àß � å]ÛÆÝQÙäß Ø ÝQÙY×Æå]ÓóÛÆÝ�Õnß�ÙYé�ÓnÙYÛÆß�à$ß � åEÛÆÝ�ÙYß ë ÓÙZÛÆß*à?ß � åEÛ ÝQÙYß?Ô�Õ²à3áøß�ÕnÖ]×�ÓÙ�D�ÛÆå]ß�ßQÕóÛ Ö�ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý�ì,ÛÆÖ]éøà3á�Ùß�êEÛÆÝQß�ÙiQ8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕóÛ Ö-ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á-ÛÆÝ�Ù¹ÛÆê]ê�ÓnÕnÙäé.à3Ò;Û.± ��� ß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙ,à3ÕÞ�Ù,ßQÙäÝQÕnÙäß�×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛ à3ÙäéjÜ`ÝQÒ�Þñà3á�Ùß�ÕnÞ¹å]ÓnÛ à3Ùäé}Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQü½æ�ç�Ö�ÙZÛÆÚ�á�ÕE×�å]Ý�Ù Ø ÛÆâ]ß�Ò�Ónå�àQÙ8Ô�ÙäÕn×�áfà�ã ÛÆÓnå]Ùäß�áEÛZã�Ù6ârÙäÙYÖûê]ÓnÒÆà�à3ÙäéwÛÆßvÕ²à�ÕnßvÖ]ÒÆàÙYÛÆß�ö¹àQÒ�ã'ÕnßQå]ÛÆÓnÕßQÙ�â�ÒÆàQáûê�Ò�ß�Õà3Õ²ã�Ù�ÛÆÖ]é}Ö]ÙY×�Û à3Õ²ã�Ù8Ô�ÙYÕn×ÆáèàQß�Ò�Ö¹à3á�Ù=ß3ÛÆÞûÙ�ÕE×�å�ÝQÙÆæW�=á]Ù�êrÒ�ß�ÕàQÕnÒ�ÖïÒÆÜàQá]Ù�Û Úäà3å]ÛÆÓEÚYÒ�Ö�Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ß�Û ÝQÙ�ßQá]Ò�Ô�ÖwÕÖgÕ]×�å]ÝQÙ�R�æ Ø æõç�ÖwÛÆÓnÓ�é]ÕóÛÆ×ÆÝ3ÛÆÞûß Ø àQá]Ù�ÝQÒ�Ô�ß ë ÕÉæTÙÆæõå�êBø|Ô�ÛÆÝQé�ßÜ`Ý�Ò�ÞñÓnÙhÜBà�àQÒ�Ý�Õn×�áfà�ì=ÚäÒ�ÝQÝ�ÙYß�êrÒ�Ö�é.à3Ò}à3á]Ù�Ô�ÙYÕn×ÆáèàQß�ÕÖèàQÒwÛûêEÛÆÝ*à3ÕnÚäå]ÓóÛ Ý=×�ÙYÖ]Ù æ �ùÙïÖ�ÒÆà3ÕÚYÙ�à3áEÛ àÛÆÓÓ�àQá]ÝQÙäÙJÞûÙäàQá]Ò'é]ß?ßQÙäÙYÞ ÛÆâ�ÓnÙwàQÒ�Õ]Ö]é�à3á]ÙäßQÙ\ÛÆÚäàQåEÛÆÓ8ÚäÒ�Ö]Ö]ÙäÚäà3ÕÒ�Ö]ßäæ��6Ò�Ô�Ùäã�ÙäÝ Ø Õ²à?Õnß$ÕnÖøà3á�ÙÖèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜIÜOÛÆÓßQÙ/ÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö]ß ë ÜOÛÆÓßQÙ�ê�Ò�ß�Õà3Õ²ã�Ùäß�ì�à3á]Û à=à3á]Ù�ß�êEÛÆÝQß�ÙjQ�Û�öÆÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ\ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á�ÚYÒÆÞ�ÙäßÒ�åîà�ÒÆÖûàQÒ�ê2æ"�ùÙ6ß�ÙYÙ�à3áEÛ÷à�àQá]Ù�ßQêEÛÆÝ�ßQÙdQ8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕóÛ Ö;ÛÆê]ê�ÝQÒfÛÆÚ�áûÞ�ÛÆÖEÛÆ×�Ùäß�à3Ò,ÝQÙYÚäÒ�ã�ÙYÝ�ÛÆÓnÞûÒ�ß*àvÛÆÓnÓ�ÒÆÜàQá]Ù,ÛÆÚäàQåEÛÆÓ2ÚäÒ�Ö]Ö]ÙäÚäà3ÕÒ�Ö]ß8Ô�Õ²à3á�Ò�Ö]Ó²ö�à�Ô�Ò�ÒÆÝ�à3á]Ý�ÙYÙ/ÜOÛÆÓßQÙ�ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3Õ²ã�ÙYßäæ^�=á]Õnß=Õß8ÕnÖtÚäÒ�Þ�ê]ÛÆÝQÕßQÒ�Ö;àQÒàQá]Ù$ÓÙZÛÆß*à�ß � åEÛ ÝQÙYß�ÛÆÖ]éjÝ�ÙY×�å]ÓnÛÆÝQÕßQÙäé\ÓÙZÛÆß*à�ß � å]ÛÆÝQÙäß�ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á]Ùäß�à3áEÛ÷à�áEÛZãÆÙ$ÜOÛÆÓnß�Ùïê�Ò�ß�Õà3Õ²ã�Ùäß6ÕÖÛÆÓÞ�ÒÆß�à�ÙäãÆÙYÝ�ö\ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3ÕnÒÆÖ2æZ�=á]Õß�é]Õß�àQÕnÖ]Úhà3ÕnÒÆÖJÕß6ÕÖ]ÚYÝ�ÙYé]Õâ]Óö;ÕnÞûêrÒ�Ý*à�ÛÆÖfà�ÕnÖJÕnÖîÜ`ÙYÝQÝ�ÕnÖ]×}Ý�ÙY×�å]ÓnÛ à3ÒÆÝ�ö

± � �

Page 157: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�Ù k�ÙgàHÛ}Ü�ã,âkßHÜ

12

34

56

78

910

1112

12

34

56

78

910

1112

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

���jilkl��knmo�qp�_r&4!$%2#B*+',&.-0/21f3s_r/8*$*+'_r&4� /8*$[j5t/21�u=wv2'*+'�[4� �"!$# %�&(')C*+',&x-W/2143qv8�]y2'*z� *s{$v8!+1f'}|ag u~ /21B'%2[('"/25�ya�n[4!$%2# � [f%�&4�]/8*o�$%�c�[(/8#n!+&('�-W'�]v8\�&�y�%2# !+'[�%�14'd[4\$/�-�*og��^\+'b��&4\E14/�-�_r/21f14'[(�e/8*$)$[O&(/j&4\+'-W'�]v8\�&4[�� *�&(/lv2'*+'b��5714/8��&4\$'�/2&4\+',1�v2'*+'[gÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèß/ÛÆß6Ô�Ù$é�ÒwÖ]ÒÆà6Ö]ÙäÙYé.àQÒwßQÙhà/ÛÆÖföJê]Ý�å]Ö]ÕnÖ�×�à3á�ÝQÙYß�á]Ò�Óé.Ò�Ý�å]ßQÙ$ÛÆÖföJârÒ'ÒÆà3ß*à3ÝQÛÆê\ê�ÝQÒ'ÚYÙ�øé]å]Ý�ÙYß�à3Ò}Ù�'àQÝ3ÛÆÚhà�àQá]Ù�ßQÕ×�Ö]Õt�]ÚZÛÆÖfà�ÙYé�×�ÙYßäæç|Ü=Ô�Ù;é]Òjå]ß�ÙtÛÆÖ��+��� o2� ê�ÝQå]Ö]ÕÖ]×jê]Ý�ÒîÚäÙYé]å�ÝQÙ;ÕÖ�ÛÆÖ�Û à�à3ÙäÞ�ê�à,à3Ò.ê]ÝQå]Ö�Ùwà3á]Ù�ÜOÛÆÓnß�Ù�ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3Õ²ã�ÙYßê]Ý�ÙYßQÙäÖfà�ÕÖ¹à3á]Ù=ÓÙZÛÆß*àvß � åEÛÆÝ�ÙYß�ÛÆÖ]é}ÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛÆÝQÕßQÙYé}ÓÙZÛÆß*à�ß � åEÛÆÝ�ÙYß�ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á]Ùäß�Ô�Ù�ÚZÛ ÖûÕÖfã�ÙYß*à3Õ×fÛ à3ÙÔ�á]Ùhà3á]ÙäÝ,Õ²à�Õß�êrÒÆßQßQÕâ]ÓnÙ,à3ÒtÝ�Ù�ø�ÚäÝQÙYÛ à3Ù¹àQá]Ù?ÚYÒ�Ý�ÝQÙäÚäà�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü.Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ àQá]ÙYß�Ù?Þ�Ùhà3á]Ò'é]ß Ø ×�ÕãÆÙYÖ�à3á]ÙÚYÒÆÝQÝQÙäÚäàwÚ�á]Ò�ÕnÚäÙ.ÒÆÜ�à3á]Ý�ÙYßQá�Ò�Óné2檢�ÙYÚYÙäÕãÆÙYÝ;Ò�ê�ÙYÝQÛ à3ÒÆÝ�Ú�áEÛ Ý3ÛÆÚhà3ÙYÝ�Õnß*à3ÕnÚäß ë ¢���í=ì}Úäå]Ý�ãÆÙYßtÚZÛ Ö ârÙå]ß�ÙYé�à3Ò}Ùäã ÛÆÓåEÛ à3Ù6à3á]Ù/ê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ/ÒÆÜIßQå]Ú�á.Û¹ß�ö'ß�àQÙYÞ Ô�á]ÙäÝQÙ/Ô�Ù,ÛÆÝ�Ù�à3Ý*öîÕÖ]×?à3Ò?âEÛ ÓóÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ�à3á]ÙÖèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜõàQÝQå]Ù,êrÒÆßQÕàQÕãÆÙYß6ÛÆÖ]é\àQá]Ù,Ö'å�Þ¹ârÙäÝ6Ò Ü"ÜOÛÆÓßQÙ,êrÒ�ß�ÕàQÕã�ÙäßYæB�IÒwÚäÝQÙYÛ à3ÙïßQå]Ú�ájÚäå]Ý�ãÆÙYß Ø Ô�Ù�EÝ�ß�à,ÚYÒ�å�Öèà�àQá]Ù}Ö'å�Þ¹ârÙäÝ/ÒÆÜ�à3ÝQå�Ùûê�Ò�ß�Õà3Õ²ã�Ù ë ��9�ì Ø ÜOÛÆÓnß�Ù?êrÒÆßQÕàQÕãÆÙ ë õ9�ì Ø à3ÝQå�Ù?Ö]ÙY×fÛ÷à3ÕãÆÙ ë ��^�ìÛÆÖ]é ÜOÛ ÓnßQÙ\Ö]ÙY×�Û à3Õ²ã�Ù ë "^�ìûÙäé]×�ÙäßYæ��úÙjàQá]ÙYÖ�ÚYÛÆÓnÚäå]ÓóÛ àQÙ\àQá]Ù�ßQÙäÖ]ßQÕ²à3Õã'Õ²à�ö�����9�� ë ��9��/ õ^�ìÛÆÖ]é;àQá]Ù�ÚäÒ�Þ�ê�ÓnÕnÞûÙYÖfà3ÛÆÝ�ö}ß�êrÙäÚYÕt�]ÚYÕà�ö�� õ9�� ë ��^��� "9�ì�ÛÆÖ]étê]ÓÒÆà�àQá]Ù/ÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ÕnÖ�×ïã ÛÆÓnå�ÙYßYæO�=á�ÙÓóÛ ÝQ×�ÙäÝõà3á]Ù6ÛÆÝQÙYÛ,å�Ö]é]ÙYÝ�à3á]Ù�Ý�ÙYßQå�Óà3ÕÖ]×,ÚYå]Ý*ã�Ù Ø à3á]Ù�â�ÙäàQàQÙYÝvà3á]Ù�ê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ�Ò Ücà3á�Ù6ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓÉæI�úÙ± ��ú

Page 158: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü�� ý������ji��`���I#e���������lks���ck ��¡ � �,þW�Bÿ¢�0��� �~þW���^£

12

34

56

78

910

1112

12

34

56

78

910

1112

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

���jilke��k ¤o�W¥�',&.-0/2143"-W'�]v8\�&4[��n*+5t',1f14')d!�[4� *+vB#]'%2[(&�[4¦a!$%�14'[§57/21^u,¨2¨B&4� �l' �e/8� *�&4[�5714/8��&4\+'O[4� �"!$# %�&(')*+',&x-W/2143©g ~ /21�'%2[(' /25$y�� [4!$%2# �n[4%�&4�]/8*o�?%�c�[(/8# !+&('0-0'� v8\�& y�%2# !+'[§%�14'W[f\+/�-�*ªg§�^\$'���&4\"14/�-«_r/21f14'[(�e/8*$)$[&(/¬&4\+'b-W'�]v8\�&4[�� *�&(/lv2'*+'b�05t1f/8��&4\+'�/2&4\+',1�v2'*+'[,gÚYÛÆÖ;ÛÆÓßQÒ�Ùäã ÛÆÓåEÛ àQÙ�àQá]Ù�êrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�ÞwÛÆÖ�ÚYÙ�ÒÆÜcÛ,ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓEâfö}ÕàQß�á�Õn×�á]Ùäß�àvã ÛÆÓnå�Ù�Ò Ü2ßQÙäÖ]ßQÕ²à3Õ²ãîÕ²à�ö ë �¹Û�îÕnß�ìÜ`Ò�Ý � ÚYÒ�Þûê]ÓnÕÞ�ÙäÖfà�ÛÆÝ*ö;ßQê�ÙYÚäÕt�EÚäÕà�ö ë %-Û�îÕnß3ì�ÛÆß�à3á�Õnß�Õnß�à3á]Ù,á]Õ×�á]ÙYß*à�Öèå]Þ$ârÙäÝ6ÒÆÜ"ÚYÒ�Ý�ÝQÙäÚäà�Ùäé]×�ÙäßÔ�ÙïÚYÛÆÖJÝQÙYÚäÒ�ã�ÙYÝ�Ô�ÕàQá�Ö]ÒûÜOÛ ÓnßQÙ/Ùäé]×�ÙäßYæ�ùÙ.ÚYÛÆÖ ßQÙäÙjßQå�Ú�á¢���íÏÚYå]Ý*ã�Ùäß;Ü`Ò�ÝûàQá]Ù\àQá]ÝQÙäÙ.ÞûÙäàQá]Òîé�ß Ø Ò�ã�ÙäÝ�ã ÛÆÝQÕÒ�å]ßûéEÛ à3ÛùßQÙhà;ß�Õn7YÙäßwÕÖ�E×Æå]ÝQÙäßvR�æsR Ø R�æzy Ø R�æ¡�/ÛÆÖ]é}R�æ ú æõ lÕnÝQß*à3Ó²ö Ø Ô�Ù=Ö]ÒÆàQÕnÚäÙ�à3áEÛ÷àõà3á]Ù=ê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ�ÒÆÜrÛÆÓÓ'àQá]ÝQÙäÙ=ß�ö'ß�àQÙYÞûßé]ÙäÚYÝ�ÙZÛÆß�ÙYß=ÛÆßvà3á�Ù6Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜ2àQÕnÞûÙ=êrÒÆÕnÖfà3ßvÕnß�é]ÙäÚYÝQÙYÛÆßQÙäé2ævç|à�ß�á]Ò�å]ÓéwÛ ÓnßQÒ,â�Ù6ê�Ò�ÕnÖfàQÙYéûÒ�å�à�à3áEÛ ààQá]Ù�ßQêEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ¬Q8ÛZöÆÙYßQÕnÛÆÖ\¢���íÂÚäå]Ý�ãÆÙYß6ÛÆÝQÙ/Ö]Ò à8à3ÙäÝQÝQÕâ]Óö�ÕnÖîÜ`Ò�ÝQÞ�Û à3Õ²ã�Ù�ÛÆß8à3á]Ùhö�ÛÆÝ�Ù�×�ÙYÖ�ÙYÝ3Û ÓnÓöûà3á�ÙÝ�ÙYßQå�Óà}ÒÆÜ�Ò�Ö�ÓöùÒ�Ö]ÙtÒ�Ý,à�Ô�Ò-ê�Ò�ÕnÖfà3ß Ø é]å]ÙwàQÒjà3á]Ù;ãÆÙYÝ�öøÓnÒ�Ô Ö'å�Þ¹ârÙäݹÒÆÜ�ßQÞ�ÛÆÓÓ�Ô�ÙYÕ×�áfà3ßYæ-�ùÙÛÆÓßQÒ�Ö]ÒÆàQÕnÚäÙ¹à3áEÛ à�àQá]Ù}ßQêEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ`Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖøÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�áùÕß�ÛÆÓnÞûÒ�ß�à/ÛÆÓÔ�ÛZöîß�ß�å]êrÙäÝQÕÒ�Ý�à3Ò�à3á]Ù}ÒÆàQá]ÙYÝÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�á]ÙYß�ÕnÖtà3á�Ù,Öèå]Þ$ârÙäÝ�Ò ÜlàQÝQå]Ù�ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3ÕãÆÙYß=Ý�ÙYÚYÒ�ãÆÙYÝQÙäé.Ô�ÕàQá�Ö]ÒûÜOÛ ÓnßQÙ/ê�Ò�ß�Õà3Õ²ã�ÙäßYæO�=á]Ù�ÜOÛÆÚäààQáEÛ à�à3á]Ù6ÓnÙZÛ ß�à�ß � åEÛÆÝ�ÙYß=ÛÆÖ�éwÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛÆÝQÕßQÙYéûÓnÙYÛÆß�à�ß � åEÛ ÝQÙYß8ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á]Ùäß8ÛÆÝ�Ù�ÛÆâ]ÓÙ=à3Ò$×ÆÙäà�Ûïá]Õ×�á]ÙYÝÖèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆܨà3Ý�å]Ù�ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3ÕãÆÙYß�à3áEÛÆÖ�à3á]Ù�ß�êEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ¬Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖ�ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á;ß�á]Ò�å]Óé�ÛÆÓÔ�ÛZö'ß8ârÙ�à�ÛÆü ÙYÖtÕÖàQá]ÙïÚäÒ�Öfà3Ùîà�ÒÆÜ"àQá]Ù,Ö'å�Þ¹ârÙäÝ6Ò Ü"ÜOÛÆÓßQÙ�êrÒÆßQÕàQÕãÆÙYß6ÛÆÖ]é\ÛÆÓnß�ÒûàQá]Ù,ÜOÛ Úäà�à3áEÛ÷à�ÕÖ\Ò�Ý�é]ÙYÝ=àQÒ�×�Ùhà6àQá]Õnß

±ZS �

Page 159: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�� k8�`����£8��¡2��£

12

34

56

78

910

1112

12

34

56

78

910

1112

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

���jilk��lk]­ª�B¥�',&.-0/2143E-0'� v8\�&4[Z� *+57',1414')�!$[f� *+v¬14',v8!�# %�1f� [(')`#]'%2[(&�[f¦�!$%�1f'[^57/21"u,¨2¨®&4� �l'b�e/8� *�&4[^5714/8�&4\+'"[4� �"!$# %�&(')i*+',&.-0/21f3¯g ~ /21B'%2[('d/25�ya� [f!$%2# � [4%�&4� /8*o�+%�c�[(/8# !+&('�-0'�]v8\�&�y�%2# !+'[�%�14'd[f\+/�-�*ªgW�^\$'b��&4\14/�-°_r/21414'[(�e/8*$)�[ &(/¬&4\+'b-W'�]v8\�&4[�� *�&(/lv2'*+'b�05t14/8��&4\+'�/2&4\+',1�v2'*$'[,gê�ÙYÝ�Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚYÙ Ø ßQÒ�ÞûÙ±�+��� o2� à3á]Ý�ÙYßQá�Ò�Óné}Ö]ÙäÙYé]ß�à3Ò�â�Ù=ßQÙhàZæO�IÒ,Ý�Ù�ø|Õà3ÙäÝ3Û àQÙ�à3á�Õnß�ê�Ò�ÕnÖfà Ø �E×�å]Ý�Ù6Rîæ± �ßQá�Ò·Ô�ß6à3á]Ù$ÛÆÚäàQåEÛÆÓIÖ]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèß/ÕÖ�Ü`ÙYÝ�ÝQÙYé\âfö\àQá]ÙYß�Ù¹Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓnßYæ��=á�Ùj�EÝQß*à�Ò�Ö�Ù$ßQá�Ò·Ô�ß6à3á]Ù¹Ö�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüÕnÖîÜ`ÙYÝQÝ�ÙYétâfö;ß�êEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ±Q8ÛZö�ÙäßYæ�í�Ò�ÞûêEÛÆÝQÕßQÒ�ÖtÒ ÜIàQá]Õnß�Ô�Õà3áE�E×�å]Ý�Ù�R�æ±/ß�á]Ò�Ô�ß=à3áEÛ à=ÛÆÓnÓ�ÒÆÜ�à3á]Ù�àQÝQå]ÙÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�ÛÆÝ�Ù�à3á�ÙYÝQÙ=ÙîÚYÙYêîà�àQá]Ù8Ò�Ö�ÙYß�â�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖw��@/�r±�ÛÆÖ]éûí8u�í ò ÛÆÖ�éûíBAI^"²îæõç�Ö}ÛÆé�é]ÕàQÕnÒ�Öà3Ò�à3á]Õß�à3á]ÙäÝQÙ?Û ÝQÙ$à�Ô�Ò�ÛÆé]é]Õ²à3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆÓ�ÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�ø�ÒÆÖ]Ù¹â�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖùí8u�í ò ÛÆÖ�é íBA�QB²;ÛÆÖ]é�Ò�Ö]Ùâ�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖðíBA�^ï± ÛÆÖ]é°��@/�r±�æVí�Ò�Þ�ê]ÛÆÝQÙjàQá]ÕnßwÔ�Õ²à3á�à3á�Ù�ßQÙYÚäÒ�Ö]é°Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üµà3áEÛ÷à�ßQá]Ò�Ô�ßtà3á]ÙÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à6Ü`ÒÆÝ�Ý�ÙY×�å�ÓóÛÆÝ�ÕnßQÙäé\ÓÙZÛÆß*à�ß � åEÛÆÝ�ÙYß�Ô�Õ²à3áJÖ]Ò�àQá]ÝQÙäßQá]Ò�Óé]ÕnÖ�×wÛÆÖ�é\à3á�Ùïé]Õ²cÙäÝQÙäÖ]ÚYÙïÕnß�ß�àQÝQÕnüèÕÖ]×]æù�ê�ê]Óö'ÕnÖ�×�ã ÛÆÝQÕÒ�å]ß=à3á�ÝQÙYß�á]Ò�Óé]ÕnÖ]×ûã ÛÆÓnå]Ùäß Ø Ô�Ù$ßQÙYÙ,à3á]ÙïÖ]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü'ß/ÕÖ\àQá]Ù®�EÖ]ÛÆÓ¨à�Ô�Ò³�E×Æå]ÝQÙäßYæ�ç�Öà3á�Ùi�]ÝQß�à Ø à3á]Ù?à3á�ÝQÙYß�á]Ò�Óé á]ÛÆß�ârÙäÙYÖ ßQÙäà,à3Ò � æ´² ë àQáEÛ à�Õnß Ø ÛÆÖföjÔ�ÙYÕn×Æáèà�ã ÛÆÓå]Ù¹Ô�á]Ò�ß�Ù�Û â]ßQÒ�Óå�à3Ùã ÛÆÓnå�ÙïÕß6â�ÙYÓÒ·Ô àQá]Õnß6Õnß�ßQÙhà�à3Ò�7YÙYÝ�Òèìhæ��îÒ�ÞûÙïß*à3Ý�å]ÚäàQå]ÝQÙ¹á]ÛÆß�â�ÙYÙäÖ�ÝQÙYÚäÒ�ã�ÙYÝ�ÙYé-â]å�à6à3á]ÙäÝQÙ?Û ÝQÙ¹ÛÓnÒ à�ÒÆÜ"ÜOÛÆÓßQÙ�ÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö]ßYæ�ç�Ö]ÚYÝ�ÙZÛÆß�ÕnÖ]×ûà3á]Ù�à3á]Ý�ÙYß�á]Ò�Óné�à3Ò � æTS Ø Ô�ÙïÒ�â]ß�ÙYÝ�ãÆÙïàQá]Ù±�]ÖEÛÆÓ¨Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü½æ�=á]Ùûß�àQÝQå]Úhà3å]Ý�Ù;ÛÆÝ�Ò�å]Ö]éúí8u�í ò áEÛ ß,â�ÙYÙäÖúÝ�ÙYÚYÒ�ãÆÙYÝQÙäé�â]å�àïÓnÕ²àQà3ÓÙ$ÙäÓnßQÙ æ}�=á]ÕßïÙ�ÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙ}ÞwÛ üÆÙYßÕà�ÚYÓÙZÛÆÝ/á]Ò�Ô­é]ÕýûÚäå]Óà�Õà�Ô�Ò�å]Óé â�Ù$àQÒJß�ÙYÓÙYÚäà�ß�å]Ú�áùÛwà3á]Ý�ÙYßQá�Ò�Óné-ÓnÙhã�ÙäÓ Ø Ô�Õ²à3á]Ò�åîà/üèÖ]Ò�Ô�ÕnÖ]×�ÕnÖ±ZS]±

Page 160: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü�� ý������ji��`���I#e���������lks���ck ��¡ � �,þW�Bÿ¢�0��� �~þW���^£

12

34

56

78

910

1112

12

34

56

78

910

1112

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

���jilk ��knµe�B¥�',&.-0/21f3`-W'�]v8\�&4[B� *$5t',141f')i!$[4� *$v¬&4\+'d[4��%�1f[('"¶W%�·2'[4� %2*�%��$��14/8%2_f\E5t/21¸u,¨2¨j&4� �l'd�©/8�n*�&4[5t1f/8�¹&4\+'�[f� �d!�# %�&(')¬*+',&.-0/2143©g ~ /21W'%2[('�/25oy�� [4!�%2# � [4%�&4�]/8*ª��%�c¯[(/8# !+&('^-W'�]v8\�&�y�%2# !+'[�%�1f'�[4\+/�-�*og��^\+'��&4\i1f/�-°_r/2141f'[(�e/8*$)$[ &(/¬&4\+'�-0'�]v8\�&4[��n*�&(/lv2'*+'���5714/8��&4\+'�/2&4\+',1�v2'*+'[,gÛÆéîãÆÛ Ö]ÚYÙ�Ô�áEÛ à=àQá]Ù/à3Ò�ê�Ò�ÓnÒÆ×ÆöwÒ Ü"à3á�Ù,Ö�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQü;Ô�ÛÆßYæþSº3þ » ¼ îN½S¾�ñ"�?½vô�öDò ¿ îq½K�N��Àw�bîq½~ö�ñ �N��÷WÀòS��ÁE�SÀw��îN½A¨Ùäà"å]ß"ÕÖfã�ÙYß*à3Õ×fÛ à3Ù�à3á]Ù�ÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß"ê�ÝQÙYß�ÙYÖfà3Ùäé?ÕnÖ,à3á]Ù�ê]ÝQÙhãîÕÒ�å]ßlßQÙYÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö¹ÞûÒ�ÝQÙvà3á]ÒÆÝQÒ�å]×Æá]ÓöÆæõ�îê�ÙYÚäÕÜxøÕÚZÛÆÓÓö Ø Ô�áfö.àQá]Ù¹ß�êEÛÆÝQß�ÙiQ8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕóÛ ÖùÛ ê]ê]ÝQÒ�ÛÆÚ�á�êrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ�ÙäéjßQÒ�Ô�ÙäÓnÓ"â�å�à�ÛÆÓ²Ô8ÛZö'ß�ÜOÛÆÕÓnÙYéJà3Ò;ÕÖ�Ü`ÙYÝàQá]Ù/ÚYÒ�Ö�Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ß=ÕnÖfà3Ò?��@��r±ÆæO�=á]Ù/Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓcå]ß�ÙYétà3Ò?ÚäÝQÙZÛ÷à3Ù�àQá]Ù/éEÛ à3ÛïÜ`Ò�Ý�àQá]Õnß8ê]ÛÆÝ�àQÕnÚYå�ÓóÛÆÝ�×�ÙYÖ�ÙÕß�é]Õ²cÙäÝQÙYÖfà�à3Ò$àQáEÛ à�å]ßQÙäé;Ü`Ò�Ý�ÛÆÓnÓEà3á�Ù�ÒÆàQá]ÙYÝ�ßYæO�=á]Õß�áEÛÆß�à�Ô�Ò?ÕÖ]ê]å�àQß�Û Ö]ét�6å�ßQÞûÙYÕnÙäÝ�ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓnÓÙYéàQá]Õnß6å]ßQÕÖ]×;ÛÆÖ.Ù�îÚYÓå]ßQÕ²ã�Ù�ø|Ò�Ý�ÓÕnü Ù$ÝQÙäÓóÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö�ßQá]Õê Ø ÕÉæTÙÆæ�à3á]Ù$×�ÙYÖ]Ù,Ô�ÒÆå]Ónéjâ�Ù$Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÖ]×tÕÜõÙYÕàQá]ÙYÝÒ�Ö�Ù?ÒÆÜvÕàQß�êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ß�Ô�ÛÆß/Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYß�ßQÕnÖ�×Jâ�å�à/Ö]ÒÆà�ÕÜvâ�ÒÆà3ájÔ�ÙYÝ�ÙÆæ¬Âd��¢ Õnß�Û;Ö]Ò�ÖBø|ÓnÕnÖ�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ü`å]Ö]Úhà3ÕnÒÆÖÛÆÖ�éµÒ�å]Ý}ß�êEÛÆÝQß�ÙÃQ�Û�öÆÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ�Û ê]ê]ÝQÒ�ÛÆÚ�á5Õß}âEÛÆßQÙäé ÛÆÝ�Ò�å]Ö]éµÛ ÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛÆÝ?ÞûÒîé]ÙäÓÉæÄ�=á]ÙäÝQÙäÜ`ÒÆÝQÙ Ø Õà}ÕnßÖ]Ò à=ßQå]Ý�ê]ÝQÕßQÕÖ]×$à3á]Û à�àQá]Ù�ÞûÒîé]ÙäÓcÛ ÓÔ�Û�ö'ß�ÜOÛ ÕnÓnÙäé�àQÒ¹ÚZÛÆêîà3å]Ý�Ù�à3á]ÙäßQÙ/é]ÙäêrÙäÖ]é]ÙYÖ�ÚYÕnÙäßYæ�9�ÝQÙäã'ÕÒ�å]ßQÓ²ö Øã ÛÆÝ�ÕnÒ�å]ß?ê�ÙYÒÆê]ÓnÙ;á]Û�ãÆÙJàQÝQÕÙYéøà3Ò-Ò�ã�ÙäÝQÚäÒ�Þ�ÙtàQá]Õnß?ê]Ý�Ò�â]ÓÙYÞ âfö�ÚYÛÆê�àQå]ÝQÕÖ]×jà3á]Ù�Ö]ÒÆÖBø�ÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛÆÝQÕ²à3ÕnÙäß

±ZS$²

Page 161: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�� i�� � ��þW��Å�¡$����� � � û þW�I!0��� �µþW� � ¡?!��x£2�����`�§�0� �µþW�

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆnÇ�È ¡©£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Æ É�È ��ÊÌË�¡©£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆtÍÌÈ £�Î Ç�ÏÑÐ Ê�� ÇrÒ Ê Ð���7Ó k��lk �o�^Ô^ÕbÖz_,!+1fy2'[O5t/21"u,¨2¨l&4� �l'��e/8� *�&4[

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆnÇ�È ¡©£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

Æ É�È ��ÊÌË�¡©£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆtÍÌÈ £�Î Ç�ÏÑÐ Ê�� ÇrÒ Ê Ð���7Ólk���k7ש�^ÔOÕ�Öz_,!+14y2'[O57/21�Ø�¨±&4� �l'��e/8� *�&4[

å]ß�ÕnÖ]×wÛÆÖ.Ù�ê�ÓnÕnÚäÕà6Ö]Ò�ÖBø|ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝ8Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ¹å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö2æ= EÒ�Ý�Ù]Û Þ�ê]ÓÙ Ø ç�Þ�Ò à3ÒûÙäà/Û Ó�U ��� [ ÛÆÖ�éNT/ÕnÞñÙäà�ÛÆÓU ��ú [ ÝQÙYê�ÓóÛÆÚäÙYéøà3á�Ù;Ô�ÙäÕn×�áfà3Ùäé�ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝ,ÝQÙäê]ÝQÙäßQÙäÖèà3Û à3ÕÒ�Ö�Ô�ÕàQá�Û.Ô�ÙäÕn×�áfàQÙYé{ßQÙhà?ÒÆÜ�ßQê�ÓnÕnÖ�ÙYßYæN�=á�ÙÞ�Û8Ù�Ò�Ý�é]ÝQÛZÔ�âEÛÆÚ�üèß$ÒÆÜ�ßQå�Ú�áøÛtêEÛÆÝQÛÆÞ�Ùhà3Ý�ÕnÚ?ÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�áùÕß�à3áEÛ àl�]ÝQß�àQÓöjÔ�Ùûé]Ò�Ö]ÒÆà�üèÖ]Ò�ÔVÔ�áEÛ àà3á�Ù?ÚYÒ�Ý�ÝQÙYÚhà�êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞ�Ùhà3Ý�ÕnÚ$Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ©Õß�ÛÆÖ]é-ßQÙäÚYÒ�Ö�é]Óö Ø à3á]Ù}Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ/ÒÆÜ�êEÛ Ý3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝQß�àQáEÛ à�Ô�Ù}Ö]ÙYÙäéà3ÒJÓnÙYÛÆÝQÖ-Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ à3á]ÙûéEÛ à3ÛJÕß�ÕnÖ]ÚäÝQÙZÛ ßQÙYéùé]Ý3Û ÞwÛ àQÕnÚYÛÆÓnÓ²ö�æ��=á]Ù�ßQêEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ}Q8ÛZö�ÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖúÛÆÓn×ÆÒ�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ é]Ù�øßQÚäÝQÕârÙäé?ÛÆâ�Ò·ãÆÙ8ÚZÛ Ö?ÙZÛÆß�ÕnÓö�â�Ù8ü ÙYÝQÖ�ÙYÓnÕßQÙäé}ÛÆÖ]é¹á]ÙäÖ]ÚYÙ�ÚYÒ�å]Óé¹â�Ù8å]ßQÙäé¹à3Ò�ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓ'Û6Ô�Õé]Ù8Ý3Û Ö]×�Ù�Ò Üê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙïÖ]ÒÆÖ]ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝ=Ü`å]Ö�Úäà3ÕÒ�Ö]ßäæ6��Ò�Ô�Ùhã�ÙYÝ Ø üÆÙäÝQÖ]ÙäÓnÕßQÕnÖ�×�à3á�Ù¹ÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]ÞÏÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß�ÕÖ.ß�êEÛÆÝQß�Õà�öJÕnÖÒ�å]Ý2àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ�×=êrÒ�ÕÖfà3ß ë ÕGæ¡Ù æIàQÕnÞûÙõê�Ò�ÕnÖfà3ß3ì2ÛÆÖ]é,Ö]ÒÆà�Ü`ÙZÛ÷à3å]Ý�ÙYß Ø Þ�ÛÆüèÕnÖ]×8àQá]ÕnßIÛÆê]ê�ÝQÒfÛÆÚ�á,å]Ö]ß�å]Õà3ÛÆâ]ÓÙÆæ EÒ�Ý�à3á]ÙäßQÙ$Ý�ÙZÛÆß�Ò�Ö]ß Ø Ô�Ù¹ê]ÝQÒÆêrÒ�ß�Ù$å]ß�ÕnÖ]×wÛ�ß�ÙYÞûÕ�ø�ê]ÛÆÝ3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÝQÕÚ�ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�ájâEÛ ßQÙYé�ÒÆÖ\à3á�Ù¹9"Û ÝQ7YÙäÖ�ÂÕnÖ�é]Ò�ÔÏé�ÙYÖ]ß�Õà�ö�Ùäß�à3ÕÞwÛ÷à3Ò�ÝäæN�=á]ÙtêrÒ à3ÙYÖfàQÕóÛÆÓ�ârÙäÖ]Ù��]àQß}ÒÆÜ�ßQå]Ú�á5ÛÆÖ{ÛÆê]ê�ÝQÒfÛÆÚ�á®ÛÆÝ�Ùwà3á]Û à¹Ô�Ù

±ZS �

Page 162: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü�� ý������ji��`���I#e���������lks���ck ��¡ � �,þW�Bÿ¢�0��� �~þW���^£

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆnÇ�È ¡©£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆnÉ�È ��ÊÌË�¡¯£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆtÍÌÈ £�Î Ç�ÏÑÐ Êõ� ÇrÒ Ê Ð���7Ólk���k Úo�^Ô^ÕbÖÛ_,!+14y2'[^57/21�;�¨l&4�n�l'��e/8� *�&4[

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆnÇ�È ¡©£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆnÉ�È ��ÊÌË�¡¯£ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

ÆtÍÌÈ £�Î Ç�ÏÑÐ Êõ� ÇrÒ Ê Ð���7Ólk���k Üo�^Ô^ÕbÖÛ_,!+14y2'[^57/21�uظ&4�n�l'��e/8� *�&4[

é]ÒtÖ�ÒÆà/áEÛZã�Ù¹àQÒ�ÛÆßQß�å]ÞûÙ}ÛÆÖfö.êEÛ Ý�à3ÕÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝ�Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ Ü`Ò�Ý�àQá]Ù¹ÚYÒÆÖ]é]ÕàQÕnÒ�Ö]ÛÆÓlé�Õnß�àQÝQÕâ]å�à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß6ÛÆÖ]é�Ò�Ö�ÓöÛ�ÞûÕnÖ]ÕÞwÛÆÓvÖèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ}ÒÆÜ�êEÛ Ý3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝQß?á]Û�ãÆÙJàQÒ-ârÙtÕÖ�Ü`ÙYÝ�ÝQÙYé�Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ àQá]Ù�ÛZãÆÛ ÕnÓóÛ â]ÓnÙ�éEÛ à�Ûîæz�=á]ÕnßÞûÙäàQá]ÒîétÔ�ÛÆß�ÕnÖfà3Ý�Òîé�å]ÚYÙäéJÕÖ;à3á]Ù�ÚäÒ�Öfà3Ù�'à�ÒÆÜlÚYÒ�ÖfàQÕnÖèå]Ò�å]ß Ø Ö]Ò�ÖBø|ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝZQ8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕóÛ Ö\Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQüèß6âfö��ÒÆcÞ�ÛÆÖJÛÆÖ]éw�IÝQÙYß�êøUݲÆ� [ æ�=á]Ù�9lÛÆÝQ7äÙYÖ��ÂÕnÖ]é]Ò�ÔùÞ�Ùhà3á]Ò'é�Ü`Ò�Ý2ÙäÞ�ê�ÕnÝQÕÚZÛÆÓ÷é]ÙäÖ]ßQÕ²à�ö/ÙYß*à3ÕnÞ�Û àQÕnÒ�Ö6ÕnÖfã�Ò�Ó²ã�ÙäßIê�ÓóÛÆÚäÕnÖ]×=Û Ö,ÕßQÒÆàQÝQÒ�ê�ÕnÚD�ÛÆå]ß�ßQÕóÛ ÖjÒ�ã�ÙYÝ�ÙZÛÆÚ�á.àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ�×�ê�Ò�ÕnÖfà�ÛÆÖ]é.àQá]ÙYÖ�å�ßQÕnÖ�×�à3á�Ù¹ßQå]ÞûÞ�Û à3ÕÒ�Ö\Ò�ãÆÙYÝ/ÛÆÓÓ¨ÒÆÜ�à3á�ÙYßQÙ$ÕnÖBøé]Õ²ã'Õné]åEÛ ÓWD�ÛÆå]ß�ßQÕnÛÆÖ]ß�Û ß�à3á]ÙïÙYß*à3ÕnÞ�Û àQÙïÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù$é�ÙYÖ]ß�Õà�ö�æ"�=á]ÙYÝ�ÙäÜ`Ò�Ý�Ù$à3á]ÙïÔ�Õné�àQájêEÛÆÝQÛÆÞ�Ùhà3ÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�ÝàQá]Ù®D,ÛÆå�ßQßQÕnÛÆÖ]ß�Õnß8àQá]Ù�Ò�Ö]Ó²ö;êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞûÙäà3ÙäÝ8à3áEÛ÷à�Ö]ÙYÙäé]ß6àQÒûâ�Ù�ßQÙhàZæ¢�ÙYÚYÛÆÓnÓ�à3á]Û à¹ÕÖùà3á�Ù³Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖøÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ¹å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö Ø Ô�Ù;ÝQÙ � å�ÕnÝQÙ}à3á�Ùwé]Õß�à3Ý�Õnâ]åîà3ÕnÒÆÖ Ü`Ò�Ý�à3á�Ù±ZS�S

Page 163: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i�� i�� � ��þW��Å�¡$����� � � û þW�I!0��� �µþW� � ¡?!��x£2�����`�§�0� �µþW�ã ÛÆÝQÕnÛÆâ]ÓÙ,Ò ÜvÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙYß*à�ÚäÒ�Ö]é]Õ²à3ÕnÒÆÖ]ÙYé\Ò�ÖjÕàQß6ê]ÛÆÝQÙäÖèàQßYæ/u�ÙäÖ]ÒÆàQÕnÖ]×�âèö.9"Ûûà3á]ÙïßQÙäà�ÒÆÜ�êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ß Ø Ô�ÙÚZÛ Ö\Ù�ê�ÝQÙYß�ß6àQá]Õnß=ÚäÒ�Ö]é]Õ²à3ÕnÒÆÖEÛÆÓcé�Õnß�àQÝQÕâ]å�à3ÕÒ�Ö ë å]ßQÕÖ]×ûàQá]Ù�ê]ÝQÒ'é]å]Úhà�ÓóÛZÔ6ì8ÛÆß=Ü`Ò�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ß

¥ ë ��ÞW9lÛfìO� ¥ ë � # 9lÛ�ì¥ ë 9lÛfì X ë R�æ´²�²�ì�ùÙ=ÛÆê]ê]Ý�Ò��ÕÞwÛ÷à3Ùvà3á]Ù8é�ÙYÖ]ß�Õà3ÕÙYßõÒÆÖ$à3á]Ù�Ö'å�Þ�ÙäÝ3Û àQÒ�ÝõÛÆÖ�é?é]ÙYÖ]ÒÆÞ�ÕÖEÛ à3ÒÆÝIÔ�Õ²à3á?9lÛÆÝQ7äÙYÖ¹Ô�ÕnÖ�é]Ò�Ô�ßå]ß�ÕnÖ]×}Ò�å]Ý=Lªà3Ý3Û ÕnÖ]ÕÖ]×¹ê�Ò�ÕnÖfà3ß

¥ ë ��ÞW9"ÛÆì^�àß C ánâ q ¥ ë � # 9"ÛªÞ � á # 9lÛ á ìß C ánâ q ¥ ë 9lÛ�ÞW9lÛ á ì ë R�æ´² � ì

Ô�á]ÙäÝQÙ\ÛÆÓnÓ8é�ÙYÖ]ß�Õà3ÕÙYß�ÛÆÝQÙKD�ÛÆå]ß�ßQÕóÛ Ö]ß Ø Ô�Õà3á{ã ÛÆÝQÕnÛÆÖ]ÚäÙt< b æµ EÒ�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ÕnÖ�×��6ÒÆrÞ�ÛÆÖµÛ Ö]éã�IÝQÙäßQê ØÔ�Ù?Ö]ÙYÙäé-àQÒté]Ù��]Ö]Ù}Û;ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý�ÒÆÖjà3á]Ù?Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜ�ÚYÒ�Ö]Ö�ÙYÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö�ß/ÕnÖ.àQá]Ù?Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü.à3Ò;ÕÖ]é]å]ÚäÙ¹à3á]ÙÝQÙ � å]ÕnÝ�ÙYéJßQêEÛÆÝ�ßQÕ²à�ö�æ^�=á]Ùäö�ß�å]×�×�Ùäß�à�à3á�Ù�Ü`ÒÆÓnÓnÒ�Ô�ÕÖ]×$Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ¥ ë.ä ì��ÂÙ�îê ë + ~ ä ì ë R�æ´² SèìÔ�á]ÙäÝQÙ ä Õnß8à3á�Ù,Öèå]Þ$ârÙäÝ�Ò Ü"Ùäé]×�ÙYß Ø Ò�Ý=ÚZÛÆÖJâ�Ù�àQá]Ò�å]×Æáèà�ÒÆÜ"ÛÆß=à3á�Ù,ß�Õn7äÙ,Ò Üõ9lÛ�æ

�=á]Ù��îêEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ�Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕóÛ Ö¹ÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]ÞÂé]ÙäßQÚäÝQÕnâ�ÙYéïÕnÖ�à3á]Ùvê]Ý�Ùäã'ÕnÒÆå]ßlß�ÙYÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ߨÔ8ÛÆßIé]Ùhã�ÙYÓÒ�ê�ÙYé¹Û ÝQÒ�å]Ö�éà3á�Ù�âEÛÆßQÕÚ�ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝrÝQÙä×�ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö�Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓÉæ��=á]ÕߨÞ�ÙYÛÆÖfà2à3áEÛ÷à�×�ÕãÆÙYÖ/ã ÛÆÓnå]Ùäß2Ü`Ò�ÝcàQá]Ù�áföîê�ÙYÝ ø�êEÛ Ý3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝQß ØÛÆÓÓlé]Õß�àQÝQÕnâ�å�à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�ÒÆÜvÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙäß�à ë ÛÆÖ]é�êEÛÆÝ*à3ÕÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝQÓ²ötà3á]Ù¹Þ�ÛÆÝ�×�ÕnÖEÛ ÓIÓÕnü ÙYÓnÕá]Ò'Òîé½ì�Ô�ÙYÝ�Ù`D,Û å]ßQß�ÕóÛÆÖ]ßÒ�Ý�ÚYÒÆÖèãÆÒ�Ónåîà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ß6Ò Ü�D,Û å]ßQß�ÕóÛÆÖ]ß6ÛÆÖ]é\á]ÙYÖ�ÚYÙïÔ�ÙYÝ�Ù¹ÛÆÖ]ÛÆÓöèà3ÕÚZÛÆÓÓöûà3ÝQÛÆÚäà3ÛÆâ]ÓnÙ æ=_6ß�ÕnÖ]×ûà3á]Ùï9"Û ÝQ7YÙäÖÔ�ÕnÖ�é]Ò�ÔªÚäÒ�Ö]é]Õ²à3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆÓEé]Õß�àQÝQÕnâ�å�à3ÕÒ�Ö Ø à3á]Õß�Õß�Ö]Ò?ÓÒ�Ö]×�ÙäÝ�àQá]Ù�ÚZÛ ßQÙ/ÛÆÖ�é;Ô�Ù�Þ$å]ß�à=Ý�ÙYß�Ò�Ý�à�à3Ò¹ß�Ò�Þ�ÙüèÕnÖ]é-ÒÆÜ�á]Ùäå]ÝQÕß�àQÕnÚ?ßQÙYÛÆÝQÚ�á Ò�ã�ÙäÝ�àQá]Ù?ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ¹Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü�ß�à3Ý�å]ÚäàQå]ÝQÙäßYæ?ç�Ö-Ò�Ý�é]ÙYÝ�àQÒJé�Ò;à3á]Õß Ø Ô�ÙÞ¹å]ß*à�é�Ù��EÖ]Ù�Û,Ö�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüûßQÚäÒ�ÝQÕÖ]×,Ü`å�Ö]ÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö}à3áEÛ÷à�Ô�Ù6Ô�ÕÓnÓEÛÆÕÞ à3ÒïÒ�ê�àQÕnÞûÕnßQÙ æ0�=á�Ù�ßQÚäÒ�ÝQÕÖ]×�Ü`å]Ö]Ú�øà3ÕÒ�Öjà3á]Û à/Ô�Ù?Ô�ÕÓnÓ"å�ßQÙ}á]ÙYÝ�Ù}ÚZÛÆÖ ârÙ¹àQá]Ò�å]×Æáèà,ÒÆÜ�ÛÆß,Û;Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ ÒÆÜ�ÓnÕüÆÙäÓnÕná�ÒîÒ'é.ÞûÙZÛÆß�å]ÝQÙ æ�ù�ß/Ü`Ò�Ýà3á�Ù6ß�êEÛÆÝQß�Ù¸Q8ÛZöÆÙYßQÕnÛÆÖtÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�á Ø Ô�Ù�ÚäÒ�Ö]ß�Õné]ÙäÝ�ÙYÛÆÚ�á;ÕnÖ�é]Õã'Õné�åEÛÆÓ]×�ÙäÖ]Ù�ÕÖûàQå]ÝQÖwÛÆÖ]éwÛÆßQß�å]Þ�Ù�Ô�ÙáEÛZã�ÙïL àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ�×wß3Û Þ�ê]ÓÙYßäæ"�=á]Ù$L Ù�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�Öjã ÛÆÓnå]Ùäß�ÒÆÜõàQá]Ù¹×�ÙäÖ]Ù¹ÒÆÜvÕÖfà3ÙYÝ�ÙYß*à/ÛÆÝ�Ù¹ÚYÒ�ÓÓóÛ àQÙYéÕnÖfàQÒ\Û;ãÆÙYÚäàQÒ�Ý M ÛÆÖ�é Ô�Ù}å]ßQÙ�9"Ûtà3Ò�é]ÙäÖ]ÒÆà3Ù?àQá]Ù}ÚYå]Ý�ÝQÙYÖfà,ßQÙhà$Ò Ü�êEÛ ÝQÙYÖfàQß,Ò Ü�àQá]Õnß/×�ÙäÖ]ÙÆæû EÒ�ÝÙ��ÛÆÞûê]ÓÙ/9"Û ¤á Õß�à3á]Ù/Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�ÖJÒÆܨà3á]Ù/¾Oà3á�êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà�ÕnÖ;àQá]Ù���àQá�àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ�×$Ù��ÛÆÞûê]ÓÙÆæO�=á]Ù/ß�ÚYÒ�Ý�Ù±ZS ò

Page 164: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü�� ý������ji��`���I#e���������lks���ck ��¡ � �,þW�Bÿ¢�0��� �~þW���^£Ô�Ù$Û ÕnÞÏàQÒ}ÞwÛ�îÕÞ�ÕßQÙ6Ü`ÒÆÝ=ÙZÛÆÚ�á\×�ÙYÖ]Ù�Õß8à3á]ÙäÖ\×�Õ²ã�ÙäÖ.ÛÆß=Ü`Ò�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ß

¥ ë M # 9"Û�Þ ~ ìO� ¥ ë M ÞW9lÛ # ~ ì ¥ ë 9lÛ�Þ ~ ì X ë R�æ´² ò ì�lÛÆüèÕnÖ]×$ÓnÒ�×�ß Ø Ô�Ù�ÒÆâ�à�ÛÆÕÖ�àQá]Ù6Ü`Ò�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ÕnÖ�×,Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö;à3á]Û à�Ô�Ù�Ô�Õnß�áwà3ÒïÞwÛ8�ÕÞ�ÕßQÙ=Ô�ÕàQáwÝ�ÙYßQê�ÙYÚhààQÒûàQá]Ù�Þ�ÙäÞ¹ârÙäÝQß=ÒÆÜIà3á�Ù,ß�Ùäà�ÒÆÜlêEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà3ß

ÓnÒ�× ¥ ë M # 9"Û�Þ ~ ìå� C0æ â q ÓnÒÆ×

C0 ánâ q @ ë � æ Þ � á # < b ì`ç¤7è 9"Û @ ë 9lÛ¤æ Þ 9"Û ¤á # < b ì ë R�æ´²ÆRfì

+ C0æ â q ÓnÒÆ×

C0 ánâ q ç¤tè 9lÛ @ ë 9lÛ¤æ Þ 9"Û ¤á # <2bhì ë R�æ´²�y�ì+ L ~ ä X ë R�æ´²Æ�fìç�ÖtÒ�Ý�é]ÙYÝ�à3Ò¹ß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�áJÒ�ãÆÙYÝ8ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ�ß*à3ÝQå�Úäà3å�ÝQÙYß Ø Ô�Ùd�EÝQß*à=ârÙä×�ÕnÖ�Ô�Õà3á;ÛÆÓnÓ½ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ�×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß=ÕÖ�à3á�ÙêEÛ ÝQÙYÖfà�ß�ÙäàZæ,�úÙ¹àQá]ÙYÖ-Ý�ÙYê�ÙZÛ à/àQá]Ù$Ü`Ò�ÓÓnÒ�Ô�ÕnÖ]×�ÕàQÙYÝ3Û÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ é� "ÕnÖ]éjàQá]Ù?ßQÕÖ]×�ÓÙ$Ú�áEÛÆÖ�×�Ù?ÕnÖjàQá]Ù?ßQÙhà

ë ÕÉæTÙÆæ,ÛÆé]é]Õ²à3ÕÒ�Ö.Ò�Ý�ÝQÙYÞûÒ�ã ÛÆÓlÒ Ü�Û;ê]ÛÆÝQÙäÖèà�ì�à3á]Û à/×�Õ²ã�ÙYß�àQá]Ù¹ÓnÛÆÝQ×�Ùäß�à/ÕÖ]ÚYÝ�ÙZÛÆß�Ù¹ÕnÖ\à3á]Ù?ÓÕnüÆÙäÓnÕá]ÒîÒ'éß�ÚYÒ�Ý�ÙïÛ Ö]étÞwÛ üÆÙ�àQá]Õnß8Ú�á]ÛÆÖ]×�Ù æZ��Ö]ÚäÙ,ÛÆÓnÓ�ÚZÛÆÖ�é]ÕnéEÛ÷à3Ù�Ú�áEÛ Ö]×�ÙYß�ÚYÛÆå]ßQÙ�Û¹é�ÙYÚYÝ�ÙZÛÆß�Ù�ÕnÖ;à3á�Ù/ßQÚYÒÆÝQÙ Øß*à3Ò�ê2æ�=á]Õß�×�Ý�ÙYÙäé�öwß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�átÕnß�Ò�Ö]Ó²ö}×�åEÛÆÝQÛÆÖfà3ÙYÙäéwà3ÒïÝQÙYÛÆÚ�á�ÛïÓÒîÚYÛÆÓEÞ�ÕÖ]ÕnÞ$å]Þ ÒÆÜcà3á]Ù6ÓnÕnü ÙYÓÕná]Ò'Òîé}ß�ÚYÒ�Ý�ÙÛÆÖ�é ÛÆß�ßQå]Ú�á Õß�Ö�ÒÆàû×�åEÛÆÝQÛÆÖfà3ÙYÙäéµà3Òùê]ÝQÒ�ã'Õné�ÙJàQá]Ù\â�ÙYß*à;ß�Ò�Ónå�àQÕnÒ�Öcæ �6Ò�Ô�ÙäãÆÙYÝ Ø Þ�ÛÆÖfö{Þ�Ùhà3áBøÒ'é]ß�Ù�Õß�à�àQÒ;ÕnÞûê]Ý�Ò·ãÆÙ$ß�å]Ú�á Ûwß�àQÝ3Û àQÙY×ÆöÆæ� ½ÒÆÝ�Ù��ÛÆÞûê]ÓÙ Ø ß�ÕnÞ¹å�ÓóÛ àQÙYéjÛ Ö]Ö]ÙZÛ ÓnÕnÖ�×�UWS � [ ÚYÒ�å]Óéjâ�Ùå]ß�ÙYé?Ô�á]ÙäÝQÙ8Ú�áEÛ Ö]×�ÙYßõàQáEÛ à���ê ��ë êì��í2ê�à3á�Ù8ÓnÕüÆÙYÓÕná]Ò'Ò'éïÛ ÝQÙ8Û ÚYÚYÙäê�à3Ùäé?Ô�Õà3á$Ö]Ò�ÖBø|7YÙYÝ�Ò/ê]ÝQÒÆâEÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕà�öÆæD/ÙYÖ]ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓÓö Ø àQá]Ù�ÓnÕ²à3ÙäÝ3Û àQå]ÝQÙ6Ò�Ö;ÕnÖîÜ`ÙYÝQÝ�ÕnÖ]×$ÝQÙY×Æå]ÓóÛ àQÒ�Ý�öûÖ]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQüèß=å]ßQÕÖ]×iQ8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖtÖ]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü'ß�áEÛ ßÚäÒ�Ö]ÚYÙäÖfà3Ý3Û÷à3ÙYéûÒ�Ö]Ó²ö$ÒÆÖ?×�ÝQÙäÙYé�ö?ß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�á}ß�à3ÝQÛ à3Ùä×�ÕnÙäßYæõç�ÖfãÆÙYß�àQÕn×fÛ÷à3ÕnÖ�×�à3á]Ù=ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ�ÕÞ�ê]Ý�Ò�ã�ÙYÞûÙYÖfàQßÒÆÜ"Û}Ö]Ò�ÖBø|×�ÝQÙäÙYé�ötÞûÙäàQá]Ò'é�Ô�Ò�å]Óé\â�Ù�ÛÆÖJÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙäß�à3ÕÖ]×}é]ÕnÝ�ÙYÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖ;Ü`Ò�Ý8Ü`å�à3å�ÝQÙ�ÝQÙäßQÙZÛ ÝQÚ�á2æ�=á]ÙäÝQÙ ÛÆÝ�Ù�ÛÆÓnß�ÒøÕnß�ßQå]Ùäß;à3Ò�â�Ù�ÛÆé]é�ÝQÙYß�ßQÙäéªÝ�ÙY×fÛÆÝ�é]ÕnÖ�×C�EÖ]é]ÕÖ]×�Ò�ê�àQÕnÞ�ÛÆÓ=ã ÛÆÓnå]ÙäßwÜ`Ò�Ýûà3á]Ùjà�Ô�Òáfö'êrÙäÝOø|êEÛÆÝ3Û Þ�Ùhà3ÙYÝ�ß ~ ë à3á�Ù;ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý,ÚYÒ�Ö]ß*à�ÛÆÖfà�ìïÛÆÖ]éú< b ë àQá]Ù�ã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ�Ò Ü=à3á]Ù³D,ÛÆå�ßQßQÕnÛÆÖ]ß,à3áEÛ àÞ�ÛÆüÆÙ,å]êJà3á]Ù$9"ÛÆÝ�7YÙYÖ\Ô�ÕnÖ]é]Ò�Ô6ì�æ8ç�Ö.à3á�ÙYÕnÝ�Ò�Ý�Õn×�ÕÖEÛÆÓrêEÛÆê�ÙYÝ Ø �6Ò cÞ�ÛÆÖ\ÛÆÖ]éÃ�IÝQÙäßQê{UݲÆ� [ é�ÒwÖ]ÒÆàÞûÙYÖfà3ÕÒ�Öøá]Ò�Ô à3Òjß�Ùäà?àQá]Õnß ~ ã ÛÆÓnå]Ù�â]å�à?é�Ò�ßQå]×�×ÆÙYß�à?ÛjÚYÝQÒÆßQßOøÉã ÛÆÓnÕéEÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö ê]ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäé]å]ÝQÙ;Ü`ÒÆÝ$< b æ�îÒÆÞ�Ù¹Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ©Ò Ü�ÚäÝQÒ�ß�ßOøÉãÆÛ ÓnÕné]Û à3ÕÒ�Ö.ê]Ý�ÒîÚäÙYé]å�ÝQÙ}ÚYÒ�å�Óné�â�Ù?å]ßQÙäé Ø Ô�á]ÙYÝ�Ùûß�Ò�ÞûÙ$à3ÝQÛÆÕnÖ]ÕÖ]×;ßQÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙYß±ZSfR

Page 165: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i8�ïî�� û þW� û ¡��0£2�µþW�0£ÛÆÝ�ÙtÓnÙäÜBà}ÒÆå�àûÛÆÖ]é®ÛÆÝ�ÙJå�ßQÙYé{à3Ò-×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛ à3ÙJÛÆÖ{å]Ö`ø�â]ÕnÛÆßQÙäéµÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒ�îÕnÞ�Û à3ÕÒ�ÖøÒÆÜ�à3á�ÙtÓnÕnü ÙYÓÕná]Ò'Òîécæ�6Ò�Ô�ÙäãÆÙYÝ Ø Õà�Õnß�ÓnÕüÆÙYÓ²ö¹à3á]Û à�é�å]Ù6àQÒïà3á�Ù�ßQÞ�ÛÆÓÓEÖ'å�Þ¹ârÙäÝ�Ò Ü�ÛÆÝQÝQÛZöîß Ø éEÛ÷à�Û,Ô�ÕÓnÓEâ�Ù�Û÷à8Û,ê]ÝQÙäÞ�Õå]ÞÛÆÖ]é-ß�å]Ú�áøÛ�ê]ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäé]å]Ý�ÙûÕß/ÕnÞûê]Ý3Û Úäà3ÕÚZÛÆÓGæ®�=á�ÙYÝQÙhÜ`Ò�ÝQÙ Ø Û÷à/à3á]Ù}ÞûÒ�Þ�ÙäÖfà Ø à3á�ÙYßQÙ}à�Ô�Ò\ÕßQßQå�ÙYß,ÛÆÝQÙß�àQÕnÓÓcÒ�ê�ÙYÖ\ÛÆÖ]é�Ô�ÕnÓÓcâ�ÙïÛ é]é]ÝQÙäßQß�ÙYé.ÕÖtÜ`å�à3å]Ý�Ù/Ô�Ò�Ý�ü½æç�ÖûÒ�ÝQé]ÙäÝ�à3Ò,Ùäã ÛÆÓnå]Û à3Ù8Ô�á]Ùhà3á]ÙäÝ�àQá]ÕnßvÖ]ÒÆÖBø�ÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛÆÝõÚYÒÆÖ]é]ÕàQÕnÒ�Ö]ÛÆÓ�é]Õß�àQÝQÕnâ�å�à3ÕÒ�Ö?Õnß�ÛÆâ]ÓÙ8à3Ò,ÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝõà3á]ÙÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�Þ�ÕßQßQÙäé\âfö�à3á�ÙïÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛÆÝ=Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓ2Ô�Ù,áEÛZã�ÙïÙäã ÛÆÓnå]Û à3Ùäé\Õ²à3ß�êrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�ÞwÛ Ö]ÚYÙ�å]ß�ÕnÖ]×�éEÛ à�ÛÜ`ÝQÒÆÞ à3á]Ùïß3ÛÆÞûÙïß�ÕnÞ¹å�ÓóÛ àQÙYé�Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü�æd�=á]Ù$Ý�ÙYß�å]Óà�Ü`Ò�Ý ��� àQÕnÞûÙ�êrÒ�ÕÖfà3ß6ÛÆÖ]é ~ � � X ² ò ÚZÛÆÖ\ârÙßQÙäÙYÖ�ÕÖC�E×�å]Ý�Ù;R�æ²±�±�æJ�úÙ�Ò�â]ß�ÙYÝ�ãÆÙ;Ü`ÝQÒ�Þ�àQá]Õnß±�E×�å]Ý�Ù�à3á]Û à$àQá]Ù�à�Ô�Ò�ÚYÒ�Ö�Ö]ÙYÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ß$à3á]Û à$Ô�ÙYÝ�ÙÛÆÓ²Ô8ÛZö'ß�ÞûÕnßQß�ÕnÖ]×}Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ àQá]Ù$ÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛÆÝ�Þ�Ò'é]ÙYÓIÛÆÝ�Ù¹Ö]Ò�Ô�ê]Ý�ÙYßQÙäÖfà ë à3á�Ù$à�Ô�ÒwÚYÒ�Ö]Ö�ÙYÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö�ß�ÕnÖfà3Òw×�ÙYÖ]Ù±�±·ì�æ��=á]ÕnߨÝ�ÙYßQå�Óà�ÓnÒ'Ò�üèß2ã�ÙäÝ�ö/ê�ÝQÒ�ÞûÕnß�ÕnÖ]×8â�å�à�Õà¨ÕßcÔ�Ò�Ý�àQáïÝ�ÙYÞûÙYÞ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÕnÖ]×8àQáEÛ à2àQá]Õnß2Ô�ÛÆßIÛÆÚ�á]ÕÙäã�Ùäéå]ß�ÕnÖ]×�áEÛÆÖ�éBø�ê]ÕÚ�üÆÙäéùã ÛÆÓnå�ÙYß�ÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù?à�Ô�Ò\áföîê�ÙYÝ ø�êEÛ Ý3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝQß,ÛÆÖ�é Ô�Õ²à3á]Ò�åîàïüèÖ]Ò�Ô�ÓÙYé]×�Ù}ÒÆÜ�à3á]ÙÛÆÚhà3åEÛÆÓ�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü Ø àQá]Õnß,Ô�ÒÆå]ÓnéøÖ�ÒÆà¹â�Ùwê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙÆæ.�6Ò�Ô�Ùhã�ÙäÝ Ø Ô�Ù;ÛÆÝQÙ�ÞwÛÆÕÖ]ÓöjÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙYß*à3Ùäé�á]ÙYÝ�ÙÕnÖ�Ô�á]Ùhà3á]ÙäÝ�Ò�Ý�Ö]ÒÆà�à3á�Õnß�Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ Ò ÜõÚYÒÆÖ]é]ÕàQÕnÒ�Ö]ÛÆÓ¨é]Õnß*à3Ý�Õnâ]å�àQÕnÒ�Ö�ÚäÒ�å]ÓnéJé]ÕßQÚYÒ�ãÆÙYÝ6àQá]ÙYß�Ù$êEÛ Ý�à3ÕÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝÖ]Ò�Ö`ø�ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛ ÝQÕàQÕnÙäß�ÛÆÖ]é Ø Û ßõÞ�ÙäÖfà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ÙYé¹ÙYÛÆÝQÓÕnÙäÝ Ø Û�ÝQÕ×�Ò�ÝQÒÆå]ßlÞûÙäàQá]Ò'é$Ü`Ò�Ý"Ú�á�ÒîÒ�ß�ÕnÖ]×6ãÆÛ Ónå]Ùäß"ÒÆÜEàQá]ÙYß�Ùáfö'êrÙäÝOø�ê]ÛÆÝ3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝ�ß�Õß�Û?é]ÕnÝ�ÙYÚäàQÕnÒ�ÖtÜ`Ò�Ý8Ü`åîà3å]Ý�Ù,Ý�ÙYß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�á2æþSºð ñóò ½«¿�ñ¸�v÷^� ò ½D÷ç�ÖwàQá]Õnß�Ú�áEÛÆê�àQÙYÝ�Ô�Ù�á]Û�ãÆÙ�ÕnÖfãÆÙYß�àQÕn×fÛ÷à3ÙYé�à3á]Ù6ê]ÝQÒ�â�ÓnÙYÞ Ò Ü¨ÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝQÝ�ÕnÖ]×,ÝQÙä×�å]ÓóÛ÷à3Ò�Ý*ö}Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèß�Ü`Ý�Ò�ÞÚYÒÆÖèàQÕnÖèå]Ò�å�ßïÙ�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�ÖúéEÛ÷à�Û�æ?�ùÙûá]Û�ãÆÙwÓÒîÒ�ü ÙYé Û à�à�Ô�Ò.ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ}ÛÆÓn×�ÒÆÝQÕàQá]ÞûßYæ? "ÕÝQß*à3Óö Ø à3á]ÙßQê]ÛÆÝQß�Ù6Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖ�ÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ ÒÆÜv ½ÛÆå]Ó�ÛÆÖ�é«�=Õnê]ê�ÕnÖ]×}à3áEÛ÷à�ê]Ý�Ò�ãîÕé]ÙYß�à3á]Ùïé]ÙYß�ÕnÝ�ÙYéjß�êEÛÆÝQß�Õà�öJâ]å�àÔ�ÕnÓÓ�Ö�Ùäã�ÙäÝ�â�Ù�ÛÆâ]ÓÙwà3Ò-ÚYÛÆê�à3å�ÝQÙtÖ]Ò�Ö�ÓnÕnÖ�ÙZÛÆݹÝ�ÙYÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ßQá�Õnê]ßïÕnÖøà3á�ÙtéEÛ à�Ûîæúç�Ö5ÛÆÖ{Û àQàQÙYÞûê�à?à3ÒÒ�ã�ÙäÝQÚYÒÆÞ�Ù�àQá]Õnß�ÕnÖ]á�ÙYÝQÙäÖfà=ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝ�Õà�ö Ø Ô�Ù�áEÛZãÆÙ/ÕnÖfã�Ùäß�à3Õ×fÛ àQÙYéwàQá]Ù�ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÕÓnÕà�ö¹ÒÆÜ�å]ßQÕÖ]×?Û$Ö�Ò�Ö]ÓnÕÖBøÙZÛ Ý�ÚäÒ�Ö]é]Õ²à3ÕnÒÆÖEÛÆÓ]é]Õß�àQÝQÕnâ�å�à3ÕÒ�Ö}âEÛÆßQÙäé;Ò�Öûà3á]Ù�ß�à3ÛÆÖ]éEÛÆÝ�é;9lÛÆÝQ7äÙYÖwÔ�ÕÖ]é]Ò�ÔÂÛÆê]ê�ÝQÒfÛÆÚ�á�à3Ò,é]ÙYÖ]ß�Õà�öÙYß*à3ÕÞwÛ àQÕnÒ�Öcæ �=á]Õnß6ÛÆê]ê�ÝQÒfÛÆÚ�á�Ô�ÛÆß�Û â]ÓnÙ�àQÒ�ÕÖ�Ü`ÙYÝ8àQá]ÙïÖ�Ò�Ö]ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛ Ý8ÝQÙäÓóÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö]ß�á]Õnê�ß=ê]ÝQÙäßQÙYÖfà6ÕnÖ�Ò�å]ÝßQÕÞ¹å]ÓnÛ à3ÙäéwÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üwâ]åîà=áEÛÆß8ß�ÙäãÆÙYÝ3Û Ó¨é]Ý3ÛZÔ�âEÛÆÚ�üèß=à3á]Û à8Ö]ÙäÙYétà3Ò$ârÙ�Ò�ãÆÙYÝQÚäÒ�ÞûÙÆæ^�=á]Ù�ã ÛÆÓå]ÙYß8Ò Üà�Ô�Ò?áèö'ê�ÙYÝ ø�êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞûÙäà3ÙäÝQß�áEÛZã�Ù�àQÒ¹ârÙ6ÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝQÝ�ÙYétÛÆÖ�é;Õà�Õnß�ê]ÝQÙäßQÙäÖèàQÓöwå]Ö]ÚYÓÙZÛÆÝ�á]Ò�ÔÂà3á]Õß�ÚäÒ�å]Óné�ârÙé]Ò�Ö�Ù�×ÆÕã�ÙäÖûàQáEÛ àvà3á�Ù�Öèå]Þ$ârÙäÝ�Ò Ücà3ÝQÛÆÕnÖ�ÕnÖ]×�ê�Ò�ÕÖèàQß ë ÕÉæTÙÆælÞ�ÕÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝQÝQÛZöîß3ì"Õnß�×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛÆÓnÓ²ö$ãÆÙYÝ�öûß�ÞwÛÆÓÓÞ�ÛÆüèÕnÖ]×�ÚYÝ�Ò�ßQß ø|ã ÛÆÓÕnéEÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö�ÒÆå�à$Ò Ü�à3á�Ù � å]Ùäß�à3ÕÒ�Ö2æ�ù6ÓnÓ"àQÙYß*à3ÕnÖ�×.áEÛÆß,â�ÙYÙYÖùé]Ò�Ö]ÙûÒ�ÖùßQÕnÞ$å]ÓóÛ àQÙYééEÛ à3Û¹Ü`ÝQÒ�Þ Ûûß�ÞwÛÆÓÓcÖ]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQütßQå�×�×�ÙYß*à3Ùäé.âföJ�6å]ß�Þ�ÙäÕnÙäÝ,U � ² [ ÛÆÖ]éJÖ]ÒÆà�Ò�ÖJÛÆÖfötÝ�ÙZÛÆÓ¨Ù�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�Ö

±ZSèy

Page 166: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü�� ý������ji��`���I#e���������lks���ck ��¡ � �,þW�Bÿ¢�0��� �~þW���^£éEÛ÷à�Û�æ\ç|à?Õnßï×�ÙYÖ]ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓÓö-â�ÙYÓÕnÙäãÆÙYéÂU ± ú [ à3á]Û à$àQá]Ù;ßQÕ7YÙ�ÒÆÜ�ÚYå]Ý�ÝQÙäÖèà¹Þ�ÕÚYÝQÒ�ÛÆÝQÝQÛ�ö-é]Û à�ÛÆß�ÙäàQß¹ÕnßïÕnÖBøß�å�ýûÚYÕnÙäÖfà�àQÒ}êrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ àQá]Ù�à�ÛÆß�ü;ÒÆÜIÕnÖîÜ`ÙYÝQÝ�ÕnÖ]×$ÝQÙY×Æå]ÓóÛ àQÒ�Ý�ö�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèßYæZD�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛÆÓnÓ²ö Ø ÙîêrÙäÝQÕnÞûÙYÖfàQßÕÖèãÆÒ�Óã'ÕÖ]×�ÝQÙYÛÆÓ8éEÛ à3ÛjáEÛZã�ÙJê]ÝQÒ'é]å]ÚäÙYé{ÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß}ÒÆÜ � å]ÙYß*à3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆâ]ÓÙtâ]ÕnÒÆÓnÒ�×�ÕÚZÛÆÓvß�Õn×�Ö]Õn�EÚZÛ Ö]ÚYÙ�ÛÆÖ�éàQá]Ù�ÓnÛÆÚ�ü�ÒÆÜ�ü'Ö�Ò·Ô�ÓÙYé]×ÆÙ�ÒÆÜ�à3á]Ù�ÛÆÚhà3åEÛÆÓvå]Ö�é]ÙYÝ�Óö'ÕnÖ]×JÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèß¹ÞwÛ üÆÙYß,Õà/ãÆÙYÝ*öùá]ÛÆÝQé à3Ò�à3ÝQå�ÓöÙhãÆÛ ÓnåEÛ àQÙtà3á]ÙJêrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�ÞwÛ Ö]ÚYÙtÒÆÜ�Û ê]ÛÆÝ�àQÕnÚYå�ÓóÛÆÝ?Û Ón×�Ò�Ý�ÕàQá]Þ\æ��îÕnÞ¹å�ÓóÛ àQÙYé{éEÛ à3Û Ò�ã�ÙäÝQÚäÒ�Þ�ÙäßûàQá]Õnßê]Ý�Ò�â]ÓÙYÞ ÛÆÓ²à3á]Ò�å�×�á\Õ²à�Õnß=ÜOÛÆÕnÝ�ÓöwÒ�âfãîÕÒ�å]ß�à3áEÛ÷à�ß�ÕnÞ¹å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÖ]×?éEÛ à3ÛûÕÖ\ß�å]Ú�á-Û}ÞwÛÆÖ�Ö]ÙYÝ�ÚYÒ�Ö�ßQÕné�ÙYÝOøÛÆâ�Óö¹ß�ÕnÞûê]ÓnÕn�EÙYßlà3á]Ù=ê]Ý�Ò�â]ÓÙYÞJæõ¿WîêrÙäÝQÕnÞûÙYÖfàQßvÔ�Õ²à3á}ÝQÙYÛÆÓ]éEÛ÷à�ÛÆß�Ùäà3ß�ÛÆÝ�Ù�ÛÆÖ}ÕnÞûêrÒÆÝ�à�Û Öèàõé]ÕnÝ�ÙYÚäàQÕnÒ�ÖÜ`Ò�Ý8Ü`åîà3å]Ý�Ù,Ý�ÙYß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�á2æ

±ZSf�

Page 167: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

i8�ïî�� û þW� û ¡��0£2�µþW�0£

RNR3

ALK1

CLN1

SVS1

MNN1

CLB2

ACE2CDC5

MYO1

CLN2

SRO4

RAD51

ÆnÇ?È £�Î ÇÏôÐ Ê"� ÇrÒ Ê Ð

RNR3

CLN1

SRO4

RAD51CLB2

MYO1

ACE2

ALK1

MNN1CLN2

SVS1

CDC5

Æ É�È ��ÊfË?¡¯£�õ2ö8÷ZøÑù Ï Ê Ð ù�÷�úüû

CLN1

CLN2

SVS1

SRO4

RNR3

RAD51

MNN1

CLB2

MYO1

ACE2

CDC5

ALK1

ÆtÍÌÈ ��ÊÌË�¡©£�õ�ø.ù Ï Ê Ð ù8÷�ú´ûlýNþ�� ÿACE2

CDC5

CLB2

ALK1CLN2

RNR3

RAD51

CLN1

SRO4

MYO1

MNN1

SVS1

Æ û È ��ÊfË�¡©£�õ2øÑù Ï Ê Ð ù�÷�úüû¸ýqþ8� ����7Ólk��lk����o���ô*+57',1414')N*+',&.-0/21f3a[±5t14/8� &4\+'iy�%�1f�]/8!$[l�l/�)+'# [��-��]&4\Ûu,¨2¨S&4� �l'��e/8� *�&4[¬%2*$)«y�%�1f�]/8!$[&4\+14'[f\+/8# )6y�%2# !+'[

±ZS ú

Page 168: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

û´ü�� ý������ji��`���I#e���������lks���ck ��¡ � �,þW�Bÿ¢�0��� �~þW���^£

12

34

56

78

910

1112

12

34

56

78

910

1112

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

���7Ólk��lk �¯�$��ÖW/8*$*$'_r&4�]/8*$[�# '%�1f*+')¬ca·¬¶ %·2'[4�n%2*j*$',&x-W/2143¬-��]&4\±*+/8*$# � *$'%�1�_r/8*$)$�]&4� /8*$%2#$)$� [4&(1f�]c�!+&4� /8*-��]&4\i;�¨±&(1f%2� *$� *$vd�e/8� *�&4[,g

± ò �

Page 169: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ñ�� ö��jÀô�ò ð

� � ��� ���� � � � � ��� ���

� ������� ��� �

ç�Ö$àQá]Õnß�à3á]ÙäßQÕß Ø Ô�Ù8áEÛZã�Ù�ÕnÖfã�Ùäß�à3Õ×fÛ àQÙYéïã ÛÆÝ�ÕnÒ�å�ßlÞûÙäàQá]Òîé�ßlÜ`Ò�Ý�à3á]Ù�ÛÆÖEÛÆÓ²ö'ßQÕnßIÒÆÜEá�Õn×�áïé]ÕnÞûÙYÖ]ß�ÕnÒ�Ö]ÛÆÓÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö}éEÛ à3Û�æ�ç�Ö;à3á]ÕßZ�EÖEÛ ÓcßQÙäÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö;Ô�Ù�Ô�ÕnÓÓ�Ý�ÙYÚYÛÆêtà3á]Ù�Ô�Ò�Ý�üwé]ÙäßQÚYÝ�Õnâ�ÙYétÕÖ;ÙZÛÆÚ�á�Ú�áEÛ ê�à3ÙäÝÛÆÖ]éúÝQÙYÕ²à3ÙäÝ3Û àQÙûàQá]ÙwÚäÒ�Ö]ÚYÓå]ßQÕÒ�Ö]ß,é]Ý3ÛZÔ�Ö2æ\ç�Ö�ÛÆé]é�Õà3ÕÒ�Ö Ø Ô�ÙwÔ�ÕnÓÓ�é]ÙYß�ÚYÝQÕârÙwÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙYß*à3ÕÖ]×\Ü`å�àQå]ÝQÙÔ�Ò�ÝQü;é�ÕnÝQÙäÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö]ßäæð³º�! "$# À&%�½SÀ ')( ò ¿*%,+-+ ./%i¿ ò ��� ò +O��Àw� ò ½0"ÕÝQß�àQÓö Ø A�Û à3ÙäÖèà21�ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäßQßïu�ÙYÚäÒ�Þ�ê�Ò�ß�Õà3ÕÒ�Ö43�Û�×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛ à3Õ²ã�Ù?ê]Ý�Ò�âEÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕß�à3ÕÚ$ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓ"àQáEÛ à�Õnß�Û â]ÓnÙà3ÒtÙ'à3Ý3Û Úäà,â]ÕnÒÆÓnÒ�×�ÕÚZÛÆÓÓötß�Õn×�Ö�Õt�EÚYÛÆÖfà/ÕnÖ�Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ�Û à3ÕÒ�ÖJÜ`Ý�Ò�Þ Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö éEÛ à�Ûîæj�=á]Ù`A51vu ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓÕnÖ�ßQê]ÕÝQÙYé-âföjàQá]Ù`AIu76 ÞûÒîé]ÙäÓõê]Ý�Ò�êrÒÆßQÙYé âföqQ�ÓÙYÕõÙhà$Û Ó�UT� [ à3áEÛ à�ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓÓnÙYé\à3Ù�'àïé]Ò'ÚYå]ÞûÙYÖfà3ßÛÆß/ÚäÒ�Þ¹â]ÕÖEÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�Ò Ü�ÓnÛ à3ÙäÖfà,8 o:9<;Ñ� íhæïç�Ö-àQá]Õnß/Ú�á]ÛÆê�à3ÙäÝ Ø Ô�Ùûß�å]×�×�Ùäß�àQÙYéøÛ ÖùÛ Óà3ÙäÝQÖEÛ÷à3ÕãÆÙ$à3ÒtàQá]ÕnßâEÛÆ×?ҠܨÔ�Ò�Ý�é]ß�ß�à�ö'ÓnÙ6à3Ò�ê]ÕÚ�à3á]Û à8Ô�Ò�å]Ónétâ�Ù/ÛÆê�ê]ÓnÕÚZÛÆâ]ÓÙ6àQÒ¹Þ�ÕÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝQÝQÛZö�é]Û à�Û�æO�IÒ?é]ÙäÞ�Ò�Ö�ß�à3ÝQÛ à3Ùà3á�Ùûê�Ò�Ô�ÙäÝ�ÒÆÜBA51vu Ø Ô�Ùûê�ÝQÙYß�ÙYÖfà3ÙäéøÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß�Ò�Ö ÛtãÆÛ ÝQÕnÙhà�öjÒÆÜ�ÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö.é]Û à�ÛÆß�ÙäàQß=3�ß�Ùäã�ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓÜ`ÝQÒÆÞVÚZÛÆÖ�ÚYÙYÝvÝ�ÙYßQÙYÛÆÝQÚ�á�Ô�á]ÙYÝ�Ù"A51vu°Ô�ÛÆß�ÛÆâ]ÓnÙ8àQÒïé�Õnß�àQÕnÖ]×Æå]Õnß�á?ârÙhà�Ô�ÙäÙYÖwã ÛÆÝ�ÕnÒ�å]ß�àQå]Þ�ÒÆå]Ýõà�ö'êrÙäßÛÆÖ]éjà�Ô�Ò;à3ÕÞ�ÙïßQÙäÝQÕnÙäß�éEÛ à3ÛÆßQÙhà3ß�Ü`Ò�Ý�ö�ÙYÛÆß�à/Ô�á]ÙäÝQÙiA51vuVÔ8ÛÆß�ÛÆâ]ÓnÙ,à3Òtå]Ö�ÚYÒ�ã�ÙäÝ/ÝQÙZÛ Ó"â]ÕÒ�ÓnÒ�×ÆÕnÚZÛ Óê]Ý�ÒîÚäÙYßQß�ÙYßäæs�=á]ÙwÙ�îêrÙäÝQÕÞ�ÙäÖèà3ÛÆÓ�Ý�ÙYß�å]ÓàQß$Ü`ÝQÒ�Þ à3á�Õnß$ÞûÙäàQá]Ò'é�ÛÆê]ê�ÙZÛÆÝ,ã�ÙäÝ�ö�ê]Ý�Ò�ÞûÕnßQÕÖ]×]æ.í�å]Ý>3ÝQÙäÖfà3Óö Ø A51�u Õnß�â�ÙYÕnÖ�×ûå�ßQÙYéJà3Ò�ÛÆÖEÛÆÓ²ö'ßQÙ�Ö]ÙäÔðéEÛ à�Û ßQÙäàQß Ø êEÛÆÝ*à3ÕÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝQÓ²ö�àQá]Ò�ßQÙ�Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ â]Ý�ÙZÛÆß*à�ÛÆÖ�éê]Ý�Ò�ß�à3Û à3ÙïÚZÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYÝ�ÕÖ.ÚäÒ�ÓnÓnÛÆârÒÆÝ3Û àQÕnÒ�ÖtÔ�ÕàQá.à3á�Ù$ÕnÖ�ß�à3Õ²à3å�àQÙ,Ü`ÒÆÝ�ÚZÛ Ö]ÚYÙäÝ�ÝQÙäßQÙZÛ ÝQÚ�á2æ�ç�ÖjÛÆé]é]Õ²à3ÕnÒÆÖ\à3Òà3á�Õnß Ø ã ÛÆÝ�ÕnÒ�å�ß/ÕnÞûê]ÝQÒ�ã�ÙäÞ�ÙäÖfà3ß/à3Òtà3á�Ùûâ]ÛÆßQÕÚiA?1vu Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ$å]ÓóÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖjÛÆÝQÙ?â�ÙYÕÖ]×�é]ÙäãÆÙYÓnÒÆêrÙäé2æA@\Ò�ß�àßQÕ×�Ö]Õn�EÚZÛÆÖfàQÓö Ø à3á]Ù�â]ÝQÕÙäܽÕnÖfãÆÙYß�àQÕn×fÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ$ÕnÖïà3á]Õßlà3á�ÙYßQÕßõÒ�Ö¹ê�ÝQÕnÒÆÝQßlÜ`ÒÆÝlà3á�Ù8êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞ�Ùhà3ÙäÝQßõß�å]×�×�Ùäß�à3Ùäé± ò ±

Page 170: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

BDC���E �����qî2� BGF � B ¡¯�0£�� F � � �?HJIe�0��������H0����� B � � F �W£àQáEÛ à�à3á]Ù�ê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ/ÒÆÜlàQá]Ù,ÛÆÓn×ÆÒ�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ ÚYÒ�å�Óné�ârÙ�ÙäÖ]áEÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYé\âèö�ß�ÙYÖ]ß�Õnâ]ÓÙ�Ú�á]Ò�ÕnÚäÙYß�ÒÆÜlê]ÝQÕÒ�ÝQßÛÆÖ�éJàQá]ÙYÕÝ�ÛÆßQß�ÒîÚäÕóÛ àQÙYé�áföîê�ÙYÝK3�êEÛ Ý3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝQßäæ�=á]Ù�ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý/Ô�Ù�áEÛZã�Ù�ê]ÝQÒ�ã'Õné]ÙäéùÜ`Ò�Ý/àQá]Ù�ã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYß/Ô�ÛÆß$ÕÞ�ê]Ý�Ò�ê�ÙYÝL36à3áEÛ à,Õß Ø Õà,é]Ò'ÙYß,Ö]ÒÆàïÕnÖM3àQÙY×�ÝQÛ à3ÙwàQÒø±;Ò�ã�ÙäÝ?ÕàQßïé]ÒÆÞwÛÆÕÖ2æN66ÓàQá]Ò�å]×�áùà3á]Õß$ÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3Ùäé�ÕnÖúÖ�ÕnÚYÙ Ø à3ÝQÛÆÚäà3ÛÆâ]ÓnÙ�å]ê�éEÛ à3Ùäß¹ÕàïÕnßß�Ò�Þ�ÙhÔ�áEÛ à�ÝQÙäß�àQÝQÕnÚhà3Õ²ã�ÙÆæO0EÒ�Ý=Ù��ÛÆÞûê]ÓÙ Ø Ô�ÙïÞ�ÛZöwÔ�Õnß�áJàQÒ�ÕÖ]ÚYÒÆÝQê�Ò�Ý3Û àQÙ�Ûûê�ÝQÕnÒÆÝ�à3áEÛ÷à6ê�ÙYÖ]ÛÆÓnÕßQÙYßå]Ö�é]ÙYÝK3�ÚYÒÆÞ�ê]ÓÙ�îÕà�öwÛÆß8Ô�ÙYÓÓ2ÛÆß=Ò�ã�ÙäÝ>3|ÚYÒ�Þûê]ÓnÙîÕà�ö�æ"ç�Ö\Û é]é]ÕàQÕnÒ�Öûà3Ò¹àQá]Õnß Ø Û¹ê]Ý�Ò�êrÙäÝ=ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý8Û ÓnÓnÒ�Ô�ßå]ß6à3Òtå]ß�Ù¹ß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓÕnÖ]×�ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á]Ùäß�à3Ò;ÓÙZÛÆÝ�Ö.à3á�Ù¹êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞ�Ùhà3ÙäÝQß�ÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù¹Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQü½æ=6�ÓàQá]Ò�å]×Æá\à3á�Ùã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖEÛ ÓîÓÒ·Ô�ÙYÝK3�â�Ò�å]Ö]é}Ò�êîà3ÕnÞûÕnßQÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö¹Û ê]ê]ÝQÒ�ÛÆÚ�áwÛ ê]êrÙYÛÆÝQßõàQÒ�ê]ÝQÒ�ã'Õné]Ù�Ý�ÙZÛÆß�Ò�ÖEÛÆâ]ÓÙ=ßQÒ�Óå�à3ÕÒ�Ö]ßÔ�Õ²à3á]ÕÖ-Û�Ý�ÙZÛÆß�Ò�ÖEÛÆâ�ÓnÙ}ÛÆÞûÒ�å]Öfà�ÒÆÜvà3ÕÞ�Ù ë ßQÕÞ¹å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�×ÆÙYÖ]ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓÓöJà�ÛÆü ÙûÒ Ü�àQá]Ù?Ò�ÝQé�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜ�Û;Ü`ÙäÔÞûÕnÖèå�àQÙYß�ì Ø Õà�Õnß6å]Ö]ÚYÓÙZÛÆÝ�á]Ò�Ô­×ÆÒîÒ'é�Û;â�Ò�å]Ö]éjÔ�Ù}ÛÆÝQÙ$Ò�ê�à3ÕÞ�ÕßQÕÖ]×]æ"D�Õ²ã�ÙYÖ-Û�ê]ÝQÒ�ê�ÙYÝ�ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý Ø ÛßQÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÕnÖ�×$ÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�átßQå]Ú�á�ÛÆßP@\ÙäàQÝQÒ�ê�Ò�ÓÕnßOQ�ÛÆß*à3ÕnÖ�×�ß�ÚäÒ�å]Óé;ârÙ6å]ßQÙäé;à3Ò¹ßQÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙ�Ü`ÝQÒ�Þ àQá]Ù�ê�Ò�ß>3àQÙYÝQÕÒ�Ývé]Õnß*à3Ý�Õnâ]å�àQÕnÒ�Ö}Ò�ã�ÙäÝ�êEÛ Ý3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝQßäæõç�Þûê]ÓnÙäÞ�ÙäÖèà3Û à3ÕÒ�Ö}ÒÆÜ�Û�ß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓÕnÖ]×�ÞûÙäà3á�Òîé�ÕnßvÚYå]Ý�ÝQÙäÖèàQÓöâ�ÙYÕÖ]×tÕnÖfã�Ùäß�àQÕn×fÛ àQÙYé2æ,ç|à/Õß�å]Ö]ÚäÓnÙZÛ Ý�á]Ò�Ô ê�Ý3ÛÆÚhà3ÕnÚYÛÆÓ"Õ²à�Ô�ÕÓnÓIârÙ¹×ÆÕã�ÙäÖ�à3á]Ù$ãÆÙYÝ*ö�ÓóÛÆÝ�×�Ù$Öèå]Þ$ârÙäÝÒÆÜvê]ÛÆÝ3ÛÆÞûÙäàQÙYÝ�ßYæb�=á]ÙYÝ�Ù¹Õnß�Ò�Ö]Ù,Ü`å]Ý�àQá]ÙYÝ�ÛÆé�ã ÛÆÖfà�Û ×�Ù$ÒÆÜ�Ûwß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓÕnÖ]×}âEÛÆß�ÙYé-ÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�á2æd�lÛÆüèÕnÖ�×ßQÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙYßlÜ`ÝQÒ�Þ�à3á]Ù=ê�Ò�ß*à3ÙYÝ�ÕnÒ�ÝIÔ�ÒÆå]Óné?ÙäÖEÛÆâ]ÓÙ=å]ßõà3Ò/Û ê]ê]ÝQÒ�îÕnÞ�Û àQÙ�à3á]Ù�Ö]Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÓÕnßQÕÖ]×�ÚYÒ�Ö]ß*à�ÛÆÖfàvÕÖàQá]Ù¬Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕóÛ ÖJÜ`Ò�Ý�Þ¹å]ÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö,3õà3á]Ù}êSR ; ��êST � êhæ �=á�ÕnßVUèåEÛÆÖfà3Õ²à�ö;ÚYÛÆÖ�ârÙ/å]ß�ÙYé�ÕnÖtÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓrßQÙYÓÙYÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖÛÆÖ�é\Þ�ÛZötê]ÝQÒ�ãÆÙ,àQÒûâ�Ù,Û?Þ�Ò�Ý�Ù/å]ßQÙhÜ`å]Ó�ÕnÖ�Ùäã ÛÆÓåEÛ àQÕnÖ]×XW Ø à3á]Ù�Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜ"ê]ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäßQß�ÙYß6àQáEÛÆÖtà3á�ÙÚäå]ÝQÝ�ÙYÖfà3Ó²ö�ÕnÞûê]ÓnÙäÞ�ÙäÖèàQÙYétÚäÝQÒ�ß�ß>3|ã ÛÆÓÕnéEÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖwà3ÙäÚ�á]Ö]ÕYUèå]ÙäßYæç�Ö{ÛÆê�êrÙäÖ]é]ÕnúuÏÔ�Ù;ÕÖèàQÝQÒ'é]å]ÚäÙ�à3á�Ù³A51vu Þ�Ò'é]ÙYÓ�Ô�Õ²à3á�Û.ê�ÝQÕnÒÆÝïÚäÒ�Ö]ßQÕß�àQÕnÖ]×\ÒÆÜ�Û.ÞûÕn'à3å�ÝQÙûÒÆÜu�ÕÝQÕnÚ�á�ÓnÙäàY£¡ßäæZ1lÒ à3ÙYÖfàQÕóÛÆÓÓö Ø à3á�Õnß�ê�ÝQÒ�ã'Õné]Ùäß�à3á]Ù¹ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓ�Ô�ÕàQá.ÜOÛÆÝ�×�Ý�ÙZÛ àQÙYÝ�gEÙ�îÕnâ�ÕnÓnÕ²à�ö�æ[6�ÓàQá]Ò�å]×ÆáÙ�ê�ÙYÝ�ÕnÞûÙYÖfà3ß,Ô�ÕàQá àQá]Õnß,ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý/Ò�ÖùÞ�ÕÚYÝQÒ�ÛÆÝQÝQÛ�ö.éEÛ à3Û\ßQá�Ò·Ô�ÙYé�Õ²à/à3Ò\×�ÕãÆÙ�ÓÕàQàQÓnÙ¹ÕÞ�ê�ÝQÒ�ã�ÙäÞ�ÙäÖèàÒ�ã�ÙäÝ=à3á]Ù�ß*à�ÛÆÖ�éEÛÆÝQé Ø ßQÕÖ]×�ÓnÙ�u�ÕnÝ�ÕnÚ�á]ÓÙäà�ê]ÝQÕÒ�Ý Ø Õà8Þ�ÛZö�Ô�ÙYÓÓ2ê]Ý�Ò·ãÆÙ/å]ßQÙhÜ`å]ÓcÔ�á]ÙäÖ\ÓnÛÆÝQ×ÆÙYÝ�é]Û à�ÛÆß�ÙäàQßâ�ÙYÚäÒ�Þ�Ù,ÛZã ÛÆÕnÓnÛÆâ]ÓÙÆæ66Ö]ÒÆà3á�ÙYÝ,êrÒ�ß�ßQÕâ]ÓnÙ?ÙîàQÙYÖ]ß�ÕnÒ�Ö-à3Ò�à3á�ÙEA51vuÏÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓõÕß�à3Ò\ÛÆå]×�ÞûÙYÖfà�Õ²à/Ô�Õà3á Û�Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓ"Ü`Ò�Ý�ÛÆÖM3ÒÆàQá]ÙYÝ�Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ Ò Ü2â]ÕÒ�ÓnÒ�×ÆÕnÚZÛ Ó]éEÛ à3Û�æ\0EÒ�ÝvÙ��ÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙ Ø ÞwÛÆÖföûê]Ý�Ò�âEÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕß�à3ÕÚ8ÞûÙäà3á�Òîé]ß�Ù�îÕß�à�à3Ò$ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓàQá]Ù;u/^]6ÏâEÛ ßQÙYß,Ü`Ò�å]Ö]éúÕnÖ-à3á]Ù�å]ê]ß�àQÝQÙYÛÆÞ ÝQÙY×ÆÕnÒ�Ö]ß,ÒÆÜ�ÛJ×�ÙYÖ�Ù ë àQá]ÙûÝQÙY×ÆÕnÒ�Ö]ß�Ô�á]ÙäÝQÙ;ê]Ý�ÒÆà3ÙäÕnÖ]ßâ]ÕÖ]éJÛÆÖ]éJÛ�^rÙYÚhà=à3Ý3Û Ö]ßQÚäÝQÕnêîà3ÕnÒÆÖ½ìhæ\1IÒÆà3ÙäÖfà3ÕóÛ ÓnÓö Ø ÚäÒ�Þ¹â]ÕÖ]ÕnÖ]×ïà3á]Ù¬A51vu Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�ÖJÞ�Ò'é]ÙYÓ�Ô�ÕàQáß�å]Ú�áùß�Ù_Uèå]ÙäÖ]ÚYÙûéEÛ à3ÛwÔ�Ò�å�Óné�ÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à/ÕnÖ-Û;ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓ�à3áEÛ÷à/ÚYÒ�å�Óné�Ö]ÒÆà�Ò�Ö]Óöw�EÖ]é-×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß�àQáEÛ à�Ô�ÙYÝ�Ù

± ò ²

Page 171: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

î2� ÿ8�E�§£2� �a` � � ���lkC£ � ` E ¡¯�³£2�cb��³���DdW�������<`¬������£ßQÕÞ�ÕÓóÛÆÝ�Óö}Ù�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÙäé Ø â�å�à6ÛÆÓnß�ÒûÚäÒ�Ö©�EÝ�Þ Ô�á]Ùhà3á]ÙäÝ6Ò�Ý=Ö�ÒÆà�à3á]ÙäßQÙ�×�ÙYÖ�ÙYß�Ô�ÙäÝQÙ,ÚYÒ�3|ÝQÙY×Æå]ÓóÛ àQÙYé2æ0"ÕÖEÛÆÓnÓ²ö Ø Ô�Ù$â]Ý�ÕnÙhg]öJÕnÖfà3Ý�Òîé]å�ÚYÙYéjÛÆÖNA51vuVÞ�Ò'é]ÙYÓ¨àQáEÛ à�Ô�Ò�å�Ónéjâ�Ù$ß�å]Õà3ÛÆâ]ÓnÙ�Ü`Ò�Ý�é]Õnß�ÚYÝ�Ùäà3Ù$éEÛ à�ÛßQå�Ú�á\Û ß�à3á]Û à8×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛ à3Ùäétâfö�í8¿��eQïæe1�ÝQÙYß�ÙYÖfà3Ó²ö Ø àQá]ÙYÝ�Ù�Õnß�Ö]ÒÆà�ÙYÖ]Ò�å�×�átéEÛ à3Û¹ÛZãÆÛ ÕnÓóÛ â]ÓnÙ=à3Ò$ÝQÙZÛ Óf3Õnß*à3ÕÚZÛÆÓÓö,é]ÙäàQÙYÝ�Þ�ÕÖ]Ù=à3á]Ù�êrÒ à3ÙYÖfàQÕóÛÆÓEÒÆÜ�à3á�ÕnßvÞ�Ò'é]ÙäÓÉæ Q�Ò�Ô�Ùhã�ÙYÝ Ø ÞûÒ�ÝQÙ6í8¿��eQÂéEÛ à3Û,Õß�â�ÙYÚäÒ�ÞûÕnÖ]×ÛZã ÛÆÕnÓnÛÆâ]ÓnÙ¹ÛÆÖ]éúß�Ò\àQá]Õnß/à3Ò'Ò�Ô�ÕnÓnÓ"ârÙ�ÛÆÖúÕÖfà3ÙYÝ�ÙYß*à3ÕnÖ�×.ÛZã�ÙäÖèå]ÙwÜ`Ò�Ý/Ü`å�àQå]ÝQÙûÝQÙäßQÙZÛ ÝQÚ�á2æ��=á]Õß$Û ÓnßQÒÒ�ê�ÙYÖ]ß,å]ê à3á]ÙgUèå]ÙYß*à3ÕnÒÆÖúÒÆÜ=ß�å]Õà3ÛÆâ]ÓÙ?ê]ÝQÕÒ�ÝQß/Ü`Ò�Ý�à3á]ÙûÞ¹å]Ó²à3ÕÖ]Ò�ÞûÕóÛÆÓ�êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞûÙäà3ÙäÝQßZ36ßQÒ�ÞûÙäàQá]ÕnÖ]×à3á]Û à�Õnß8àQÒ�å]Ú�á]Ùäé.å]ê�Ò�ÖJâ]ÝQÕÙäg]ötÕÖ�ÛÆê]ê�ÙYÖ]é�ÕnJ¿=æð³º:h i +WÀw��� # Àw��½kj � # ���Xlm% ���on7% pq%,rN�Ã�s(t%i��%�½SÀ4+ç�Ö�à3á]Õß¹Ú�áEÛÆêîà3ÙYÝ Ø Ô�Ù�ÕnÖfàQÝQÒ'é]å]ÚYÙäé®ÛjÖ]Ò�ã�ÙYÓ=ÞûÙäàQá]Ò'é]Ò�ÓnÒÆ×Æö�Ü`Ò�Ý?ÛÆß�ßQÙäßQßQÕÖ]×-à3á]Ù;ß�Õn×�Ö�Õt�EÚYÛÆÖ]ÚYÙtÒ ÜÛ\ê]ÛÆÝ�àQÕnÚYå�ÓóÛÆÝ/ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕt�]ÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö-ê�ÙYÝ�Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚYÙ�ÛÆÖ]éùê]ÝQÙäé]ÕnÚhà3ÕÖ]×\á�Ò·Ô Þ�ÛÆÖfö-ÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö�ß3Û Þ�ê]ÓÙYßÔ�Ò�å]Óné�â�Ù�ÝQÙ_Uèå]ÕÝQÙäéJàQÒûÒÆâ�à�ÛÆÕÖJÛ}ê]ÛÆÝ�àQÕnÚYå�ÓóÛÆÝ8ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕn�EÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ötê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙÆæ�=á]Ù/ê]Ý�Ò�ê�Ò�ßQÙäétÞ�Ùhà3á]Ò'é]Ò�ÓÒ�×Æöi�EÝQß*à=å]ß�ÙYéJÛ¹ßQÕ×�Ö]Õt�]ÚZÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ�à3Ùäß�à�âEÛ ßQÙYétÒÆÖtÝ3ÛÆÖ]é�Ò�ÞÏÝ�ÙS3|ßQáèåeuûÕnÖ]×ÆßÒÆÜ�à3á]Ù=àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ]×/ÓnÛÆâ�ÙYÓnßlà3Ò�é]ÙäàQÙYÝ�Þ�ÕÖ]Ù�á]Ò�Ô Þ�ÛÆÖfö¹à3ÝQÛÆÕnÖ]ÕÖ]×�ßQÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙYß�Ô�ÙYÝ�Ù6Ý�Ù_Uèå]ÕnÝ�ÙYé}à3Ò�â�Ù6Û â]ÓnÙà3Ò�ÚYÓóÛ ßQßQÕ²ÜBöïÛ àvÛ�ß�Õn×�Ö]Õn�EÚZÛ Ö]ÚYÙ8ÓÙäãÆÙYÓ�Ò Ü<v òxw æW�=á]ÙäÖ Ø ÙYÞûê]ÕÝQÕnÚYÛÆÓèÙYÝ�ÝQÒ�ÝõÞûÙZÛ ßQå]Ý�ÙYÞûÙYÖfà3ß"Ô�ÙYÝ�Ù=å]ßQÙäéà3Ò��]à6Û�y7êì� ë T ; T{z � � ë Raê�àQáEÛ à�Ù�ê�ÓóÛÆÕÖ]ÙYétà3á�Ù,Ý�ÙYÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ßQá�Õnêtâ�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖJà3á]Ù�Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�ÒÆÜIà3ÝQÛÆÕnÖ�ÕnÖ]×ß3Û Þ�ê]ÓÙYß�ÛÆÖ�éJàQá]Ù�×�ÙYÖ]ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓÕnßQÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö;ÙYÝ�ÝQÒ�ÝäæO�=á]Õnß�Úäå]Ý�ãÆÙïáEÛ éJàQá]Ù/Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ

| ë ¥ ì^�~} ¥ x{����� ë yîæ²±·ìÔ�á]ÙäÝQÙg}\Õß�üèÖ]Ò�Ô�ÖúÛÆß�àQá]Ùty7êì� ë T ; T{z ë ��8(ê Ø ~ Õnß�àQá]Ù?é]ÙYÚYÛZö-Ý3Û àQÙ?ÛÆÖ]é-×�Õ²ã�ÙYß,ÛÆÖ�ÕÖ]é]ÕÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖjÒ Üà3á�Ù¹é]ÕýûÚäå]Óà�ö\ÒÆÜvà3á]Ù$ê]ÝQÒ�â�ÓnÙYÞ©Û à/á]ÛÆÖ]é2æ�0"ÕÖEÛÆÓnÓ²ö Ø �ïÕß6àQá]Ù��d���+ê,íEê ëë3o�ë 3�à3á]Ù?ÓÒ·Ô�ÙYß*à/ÙYÝ�ÝQÒ�ÝÝ3Û÷à3Ù�ÛÆÚ�á]ÕÙäã ÛÆâ]ÓÙÆæ�=á]ÙäÝQÙ�ÛÆÝQÙ}ßQÙhã�ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓ�ÝQÙYÛÆßQÒ�Ö�ß,Ô�áföùÛÆÖ Ù�îêrÙäÝQÕÞ�ÙäÖèà3ÛÆÓnÕß�à�Þ�ÛZöjÔ�Õnß�á àQÒ\å]ß�Ù�ß�å]Ú�á�ÛtÞûÙäà3á�Òîé]ÒÆÓf3Ò�×ÆöÆæ\0"ÕÝQß�àQÓö Ø Õ²à�ê�ÝQÒ�ã'Õné]Ùäß=Û$ÝQÕ×�Ò�Ý�Ò�å]ßvÞwÛ Ö]Ö]ÙYÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�é]ÙäàQÙYÝQÞûÕnÖ�ÕnÖ]×,Ô�á]ÙäàQá]ÙYÝ8ÒÆÝ�Ö]ÒÆà�Û$êEÛ Ý�à3ÕÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝÚYÓnÛÆßQß�Õt�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö ÝQÙYß�å]ÓàïÕnß�ß�Õn×�Ö]Õn�EÚZÛ ÖèàYæJ�îÙYÚäÒ�Ö]é]Ó²ö Ø ÕàïÙYÖEÛÆâ�ÓnÙYß�à3á�ÙwÙ�îê�ÙYÝ�ÕnÞûÙYÖfà�ÛÆÓÕnß*à/à3Ò.ê�ÝQÙYé�ÕnÚäàÛÆá]ÙYÛÆé.àQÒ;ßQÙäÙ¹á]Ò�Ô Þ¹å]Ú�ájà3á�Ù¹×�ÙYÖ�ÙYÝ3Û ÓnÕnßQÛ à3ÕÒ�ÖtÔ�ÕnÓÓIÕÞ�ê�ÝQÒ�ã�Ùï×�ÕãÆÙYÖjÞûÒ�ÝQÙ,à3ÝQÛÆÕnÖ]ÕÖ]×ûß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙäß]3à3á�Õnß/à�ö'êrÙûÒÆÜ=Û ÖEÛÆÓö'ß�Õnß�ÚYÒ�å�Óné á]ÙYÓêùé]ÙäÚYÕé]ÙûÔ�á�Ùäà3á�ÙYÝ$ÚäÒ�ÓnÓÙYÚhà3ÕnÖ�×tÞ�Ò�Ý�Ù}ß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙäß�Õnß/Ô�ÒÆÝ�à3á à3á]Ù

± ò��

Page 172: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

BDC���E �����qî2� BGF � B ¡¯�0£�� F � � �?HJIe�0��������H0����� B � � F �W£ÚäÒ�Ö]ßQÕé]ÙYÝQÛÆâ]ÓÙ�àQÕnÞûÙ/ÛÆÖ]éJÙ�îê�ÙYÖ]ß�Ù,àQáEÛ à�Ô�Ò�å]Óné�áEÛZãÆÙ,àQÒûâ�Ù�Ù�îê�ÙYÖ]é]Ùäé2æí�Ò�ÞûêEÛÆÝ�Õnß�Ò�ÖtÒÆÜ�à3á]Ù/ÓÙZÛÆÝ�Ö]ÕnÖ�×¹ÚYå]Ý*ã�Ù�êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞûÙäà3ÙäÝQß8Ü`Ò�Ý�é]Õ�^rÙYÝ�ÙYÖfà�éEÛ à3ÛÆßQÙhà3ß=×�Õ²ã�ÙYß�Û ÖJÕÖ]é]ÕÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù/é]ÕýûÚäå]ÓàQÕnÙYß�ÒÆÜ�à3á]Ù�ã ÛÆÝ�ÕnÒ�å]ß�ÚYÓóÛ ßQßQÕn�EÚZÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ;ê]ÝQÒÆâ]ÓnÙäÞ�ß=Û Ö]éJÛÆÓnß�Ò?ÛÆÓnÓÒ�Ô�ß�à3á]Ù/ÚäÒ�ÞûêEÛÆÝQÕßQÒ�ÖÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù¹Ö]ÒÆÕnßQÙïÓnÙhã�ÙYÓß�ê]Ý�ÙYß�ÙYÖfàZæ/ç�ÖjàQá]Ù¹Ù�îê�ÙYÝ�ÕnÞûÙYÖfà�ÛÆÓIÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß�ê�ÝQÙYß�ÙYÖfà3Ùäé-á]ÙYÝ�Ù Ø Ô�Ù?ÛÆÝ�Ù¹ÛÆâ]ÓÙïàQÒß�å]ê]ê�Ò�Ý�à,à3á]Ù�ârÙäÓnÕÙäÜ�à3áEÛ àïÚYÓnÛÆßQß�ÕÜBö'ÕnÖ�×Jâ�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙäÖøã ÛÆÝQÕÒ�å]ß/à3å]ÞûÒ�å]Ý/à�ö'ê�ÙYß$ÒÆÝïâ�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙäÖúà3å]ÞûÒ�å]ÝÛÆÖ�éûÖ�Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÓ�ßQÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙäßõÕnß�Û/Þ¹å�Ú�áûÙYÛÆßQÕÙYÝõê�ÝQÒ�â]ÓÙYÞ à3áEÛÆÖ}ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕt�]ÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö]ßlâEÛÆß�ÙYéûÒ�Ö?ÚYÓÕnÖ]ÕÚZÛÆÓ'éEÛ à3Û3vÜ`Ò�Ý=Ù�ÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙ Ø Ô�á�Ùäà3á�ÙYÝ�Ò�Ý=Ö]ÒÆà�Û?êEÛ àQÕnÙäÖèà�ß�åe^cÙäÝQß6Û?ÝQÙYÓnÛÆê]ß�ÙÆæ1lÛÆÝ�àQÕnÚYå�ÓóÛÆÝ�ÓöúÔ�Ò�Ý*à3á®Þ�ÙäÖèàQÕnÒ�Ö�ÕnÖ]×�Õßûá�Ò·Ô à3á]Ù�ÞûÙäà3á�Òîé®ÚZÛÆÖ®â�ÙJå�ßQÙYé®à3Ò ÚYÒ�ÞûêEÛÆÝ�Ù�ârÙhà�Ô�ÙäÙYÖé]Õf^cÙäÝQÙäÖèà�Ù�îê�ÙYÝQÕÞ�ÙäÖfà�ÛÆÓ¨à3ÙäÚ�á]Ö]Õ�U'å�ÙYßYæ��îÒûÜOÛÆÝ�Ò�Ö]ÓöJÛ}ÚYÒÆÞ�êEÛ ÝQÕnß�Ò�ÖJârÙhà�Ô�ÙäÙYÖ�ÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ß�ÛÆÖ�éí8¿��eQ á]ÛÆß¹â�ÙYÙYÖúêrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ�Ùäéúâ]å�à?ÛÆß$ÞûÒ�ÝQÙ}à3ÙäÚ�á]Ö]Õ�U'å�ÙYß}ÛÆÝ�Ù�é]Ùhã�ÙäÓnÒ�ê�ÙYé�Õ²àïÔ�ÕÓnÓvârÙ�ÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙäß�à�3ÕÖ]×wà3ÒwÚYÒ�ÞûêEÛÆÝ�Ùïà3á�ÙYÕnÝ6ÙäýûÚYÕÙYÖ]ÚäÕnÙäß�ÕnÖ.àQá]Õnß6ÞwÛ Ö]Ö]ÙYÝäæ�ç|à�Ô�Ò�å]Óéjâ�Ù¹ÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQÙäß�à3ÕÖ]×wàQÒ;êrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ ÛÚäÒ�Þ�ê]ÛÆÝQÕßQÒ�Ö?â�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙäÖwßQê�ÒÆà�à3ÙYé�ÛÆÖ]éE��ÓnÕ×�Ò�Öèå]ÚäÓnÙYÒ à3Õné�Ù�ÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ß 3¨à3á]Ù�é]ÙäßQÕ×�Ö}ÒÆܧ�/ÓÕn×�ÒÆÖ'å�ÚYÓnÙäÒÆà3Õé]ÙÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ß6ß�á]Ò�å]Óé�ÞwÛÆü Ù/à3á]ÙäÞ ÓnÙäßQß�ßQå]ß�ÚYÙäê�à3Õâ]ÓnÙ/à3Ò}Ö]ÒÆÕnßQÙ Ø à3Ò?Ô�áEÛ à�é]Ùä×�ÝQÙäÙ�Õnß=à3á]Õß8à3á]Ù�ÚYÛÆßQÙo��ùÙwÛ ÝQÙûÚYå]Ý�ÝQÙYÖfàQÓö ßQÙäÙYÕnÖ�×jÛÆÖ ÕnÖ]ÚäÝQÙYÛÆßQÙ�ÕnÖ-à3á]Ùûå]ßQÙûÒÆÜ=á�Õn×�á-à3á]Ý�Ò�å]×�á�ê]å�àïê]ÝQÒÆàQÙYÒ�ÞûÕnÚ?ÙîêrÙäÝQÕf3ÞûÙYÖfà3ßäæ,�îå]Ú�á-êEÛÆÝQÛÆÓnÓÙYÓ�ÞûÙZÛÆß�å]ÝQÙäÞ�ÙäÖèà�ÒÆÜvê]ÝQÒ à3ÙYÕÖ�ÛÆâ]å�Ö]éEÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYß�ÚYÒÆå]ÓnéjÕÖ.à3á�Ù$Ü`å�à3å�ÝQÙ¹â�ÙYÚäÒ�Þ�ÙÛøÝ�ÙYê]ÓnÛÆÚYÙäÞ�ÙäÖèàtÜ`ÒÆÝ�à3á�Ù�Þw¢�^[6 ÞûÙZÛ ßQå]Ý�ÕnÖ]×øÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛ ÝQÝ3ÛZö'ßYæ�6�ÜBà3ÙYÝ;ÛÆÓnÓ Ø à3á]Ù�ê]Ý�ÒÆà3ÙäÕnÖ Õßwà3á�ÙÙäÖ]é{ê]ÝQÒ'é]å]ÚhàûÛÆÖ]é{Õnß$Ô�á]Û à¹Ô�Ù\Û ÝQÙ;Þ�ÛÆÕnÖ�Óö-ÕnÖfàQÙYÝQÙäß�àQÙYé®ÕnÖ���ÞwÛ ßQß¹ß�êrÙäÚäà3Ý�Ò�ÞûÙäà3Ý*ö ë à3á]ÙtÞûÒ�ß�àÔ�Õé]ÙYÓ²ö;å]ß�ÙYé�à3ÙYÚ�á�Ö]ÕYUèå]Ù,ÕnÖtê]Ý�ÒÆà3ÙäÒ�ÞûÕnÚYß3ì�Õnß�Û ÓnßQÒ?ß�ÙäãÆÙYÝ3Û ÓIÒÆÝQé]ÙäÝQß�ÒÆÜlÞwÛÆ×ÆÖ]ÕàQå]é]Ù�Ú�á�ÙZÛÆê�ÙYÝ�à3áEÛ ÖÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö\Ù�îêrÙäÝQÕÞ�ÙäÖèàQßYæX6 ÚYÒÆÞ�êEÛ ÝQÕnß�Ò�Ö�â�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖ à3á]Ù}é]ÕßQÚäÝQÕnÞûÕnÖ]Û à3Ò�Ý*ö�êrÒ�Ô�ÙYÝ,ÒÆÜvà3á]Ù?à�Ô�ÒÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�á]ÙYß¹Ô�Ò�å]Óé�ârÙ�å]ßQÙhÜ`å]ÓO3/ß�å]Ú�á®ÛÆÖ�ÛÆÖ]ÛÆÓö'ßQÕß$ÚäÒ�å]ÓnéúÝQÙZÛ é]ÕnÓ²ö-ârÙ;ê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞûÙYéúå]ßQÕÖ]×.à3á�ÙÞûÙäàQá]Òîé�Ò�ÓnÒ�× öwé]ÙäßQÚäÝQÕnâ�ÙYé.ÛÆâ�Ò·ãÆÙÆæð³º�� � ½N��%X(t(S�?½kj ��%�½4%jÀw��¿ pq%,jq�Nl # À ò ([� ¼ %jÀ�� ò (t�J+

ç�Ö-à3á]Õß�Ú�áEÛÆêîà3ÙYÝ Ø Ô�Ù}áEÛZã�ÙûÕnÖfãÆÙYß�àQÕn×fÛ÷à3ÙYé�àQá]Ù?ê]ÝQÒÆâ]ÓnÙäÞ ÒÆÜ�ÕnÖîÜ`ÙYÝQÝ�ÕnÖ]×;àQá]Ù?ÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛ à3Ò�Ý*ö.ÕÖfà3ÙYÝQÛÆÚS3àQÕnÒ�Ö]ß�â�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖ�×ÆÙYÖ]Ùäß6Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ Þ�ÕÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝQÝQÛZötéEÛ à3Û�æ7@\Ò�ß*à�Û÷àQà3ÙäÞ�êîà3ß�à3Òûé]Ò�àQá]Õnß�ÕnÖ�à3á]Ù,ÓnÕ²à3ÙäÝ3Û àQå]ÝQÙáEÛZãÆÙ/ÕnÖfã�Ò�Ó²ã�Ùäété]Õnß�ÚYÝQÙhà3Õß3Û àQÕnÒ�ÖûÒÆܨà3á�Ù�Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Öté]Û à�Û¹Û Ö]é;à3á]ÙäÖwà3á�Ù�à3ÝQÛÆÕnÖ]ÕÖ]×,ÒÆÜIÛ6Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖÖ]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQü½æ/ç|à�Õß�ÜOÛÆÝ�Ü`ÝQÒ�Þ ÚäÓnÙZÛ Ý6á]Ò�Ô Þ�ÛÆÖfö\ÓÙäãÆÙYÓnß�à3á]ÙïéEÛ à3ÛwßQá]ÒÆå]Ónéjâ�Ù$é�ÕnßQÚäÝQÙhà3Õnß�ÙYéjÕÖfà3ÒtÛÆÖ�é± ò��

Page 173: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

î�� �8�E���?Ie���������lkúk ���0��� � B ���rk ��¡ � � F �M�¢����� � F ���^£Ô�á]ÙäÝQÙ?à3á]ÙäßQÙûÓnÙhã�ÙYÓß/ßQá]ÒÆå]Óné-â�ÙÆæ��=á]ÙäÝQÙäÜ`ÒÆÝQÙ Ø Ô�Ù?Ô�Ò�å�Óné-ÓnÕüÆÙ¹à3Ò�â�Ù}ÛÆâ]ÓÙ¹à3Ò�ÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝ�ÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛ à3Ò�Ý*öÕnÖfàQÙYÝ3Û Úäà3ÕÒ�Ö]ßõÜ`Ý�Ò�Þ à3á�Ù�ÒÆÝQÕn×ÆÕnÖEÛÆÓ Ø ÚäÒ�Öfà3ÕnÖèå]ÒÆå]ßvéEÛ à�Ûîæ �lÒ�à3á�Õnß�ÙYÖ�é Ø Ô�Ù�ÕnÖfã�Ùäß�à3Õ×fÛ àQÙYé}à3á]Ù�ßQê]ÛÆÝQß�ÙQ8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖjÝQÙä×�ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö�Û Ón×�Ò�Ý�ÕàQá]Þ ÒÆÜO�=Õê]ê]ÕÖ]×wÛ Ö]é�0½ÛÆå]ÓO�Ty�²���Ô�á]ÕnÚ�á.ÝQÙYÞûÒ�ã�Ùäéjà3á]ÙïÖ]ÙYÙäé.Ü`Ò�Ý�ÛÚYÒÆÞ�ê]åîà�Û àQÕnÒ�ÖEÛ ÓnÓö�Ù�ê�ÙYÖ�ßQÕãÆÙ�à3ÒÆêrÒ�ÓÒ�×Æö�ßQÙZÛ ÝQÚ�á2æv�'å]Ú�á?Û�ßQÙZÛ ÝQÚ�á¹ÝQÛÆê]Õné�Óö�â�ÙYÚäÒ�ÞûÙYßIÕnÖ�Ü`ÙYÛÆßQÕâ]ÓnÙvÛÆßà3á�Ù�Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ�Ò Ü�×�ÙYÖ]Ùäß8ÕnÖ�à3á]Ù�ÕÖfã�ÙYß*à3Õ×fÛ à3ÕÒ�ÖwÕÖ]ÚYÝ�ÙZÛÆß�ÙYß8â�ÙäöÆÒ�Ö]étß�ÞwÛÆÓÓ Ø å]ÖM3|ÝQÙYÛÆÓnÕß�à3ÕÚ�Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèßäæQ6Ò�Ô�ÙäãÆÙYÝ Ø àQá]Ù¹ßQê]ÛÆÝQß�ÙiQ8ÛZö�ÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ-Ý�ÙY×�Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö-Û Ón×�Ò�Ý�ÕàQá]ÞñÕnß6ÕnÖ]á]ÙäÝQÙäÖèàQÓö\ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝ6ÛÆÖ]é�ÚYÛÆÖ]Ö]Ò à/ârÙÙ�îê�ÙYÚhà3ÙYéJà3Òûå]Ö]ÚäÒ·ãÆÙYÝ�Þ�ÒÆÝQÙ/ÚYÒÆÞ�ê]ÓÕnÚYÛ à3Ùäé Ø Ö]ÒÆÖ]ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝ�ÝQÙYÓnÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ß�á]Õnê]ß�ârÙhà�Ô�ÙäÙYÖj×�ÙäÖ]ÙYßäæ�=á]ÙäÝQÙ?ÛÆÝ�Ù$Þ�ÛÆÖfö.ê�Ò�ß�ßQÕnâ�ÓnÙ,é]ÕnÝ�ÙYÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö�ß6Ü`Ò�Ý�Ü`å�à3å�ÝQÙ$Ô�Ò�ÝQüJÕnÖJà3á]Õß�ÛÆÝ�ÙZÛ�æd�=á]Ù¹ß�êEÛÆÝQß�Ù�Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ ë ÛÆÓßQÒ}å]ß�ÙYéjÕÖJàQá]Ù$ÚäÒ�Öfà3Ù�'à�ÒÆÜõÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ß�âèöKA¨Õ Ø í8Û Þ�ê]â�ÙYÓÓ�ÛÆÖ]éK�=Õnê]ê]ÕÖ]×N� �x� �BìÓnÒ'Ò�üèß?ÓnÕüÆÙ�Õà}Þ�ÛZö�â�ÙJå�ßQÙäÜ`å�Ó�ÕÖ®àQá]Õnß?ÚäÒ�Öfà3Ùîà;ÛÆÓàQá]Ò�å]×Æá®Õ²à3ß?ÕÖ]á]ÙYÝ�ÙYÖfà�ÓnÕnÖ�ÙZÛÆÝ�Õà�öùÞwÛZö�â�Ù.ÛÓnÕÞ�Õ²à3ÕÖ]×�ÜOÛ Úäà3ÒÆÝYæ\��Ö�Ü`Ò�Ý�àQå]ÖEÛ àQÙYÓ²ö$à3á�ÙYÝQÙ�Õß�Ö�Ò,ÒÆâèã'ÕÒ�å]ß�Ô8ÛZö?àQÒ,Ù'à3ÙYÖ�éwà3á]Õß�ÙYÓÙY×fÛÆÖfà�ÛÆÓ×�Ò�Ý�Õà3á�Þà3Ò ÛjÞûÒ�ÝQÙ;g]Ù�îÕnâ]ÓÙ Ø Ö]Ò�Ö�ÓnÕnÖ�ÙZÛÆÝïÞ�Ò'é]ÙYÓGæs�=á�Ù41lÛÆÝ��äÙYÖ®Ô�ÕnÖ]é]Ò�Ô ÛÆê]ê]Ý�ÒfÛÆÚ�á{×�Ùhà3ßûÛÆÝQÒÆå]Ö]é�à3á]ÙÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛ ÝQÕà�ö¹ê]ÝQÒ�â�ÓnÙYÞ â]åîà8ÝQÙsUèå]ÕnÝ�ÙYß8Ý�Ùäà3å�ÝQÖ]ÕÖ]×$à3Ò$Û$ÞûÒ�ÝQÙ6ÛÆé;á]Ò'Ú�ß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�á�ê]ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäé]å]ÝQÙ6à3Ò®�]Ö]é;à3á]ÙÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üúß*à3ÝQå�Úäà3å�ÝQÙÆæN�=á�Õnß¹ß�ÚZÛÆÓÙYß$ãÆÙYÝ�öúâEÛÆé]Ó²öùÛÆÖ]éøß�ÙYÝQÕÒ�å]ß�Óö U'å�ÙYß�àQÕnÒ�Ö�ß$Ô�á]ÙäàQá]ÙYÝ?ÒÆÝ$Ö]ÒÆà$ÕàÔ�Ò�å]ÓnéwârÙ6×�ÙYÖèå]ÕÖ]ÙYÓ²ö�å�ßQÙäÜ`å�ÓÉæ���à3á]ÙäÝ�Ö]ÒÆÖ]ÓnÕÖ]ÙZÛÆÝvÜ`Ò�Ý�Þ�ß�ÛÆÝQÙ6êrÒÆßQßQÕâ]ÓnÙ æ\0EÒ�Ý�Ù�ÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙ Ø D�ÛÆå]ßQß�ÕóÛÆÖê]Ý�ÒîÚäÙYßQß/ê�ÝQÕnÒÆÝQß�ÚäÒ�å]Óé�ârÙ¹å�ßQÙYé�Ü`Ò�Ý�à3á]Ù$ÚYÒ�Ö]é�Õà3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆÓIé]Õß�à3Ý�Õnâ]åîà3ÕnÒÆÖ]ß¡�ݲ�¢�� Ø á�Ò·Ô�ÙäãÆÙYÝ�à3á]Ù$ß�à3Ý�å]ÚS3à3å�ÝQÙ�é]ÙäàQÙYÝ�Þ�ÕÖEÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö;ê]Ý�Ò�â]ÓÙYÞ Õß=ß�à3ÕÓnÓrê]ÝQÙäßQÙYÖfàYæ�6ß�ÕnÖ]×-Ûjü ÙYÝ�Ö]ÙYÓ=Ù�ê]ÛÆÖ]ßQÕÒ�Ö{ÕnÖøàQá]ÙtßQêEÛ ÝQßQÙwQ8ÛZöÆÙYßQÕnÛÆÖ®ÛÆÓn×ÆÒ�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ�é]Ò'ÙYß?ÙäÖEÛÆâ]ÓÙ;à3á]ÙtÖ�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüà3Ò\Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓ�ÛÆÓÞ�ÒÆß�àïÛÆÖfö Ö]Ò�Ö]ÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛÆÝ,Ü`å�Ö]ÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö2æ&Q�Ò·Ô�ÙäãÆÙYÝ?ß�êEÛÆÝQß�Õà�öùÕnß,Ö]Ò�ÔÏÛÆÚ�á]ÕnÙhã�Ùäé�ÕnÖùàQÝ3ÛÆÕÖM3ÕnÖ�×\ßQÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙYßïÛÆÖ]éùÖ]ÒÆà$Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQü ÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3Õ²ãîÕ²à�ö�æt�ùÙwÛÆÝ�ÙwÚäå]ÝQÝ�ÙYÖfà3Ó²öùÕÖfã�ÙYß*à3Õ×fÛ à3ÕÖ]×Jå]ßQÕÖ]×\àQá]ÕnßÞûÙäà3á�Òîé�â]åîà,Ô�ÙYÕ×�áfà3ÕÖ]×tÙZÛÆÚ�á ê�Ò�ßQß�Õnâ]ÓÙ¹êEÛÆÝ�ÙYÖfà,ÕnÖjà3á�Ùûü ÙYÝ�Ö]ÙYÓ�Ü`å]Ö]Úhà3ÕÒ�Ö-ÛÆÖ]é-ê�ÙYÝ�Ü`ÒÆÝQÞûÕnÖ]×tÛ ÖÛÆé]é�Õà3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆÓ¨ÒÆê�à3ÕÞ�Õß3Û àQÕnÒ�ÖtÒ�ã�ÙäÝ�à3á�ÙYßQÙïÔ�ÙäÕn×�áfà3ßäæ�ç�Ö.àQá]Õnß�ÚYÒ�ÖfàQÙ�'à Ø àQá]Ù¹ß�êEÛÆÝQß�Ù�Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖ�ÛÆÓ×�Ò�3ÝQÕ²à3á]Þ ê�ÝQÒ�ã'Õné]Ùäß8ßQêEÛ ÝQßQÕ²à�öwÒ�ãÆÙYÝ�àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ]× ë àQÕnÞûÙ�ì�êrÒÆÕnÖfà3ßäæõç|à8Õß�å]Ö]ÚäÓnÙYÛÆÝ�Ô�á]Ùhà3á]ÙäÝ8Ò�Ý�Ö]ÒÆà�àQá]Õnß�ÕnßÛ$ß�ÙYÖ]ß�Õnâ]ÓÙ�à3á]ÕÖ]×$àQÒ¹é]Ò Ø ÛÆß�à3á�Ù�Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ=ÒÆÜ�ê�ÒÆà3ÙäÖfà3ÕóÛ Ó�àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÕnÖ]×,ê�Ò�ÕnÖfà3ß�Õnß8Û ÓnÝQÙYÛÆé�öûÓnÕÞ�Õ²à3Ùäé2ælç|àÕnß=Úäå]ÝQÝ�ÙYÖfà3Ó²ö;à3Ò'Ò}ÙZÛÆÝ�Óö�à3Ò}ê]ÝQÙäßQÙäÖèà�ÛÆÖfötÝQÙäßQå]Ó²à3ß=Ü`ÝQÒÆÞÏà3á�Õnß=ÕnÖfãÆÙYß�àQÕn×fÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ2æ@�ÛÆÝ�ÕnÒ�å]ß"ÒÆà3á]ÙäÝvÒ�êrÙäÖ}ÕnßQß�å]ÙYß�ß�àQÕnÓÓ�Ù�îÕß�àZæõ¿ îê�ÙYÝ�ÕnÞûÙYÖfà3ßváEÛZã�Ù�â�ÙYÙäÖ�é]ÒÆÖ]Ù=Ô�Õà3á}ß*öîÖfàQá]ÙäàQÕnÚ�éEÛ à�ÛL3á]Ò�Ô é�Ò�àQá]ÙYß�Ù�ÛÆÓn×�ÒÆÝQÕàQá]Þûß"ê�ÙYÝ�Ü`ÒÆÝQÞ­Ô�á�ÙYÖûê]ÝQÙäßQÙYÖfàQÙYéwÔ�Õ²à3á}ÝQÙYÛÆÓEÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö¹éEÛ÷à�Û£�t6�êEÛÆÝ*à�Ü`ÝQÒ�Þ à3á]ÙÜOÛÆÚhà�àQáEÛ à�Û,ÓÒÆàvÒÆܨÝ�ÙZÛÆÓEÝ�ÙY×�å�ÓóÛ àQÒ�Ý�ö?ÕÖfà3ÙYÝQÛÆÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö�ß�Û ÝQÙ�å]Ö]üèÖ]Ò�Ô�Ö Ø àQá]ÕnßvÒ�ê�ÙYÖ�ß�ÒÆàQá]ÙYÝ�Õnß�ßQå]Ùäß�ß�å]Ú�á± ò�ò

Page 174: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

BDC���E �����qî2� BGF � B ¡¯�0£�� F � � �?HJIe�0��������H0����� B � � F �W£ÛÆß8Ô�á�Ùäà3á�ÙYÝ=Ò�Ý8Ö�ÒÆà�àQá]Ù�ÛÆÓn×ÆÒ�ÝQÕ²à3á]ÞûßvÚZÛÆÖ�ßQÚYÛÆÓnÙ�å]ê;à3Ò¹àQá]Ù�ÓóÛ ÝQ×�Ù6Ö'å�Þ¹ârÙäÝ8ÒÆÜI×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß=ê]Ý�ÙYß�ÙYÖfàZæ�ç|ÜàQá]ÙäöwÚZÛÆÖ Ø Ô�ÕnÓÓ�àQá]Ù�Öèå]Þ¹â�ÙYÝ8Ò Ü�ß3ÛÆÞûê]ÓnÙäß8ÝQÙsUèå]ÕnÝ�ÙYétßQÚYÛÆÓnÙ�å]êtÕnÖtÛïßQÕnÞûÕnÓnÛÆÝ�ÜOÛÆßQá�ÕnÒ�Ö¤�&0"ÕnÖ]ÛÆÓnÓ²ö Ø ÕnßÕ²à�êrÒ�ß�ßQÕâ]ÓnÙ$àQÒ�å]ßQÙ}ÒÆàQá]ÙYÝ/Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ�ß�Ò Ü�éEÛ÷à�Û�ÛÆß�Ô�ÙYÓnÓvÛ ß/Ù�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�ÖùéEÛ à�Ûx���=á]Õß/ÚYÒ�å]Óé-ÕnÖ]ÚäÓnå]é]ÙÛÆÖföèà3á�ÕnÖ]×�Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ ê]Ý�ÕnÒ�ÝlüèÖ]Ò�Ô�ÓnÙYé�×�Ù=ÕnÖ$àQá]Ù8Ü`Ò�Ý�Þ­ÒÆÜ�êEÛ Ý�à3ÕnÛÆÓ'Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèß�à3á]Û àvÛÆÝ�Ù8Ô�ÙäÓnÓ�å�Ö]é]ÙYÝ�ß�àQÒîÒ'éàQÒ�å]ß�ÕnÖ]×}ß�Ù_Uèå]ÙYÖ�ÚYÙ$é]Û à�Û¹à3Òûá]ÙäÓnê�ÖEÛÆÝ�ÝQÒ�ÔÄàQá]Ù�ßQÙZÛ ÝQÚ�á.Ò�ãÆÙYÝ�êrÒÆßQßQÕâ]ÓnÙ/ê]ÛÆÝQÙäÖèàQßYæ

± ò�¥

Page 175: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

¦ �?§ ��� ¨ ��� ©«ª�¬

� ±_�/Ô=Ô=Ô�æ¡Û�^rö'ÞûÙäàQÝQÕnræTÚYÒ�ÞJæ�ݲ��/Ô=Ô=Ô�æTÚYÓnÒÆê]ÕnÖ]ÙhàZæTÚYÒ�Þ�­ Õß3ÛÆâ�ÙYÓÓnÙ®­÷ê]ÝQÒ�Ù�ÙäÚäàQß:­ ß*ãîÞ�­ÆÛÆê�ê]ÓnÕß�àZæTáfà3ÞûÓÉæ� � �ïí�æ°¯�æ�6�é�ÚYÒ'Ú�ü�æ.��ÛÆÞûê]ÓÙ�ß�ÕY�YÙ�é]ÙäàQÙYÝ�Þ�ÕÖEÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö éïÛ\Ý�Ùäã'ÕnÙhÔ�æJ±¤8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ�S; ��T Ø �x¥ ë ²�ìéü² ¥ ±S²©²Æ� � ر®vxv�yîæ� � �=6$æ³6$æ´6�ÓÕY�ZÛ é]ÙYá Ø @ùær¿�ÕnßQÙäÖ Ø ¢�æcu/ÛZã'Õnß Ø í�æ�@.Û Ø ç�æ§A¨Ò�ß�ßQÒ�ß Ø 6$ær¢�ÒÆßQÙYÖfÔ�ÛÆÓné Ø ¯�æ§Q�Ò�Óné]Ý�ÕnÚ�ü ØQïæI�îÛÆârÙhà Ø �/æ��lÝQÛÆÖ Ø R?æ Â�ÕnÖ Ø ¯�æ51lÒ�Ô�ÙYÓÓ Ø A�æ§R�ÛÆÖ]× Ø D?æ5@.ÛÆÝ*à3Õ Ø �/æ?@\Ò'Ò�Ý�Ù Ø ¯�æ5Q6å]é�ßQÒ�Ö ØA�æ A¨å Ø u¹æ0A�ÙhÔ�Õnß Ø ¢�æW�=Õâ]ßQá�ÕnÝ3Û Ö]Õ Ø D}æõ�îá]ÙYÝ�ÓnÒ'Ú�ü Ø ��æví�áEÛÆÖ Ø �/æ D�Ý�ÙYÕnÖ�ÙYÝ Ø u¹æ��ùÙYÕnß�ÙYÖM3â]å]Ý�×�ÙYÝ Ø ¯�æ£6�ÝQÞûÕà3ÛÆ×�Ù Ø ¢,æ �øÛÆÝ�Ö]üÆÙ Ø ¢,æ$A¨Ùäãèö Ø ��æ��ÂÕÓnß�Ò�Ö Ø @ùæ�D/ÝQÙhã�ÙäÝ Ø ¯�æ$Q�ö'ÝQé Ø u¹æ+Q�ÒÆà�3ß�àQÙYÕÖ Ø 1læ Q�ÝQÒ�Ô�Ö Ø ÛÆÖ�éqAvæ2�'à�Û å]é�àZæ,u�Õf^cÙäÝQÙYÖfà6à�öîê�ÙYß�ÒÆÜvé�Õ�^rå]ßQÙ?ÓnÛÆÝQ×�ÙïâM3�ÚäÙYÓÓlÓ²öîÞûê]á]ÒÆÞwÛÕné�ÙYÖfà3Õn�EÙYéJâföt×�ÙYÖ�ÙïÙ�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÖ]×�ê�ÝQÒa�EÓÕnÖ]×�æOµ¬��8 � ë ê Ø � ¢ � é ò ¢ � ² ò ±�± Ø ²�¢x¢x¢�æ� ò �=6$æeQ�ÙYÖM3�u�Ò�Ý Ø Avæ©Q�ÝQå�á]Ö Ø¤¶ æ·0½Ý�ÕnÙäé]ÞwÛ Ö Ø ç�æ ¶ ÛÆÚ�á]Þ�ÛÆÖ Ø @ùæ��îÚ�áèå]ÞûÞ�ÙäÝ Ø ÛÆÖ�éN¸"æ$R�ÛÆüèá]ÕnÖ�ÕÉæ�=Õnß�ßQå]Ù=ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕn�EÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö$ÒÆܽ×�ÙYÖ�Ù=Ù�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö}ê]Ý�Òa�EÓnÙäßYæ�¹ o � ë T���y oKºZ»�o�¼L9 � 8ô��8 ;Éo T���y{� ;Éo y o z�� Øy¯é ò�ò v½² ò � � Ø ²�¢x¢x¢�æ� ¥ �=6$æ�Q�áEÛ àQà3ÛÆÚ�áEÛÆÝ�Ù�ÙYÙ Ø ��æ2¢�ÕÚ�áEÛÆÝQé�ß Ø ¯�æ��'à3ÛÆå]Öfà3ÒÆÖ Ø í�æ�A�Õ Ø �ræ5@JÒ�Öfà3Õ Ø 1Iæ§@�ÛÆßQÛ Ø í�æ�A�ÛÆé]é د�æ�Q�ÙYá]ÙäßQáfà3Õ Ø ¢,æ�Q�å]ÙäÖ]Ò Ø @ùæZD�ÕÓnÓnÙhàQàQÙ Ø @ùæZA¨Ò'éEÛ Ø D?æ��úÙäârÙäÝ Ø ¿=æP@.Û ÝQü Ø ¿�æ�A�ÛÆÖ]é]ÙäÝ Ø��æ��ùÒ�Ö]× Ø Q�æP¯ÆÒ�á]Ö]ß�Ò�Ö Ø �/æ�D/Ò�Ónå]â Ø u¹æ��îå]×�ÛÆÝQâEÛ üÆÙYÝ Ø ÛÆÖ�é¾@ùæV@\Ùhö�ÙäÝQßQÒÆÖ2æ í�ÓnÛÆßQß�Õt�e3ÚZÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ Ò Ü�áèå]Þ�ÛÆÖ Ónå]Ö]×�ÚYÛÆÝQÚäÕnÖ]Ò�Þ�ÛÆß�âfö-Þ�¢ ¶ 6 Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Öùê]ÝQÒ��EÓnÕÖ]×tÝQÙhã�ÙZÛ Ónß�é]Õnß*à3ÕÖ]ÚäàÛÆé]ÙäÖ]Ò'ÚZÛÆÝ�ÚYÕnÖ�Ò�ÞwÛ¹ß�å]âM3|ÚYÓóÛ ßQßQÙäßYæV¿ ë�o2�_À µl��8Áy ÀG¸� �+� À ± �S;ÁÀ Ø vÆ�©é± � y�vx¢½²½± � y�v ò Ø ²�¢�¢�±�æ�Ty��ïí�æe@ùæ�Q�Õnß�á]Ò�ê2æ�µ±ê � ë ��yõ±êS8cÄ o�ë m í ºZo�ë ¿B��8Á84ê ë T�Åbê ��o z�T ; 8 ;Éo TEæ �"'Ü`Ò�Ý�é*��Ö]ÕãÆÙYÝQß�Õà�öA1�ÝQÙäßQß Ø±®vxv�v�æ�§���,u¹æ°@ùæ�Q�ÓnÙäÕ Ø 6$æ<R?æ ¶ × Ø ÛÆÖ]éÆ@ùæTç�æǯÆÒÆÝQéEÛÆÖcæ A�Û àQÙYÖfà;u�ÕÝQÕÚ�á]ÓnÙhà}ÛÆÓnÓÒîÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö2æȹ o � ë T���y oKº

¼ � � � ; T§ê=y7êì� ë T ; T{z ë ê,í2êì� ër� � Ø � éÉvxv � ²½±®¢+²�² Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ± ò y

Page 176: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�§�`�§¡�� F k � �?E´C ��Êv��$íË3*í�æ�í�áEÛÆÖ]× Ø ¯�3.R?æv�îá�Õná Ø R[3>@ùæ0R�ÙäÖ]× Ø ¯�34A�æõ�îå Ø QË3>¸"æ0A¨ÕnÖ Ø �Ì3ô�/æ�í�á]ÙäÖ Ø R[3K1læõí�áEÛÆå Ø1�3*í�æ§R�ÛÆÖ�× Ø ÛÆÖ]é @t34A�æ�T/å]Ò]æûí�ÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3Õ²ã�Ù�àQÕnß�ßQå]Ù}×�Ý�Ò·Ô=àQá ÜOÛ Úäà3ÒÆÝ�ÛÆÖ]é Õà3ß/Ý�Ò�ÓnÙ?ÕÖ�Ónå]Ö�×ÛÆé]ÙäÖ]Ò'ÚZÛÆÝ�ÚYÕnÖ�Ò�ÞwÛ=ÕÖèã ÛÆß�ÕnÒ�Ö,ÛÆÖ�é$ÞûÙäà�Û ß�à�Û ßQÕnßäæ·¹ o � ë T���y oKº 8��oê-µl��8 ;Éo T���y » ��T � ê ë�Í T©íS8 ; 8 � 84ê Øv ¥ ë ò ì�é �x¥�� ² � y ò Ø @.ÛÆÝ�Ú�áN²�¢�¢ � æ� ±®¢��j�¹æ8í�á]ÛÆê]ê�ÙYÓnÓÙ Ø @$æ�@�ÛÆê�Ö]Õnü Ø �¹æ�Q�Ò�å]ß�U'å�Ùäà Ø ÛÆÖ]é��ræP@Jå]üèá]ÙYÝ�Ù�ÙYÙÆæ í�á�ÒîÒ�ß�ÕnÖ]×ùÞ¹å]Ó²à3Õnê�ÓnÙêEÛÆÝQÛÆÞûÙäà3ÙäÝQß8Ü`Ò�Ý=ß�å]ê]ê�Ò�Ý�à�ãÆÙYÚäàQÒ�Ý�ÞwÛÆÚ�á�ÕnÖ]ÙäßYæÇÎN� � � ; T§êZÏ�êì� ë T ; T{z Ø �£¥ é²± � ±S²�± ò v Ø ²�¢x¢+²îæ� ±�±_��6$æ'u�ÙäÞ�ê]ß*à3ÙäÝ ØM¶ æ�A�ÛÆÕnÝ�é Ø ÛÆÖ]é;u¹æè¢�å]â]ÕÖ2æ5@.Û8�ÕÞ¹å]Þ ÓÕnüÆÙäÓnÕá]ÒîÒ'é¹Ü`ÝQÒÆÞVÕnÖ]ÚäÒ�Þûê]ÓnÙhà3Ù�éEÛ à3Ûã'ÕóÛ¹à3á�Ùï¿Ë@ ÛÆÓn×ÆÒ�ÝQÕ²à3á]ÞJæ˹ o � ë T���y oKº 8��oêmÅ o �a��y�±¤8ô��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� ��y�± o2�S; êS8c�®Ð\� Ø � v¯é±S² � � Ø ±ovfy�yîæ� ±8²��21lælu¹£TáEÛÆÙYß�ÙYÓÙYÙYÝ Ø �ræ0A¨ÕóÛÆÖ]× Ø ÛÆÖ]éø¢,æl�îÒ�ÞûÒ�×Æö'ÕGæÃD/ÙYÖ�Ùäà3ÕÚ�Ö�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüùÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝQÙYÖ�ÚYÙaé?Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ�ÚYÒ�3Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYß�ßQÕnÒÆÖJÚäÓnå]ß*à3ÙäÝQÕnÖ�×$à3Ò¹Ý�ÙäãÆÙYÝQß�Ù�ÙYÖ]×�ÕÖ]ÙYÙäÝQÕÖ]×]æ � ;Éo�; T ºZo�ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ± ¥ ë �fì�ésy�¢fyo²�y�² ¥ Ø ²�¢�¢x¢�æ� ± � �$�ræ°@ùæ�u�áEÛ ÖEÛÆßQÙäü÷ÛÆÝ3ÛÆÖ Ø �/æ¡¢�æOQ8ÛÆÝ�ÝQÙäà�à3Ù Ø u¹æ D�á�Ò�ßQá Ø ¢�æ��îá]ÛÆá Ø �ræW@�ÛÆÝQÛÆÞ¹âEÛ ÓnÓö Ø T?æ T/åM3Ý3Û Ú�á]Õ Ø T?æ°¯�æ¤1vÕÙYÖfà�Û Ø @ æÉ6ïær¢�å]â]ÕÖ Ø ÛÆÖ]é&6$æ°@ùærí�á]ÕÖ]ÖEÛÆÕ²öfÛÆÖ2æ�u�ÙYÓÕnÖ]ÙYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö;ÒÆÜ"ê]ÝQÒÆ×�Ö]Ò�ß*à3ÕnÚâ]ÕÒ�ÞwÛ ÝQüÆÙäÝQß=ÕÖJê�ÝQÒ�ß*à�Û àQÙ,ÚYÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYÝYæPµl��8 � ë ê Ø � ±8²¯é¡�+²�²o²î�+² ¥ Ø 6�å]×Æå]ß�à"²�¢x¢î±�æ� ± � �ï¢�æ u�ÕÙäàQÝQÕnÚ�á Ø @ùæ���ê]êrÙäÝ Ø ÛÆÖ]éXQ,æ��îÒÆÞ�ê�Ò�ÓnÕÖ]ßQüföÆæ  ��R���T � ê,í ; T,Ï � ë z�êÇÎN� ë z ; T » yn��í,í ; Ò ê ë í ØÚ�áEÛÆêîà3ÙYÝd²�¢ Ø �îå]ê]ê�Ò�Ý�à�@vÙäÚäàQÒ�ÝQß6ÛÆÖ]é\�'à3Û à3Õß�à3ÕÚZÛÆÓ�@\ÙYÚ�á]ÛÆÖ]ÕnÚäßYæÇ@\ç(�ðê]Ý�ÙYß�ß Ø ²�¢x¢x¢îæ� ± ò �ï¢�æ·u�Õà3ÙäÝQÕÚ�á Ø @ æa��ê]ê�ÙYÝ Ø ÛÆÖ�é¡Qïæ �îÒÆÞ�ê�Ò�ÓnÕÖ]ßQüföÆæè�'à�Û÷à3Õnß*à3ÕÚZÛÆÓfé�ö'ÖEÛ Þ�ÕÚYß�ÒÆÜ]ß�å]ê]ê�Ò�Ý�àlã�ÙäÚäà3ÒÆÝÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèßYæV¿��{�2í À ÅbêSR À Ï�êS8c8(ê ë í Ø �+²¯é´²�vfy ò ²¯²�vfyÆ� Ø ±®vxv�v�æ� ± ¥ �Ó@ùæ Q�æI¿�ÕnßQÙäÖ Ø 1Iæ �/æl�îê�ÙYÓÓnÞ�ÛÆÖ Ø 1Iæü�¹æ�Q�ÝQÒ�Ô�Ö Ø ÛÆÖ]éúu¹æ�Q�ÒÆà3ß*à3ÙäÕnÖ2æ�í�Óå]ß�àQÙYÝïÛÆÖEÛÆÓ²ö'ßQÕnß,ÛÆÖ�éé]ÕßQê]ÓnÛ�ö,ÒÆÜ�×�ÙäÖ]Ò�ÞûÙS3ÉÔ�Õné]Ù�Ù�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�ÖûêEÛ à�à3ÙYÝ�Ö]ßYæD¿ ë3o2�_À µl��8cy Àe¸� �+� À ± �S;VÔ ± Â Ø v ò é± � � ¥x� ²± � � ¥ � Ø u�ÙäÚYÙäÞ¹ârÙäÝ�±®vxv���æ� ±·y���6$æ�¿�Ö]×ÆÙYÓ�ÛÆÖ]éúí�æ @�ÛÆÖ é]ÙYÖCQ�ÝQÒ'ÙYÚ�ü½æt±¤8ô��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� ��y ¼ ê � �©��T ;Ñ� í oKº y7êì� ë T ; T{zÆæûí8ÛÆÞ¹â]Ý�Õné]×�Ù

�6Ö�Õã�ÙäÝQß�Õà�öt1�ÝQÙäßQß Ø ²�¢x¢�±�æ� ±����ï¢�æ¤0�Û á]Þ$ö Ø í�æ�u/ÛÆß�ß Ø AD3>Õ¹ær�îå]Ö Ø í�ærí�á]ÙYß*à3ÙäÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ Ø ÛÆÖ]é«A�æ�T/áEÛÆÚ�á]Õ×�ÕóÛ Ö2æ��IÝ3Û Ö]ßQÚäÝQÕnêîà3ÕnÒÆÖÜOÛÆÚhà3Ò�Ý;Ùä×�Ý>33±�ßQå]ê�êrÒ�Ý*à3ß;Ü`×ÆÜÖ3|é]ÙYê�ÙYÖ�é]ÙYÖfà\ÛÆÖ]×�ÕÒ�×�ÙäÖ]ÙYß�Õnß;é]å�ÝQÕnÖ�×�Ö]ÙYÒ�ã ÛÆßQÚäå]ÓóÛ ÝQÕY�YÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö�ÛÆÖ�éà3å�Þ�Ò�Ý�×�ÝQÒ�Ô=à3ácæVµl��8 � ë ê=Îsêì� ;Ñ�S; T§ê Ø v ë �fìé±o¢+² ¥ ²�±o¢ � ² Ø 6�å]×Æå]ß�à"²�¢x¢ � æ� ±®v�� ¶ æ�0½Ý�ÕnÙäé]ÞwÛ Ö Ø @ùæ�A¨ÕnÖ�ÕóÛÆÓ Ø ç�æ ¶ ÛÆÚ�á]Þ�ÛÆÖ Ø ÛÆÖ]éùu¹æ�1IÙÆ£TÙYÝäæA��ßQÕÖ]×wQ8ÛZö�ÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèß,àQÒÛÆÖEÛ Óö{�YÙ=Ù�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�ÖwéEÛ÷à�Û�æG¹ o � ë T���y oKº=»�o�¼L9 � 8Ñ��8 ;Éo T���yM� ;Éo y o z�� Ø y ë � ­ � ìé ¥ ¢�±S² ¥ ²�¢ Ø ²�¢�¢x¢�æ

± ò �

Page 177: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

���`� ¡�� F k � �?E´C ��ݲ�¢�� ¶ æD0EÝQÕnÙäé]Þ�ÛÆÖjÛÆÖ�é�ç�æ ¶ Û Ú�á]ÞwÛ Ö2æ±D,Û å]ßQß�ÕóÛÆÖjê�ÝQÒ'ÚYÙYß�ß/Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�Ý�ü'ßäæïç�Ö�¿ ë3o2� ê,êì� ; T{z�í oKº 8��oê

×{Ø 8��  TÃT � ��y »�o T º ê ë êST � ê o T Ô T � ê ë 8Ñ� ; TÃ8Á� ; T Â"ë 8 ; ÒB�S; ��y Í TÃ8(êSyÙy ; z�êST � ê¡Ú Ô´Â]ÍSÛ�Ü£Ü:Ý Ø ê]ÛÆ×�ÙYß²î±�±Ñ²©²î±®v Ø ��ÛÆÖ40EÝ3ÛÆÖ]ÚäÕnß�ÚYÒ Ø íÇ6 Ø ²�¢x¢x¢îæ¤@\Ò�Ý�×fÛÆÖwT�ÛÆå�Ü`Þ�ÛÆÖ]Ö&1�å]â]ÓnÕßQá]ÙäÝQßäæ�ݲî±_�,¿=æ�D,Û ÝQâ�ÙYÝ;ÙhàJÛÆÓÉæ u�ÕãÆÙYÝ�ßQÕà�öµÒÆÜï×�ÙYÖ]Ù�Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö°ÕnÖÂÛÆé]ÙäÖ]Ò'ÚZÛÆÝ�ÚYÕnÖ�Ò�ÞwÛùÒÆÜïàQá]Ù�Ónå�Ö]×]æ

¿ ë3o2� ê,êì� ; T{z�í oKº 8��oê�T���8 ;Éo T���y�� � �+��ê ¼ � oKº í �S; êST � ê,í oKº 8��oê Ô ± Â Ø v�� ë ² � ìé±8²ÆyÆ� � ²�± � yÆ�xv ز�¢x¢î±�æ�ݲ�²��=6$æ�D�ÛÆß�Ú�á Ø 1læè�îê�ÙYÓÓnÞ�ÛÆÖ Ø í�æ$T,Û Ò Ø �¹æèí8ÛÆÝ�Þ�ÙäÓf3KQ6ÛÆÝQÙäÓ Ø @ùæè¿�ÕnßQÙäÖ Ø D}æ��'à3ÒÆÝ�� Ø u¹æaQ�ÒÆà3ß*à3ÙäÕnÖ ØÛÆÖ]éÆ1læ�Q�ÝQÒ�Ô�Ö2æ D/ÙYÖ]Ò�ÞûÕnÚtÙîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö�ê]Ý�Ò�×�Ý3Û Þ�ß}ÕnÖ®à3á]Ù\ÝQÙäßQê�Ò�Ö]ßQÙ.ÒÆÜ�öÆÙZÛÆß*àtÚYÙäÓnÓnß}à3ÒÙYÖfã'ÕnÝ�Ò�Ö]ÞûÙYÖfà�Û Ó�Ú�áEÛÆÖ�×�ÙYßäæ$Î o y7ê � � yn� ë � ;Éo y o z�� oKº 8��oê » êSyÙy Ø ±�±�é � ² � ±S² � ² ò y Ø u�ÙYÚäÙYÞ¹â�ÙYݲ�¢x¢�¢�æ�ݲ � �¬�/æ�D/Ò�Ónå]â Ø u¹æ T?æ��îÓnÒÆÖ]ÕnÞ Ø 1læ��lÛÆÞwÛZöÆÒ Ø í�æ7Q�åEÛÆÝQé Ø @ùæ�D�Û�ÛÆßQÙäÖèârÙäÙYü Ø ¯�æÉ1læ]@\ÙäßQÕnÝ�Ò�ã ØQïæ�í�ÒÆÓnÓnÙäÝ Ø @ùæ A�æOA¨Ò�á Ø ¯�æs¢�ævu�Ò�Ô�Ö]ÕnÖ]× Ø @ æÉ6ïæ�í8ÛÆÓnÕ×�Õnå]Ý�Õ Ø í�æsu¹æ^Q�ÓÒîÒÆÞ`�EÙäÓné Ø ÛÆÖ]é5¿�æs�ræA�ÛÆÖ]é]ÙäÝYæ5@JÒ�ÓnÙäÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝ�ÚYÓnÛÆßQß�Õt�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö}ÒÆÜcÚYÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYÝ?é�í�ÓóÛÆß�ß�é]ÕßQÚäÒ·ãÆÙYÝ*öwÛ Ö]é�ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßvê]ÝQÙäé]ÕnÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖûâfö×�ÙäÖ]ÙïÙîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�ÖJÞ�Ò�Ö�Õà3ÒÆÝQÕnÖ�×]æO± �S; êST � ê Ø ²Æ� ¥ é ò�� ±S² ò�� y Ø ±®vxvxv�æ�ݲ � ��ç�æoD/å�öÆÒ�Ö Ø ¯�æ·@.ÛÆüèá]Ò�å�Ó Ø ¢,æ]�îÚ�áfÔ8ÛÆÝ*à�� Ø ÛÆÖ]é³@$æ�@�ÛÆê�Ö]Õnü½æ��ÂáEÛ à8ß�ÕY�äÙ�à3Ùäß�à=ß�Ùäà=×�Õ²ã�Ùäß�×�Ò'ÒîéÙYÝ�ÝQÒ�Ý�ÙYß*à3ÕnÞ�Û àQÙYß:� Í:Þ-Þ-Þ 8 ë ��T©í?� � 8 ;Éo T©í o T 9 ��8Á84ê ë TÃ��T���yß�8í ; íl��T�� ¼ � � � ; T§ê ; TÃ8(êSyÙy ; z�êST � ê ز�¢©é ò ²®² ¥�� Ø ±®v�v���æ�ݲ ò ��ç�æ�D/å�öÆÒ�Ö Ø ¯�æ½�ùÙYß�àQÒ�Ö Ø ��æ§Q8Û ÝQÖ]á]ÕÓnÓ Ø ÛÆÖ]éÃ@$æ�@�ÛÆê�Ö]Õnü½ælD/ÙYÖ�Ù$ßQÙäÓnÙäÚäà3ÕÒ�Ö.Ü`Ò�Ý�ÚZÛ Ö]ÚYÙäÝ�ÚYÓnÛÆß>3ßQÕn�EÚZÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖJå�ßQÕnÖ�×ûß�å]ê]ê�Ò�Ý�à�ãÆÙYÚäàQÒ�Ý�ÞwÛÆÚ�á�ÕnÖ]ÙäßYæÇÎN� � � ; T§êmÏ�êì� ë T ; T{z Ø �£¥ é � �xv½² � ²�² Ø ²�¢x¢+²îæ�ݲ ¥ �,u¹æPQ6ÛÆå]ß�ßQÓnÙäÝYæ�Õ�åEÛÆÖfàQÕÜBö'ÕnÖ]×úÕnÖ]é]å�Úäà3Õ²ã�Ùjâ�ÕóÛÆß�éJ66ç�ÓÙZÛÆÝ�Ö]ÕnÖ�×øÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]ÞûßûÛÆÖ]é ã ÛÆÓÕnÙYÖfàY£¡ßÓnÙYÛÆÝQÖ�ÕnÖ]×¹Ü`ÝQÛÆÞ�ÙhÔ�ÒÆÝQü½æ Â"ë 8 ; ÒB�S; ��y Í TÃ84êSyÙy ; z�êST � ê Ø �x¥ é²±·y�y®²©²a²î± Ø ±ov�����æ�ݲ�y��,u¹æ Q�ÙYÚ�ü ÙYÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ2æJ6 àQå�à3Ò�Ý�ÕóÛÆÓ�Ò�Ö�ÓÙZÛÆÝ�Ö]ÕnÖ]×\ÕnÖÛQ�Û�öÆÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ{Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèßYæC�IÙYÚ�á�Ö]ÕnÚYÛÆÓ=¢�ÙYê�Ò�Ý�à

@j��¢P3(��¢P3Kv ò 3K¢ ¥ Ø @\ÕÚYÝQÒÆßQÒÆÜBà�¢�ÙYß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�á Ø ±®vxv ò æ�ݲÆ���,¢�æOQ�Ò�^rÞwÛÆÖ5ÛÆÖ]é°@¹æ^�IÝQÙYß�ê2æ°u�Õnß�ÚYÒ�ã�ÙäÝQÕnÖ�×ùß*à3ÝQå�Úäà3å�ÝQÙ.ÕÖ5ÚäÒ�Öfà3ÕÖ'å�Ò�å]ß�ã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛÆâ�ÓnÙYß}å]ß�ÕnÖ]×Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖ.Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQüèßYæ  ��R���T � ê,í ; TNµ®ê � ë ��y Í T ºZo�ëѼ ��8 ;Éo T&¿ ë3o2� ê,í,í ; T{zX±¤�8íS8(ê ¼ í Ø ±®vxv ¥ æ�ݲ�v��ïí�æsí�æPQ6ÒÆÓnÞûÙYßYæà6 ê]Ý�Ò�âEÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕß�à3ÕÚtÖ]ÙZÛ ÝQÙYß*àtÖ]ÙäÕn×�áèâ�Ò�å]ÝûÞ�Ùhà3á]Ò'é5Ü`Ò�Ýûß�à3Û à3Õß�àQÕnÚZÛ Ó=êEÛ àQàQÙYÝ�ÖÝQÙäÚYÒ�×ÆÖ]ÕàQÕnÒ�Ö2æO¹ o � T���yDÅ o � À ±¤8Ñ��8 ; íS8 À ± o2�_À � Ø ¥�� ë ²Æì�é´²�v ò ² � ¢ ¥ Ø ²�¢x¢+²îæ

± ò v

Page 178: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�§�`�§¡�� F k � �?E´C �� � ¢��,áfàQàQê éá­�­÷Ô=Ô=Ô�æ¡Þ�Û àQá]ßYæTÓàQá2æ¡ß�Ù®­ á�ÙYÓnêíƢL­÷ÚYÒ�ÞJæ¡â�Ý3Û8Ù�å2æTßQÞ�Û£­îæ� � ±_�,áfàQàQê éá­�­÷Ô=Ô=Ô�æ¡ß*à�Û àYæ¡â�ÙYÝ�üÆÙäÓnÙäöÆæ¡Ùäé]夭 å�ßQÙYÝ�ß:­÷àQÙYÝ�Ý�öe­��ZÛ ÝQÝ3ÛZöe­��îÒ ÜBà�Ô8ÛÆÝ�Ù®­ ßQÞwÛÆÚäÒîé�ÙÆæTáèàQÞ�ÓGæ� � ²��ïu¹æ�Q6å]ß�Þ�ÙäÕnÙYÝäæ½�îÙäÖ]ßQÕ²à3Õã'Õ²à�ö¹ÛÆÖ�é?ßQê�ÙYÚYÕn�EÚYÕ²à�ö$ҠܽÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝQÝQÕÖ]×�×ÆÙYÖ]Ùhà3ÕnÚ�ÝQÙY×Æå]ÓóÛ àQÒ�Ý�ö,ÕÖèàQÙYÝQÛÆÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö]ßÜ`ÝQÒÆÞ�Þ�ÕÚYÝQÒ�ÛÆÝQÝQÛ�ö-ÙîêrÙäÝQÕnÞûÙYÖfàQßïÔ�ÕàQáúé�ö'ÖEÛ Þ�ÕÚ}Q8ÛZöÆÙYßQÕnÛÆÖ�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèßYæJ� ;Éo�; T ºZo�ëS¼ ��8 ;Ñ� í ر®v ë ±·y�ìéü²�²Æyî±S²©²�² �+² Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ� �x� �$�ræîç�Þ�ÒÆàQÒ Ø �/æoD/ÒÆà3Ò Ø ÛÆÖ]éJ��æ·@\Õ²öfÛÆÖ�Ò]æõ¿�ß�àQÕnÞ�Û à3ÕÒ�ÖûÒÆÜ�×�ÙYÖ�Ùäà3ÕÚ�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèß6Û Ö]éwÜ`å]Ö]Úhà3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆÓß�àQÝQå]Úhà3å]Ý�ÙYß�â�Ùäà�Ô�ÙYÙYÖù×�ÙYÖ�ÙYß�âföjå]ß�ÕnÖ]×SQ8ÛZöÆÙYßQÕnÛÆÖ Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèß,ÛÆÖ]é-Ö]ÒÆÖ]êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞ�Ùhà3Ý�ÕnÚ$Ý�ÙY×�Ý�ÙYßK3ßQÕÒ�Ö2æ¹ç�Öâ¿ ë3o2� ê,êì� ; T{z�í oKº 8��oê¡¿B� �S; ÒB� ±¤� ¼L9Eo í ; � ¼ o TJ� ;Éo2��o�¼L9 � 8 ; T{z Ø êEÛÆ×�Ùäß±²î±®v½²©²a²�yîæ�ùÒ�ÝQÓéJ�îÚYÕÙYÖfà3Õn�EÚ Ø ²�¢�¢+²îæ� ��� �±�/æ´¯ÆÒfÛÆÚ�á]ÕÞ�ßäæ�¿�ß�à3ÕÞwÛ÷à3ÕnÖ�×}àQá]Ù,×�ÙYÖ]ÙäÝ3ÛÆÓÕY�YÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö�êrÙäÝ�Ü`Ò�Ý�ÞwÛÆÖ�ÚYÙ,ÒÆÜ�Ûw��@=@ ÙhýûÚYÕnÙäÖfà3ÓöÆæ=ç�Ö

¿ ë3o2� ê,êì� ; T{z�í oKº 8��oêN± êSRaêSTÃ8(ê,êSTÃ8�� Í TÃ84ê ë T���8 ;Éo T���y »�o T º ê ë êST � ê o TàÎq� � � ; T§ê&Ï�êì� ë T ; T{z À±¤8Ñ��T ºZo�ë ��Ð »5Â2À Ø ²�¢�¢x¢�æ

� �fò �Ó@ùæ<¯ÆÒ�Ý�éEÛÆÖ Ø ÙYé]Õ²à3Ò�ÝäæÇÏ�êì� ë T ; T{z ; Täã ë � 9 � ;Ñ� ��y´Î o ��êSy´íhæË@\ç(�ªê]ÝQÙäßQß Ø ±®vxvÆ��æ� �x¥ �Ó@ùæTç�æ<¯ÆÒ�ÝQé]ÛÆÖ2æ�D/Ý3ÛÆê]á�ÕnÚZÛ Ó2Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓnßYæO±¤8ô��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� ��y�± �S; êST � ê Ø ±®v©é²± � ¢½²½± ò�ò Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ� � y���6$æ§T/ÙYÝQÝ�ÛÆÖ]ésD}æcí�áèå]ÝQÚ�á�ÕnÓnÓGæ�¿W�ê�ÙYÝ�ÕnÞûÙYÖfà�Û Óõé]ÙYß�Õn×�ÖjÜ`ÒÆÝ�×�ÙäÖ]Ù?Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö ÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ßYæ

� ;Éo íS8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� í Ø ² ë ±�� � ²¯²�¢�±·ì Ø ²�¢x¢î±�æ� � ����6$æ T�ÙäÝQÝ�ÛÆÖ�éCD?æ¨í�áèå]Ý�Ú�á]ÕnÓÓÉæ$�'à�Û÷à3Õnß*à3ÕÚZÛÆÓlé]ÙYß�Õn×�Ö-ÛÆÖ�é-àQá]ÙûÛÆÖEÛÆÓ²ö'ßQÕnß�ÒÆÜ�×�ÙYÖ]Ù?Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�ÖÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ßYæZãdêST§êS8 ;Ñ� Åbê,í2êì� ë,� � Ø y�y¯é²±8² � ²�±2²Æ� Ø ²�¢x¢�±�æ� � v��$�ræ©T�ÕÞ Ø �ræ]ç�ÞûÒÆàQÒ Ø ÛÆÖ�éJ�ræ¤@\Õ²öfÛÆÖ]Ò�æõu�ö'ÖEÛÆÞûÕnÚ"Q8ÛZö�ÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQütÛÆÖ�éJÖ�Ò�Ö]êEÛÆÝQÛÆÞûÙäà3Ý�ÕnÚÝQÙä×�ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö�ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓvÜ`Ò�Ý$ÕÖ�Ü`ÙYÝ�ÝQÕnÖ�×.×�ÙäÖ]Ù;Ö]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèßYæ~ãdêST o�¼ ê Í T ºZo�ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ± � é � yî±S² � ya² ز�¢x¢�²îæ� � ¢��$�ræ�T/ÕnÝQüèêEÛ÷à3ÝQÕÚ�ü½æl��ê�à3ÕÞ�Õß3Û àQÕnÒ�Ötâfö\ßQÕÞ¹å]ÓóÛ÷à3ÙYé.ÛÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÛÆÓnÕÖ]×eé7Õ�åEÛ ÖèàQÕàQÕã�Ùïß�àQå]é�ö�æ2¹ o � ë T���yoKº ±¤8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� ��yD¿^�{�8í ;Ñ� í Ø ��� é°v�y ò ²Mv�� ¥ Ø ±ov�� � æ� � ±_� ¶ æ AIÛZÔ�Ý�ÙYÖ]ÚäÙ Ø @ùæ5@\ÕÓnÒ Ø @ùæ ¶ ÕnÝQÛÆÖ�ÙQÛÆÖ Ø 1l樢�ÛÆßQáèâEÛ ßQß Ø ÛÆÖ�é �ræ��îÒ�å�ÓnÓnÕÙYÝäæ�¢�Ùäé]å]ÚYÕÖ]×;à3á�Ùã ÛÆÝQÕnÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕà�ö,ÕÖ�ÚYu ¶ 6°Þ�ÕÚYÝQÒ�ÛÆÝQÝQÛ�ö$ÕnÞ�ÛÆ×�Ù=ê]Ý�ÒîÚäÙYß�ßQÕnÖ�×$âföEQ8ÛZö�ÙYß�ÕóÛÆÖ�ÕnÖ�Ü`ÙäÝQÙäÖ]ÚYÙ æ�� ;Éo�; T ºZo�ëÑÛ

¼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ²�¢ ë � ì�é ò ±��½² ò ² ¥ Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ± ¥ ¢

Page 179: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

���`� ¡�� F k � �?E´C �� � ²��±A�æBA�Û��s�YÙYÝ�Ò�Ö]Õ�ÛÆÖ]éÆ6ïæB��Ô�ÙYÖ2æ�1�ÓóÛ Õné®Þ�Ò'é]ÙYÓßûÜ`ÒÆÝw×�ÙäÖ]ÙjÙ�îê]Ý�ÙYß�ßQÕnÒÆÖ�éEÛ à�Ûîæ層8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� �

± ; T ;Ñ� � Ø ±8² ë ±·ìé ¥ ±Ñ²î� ¥ Ø ¯�ÛÆÖèåEÛÆÝ�öS²�¢x¢+²îæ� �£� �2@ùæ�A¨ÙYÙ Ø 0�æîí�å]Ò Ø D?æf�Âá]ÕàQÞ�ÒÆÝQÙ Ø Û Ö]é*¯�æî�îüèÓnÛÆÝYærç�Þ�ê�Ò�Ý�à3ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ6ÒÆÜcÝQÙäê]ÓnÕÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö?ÕÖ�ÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛÆÝK3Ý3ÛZöï×�ÙYÖ�Ù8Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö}ß*à3å]é]ÕÙYß�é��'à3Û à3Õß�à3ÕÚZÛÆÓèÞûÙäàQá]Òîé�ßõÛÆÖ]é?Ùhã'Õné]ÙäÖ]ÚYÙ�Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ ÝQÙYê�ÙäàQÕàQÕã�Ù�ÚYé]Ö]Ûáfö'â]ÝQÕé]ÕY�YÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ßYæ{¿ ë3o2� ê,êì� ; T{z�í oKº 8��oê-µ¬��8 ;Éo T���y Â6� �+��ê ¼ � oKº ± �S; êST � ê Ø vfy ë ±Z�fì�éÉv�� ��� ²Mv�� � v ز�¢x¢�¢�æ� �x� �¸R?æ$A¨Õ Ø í�æ�í8Û Þ�ê]â�ÙYÓÓ Ø Û Ö]é*@ æ+�=Õnê]ê]ÕÖ]×]æ�Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖ;ÛÆåîà3Ò�Þ�Û à3ÕÚ8ÝQÙäÓnÙhãÆÛ Ö]ÚYÙ�é]Ùhà3ÙYÝ�Þ�ÕÖEÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖÛÆÓ×�Ò�ÝQÕ²à3á]Þûß}Ü`Ò�Ý;ÚYÓnÛÆßQß�ÕÜBö'ÕnÖ�×ø×�ÙYÖ�Ù Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö°éEÛ à�Ûîæ�� ;Éo�; T ºZo�ëS¼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ±��©é²± �x� ²o²�± �x� v ز�¢x¢�²îæ� �èò �¸RL3K¯�æ�A�å Ø u¹æõ�ÂÕnÓÓnÕnÛÆÞ�ß�Ò�Ö Ø ¯�æ�í�ÓóÛ ÝQü Ø ¢�æõ�øÛ Ö]× ØP¶ æ^�=ÕýûÖ Ø A�æ��îü ÙYÓàQÒ�Ö Ø �/æ�D/Ò�ÝQé�Ò�Ö Ø¢�æ½�ÂÕÓnÓÕóÛÆÞûß Ø Q�æ¤6�ÓnÓnÛÆÖ Ø 6ïæD¯�Û Ú�ü'Þ�ÛÆÖ Ø í�æcí�ÒîÒÆêrÙäÝ Ø T?æ´1�Ý�Õà3Ú�á]ÛÆÝQéM3K¯ÆÒ�Ö]Ùäß Ø ÛÆÖ]é�¯�ær�îá�ÕnêM3ÓnÙhö�æ­í�Ò�ÞûêEÛÆÝQÛ à3Õ²ã�ÙjÙ�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÙäéÄßQÙsUèå]ÙYÖ]ÚäÙùáfö'â]Ý�Õné]Õ��ZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö®à3Ò�Ú�á]Ý�Ò�Þ�ÒÆßQÒ�ÞûÙYßwÜ`ÒÆÝwà3å]ÞûÒ�ÝÚYÓnÛÆßQß�Õt�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�ÖJÛÆÖ]é\Õné]ÙäÖèàQÕt�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�ÖtÒÆÜ"×�ÙYÖ]ÒÆÞ�ÕÚ/ÝQÙY×ÆÕnÒ�Ö]ß�ÒÆÜ"é]Õ�^rÙYÝ�ÙYÖfà3ÕnÛÆÓ2×�ÙäÖ]Ù,Ù�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö2æ

¿-µ  ± Ø v�� ë ± ¥ ì�éÉv�±®v�y®²Mv+²�¢�² Ø ²�¢x¢�±�æ� �£¥ �¸RL3K¯�æ¸A¨å Ø u¹æ��ÂÕnÓnÓÕóÛÆÞûßQÒÆÖ Ø ¢�æ��úÛÆÖ]× Ø Q�æ��îå]ÞûÞûÙYÝQß�×�ÕnÓÓ Ø ��æ�¢�Òîé]Ý�Õn×�å�Ù_� Ø �ræ6¢�Ò�×�ÙYÝ�ß ØT?æ51�ÝQÕàQÚ�áEÛÆÝ�éM3>¯ÆÒ�Ö�ÙYß Ø í�æIí8ÛÆÞûê]â�ÙYÓnÓ Ø ÛÆÖ]é�¯�æI�îá]Õê]ÓnÙhö�æ}¿Wîê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Öùê]ÝQÒa�]ÓnÕnÖ�×;à�ÛÆÝ�×�ÙäàQÕnÖ]×Ú�á]Ý�Ò�Þ�ÒÆßQÒ�ÞûÙYß�Ü`ÒÆÝ�à3å]ÞûÒ�Ý6ÚYÓóÛ ßQßQÕn�EÚZÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖjÛÆÖ]é�ê�ÝQÙYé�ÕnÚäàQÕnÒ�Ö.ÒÆÜ�ÚYÓnÕÖ]ÕnÚYÛÆÓ�ârÙäáEÛZã'ÕnÒ�ÝäætãdêST§ê,í:Ð

» � ë3o�¼wo í o�¼ ê,í±��T�� » ��T � ê ë Ø � �©éü²�¢fy®²©²î± � Ø ²�¢�¢ � æ� � y��=6$æ°@ùæP@.ÛÆÝ�àQÒ�×�ÓÕnÒ Ø ¯�æT��æÇ@\ÕßQüèÕnÖ Ø �ræ´T?æ��îÞûÕà3á Ø ÛÆÖ]é u¹æá¯�æsí«@.ÛÆÚ?T,ÛZöÆæ~6©é]ÙYÚäÒ�Þ�ê�Ò�ß�Õf3à3ÕÒ�Ö Þ�Ò'é]ÙYÓ�àQÒ\à3ÝQÛÆÚ�ü�×�ÙäÖ]ÙwÙ�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�ÖøßQÕ×�ÖEÛ àQå]ÝQÙäß?éTê]ÝQÙhã'ÕnÙäÔ Ò�ÖùÒ�â]ß�ÙYÝ�ãÆÙYÝK3�ÕnÖ�é]ÙYê�ÙYÖ]é�ÙYÖfàÚYÓnÛÆßQß�Õt�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö�ÒÆÜlÒ·ã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛÆÖtÚYÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYÝYæP� ;Éo�; T ºZo�ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ±�� ë ±8²�ìé± ¥ ±·y®²�± ¥ ² � Ø ²�¢x¢+²'æ� � ���®D?æá¯�æ?@\Ú?A�ÛÆÚ�á]ÓóÛ Ö Ø ¢�æ§��æ0Q�ÙZÛÆÖ Ø ÛÆÖ]éùu¹æ51lÙäÙYÓGæA6 ÞûÕn'à3å]Ý�Ù}Þ�Ò'é]ÙYÓæ3�âEÛ ßQÙYé ÛÆê�ê]ÝQÒfÛ Ú�áùà3Òà3á�Ù�ÚäÓnå]ß*à3ÙäÝQÕnÖ�×/ÒÆÜ�Þ�ÕÚYÝQÒ�ÛÆÝQÝQÛ�ö,Ù�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�Ö�é]Û à�Û�æD� ;Éo�; T ºZo�ëS¼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ±Z� ë � ìé � ± � ² � ²a² Ø ²�¢�¢+²îæ� � v��2@ùæ´@\ÕÓnÒ Ø 6ïæ¤0½Û��YÙäÓnÕ Ø @ùæ ¶ ÕÝ3ÛÆÖ�ÙQÛ Ö Ø ÛÆÖ]é ¶ æ�A�ÛZÔ�ÝQÙäÖ]ÚYÙ æÇ6�ê]ÝQÒÆâEÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕnß*à3ÕÚ�Þ�Ò'é]ÙäÓcÜ`Ò�Ý=à3á]ÙÙ�'àQÝ3ÛÆÚhà3ÕnÒÆÖJÒ Ü�Ù�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�ÖJÓnÙhã�ÙYÓß�Ü`ÝQÒÆÞ ��ÓnÕ×�Ò�Öèå]ÚYÓÙYÒÆàQÕné]Ù�ÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö'ßYæO� ;Éo2� �oê ¼X;Ñ� ��yËç ë ��T©í?� �SÛ

8 ;Éo T©í Ø � ± ë ¥ ì Ø ²�¢�¢ � æ� ò ¢��¬�/æ<@\Õ²à3Ú�á]ÙäÓnÓÉæÇÎN� � � ; T§êmÏ�êì� ë T ; T{zÆæ-@\Ú�D�ÝQÛ�ÔP3èQ6ÕÓnÓ Ø ±®vxvfy'æ± ¥ ±

Page 180: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�§�`�§¡�� F é � �?E´C �� ò ±_�$�ræ{@\å�ü'á�ÙYÝQü ÙYÙ Ø 1læ+�lÛÆÞ�Û�öÆÒ Ø �ræè¢�Ò�×�ÙYÝ�ß Ø ¢�æf¢�Õ²Ü`üèÕnÖ Ø 6ïæè¿vÖ�×�ÓnÙ Ø í�æ�í8Û Þ�ê]â�ÙYÓÓ Ø �/æ�D/Ò�Óå]â ØÛÆÖ]éX¯�æ£@\ÙäßQÕnÝ�Ò�ãræ]¿vß*à3ÕÞwÛ àQÕnÖ]×�éEÛ à3ÛÆßQÙhà�ßQÕ��YÙ�ÝQÙ_Uèå]ÕÝQÙäÞ�ÙäÖèàQß"Ü`Ò�ÝlÚYÓóÛ ßQßQÕ²ÜBö'ÕnÖ]×�u ¶ 6µÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛ Ý>3Ý3ÛZöté]Û à�Û�æP¹Ãê � ë T���y�ê º,» ê ¼L9 � 8Ñ��8 ; ê�T���y´� ; ê�yYê�z�� Ø ±®¢©é²±�±®v½²½± � ² Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ� ò ²��ï¢�æ ¶ ÙYÛÆÓÉæD�����$ê,í ; ��T,Ï�êì� ë T ; T{z º ê ë µ®ê � ë ��yeµ®êS8ÁÄÇê ë�ë í�ÚcÏ�ê � 8 � ë êVµ2ê�8(ê,í ; T�±¤8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� í ×£×xì Ý æ�îê]Ý�ÕnÖ]×ÆÙYÝ Ø ±®vxv ¥ æ� ò�� �2í¹æ ¶ ÒÆàQÙYÝ�ÞwÛÆÖ Ø �,æ´66ÓnÒ�Ö Ø 6ïæ�î'ÕnÙYÝ�ü Ø ÛÆÖ�ék6$æ�A¨Ùäã'ÕnÖ�ÙÆæ��lÝQÛÆÖ]ßQÚäÝQÕê�à3ÕÒ�ÖEÛÆÓ¨×�ÙäÖ]Ù$Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Öê]Ý�Òa�EÓnÙäß/Ü`Ò�Ý/ÚYÒ�ÓÒ�ÝQÙäÚäà3ÛÆÓ�ÛÆé]ÙäÖ]Ò�Þ�Û Ø ÛÆé]ÙäÖ]Ò'ÚZÛÆÝ�ÚYÕnÖ�Ò�ÞwÛ�ÛÆÖ�é Ö�Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÓ"àQÕnßQß�å]Ù}Ù��ÛÆÞûÕnÖ]Ùäéùâfö��ÓnÕ×�Ò�Öèå]ÚYÓÙYÒÆàQÕné]Ù�ÛÆÝQÝQÛZö�æ » ��T � ê ë Åbê,í2êì� ër� � Ø ¥ ±�é � ±8² � ² � ± � ¢ Ø ²�¢�¢�±�æ� ò�� �Ó@ùæ���ê]ê�ÙYÝ�Û Ö]éïí¹æGQ�Û å]ßQß�ÓnÙYÝäæ6D/ÙYÖ�ÙYÝ3Û ÓnÕnßQÛ à3ÕÒ�Öjê�ÙYÝ*Ü`Ò�ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ÚäÙ¹ÒÆÜ�Q8ÛZö�Ùäß,ÒÆê�à3ÕÞwÛÆÓIÚYÓnÛÆßQß�Õf3�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�ÖúÛ Ón×�Ò�Ý�ÕàQá]Þ�ß6Ü`Ò�Ý�ÓnÙZÛ ÝQÖ]ÕÖ]×JÛ\ê�ÙYÝQÚäÙYê�àQÝQÒ�Öcæ4¿^�{�8í À ÅbêSR À Ï�êS8c8(ê ë í Ø ¥x¥ é´² ¥£ð�𠲩² ¥xñ ¢ ر®vxvî±�æ� ò�ò �Ó@ùæB�/ê�êrÙäÝ Ø7ò æBT/ÕnÖ·�äÙYÓ Ø ¯�æZT/ÓnÙYÕÖ·� Ø ÛÆÖ�é¢,æ ¶ ÙYá�ÓÉæ ��Ö à3á]Ù-Û â]ÕnÓÕà�ö�ÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù�Ò�ê�àQÕnÞ�ÛÆÓê�ÙYÝQÚäÙYê�àQÝQÒ�Ö�à3Òû×�ÙäÖ]ÙYÝQÛÆÓnÕßQÙÆæO¹ À ¿^�{�2í ÀGÂ Ø ² � é´A ò�ñ ±S²¯A ò�ñx¥ Ø ±®vxvx¢îæ� ò�¥ �Ó¯�æ¤1�ÓóÛ à�à Øe¶ æ�í�ÝQÕß�àQÕóÛÆÖ]ÕÖ]Õ Ø ÛÆÖ]é4¯�æ<îîá]Û�Ô�ÙS3ô�"ÛZö'ÓnÒÆÝYæ�A�ÛÆÝQ×�Ù/Þ�ÛÆÝ�×�ÕnÖtí76�D}£Tß=Ü`Ò�Ý=Þ¹å]Ó²à3ÕÚYÓóÛ ßQßÚYÓnÛÆßQß�Õt�EÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö2æ  ��R���T � ê,í ; Täµ®êSó ë ��y Í T º ê ëѼ ��8 ; ê�Tä¿ ë ê � ê,í,í ; T{z�±¤�2íS8(ê ¼ í Ø ±2²¯é ò��Ìð ² ò�ò�� ز�¢x¢�¢�æ� òxð �Ó¯�æsí�æ·1�ÓóÛ à�àZæ�1�ÝQÒ�âEÛ â]ÕnÓÕnß�àQÕnÚ�Ò�å�àQê]å�à3ß�Ü`Ò�Ý8ßQå�ê]êrÒÆÝ�à8ãÆÙYÚäàQÒ�Ý=Þ�ÛÆÚ�á]ÕnÖ�ÙYß=ÛÆÖ�étÚYÒ�ÞûêEÛÆÝ�ÕnßQÒÆÖ]ß�àQÒÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛÆÝQÕ��YÙYé�ÓÕnüÆÙäÓnÕá]ÒîÒ'é;ÞûÙäàQá]Òîé�ßYævç�Ö466ÓnÙ]Û Ö]é]ÙYÝL¯�æ<îîÞûÒ�ÓóÛ Ø 1lÙhà3ÙäÝ"Q8Û Ý�à3ÓÙäà�à Ø îîÚ�áGôÒ�Ónü Ò�ê�ÜQ�ÙäÝQÖ]áEÛ ÝQé Ø ÛÆÖ]é í/ÛÆÓnÙgî'Ú�á'å�å]ÝQÞ�ÛÆÖ]ß Ø ÙYé�Õà3ÒÆÝQß Ø Â ��R���T � ê,í ; T�Ï � ë z�ê¡Îq� ë z ; T » yn��í,í ; Ò ê ë í ر®vxv�v�æ� ò�ñ �Óîræ51IÒ�Þ�ÙäÝQÒ�ö Ø 1læ��lÛÆÞ�Û�öÆÒ Ø @ùæ0D,Û�Û ßQÙYÖèâ�ÙYÙäü Ø A�æ?î'à3å]Ý�ÓóÛ Ø @ùæ566Ö]×�ÙYÓÒ Ø @ùæ�@\Ú�A�ÛÆå�×�á]ÓnÕÖ Ø¯�æoT/ÕnÞ Ø A�æªD/Ò�å]ÞûÖ]ÙäÝQÒ�ã Û Ø 1læªQ�ÓóÛÆÚ�ü Ø í�æªA�ÛÆå Ø ¯�æÃ6�ÓnÓÙYÖ Ø í¹æ¤¸2ÛÆ×x�YÛÆ× Ø ¯�æ��/ÓßQÒ�Ö Ø �/æ�í�å]Ý>3Ý3Û Ö Ø í�æ ò ÙäàQÞ�ÒÆÝQÙ Ø ¯�æ�Q�ÕÙY×�ÙäÓ Ø �/æV1lÒÆ×�×�ÕnÒ Ø îræV@\å]üèá]ÙYÝ�Ù�ÙYÙ Ø ¢,æ�¢�Õ²Ü`ü'ÕÖ Ø 6$æ�í8ÛÆÓÕÜOÛÆÖ�Ò ØD?æ·î'àQÒ�Óã'Õ²à��Yüfö Ø í¹æ¯A�ÒÆå]Õnß Ø ¯�æÉ1læ·@\ÙYß�ÕnÝQÒ�ã Ø ¿=æ¯AIÛ Ö]é]ÙYÝ Ø ÛÆÖ]é}�/æoD/Ò�Ónå]âcæWD/ÙYÖ�Ù�Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö{3âEÛÆß�ÙYé�ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕt�]ÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö\ÛÆÖ]éjÒÆå�à3ÚäÒ�Þ�Ùïê]ÝQÙäé]ÕnÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö.ÒÆÜvÚäÙYÖfà3ÝQÛÆÓIÖ]ÙYÝ*ã�Ò�å]ß/ß*ö'ß�à3ÙäÞ ÙäÞ¹â]Ý�öÆÒ�ÖEÛÆÓà3å�Þ�Ò�Ý�ßYæǵl��8có ë ê Ø � ± ò é �£�x¥ ² �x� ² Ø ²�¢x¢+²'æ

± ¥ ²

Page 181: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

õ � õ ¡�� F é � �?E´C �� ò v��2îræ�¢6ÛÆÞ�ÛÆß*Ô8ÛÆÞïö Ø ¢,æÝ�/æl��ß�àQÙYÙäÖ Ø ÛÆÖ�é�Avæ ¶ æmîîáèå]ÓnÞ�ÛÆÖ2æ » y ; T ;Ñ� ��y,öPT � ê�yYê�z�� Ø Ú�áEÛ ê�à3ÙäÝ@\Ùhà�ÛÆß*à�Û àQÕnÚ$ÚYÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYÝ�Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ ÛÆÖjå]Ö]üèÖ]Ò�Ô�Ö-ê]Ý�ÕnÞ�ÛÆÝ�ötß�ÕàQÙÆæL66Þ�ÙäÝQÕÚZÛÆÖjí8ÛÆÖ]ÚYÙäÝ=îîÒ'ÚYÕÙäà�ö Ø 68à�3ÓóÛ Öèà3Û Ø DZ6 Ø ²�¢x¢�±�æ� ¥ ¢��2îræ½¢�ÛÆÞ�ÛÆß�Ô�ÛÆÞ$ö Ø 1læo�lÛÆÞ�ÛZö�Ò Ø ¢�æE¢�ÕÜ`üèÕnÖ Ø îræ¤@Jå]üèá]ÙYÝ�Ù�ÙYÙ Ø @ùæ©R�ÙYÛÆÖ]× Ø í�æ°Q,æsÛÆÖ�é466Ö]×�ÙYÓÒ Øí�æ�A�ÛÆé]é Ø @ùæ2¢�ÙYÕÚ�á Ø ¿=æ A�Û àQå]ÓnÕê]ê�Ù Ø ¯�æÉ1læ�@\ÙYß�ÕnÝ�Ò·ã Ø �/æD1lÒ�×�×ÆÕnÒ Ø<ò æ�D/ÙYÝ3Û Óné Ø @ùæ�A¨Ò'éEÛ Ø¿=æáî�æ�A�ÛÆÖ�é]ÙYÝ Ø ÛÆÖ�é®�/æ¡¢,æ�D/Ò�Óå]â2æ£@Jå]ÓàQÕnÚYÓnÛÆßQßcÚZÛÆÖ]ÚäÙYÝIé]ÕóÛ ×�Ö]Ò�ß�Õnߨå]ß�ÕnÖ]×=à3å�Þ�Ò�ݨ×ÆÙYÖ]ÙvÙ�îê]Ý�ÙYßK3ßQÕÒ�Öúß�Õn×�Ö]Û à3å]Ý�ÙYßäæ4¿ ë ê � ê,êì� ; T{z�í�ê º 8��oêXµl��8 ; ê�T���y Âj� �+��ê ¼ �ïê º ± �S; êST � ê Ø v ñ ë ² ¥ ì�é²± ò ± � v½²± ò ± ò�� Ø ²�¢�¢�±�æ� ¥ ±_�ïí�æ'¢6Û Ö]×�ÙYÓ Ø ¯�æ£6�Ö]×Æå]ß Ø ¸"æ�D/áEÛÆá]ÝQÛÆÞwÛ Ö]Õ Ø @ùæ�A�ÕÒ�å]ÞûÕ Ø ¿�æ{î'ÒÆà3á]ÙäÝ3ÛÆÖ Ø ¿=æ�D�ÛÆÕnâEÛ Ø í¹æ ò ÕnÓé ØÛÆÖ]éÈ0�æ-0½ÛÆÓnÚäÕóÛÆÖ�ÕÉæ÷@\Ò'é]ÙYÓÕnÖ]×-à�3|ÚYÙäÓnÓ=ÛÆÚhà3Õ²ãÆÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ®å�ßQÕnÖ�×ù×�ÙäÖ]ÙJÙ�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö ê�ÝQÒa�EÓÕnÖ]× ÛÆÖ�éß�à3Û à3ÙÑ3�ß�êEÛÆÚYÙ,ÞûÒîé]ÙäÓnßäæO� ; ê ; T º ê ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ²�¢ ë vfì�é²± �x¥ ±Ñ²�± �£ð ² Ø ²�¢�¢ � æ� ¥ ²���í¹æ´D}æE¢�ÙYÙäßYæ Þ í,í2êSTÃ8 ; ��y�±¤8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� íhæ�í�áEÛ ê]ÞwÛ Ö.ÛÆÖ�é4Q6ÛÆÓnÓ Ø ²�¢�¢�±�æ� ¥x� �2îræE¢�Ò�×�ÙäÝQß Ø @ùæªD/ÕnÝQÒÆÓóÛÆÞûÕ Ø Û Ö]é\í�æ�í8ÛÆÞ�ê�ârÙäÓnÓÉæ?6 ÓóÛ÷à3ÙYÖfà=ê�ÝQÒ'ÚYÙYß�ß�é]ÙYÚäÒ�Þ�ê�Ò�ß�Õà3ÕÒ�Ö;ÞûÒîé�ÙYÓÜ`Ò�ÝûÕnÖfà3ÙäÝQê]Ý�ÙäàQÕnÖ]×ùÚYé]ÖEÛ Þ�ÕÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝQÝQÛZö�éEÛ à3ÛÆßQÙhà3ßYæ » ó ëë êSTÃ8�í ; T » ê ¼L9 óM8Ñ��8 ; ê�T���yËΠê�y7ê � ó Û

yn� ë � ; ê�yYê�z�� Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ�¿�Õn×ÆàQá.ç�Öfà3ÙäÝQÖEÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö]ÛÆÓlí�Ò�Ö�Ü`ÙYÝ�ÙYÖ]ÚäÙ?Ò�Öj¢�ÙYß�ÙZÛÆÝ�Ú�á�ÕnÖjí�Ò�Þ�ê�å�à�Û àQÕnÒ�Ö]ÛÆÓ@\Ò�ÓÙYÚäå]ÓóÛÆÝbQ�ÕnÒ�ÓÒ�×Æö ë ¢�¿�í���@KQ ²�¢x¢ � ìhæ

� ¥�� �2îræc¢�Ò�×ÆÙYÝQß Ø @ùæ§D/ÕnÝQÒÆÓóÛÆÞûÕ Ø í�æ¨í8ÛÆÞûê]â�ÙYÓnÓ Ø ÛÆÖ]é�¢�æ§Q�ÝQÙYÕ²à3ÓÕnÖ]×]æ��=á�Ù�A�Û à3ÙäÖèàm1�ÝQÒ'ÚYÙYß�ß=í�ÙS3ÚYÒÆÞ�ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3ÕÒ�Ö�ҠܨÚoí ¶ 6ÄÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö}éEÛ à3ÛÆßQÙhà3ßYæ Í�ÞËÞ-Þ ç ë ��T©í?� � 8 ; ê�T©íZê�T�� ; ê ; T º ê ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� í��T�� » ê ¼L9 ó{8ô��8 ; ê�T���y´� ; ê�yYê�z�� Ø ²�¢x¢ � æõç�Ö41vÝ�ÙYß�ßYæ� ¥fò �2îræû¢�Ò�×�ÙYÝ�ß Ø ¢,æ ò ÕÓnÓÕóÛÆÞûß Ø ÛÆÖ]é í�æwí8Û Þ�ê]â�ÙYÓÓÉæ � ; ê ; T º ê ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� íÆó+í ; T{z » ê ¼L9 ó{8Ñ� Û

8 ; ê�T���y Í TÃ8(êSyÙy ; z�êST � êP¿B� ë �+� ; z ¼ í Ø Ú�á]ÛÆê�à3ÙäÝ8í�ÓnÛÆßQßË1�ÝQÙäé]ÕnÚhà3ÕÒ�Ö?Ô�Õà3áA@\ÕÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝQÝQÛZö,í/Û à�Û ßQÙäàQßYæîîê]Ý�ÕnÖ]×ÆÙYÝ>3Ñ@vÙYÝ�ÓóÛÆ× Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ� ¥x¥ �2@ùæËîîÚ�áèå]ÞûÞûÙYÝ Ø-ò æ ¶ × Ø ¢�æ^Q�å]Þû×fÛÆÝ�Ö]ÙYÝ Ø 1læ ¶ ÙYÓnß�Ò�Ö Ø Q�æËîîÚ�áèå]ÞûÞ�ÙäÝ Ø í¹æOQ�Ùäé]ÖEÛÆÝ�ßQüèÕ ØA�æeQ6ÛÆßQß�ÙYÓÓ Ø ¢,æ�Q8Û Óné�Ô�ÕÖ Ø Q�æ�T,Û ÝQÓóÛ Ö Ø ÛÆÖ]é³A�æMQ6Ò'Òîécæ�í�Ò�ÞûêEÛÆÝ3Û÷à3ÕãÆÙ6áfö'â]Ý�Õné]Õ��ZÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖûÒÆܨ۠ÖÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZötÒÆÜW²î± ò ¢x¢¹Ò�ãÆÛ ÝQÕóÛ ÖtÚoí ¶ 66ß=Ü`Ò�Ý�à3á�Ù,é�ÕnßQÚäÒ�ã�ÙYÝ*ötÒÆÜl×�ÙYÖ�ÙYß�Ò�ã�ÙYÝ�Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÙYé�ÕÖtÒ·ã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛÆÖÚZÛ ÝQÚYÕÖ]Ò�Þ�ÛÆßYæ Í TÃ84ê ë T���8 ; ê�T���yD¹Ãê�ó ë T���y�ê�TäãdêST§ê,í±��T��kãdêSTDê ¼ ê,í Ø ² �xñ é �£ðÆò ² �xñfò Ø ±®vxv�v�æ� ¥£ð �,¿=æOîîÙY×fÛ Ó Ø 6$æ�Q8Û à�à3ÓnÙ Ø Û Ö]éÆí¹æ^T/Ò�ÓÓnÙYÝäæäí�ÙYÚäÒ�Þ�ê�Ò�ß�ÕnÖ]×-×�ÙäÖ]Ù\Ùîê]ÝQÙäßQßQÕÒ�Ö ÕÖèàQÒ-ÚYÙYÓÓnå]ÓnÛÆÝê]Ý�ÒîÚäÙYßQß�ÙYßäæ�ç�Ö�¿�� �S; ÒB� ±¤� ¼L9 ê2í ; ó ¼ ê�T4� ; ê � ê ¼L9 ó{8 ; T{zAø Ü£Ü�ù Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ

± ¥x�

Page 182: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

õ � õ ¡�� F é � �?E´C �� ¥xñ �Ó@ùæ³6$æmîîá]Õnê�ê Ø T}æ ¶ æ�¢�ÒÆßQß Ø 1læd�"Û ÞwÛZö�Ò Ø 6ïæ°1Iæ ò ÙYÖ]× Ø ¯�æ A�æ¸T/å�à3ÒÆü Ø ¢�æzí�æÝ�/æL66×�å]ÕóÛ Ý Ø@ùæ D,Û�Û ßQÙYÖèâ�ÙYÙäÓ Ø @ æD6�Ö�×�ÙYÓÒ Ø @ùæc¢�ÙäÕnÚ�á Ø D}æ°îræD1vÕÖ]üèå]ß Ø �/æáîræc¢6ÛZö Ø @ùæ³6$æ T/Ò�ã ÛÆÓ Ø T?æ ò æA�ÛÆß�à Ø 6$æ ¶ Ò�Ý*à3Ò�Ö Ø �/æ³6$æ�A¨Õnß*à3ÙYÝ Ø ¯�æ�@\ÙäßQÕÝQÒ�ã Ø í¹æ°îræ ¶ Ùäå]ârÙäÝQ× Ø ¿=æáî�æ�A�ÛÆÖ�é]ÙYÝ Ø ¯�æsí�æ´66ß�àQÙYÝ ØÛÆÖ]é �/æs¢�ædD�ÒÆÓnå]â2æqí�Õ�^rå]ßQÙ-ÓóÛ ÝQ×�Ù-âM3|ÚYÙYÓÓ�Óö'Þ�ê�á]Ò�Þ�Û{ÒÆå�à3ÚäÒ�Þ�Ù-ê]Ý�ÙYé]ÕÚäàQÕnÒ�Öªâèö°×�ÙäÖ]ÙS3Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYß�ßQÕnÒÆÖ ê�ÝQÒa�EÓÕnÖ]×wÛÆÖ]é�ß�å]êrÙäÝ�ã'Õnß�ÙYé ÞwÛ Ú�á]ÕnÖ]ÙïÓnÙYÛÆÝQÖ]ÕÖ]×]æ2µl��8Áó ë ê¡Î¢êì� ;Ñ�S; T§ê Ø ñ é ¥xñ ² ð�� ز�¢x¢�²îæ� ¥ v��2í¹æÌîîÕÖ]×�á Ø 1IæÌ0EÙYâ]â�Ò Ø T?æè¢�ÒÆßQß Ø í¹æ̯�Û Ú�ü'ß�Ò�Ö Ø ¯�æÌ@.ÛÆÖ�Ò�ÓóÛ Ø í�æ$A�ÛÆé�é Ø 1læ+�lÛÆÞwÛZöÆÒ Ø 6$æè¢�ÙYÖM3ßQá]Û�Ô Ø 6ïæOí¹£³6�ÞûÕnÚäÒ Ø ¯�æ�¢�ÕnÚ�á]ÕÙ Ø ¿=æ�AIÛ Ö]é]ÙYÝ Ø @ùæ�A�Ò'éEÛ Ø 1læ�T,Û ÖèàQÒ�^ Ø �/æBD/Ò�Óå]â Ø ÛÆÖ�é

ò æDîîÙYÓÓnÙYÝ�ßYædD/ÙYÖ]ÙïÙ�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö�ÚäÒ�ÝQÝ�ÙYÓóÛ÷à3ÙYß6ÒÆÜ�ÚäÓnÕnÖ�ÕnÚZÛ Ó2ê]ÝQÒÆß�à�Û÷à3Ù¹ÚYÛÆÖ]ÚYÙäÝ�â�ÙYáEÛZã'ÕnÒÆÝYæ » ��T Û� ê ë,» êSyÙy Ø ±�é´²�¢ � ²©²�¢xv Ø ²�¢x¢+²'æ� ð ¢��±�/æVî{ú�ÝQÓÕnÙ Ø í�æP1lÙäÝQÒ�å Ø ¢�æ��=Õnâ]ß�á]ÕnÝQÛÆÖ]Õ Ø �/æË6�Û ß Ø îræ�D/ÙYÕßQÓÙYÝ Ø Q,æP¯ÆÒÆá]Ö]ßQÙäÖ Ø �/æPQ�Û ß�à3ÕÙ Ø@ùæ�¿�Õnß�ÙYÖ Ø @ùæEã ÛÆÖJé]Ù$¢�ÕïÙ�Ö Ø îræ´¯ÆÙs^rÝQÙäö Ø �/æ��=á�Ò�ÝQß�ÙYÖ Ø Qïæ<Õ�å]Õnß*à Ø ¯�æ<@.Û àQÙYß�Ù Ø 1læ�Q�ÝQÒ�Ô�Ö Øí¹æ�Q�ÒÆàQß�à3ÙäÕnÖ Ø ¿õö'ß�à3ÙäÕnÖ�AGú�Ö�Ö]ÕnÖ]×Ó1læ Ø Û Ö]é*6$æ¯QÇú�Ý�ÝQÙäßQÙYÖ{3Kí/ÛÆÓÙÆæ�D/ÙYÖ]Ù6Ù�îê]Ý�ÙYßQß�ÕnÒ�Ötê]Û àQàQÙYÝQÖ�ßÒÆÜ�â]Ý�ÙZÛÆß*à�ÚYÛÆÝQÚäÕnÖ]ÒÆÞwÛÆßlé]Õnß*à3ÕÖ]×�å]ÕßQá¹à3å�Þ�Ò�Ý"ßQå]â�ÚYÓnÛÆßQß�ÙYß�Ô�ÕàQáûÚäÓnÕÖ]ÕnÚYÛÆÓîÕÞ�ê�ÓnÕnÚYÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö]ßä椿 ë ê �_À

µl��8cy ÀGÂ"� �+� À ± �S;ÁÀ Ø v ñ é²±®¢ ñ�¥ v½²�±®¢ ñ£ð�� Ø ²�¢x¢�±Ææ� ð ±_�21læËî'êrÙäÓnÓnÞ�ÛÆÖ Ø D?æ-îîá�ÙYÝQÓÒîÚ�ü Ø @ùæ˸cáEÛÆÖ]× Ø @$æ�ç|ö�ÙäÝ Ø T?æ\66Ö]é]ÙYÝ�ß Ø @ùæv¿�ÕnßQÙäÖ Ø 1Iæ^Q�ÝQÒ�Ô�Ö Øí¹æªQ�ÒÆàQß�àQÙYÕnÖ Ø Û Ö]éÃQ6æ´0Eå�àQÚ�á]ÙYÝäæ�í�Ò�Þûê]ÝQÙäá]ÙYÖ�ßQÕãÆÙ$Õé]ÙYÖfà3Õn�EÚZÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖJÒ ÜõÚYÙäÓnÓ¨ÚhöîÚäÓnÙÑ3�ÝQÙä×�å]ÓnÛ à3Ùäé×�ÙäÖ]ÙYßIÒÆÜ�àQá]Ù�ö�ÙYÛÆß�àlß3ÛÆÚäÚ�áEÛÆÝ�Ò�Þ$ö'ÚYÙäßõÚYÙäÝQÙäã'ÕßQÕóÛ Ù�âfö�ÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö6áèö'â]Ý�Õné]Õ��ZÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖcæMΠê�y7ê � ó{yn� ë

� ; ê�yYê�z��*ê º 8��oê » êSyÙy Ø v©é � ² ð�� ² � ²�v ð Ø ±®vxv ñ æ� ð ²��Ó@ùæ��=Õê]ê]ÕÖ]×�ÛÆÖ]é=6$æ½0½ÛÆå�ÓÉæ�0½ÛÆß�à�Þ�ÛÆÝQ×ÆÕnÖEÛÆÓ÷ÓnÕüÆÙäÓnÕná�ÒîÒ'é�Þ�Û�îÕnÞûÕnßQÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö�Ü`ÒÆݨßQêEÛÆÝ�ßQÙ�Q8ÛZö�ÙäßQÕnÛÆÖÞûÒîé]ÙäÓnßäæõç�Öï¿ ë ê � ê,êì� ; T{ztê º]Â"ë 8 ; ÒB� ��y Í TÃ8(êSyÙy ; z�êST � ê±��T��g±¤8Ñ��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� í Ø ²�¢�¢ � æ� ð�� �jD?æzí�æ^�=ß3Û Ö]× Ø @t3(T}æ���á Ø A�æ�¢�Ò�á]ÓnÕÖ Ø ¯�æzí�æ�A¨ÕóÛÆÒ Ø ÛÆÖ]é ò æ°Q,æ ò Ò�Ö]×]æ�ç�ß�ßQå]Ùäß;ÕnÖ®ÚYé�ÖEÛÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZötÛÆÖ]ÛÆÓö'ßQÕß?éÇÕ�åEÛÆÓnÕ²à�ö}�EÓ²à3ÙäÝQÕnÖ�× Ø Ú�áEÛÆÖ�Ö]ÙYÓIÖ]Ò�Ý�ÞwÛÆÓÕnßQÛ à3ÕÒ�Ö Ø ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓß=ÒÆÜ"ã ÛÆÝ�ÕóÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖÛÆÖ]é\ÛÆß�ßQÙYÙäßQß�Þ�ÙäÖèà�ÒÆÜl×�ÙYÖ]Ù�ÙS^cÙäÚäà3ßäæ7µLó � y7ê ;Ñ�[¸�S; ��í ë ê,í2êì� ër� � Ø ²�v¯éü² ò�� v½²©² òÆòxð Ø ²�¢x¢�±�æ� ð�� �ï¿=æ¨ãÆÛ ÖâîîÒÆÞ�ÙäÝQÙYÖ Ø A�æ ò ÙäßQß�ÙYÓnß Ø @ùæI¢�ÙYÕÖ]é]ÙYÝ�ß Ø ÛÆÖ]éú¿�æ�Q8Û Ú�üÆÙYÝäætîîÙYÛÆÝQÚ�á]ÕÖ]×\Ü`ÒÆÝ,ÓÕnÞûÕàQÙYéÚYÒÆÖ]Ö]ÙYÚhà3Õ²ãîÕ²à�ö$ÕÖ¹×�ÙäÖ]ÙäàQÕnÚ8Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQü$ÞûÒ'é]ÙYÓßYæ�ç�Ö�¿ ë ê � ê,êì� ; T{z�íLê º 8��oêDZ ê � ê�T�� Í TÃ84ê ë T���8 ; ê�T���y

» ê�T º ê ë êST � êAê�T ±¤�8íS8(ê ¼ í¡� ; ê�yYê�z�� Ø êEÛÆ×ÆÙYß±²�²�²o²©² � ¢ Ø 1"ÛÆßQÛÆé]ÙYÖ]Û Ø í8ÛÆÓnÕ²Ü`Ò�ÝQÖ]ÕnÛ Ø�¶ Ò�ã�ÙYÞ$ârÙäݲ�¢x¢î±�æ± ¥��

Page 183: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

õ � õ ¡�� F é � �?E´C �� ð�ò �±A�æ�ã ÛÆÖ £TàK@vÙYÙYÝ Ø Q,æLí/Û Õ Ø @ùæ�ãÆÛ Öðé]Ùs@�ÕïÙ*ãÆÙYÝ Ø R?æ[Q6Ù Ø 6ïæLQ6ÛÆÝ�à Ø @ùæm@\ÛÆÒ Ø Qïæ[1lÙS3à3ÙäÝQß�Ù Ø T?æ2ã ÛÆÖúé�ÙYÝ®T�Ò'Ò�ö Ø @ùæ�@.ÛÆÝ*à3Ò�Ö Ø 6$æ ò Õ²àQàQÙäã�ÙäÙYÖ Ø D}æ?îîÚ�á�ÝQÙYÕârÙäÝ Ø ¢,æ�T/ÙYÝ�üèá]Ò�ã�ÙYÖ Øí�æ8¢�Ò�â�ÙYÝ*à3ß Ø 1IæBA¨ÕnÖ�ßQÓnÙhö Ø ¢�æ�Q�ÙYÝ�ÖEÛÆÝQé�ß Ø ÛÆÖ]éûî�æP0EÝQÕÙYÖ]é2æ D/ÙYÖ]Ù.Ù�îê]ÝQÙäßQß�ÕnÒ�Ö�ê]Ý�Òa�EÓÕnÖ]×ê]Ý�ÙYé]ÕÚäà3ß�ÚäÓnÕnÖ�ÕnÚZÛ ÓcÒ�å�àQÚYÒ�ÞûÙ/ÒÆÜlâ]ÝQÙYÛÆß�à6ÚZÛ Ö]ÚYÙäÝYæPµ¬��8Áó ë ê Ø � ± ò é ò�� ¢½² ò��x¥ Ø ¯�Û Ö'å]ÛÆÝ�öw²�¢x¢+²îæ� ð�¥ �l@�ÛÆê]Ö�Õnü}@$æ ¶ æP±¤8ô��8 ; íS8 ;Ñ� ��yDÏ�êì� ë T ; T{zJç �oê:ê ë �÷æ˯ÆÒ�á]Ö ò ÕnÓnÙhötÛÆÖ�éNî'Ò�Ö]ß Ø ÕÖ]ÚÆæ Ø ±®vxv ñ æ� ðxð �¬�/æ ò Û àQüèÕnÖ Ø 6$æI¢�ÛÆå Ø ÛÆÖ]é$@ æ0Q�ÕnÙYá�ÓÉæ}�=á�Ùwß�à3Û à3Õß�àQÕnÚZÛ ÓõÞ�ÙäÚ�áEÛÆÖ]ÕÚYßïÒÆÜ8ÓÙZÛÆÝ�Ö]ÕnÖ]×JÛJÝQå]ÓÙÆæ

ÅbêSR À Πê?��ê ë TN¿^�{�2í ;Ñ� í Ø ¥fò é � vxv½² ò�ò�¥ Ø ±®vxv � æ� ð�ñ �2¯�æ ò Û÷à3ßQÒÆÖµÛÆÖ�éÈ0�æ�í�Ý�ÕnÚ�ü½æà@JÒ�ÓnÙäÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝ?ß�àQÝQå]Úhà3å]Ý�Ù\ÒÆÜ�Öèå]ÚYÓÙYÕnÚJÛÆÚäÕné]ß¡3ïÛ-ß�àQÝQå]Úhà3å]Ý�Ù\Ü`Ò�Ýé]ÙäÒ2'ö'ÝQÕârÒÆßQÙ,Ö'å�ÚYÓnÙäÕnÚ,ÛÆÚäÕné2æOµl��8Áó ë ê,í Ø ± ð ± ë �£�fò�¥ ì�é ð��£ð ² ð��xñ Ø ±®v ò�� æ� ð v���í¹æsí�æ ò ÙZÛZã�ÙäÝ Ø í�æÝ�/æ ò Ò�Ý�üèÞwÛÆÖ Ø ÛÆÖ]ézD}æÉí¹æ?îîÒÆàQÝQÞûÒ]æt@\Ò'é]ÙäÓnÕnÖ�×\Ý�ÙY×�å]ÓnÛ à3ÒÆÝ�ö�Ö]Ùhà�Ô�ÒÆÝQüèßÔ�ÕàQájÔ�ÙäÕn×�áfà/Þ�Û àQÝQÕnÚäÙYßäæ/ç�Öù¢�æ Q�æD66Óà3Þ�ÛÆÖ Ø T?æ A�ÛÆå]é�ÙYÝQé]ÛÆÓnÙ Ø 6$æ T?æ�í�å]Ö]ü ÙYÝ Ø AvæDQ6å]ÖfàQÙYÝ ØÛÆÖ]éq�/æ¡¿=æ�T�ÓÙYÕÖ Ø Ùäé]ÕàQÒ�ÝQß Ø ¿ ë ê � ê,ê,í ; T{z�ígê º 8��oê¡¿B� �S; ÒB� ±¤� ¼L9 ê2í ; ó ¼ ê�T � ; ê � ê ¼L9 óM8 ; T{z Øã�ÒÆÓnå]ÞûÙ � Ø êEÛÆ×ÆÙYß�±�±8²®²½±8² � æ ò Ò�Ý�Óné4îîÚäÕnÙYÖfàQÕt�EÚ=1�å]â]ÓÕnß�á]ÕnÖ]× Ø ±®vxv�v�æ� ñ ¢��,¢�æ ò ÕnÓÓnÕóÛ Þ�ß Ø î�æ\Q6ÕÖ]× Ø Q�æOD�Ý�ÙYÙYÝ Ø í�æ ò á]Õ²à3ÙäÜ`ÒÆÝQé Ø ¯�æ ò ÙYÕ Ø ¢,æ ¶ Û àQÝ3Û8ÙQÛ Ö Ø 6$æOT/ÙäÓnßQÙhö Øîræ÷¢�Ò�×�ÙYÝ�ß Ø í�æ í8ÛÆÞ�ê�ârÙäÓnÓ Ø T?æ½1�ÝQÕ²à3Ú�áEÛÆÝ�éM3>¯ÆÒÆÖ]ÙYß Ø ÛÆÖ�éX¯�æ8T/áEÛÆÖ2æ{1�ÝQÒÆ×�Ö]Ò�ß*à3ÕnÚvÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕt�]ÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖÒÆÜ�ÝQÙYÓnÛÆê]ß�ÕnÖ]×�ÜOÛZã�Ò�ÝQÛÆâ]ÓnÙ}á]Õß�àQÒ�ÓnÒ�× ö.Ô�ÕnÓÞ�ß�àQå]ÞûÒ�Ý/å]ßQÕÖ]×JÚoí ¶ 6 ÞûÕnÚYÝ�ÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZöjÙ�ê�ÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�Öê]Ý�Òa�EÓnÕÖ]×ûÛÆÖ]éJßQå]ê�êrÒ�Ý*à�ã�ÙYÚhà3Ò�Ý6ÞwÛ Ú�á]ÕnÖ]ÙäßYæ2ãdêST§ê,í:Ð » � ë ê ¼ ê2í®ê ¼ ê,í±��T�� » ��T � ê ë Ø � ±�é ¥fò ²

ð v Ø ²�¢x¢ � æ� ñ ±_�ïí�æÉQïæ�R�ÙYÛÆÖ]× Ø îræ2¢�ÛÆÞ�ÛÆß�Ô�ÛÆÞ$ö Ø 1Iæ§�lÛÆÞwÛZöÆÒ Ø îræ�@\å]üèá]ÙäÝ�Ù�ÙYÙ Ø ¢,æ°@ùæc¢�Õ²Ü`ü'ÕÖ Ø @ùæD66Ö]×�ÙYÓÒ Ø@ùæ=¢�ÙYÕÚ�á Ø ¿�æBAIÛ Ö]é]ÙYÝ Ø ¯�æÉ1læV@\ÙYß�ÕnÝQÒ�ã Ø Û Ö]é��/æbD/Ò�Ónå]âcæ�@\Ò�ÓnÙäÚYå]ÓnÛÆÝ;ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕt�]ÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�Ö Ò ÜÞ¹å]Ó²à3Õê]ÓnÙ�à3å]ÞûÒ�å]Ý8à�ö'ê�ÙYßYæV� ; ê ; T º ê ëѼ ��8 ;Ñ� í Ø ± ð ë ß�å]ê]ê]Óv±·ìéáî � ± ¥ ²eî � ²�² Ø ²�¢x¢�±�æ� ñ ²��2@ùæ T?æáîræ�R�Ùäå]Ö]× Ø ¯�æ+�lÙä×�Ö]ÙäÝ Ø ÛÆÖ]é�¯�æ'í�ÒÆÓnÓnÕÖ]ßYær¢�Ùäã�ÙäÝQß�Ù�ÙYÖ�×�ÕnÖ]ÙäÙYÝ�ÕnÖ]×�×�ÙäÖ]Ù6Ö�Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèß8å]ß�ÕnÖ]×ßQÕÖ]×�å]ÓnÛÆÝ2ã ÛÆÓnå�Ù�é�ÙYÚYÒÆÞ�ê�Ò�ßQÕ²à3ÕÒ�Ö�ÛÆÖ]éïÝQÒ�â]å�ß�àlÝQÙY×ÆÝQÙYß�ßQÕÒ�Ö2æe¿-µ  ± Ø vxv ë vfì�é ¥ ± ¥x� ² ¥ ± ¥xñ Ø 6�ê]Ý�ÕnÓ²�¢x¢�²îæ� ñx� ��í¹æ¡¿�æ<¸2Û ü Ø 0�æá¯�æ¤í�Ò�ö'ÓnÙ Ø D?æs¿=æ�D/Ò�Öfö�Ù Ø Û Ö]ék¯�æ°îræ<îîÚ�áfÔ�ÛÆâ�ÙYÝYæÇîîÕÞ¹å]ÓóÛ÷à3ÕnÒÆÖ;ß�àQå]é]ÕnÙäß=Ü`Ò�Ý8à3á]ÙÕné�ÙYÖfà3Õn�EÚZÛ àQÕnÒ�ÖùÒÆÜ=×�ÙäÖ]ÙäàQÕnÚ�Ö]Ùäà�Ô�Ò�ÝQüèß¹Ü`Ý�Ò�Þ ÚYé]ÖEÛ.ÛÆÝQÝQÛ�öùÛÆÖ�éøÝQÙä×�å]ÓóÛ÷à3Ò�Ý*ö ÛÆÚäàQÕã'Õà�ö éEÛ à3Û�æ

¿ ë ê � ê,êì� ; T{z�íÓê º 8��oê¸í2ê � ê�T�� ; TÃ8(ê ë T���8 ; ê�T���y � ê�T º ê ë êST � ê2ê�TKíS�2íS8(ê ¼ í2ü ; ê�yYê�z�� Ø êEÛÆ×�Ùäß�² � ±S²² �xñ Ø ²�¢x¢�±Ææ± ¥fò

Page 184: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

õ � õ ¡�� F é � �?E´C �� ñ�� �2í¹æ¡¿�æ´¸2ÛÆü Ø 0�æ°¯�æ´í�Ò�ö'ÓnÙ Ø Û Ö]é�¯�æ°îræDîîÚ�áfÔ8ÛÆâ�ÙYÝäæ¸A¨Ò'ÚZÛÆÓ�Õné�ÙYÖfà3Õn�½ÛÆâ]ÕÓnÕà�ö�é�Ô�á]ÙäÖ�ÚZÛÆÖj×ÆÙYÖ]Ùhà3ÕnÚÖ]Ùhà�Ô�Ò�Ý�üèß8ârÙ�ÕnÖîÜ`ÙYÝQÝ�ÙYéûÜ`ÝQÒ�Þ ÞûÕnÚäÝQÒfÛÆÝ�Ý3ÛZö¹é]Û à�Û£�È¿ ë ê � ê,êì� ; T{z�íZê º 8��oêL8�� ;�ë � ; TÃ84ê ë T���8 ; ê�T���y

� ê�T º ê ë êST � êÓê�TÃíS�2íS84ê ¼ í�ü ; ê�yYê�z Ø ë ² ��¥ ²©² �£ð ì Ø ²�¢x¢+²îæ

± ¥x¥

Page 185: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

» �X�X%�½Ã�N�Ñý »

¦ �5� � þ �ÿ ©«�«� ������� � ���q��� ���g©��A � �

��� ����� � � � �

» º�! � � % ��% # ½ ò � À � % lL% # %®¾<�®¾ ò �SÀ %,+WÀw��� # À ò ( �o+��ý�¾ÁE� # +\%��

� �����2G�LCG�H ����� �=á]Ù=Ù�îê�ÙYÚäàQÙYé�ÙYÝQÝ�Ò�Ý�ÒÆܽà3á�Ù=ÓnÙZÛZãÆÙ��}ÒÆå�àvê]ÝQÒ'ÚYÙäé]å]Ý�Ù�Õß�ÛÆÖ}å]Öèâ]ÕnÛÆßQÙäéûÙäß�àQÕnÞ�Û à3ÙÒÆÜIà3á]Ù�Ù�ê�ÙYÚhà3Ùäé.ÙYÝ�ÝQÒ�Ý�ÒÆÜIà3á�Ù,ÚäÓóÛÆß�ßQÕn�EÙYÝ8àQÝ3ÛÆÕÖ]ÙYé�Ò�Ö������.Ù�ÛÆÞ�ê�ÓnÙYßäæ�ÕÉæTÙÆæ�,��� � ë"!$# #ZXZXZXÊ# !�% ìK���&�X�(' ë)! #+* ë)!�%-, �÷ìQìK� ë 6ïæ/.·ì0 á21äÝ31 �4� ë)!$# #YXZXZX # !�% ì^� .� �5 6 â # '87 !6 #+* 7 !�%-, �:939 7Á6<;ü²=9

>@?2A 'B7 ! 6 #C* 7 !�%�, �:9D9FEHGJILK21M1ON3NDP=NQP ? ! 6SR P=N >UTOVW> GDG3En��1XNJILN > E ? 1 A P ? I3K21 A�> I > 0 E/I3KY�ZG >$[8\2V 1XGN31 [ P�]@1 A�>@?2A ! �^7`_ #La 9cb2E);d1$;-E/I A 1 ? P@I31XG >�\2> I3I31XN ? 3 VW>$e 1 VS\�> E/NX;. ¥£ð

Page 186: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�?E´E ����H��`f � � õ � � £ E � F�E ���e� ���§£ F Ii¡¯� �hg �oÅ E Å F ���w��£2� �a` � � F �0£ikj:lSlnm �Fo K�1 \ N3PpP R EHG�q=E/]@1 ? R P=N�I3K21 TX> G31rP R �³�s.=b@1�pIL1 ?2A E ? qtE/I�I3Pu�J:v.rEHGwGDILN > EHq@KxI R P=N 0 > N A�X� #% � # 7 !$# #YXZXZX # !�% 9è� � #%zy %ß6 â # '87 ! 6 #+* 7 !�%-,�# 939|{p}87 !$# 9 XZXZX {p}87 !�% 9� #% y %ß6 â # 7"'B7 ! 6 #C* 7 !�%�,�# 939D{x}87 ! 6 939D{x}87 !$# 9 XZXZX {x}87 ! 6 ,�# 9D{x}B7 ! 6�~ # 9 XYXZX {x}87 !�% 9� #% %ß6 â # �,��'B7 ! 6 #C* 7 !�%�,�# 9D9K��&�X��'B7 ! #C* 7 !�%�,�# 9D9K� 7Á6<; � 9GDP2bhI3K211OGDILE [B> IL1�EHGJ� ? 3 e E > GD1 A�>@?�A ILK21 [ P@N31�G3� e 3�G >@[�\2V 1XG 0 1 \ 1XN R P=N [ b�ILK21 [ P=ND1 >$TXT ��N > I31I3K21�1XN3NDP=N�1XG|ILE [8> I31 e 1 T P [ 1XGO;��� h � � % �# (Z� # ½«¿*% �c��Á�� # +\%��� �������p���p� ���S��o K21U] > N3E >@?2T 1UP R ILK21 V 1 > ]=1Ñ3W�e3�P=��It1OGDI3E [8> ILP=N�EHG V 1XGDGILK >$? P@NM1_Ux� >@V ILP�ILK�1] > NDE >@?2T 1MP R >UTOVW> GDG3E/�21XNQI3N > E ? 1 A P ? �����ZG >@[�\2V 1XG >@?�A IL1XG|IL1 A P ?Z>@? E ?2A 1 \ 1 ?2A 1 ? I�G >@[�\2V 13JE);d1$;-E/I�EHG e E > GD1 A�>@?2A q=1 ? 1XN >$VHV/� P \ I3E [ EHGDI3E T�����4�h7 !$# #ZXYXZX # !�% 9K� �����('87 ! #+* 7�_ %-, ��939K� 7Á6<; � 90 K21ON31Y�*� _Ã� A 1 ? P$IL1XG�ILK�1�] > NDE >@?�T 1tP R _ ;ikj:lSlnm � 6q > E ? b 0 1 A 1XG T N3E e 1�ILK21 V 1 > ]@1S3 P ? 1S3�P=��I \ N3PpP R bFI3K21¡1pIL1 ? G3EHP ? ILP V 1 > ]@1S3W�M3 P=��I8EHGG|ILN > EHq=K�I R P@N 0 > N A ; o K�1k] > NDE >@?2T 1 R P=NuILN > E ? E ? q�GD1OILG�P R G3E��X1k�¢�£.kEHG�*�('87 ! #C* 7�_ %-, ��939è� ¤��,��'B7 ! #C* 7`_ %�, ��9D9|¥�����7��X��'B7 ! #C* 7`_ %�, �$939è�`9¦¥ X 7Á6<;¨§=9o K21�] > N3E >@?2T 1tP R I3K21 V 1 > ]@1S3�P ? 1S3�P=��I�1OGDILE [B> ILP=NrE/Grq=E/]@1 ?�> G

�ª© .� %5 6¬« #�­6¯® 7Á6<; ¥ 9

. ¥xñ

Page 187: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

°J± ²:±8³ Cw´�g °wµ4¶�°¸· B¹´Zº�» õ ¶�°w¼ ´ H0 K21ON31

­6 ¤½'87 ! 6 #+* 7�_ # #YXZXZX # _ 6 ,�# # _ 6�~ # #YXZXZXÊ# _ % 9D9 X 7Á6<; ð 9

ò 1 TX>@? N31S3 0 N3E¯IL1Z6Y; ¥ > G� © .� %5 6�« #w­

6 ® ¤&�¿¾À Á .� %5 6�« #w­6W ¥|ÃÄ �ÅÁ � © .� %5 6¬« #w­

6 ®  ¥ 7Á6<; ñ 9e ��I R NDP [ GD1 T I3EHP ? 6Y;¯. 0 1kÆ ? P 0 ILK > I 0 1 TÇ>$? ND1S3 0 N3E/I31tILK21�G31 T P ?�A I31XN [ b�q=E¯]hE ? q

� © .� %5 6�« #w­6 ® ¤&�¿¾À Á .� %5 6�« #w­

6W ¥DÃÄ ��7"�¡�('87 ! #C* 7�_ %-, �$939K�W9 ¥ X 7Á6<;°v�9¶ P 0 b 0 1 TX>@? 0 N3E/I31

� ¾À Á .� %5 6�« #¸­6  ¥ ÃÄ ¤&��© .� ¥ %5 6¬« #�­ ¥

6ÉÈ .� ¥ %5 6"Ê«�Ë ­6­Ë+® # 7a6Y;¯.®¢�9

0 K2E T KSb�E R ILK21 ­6 >@?�A ­

Ë > N31 > G3GD� [ 1 A ILP e 1�E/E A bhq=E/]@1XG�¿¾À Á .� %5 6�« #¸­

6` ¥DÃÄ ¤&��Ì ­ ¥� È � ¥ �Í�� ¥ ­ ¥3Î ¤&�¡�('87 ! #+* 7�_ %-, �@9D9 ¥ � X 7a6Y;¯.=.:9Q�P 0 1O]@1XNXbÏP=�2N ­

6 >@?�A ­Ë ] > NDE >@e�V 1XG > N31 ? P@I�E/E A GDP

� © %5 6"Ê«�Ë ­6­Ë ® �Ð� Ì � ¥ �Í�� ¥ ­ ¥ Î X 7a6Y;¯.:Ñ=9

o K21ON31 R P@N31�¿¾À Á .� %5 6¬« # ­

6W ¥ ÃÄ �ÅÁ � © .� %5 6�« # ­6 ®  ¥ �Ð�X�('87 ! #+* 7�_ %-, �@9D9 ¥ �2��7"�X��'87 ! #C* 7�_ %�, �$9D9K�W9 ¥7a6Y;¯. � 9> G�N31sUx�2EHND1 A ;

. ¥ v

Page 188: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 189: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÅÒ�Ò %�Ó¡�z�Ñý ÔÕ � �¹� ��� ¦ ��¬ ��� Ö ��� �$���5� × �4Ø ��� ���

o K21 V E/Æ@1 V EHK�PhP A P R P=�2NuI3N > E ? E ? q A2> I > GD1OIÙÚ¤ÜÛ�Ý # #ZXZXYX # ÝSÞpß<EHGrq=E¯]=1 ?�e��à 7)á #+â'#Lã 9-¤ Þ5 6�« # V P=qåä5 æ « #�çæDè 7�Ý 6Dé áuê #+â æ 9 X 7)ë�;/.:9

ì ? ILNDP A � T E ? q�ízI3N > E ? E ? q�G >@[�\2V 1MG \ 1 T E¯� T ] > N3E > ILEHP ?�>@V¹A EHGDI3N3E e ��ILE/P ? Gr' 6 G3� T K�ILK > Iä5 æ « # '

6 æ ¤s. 7)ë�;¨Ñ=90 1 TX>@?�V P 0 1ON e P=� ?2A I3K2EHG V EHÆ$1 V E/K2PpP AB> G R P VHV P 0 Gà 7"á #+â'#Lã 9î¤ Þï6�« # V P=q äïæ « #¹ð�ñóò¦ôXòð ñóò õöË3« # �¸7�_

6÷Ëxé ø æ Ë # < æ Ë 9ù Þï6�« # äïæ « # ' 6 æ V P=q�ú ôXòð ñdòsõöË3« # �¸7`_6�Ëxé ø æ Ë # < æ Ë 9�û¤ àQü 7"á #Lâ:#Lã4#Oý 9cþ 7)ë�;óÿ�9

�W \�>@?2A E ? q�ILK21t] > N3E/P=�2G V P=q�IL1XN [ G >@V/V P 0 Gu�2GrI3P�1 \�>@?2A ILK21 e P=� ?2A ILKx�2Gà ü�7)á #Lâ:#Lã:#Oý 9 ¤ Þï6�« # äïæ « # ' 6 æ V P=q çæ

� Þï6�« # äïæ « # ' 6 æ V P=qJ' 6 æÈ Þï6�« # äïæ « # õïË3« # '6 æ V P=q è 7�_ 6�Ë�é ø æ Ë # < æ Ë 9 7)ë�;��x9

. ð .

Page 190: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

°���� ´ ·��¸¶ f õ ±M·¸°¸¶ gw´� õ °� ´ ¼ é ° ��¼:¼Ç¶�°w·��t¶ f ³ �wµ ´0 K21ON31 0 1JK > ]=1J�2G31 A ILK�1 ?2> E/]@1��¦ë >�� 1XG > G3GD� [8\ ILEHP ? I3P R >$T ILP@N3EHGD1-ILK21 [ � V ILE/] > NDE > I31�� > �2GDG3E >$? GX;o K21M] > NDE > I3EHP ?2>@V ����� >@V q=P=N3E¯ILK [ E ? ILNDP A � T 1 A E ? G31 T I3EHP ? ÿ�;dÿ A 1OG T NDE e 1XGrK2P 0 0 1 TÇ>@? E ?2T ND1 > GD1I3K21 V EHÆ$1 V EHK2PpP A e�� E/I31XN > ILE¯]=1 V¯� [8> hE [ EHGDE ? q 0 E/I3KÐN31OG \ 1 T IZI3PÍI3K21�] > N3E > ILE/P ?�>@V�>@?�A�[ P A 1 V\�> N >@[ 1OI31XN3G 0 K2E V GDI�Æ$1X1 \ E ? q I3K21zP@ILK�1XN3G8�©h1 A ; o P P e I > E ?Ð>@? � \ÏA�> I31�1��x� > I3EHP ? R P@N8ILK�1] > NDE > I3EHP ?�>$Vw\�> N >@[ 1OI31XN3GOb 0 1 ? 1O1 A ILP�I > Æ$1 \�> NDI3E >@VwA 1XNDE/] > I3E/]=1OGtP R à ü 0 E/I3KzN31XG \ 1 T IkILP�' 6 æ bGD1OIQI3P��O1XN3P >@?2A G3P V ]=1 R P=NQ' 6 æ ; o P<1 ? GD�2N31�ILK21�G3� [�[8> ILE/P ?�T P ? G|ILN > E ? IJP�]=1XNQ' 6 æ E/GF1 ? R P=N T 1 A b0 1 [ �2G|I >@V GDPUE ? I3N3P A � T 1 > G3�2E¯I >@e�V 1�� > q@N >@? q@E >@? IL1XN [Ú>$?2A�[ � V ILE \�V EH1ON�7��Ï9c;-E);d1$;/b 0 1 ? 1X1 A I3PI > Æ@1 \�> N|ILE >$V¹A 1ON3E/] > I3E/]@1XG >@?2A G3P V ]=1tI3K21 R P VHV P 0 E ? qU1 \ N31XGDG3E/P ?Þ5 6¬« # ä5 æ « # © '

6 æ V P=q çæ �Í' 6 æ V P=qJ' 6 æ È õ5 ËD« # '

6 æ V P=q è 7`_ 6�Ë=é ø æ Ë # < æ Ë 9 ® ����Á&ä5 æ « # '6 æ �Ð. Â7)ë�;¨§=9> G R P V/V P 0 G à ü ' 6 æ ¤"!k¤ V P=q ç

æ ��7 V P=qJ' 6 æ È .:9 È õ5 Ë3« # V P=qè 7�_ 6�Ë=é ø æ Ë # < æ Ë 9����4þ 7)ë�;$#�9

îhP V ]pE ? q R P@N%� >@?2A ILK21 ? ' 6 æ N31OG3� V ILG�E ? I3K21 R P VHV P 0 E ? qU� \ÏA�> I31' 6 æ ¤ ç

æõöË3« #è 7�_ 6�Ë=é ø æ Ë # < æ Ë 9

äïæ & « # çæ & © õöËD« #

è 7`_ 6�Ë=é ø æ & Ë # < æ & Ë 9 ® þ 7)ë�; ð 9ò 1 \ N3P T 1X1 A E ?k> GDE [ E VW> N R > GDK2EHP ? I3P A 1XN3E¯]=1�� \ÏA�> I31XG R P=NSILK21�ILK�N31X1�GD1OILG¸P R [ P A 1 V�\�> N >$[ 1cIL1XNDGX;'�E/N3G|I V/� b ç

æ 0 K2E T K�P ?�V/� >@\2\ 1 > N3GkE ? ILK21���N3G|IYI31XN [ E ? I3K21 e P=� ?2A ;)( A�A E ? q > � > q=N >@? q=E >@?I31XN [ ILPk1 ? GD�2N31 ï æçæ ¤�.=b 0 1 > N31 V 1 R I 0 E/I3K�I3K21 R P VHV P 0 E ? qM1 \ N31OG3G3E/P ? ILP A E+* 1XND1 ? ILE > IL1 >@?�AGDP V ]@1 Þ5 6¬« # ä5 æ « # '

6 æ V P@q çæ �,��Á�ä5 æ « #�ç

æ  7)ë�; ñ 9GDP2b à ü çæ ¤-!<¤ .

çæ Þ5 6�« # '

6 æ �.� 7)ë�;$/�9. ð Ñ

Page 191: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

q=E¯]hE ? qUILK�1 R P VHV P 0 E ? qU� \ÏA�> I31çæ ¤ .í Þ5 6�« # '

6 æ þ 7)ë;¯.0!�9'�E ?�>@VHV¯� b=I3K211� > �2G3GDE >@?B[ 1 >@? G >$?2A ] > N3E >@?2T 1XGuP ?�V/�8>@\2\ 1 > NFE ? ILK21� ?�>@V I31XN [ E ? ILK�1 e P@� ?2A ;ì ? GD1XNDI3E ? q�ILK�1 R P@N [ P R I3K212� > ��G3G3E >@?Z\ A R E ? I3P�ILK2E/Gr1� \ N31OG3GDEHP ? 0 1kK > ]=1Þ5 6�« # ä5 æ « # õ5 Ë3« # '6 æ © V P=q13 .4 Ñ ç <

æ Ë 5 � 7`_ 6�Ë � ø æ Ë 9 ¥Ñ÷< ¥æ Ë ® þ 7)ë;¯.=.:96 > NDILE >@VSA 1ON3E¯] > ILE/]@1XG 0 E¯ILKZN31OG \ 1 T I�ILP ø æ Ë >@?2A < Ë æ V 1 >@A I3P�I3K21 R P VHV P 0 E ? q<I 0 PB� \ A�> IL1XGø æ Ë ¤ Þï6�« # ' 6 æ _ 6�ËÞï6�« # ' 6 æ 7)ë;¯.:Ñ=9

< ¥æ Ë ¤ Þï6�« # ' 6 æ 7`_ 6�Ë � ø æ Ë 9 ¥Þï6�« # ' 6 æ þ 7)ë;¯.�ÿ�97 P2b�G|I > N|ILE ? q 0 E¯ILK >@? E ? E¯ILE >$V98;:<>=>= P R I3K21k] > NDEHP=��G \�> N >$[ 1cIL1XNr] >@V �21XGOb 0 1 TÇ>@? E ?2T N31 > G31�ILK21V E/Æ@1 V EHK�PhP A�e�� E¯IL1ON > I3E ? q�ILK�1 R P V/V P 0 E ? qUI 0 P�G|IL1 \ GX;%'�EHNDGDI V/� b�� \ A�> IL1<] > NDE > I3EHP ?2>@V¹\�> N >@[ 1OI31XN3G0 E/I3K ë;$?�7A@�B =�CD<�E 9c; 7 1 T P ?2A2V¯� � \ÏA�> I31 [ P A 1 V�\�> N >$[ 1cIL1XNDG 0 E/I3K&ë�;/.0!hbë;¯.:Ñhb�ë;¯.�ÿ�7�FGB=�C�<�E 9C;

.H?@ÿ

Page 192: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 193: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�ÅÒ�ÒJI Ó¡�z�LK MN O P Q RTSVUXWZY P YT[]\_^`UXWZ\ba c d

e �2N V P0f�gXND� e P=� ?2A P ? ILKhg V EHÆ;g V E/K2PhP A E/Grq=E/];g ?�ex�i5 j «�k V P=q9l¸7nm é á�o â oLp�9 ù i5 j «�k9qr l¸7ts é u j 9 V P=q9l¸7�s é p�9D{vsw i5 j «�k9qr l¸7ts é u j 9 V P=q9l¸7�s é u j 9D{vsÈ i5 j «�kyx5 z3«�k ä5 æ «�k|{ z j æ V P@q9l¸7t} j zxé ø9z æ o3< z æ 9È i5 j «�kyx5 z3«�k ä5 æ «�k q r { z j æ l¸7ts é u j 9 V P=q�~ æ {vsw i5 j «�kyx5 z3«�k ä5 æ «�k|{ z j æ V P@q { z j æ þ

(G A gOG T NDE e g A E ? G�g T ILE/P ? ÿ�;dÿ�bf�g TX>@? I > Æ;g \�> NDI3E >@V¹A gXNDE/] > ILE¯]�gOG�P R ILK2E/G�f�E/ILK�N�gOG \ g T I�ILP�ILKhg] > N3E > ILE/P ?�>@Vw>@?2A [ P A g VÉ\�> N >@[ gOI�gON3GtILPZP e I > E ? E¯I�gON > I3E/]�gY� \ A2> I�gOGkI3K > I > N�g�q@� > N >$? I�g�g A ILPE ?�T N�g > G�gUI3Khg V E/Æ;g V EHK�PhP A ;���g�f�E V/Vw? PHf A g >@V f�E/I3K�ILKhgU] > NDE > I3EHP ?2>@V¸>@?2Az[ P A g V�\�> N >@[ gOI�gXN3GE ? I3�2N ? ; � ?=§

Page 194: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

°���� ´ ·��¸¶ f�� ±��v��������� °�³ ´ � ´ µ4¶ g °�³S¶t��·w¼M �;� ����� � �2� ���zÓ ��� ����������I���IJ����y �¡¢ £¡ ¤�¥�¦H§{ z j æ2¨;©h© g ¨;ª�«�¬+­)® g ª�¯°« ÿ�±� ¨;­h² §´³¶µ ®�· g2¸|³�¹ ­h²_º ì « ³;» ¨¶®�¬¼­h½J®�· g « g ¨;­h²�ª g ¯ ³0¾ ¬¼­h½´« ¹ ¯°¯°¨ �®�¬ ³ ­h« ³0¾;g ª�¿ ±hm ¨;­h²�À ±hf�g ¨¶ª gÁ»¼g�µ ® f ¬+®�·Â®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½{ z j æ »+³ ½ l�Ãt} j z�é ø9z æ oQ< z æ�Ä È { z j æ�ÅÇÆ0È�ÉËÊ ÌËÍ�Î�Ï »¼³ ½ ~ æ�Ð w { z j æ »¼³ ½ { z j æ w � Á�äÑ æ «�k { z j æ w �  ÃtÒ º � Äf · g ª gÁf�g ·h¨ ¾;g ¨;²h² g ²)®�· g1� ¨;½�ª�¨;­h½�¬¼¨;­�¯ ¹�» ®�¬+© » ¬ g ª � ® ³´g ­h« ¹ ª g ®�· g « ¹ ¯Ó¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­�Ô ³ ­h«�®�ª�¨;¬+­Õ®³ ­ { z j æ1¬¼«�«�¨¶®�¬+« �g ²9º�Öר Æ ¬+­h½´©¨;ª�®�¬Ø¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾�g «Ù½�¬ ¾;g « à ü ü { z j æ ¤Ú»+³ ½ l�Ãt} j z�é ø9z æ oQ< z æ�Ä È Å Æ�È�É;Ê Ì Í Î Ï »+³ ½ ~ æÛÐ w Ãn»¼³ ½ { z j æ È � Ä w ��¤-!�þ ÃtÒ º Ñ Ä7 ³;»+¾ ¬¼­h½ µn³ ª � ¨;­h²�« ¹h¸ «£®�¬Ü® ¹ ®�¬¼­h½ »¼g ¨;²h«Ý® ³ ®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½ gLÞ ©hª g «�«�¬ ³ ­ µn³ ª { z j æ

{ z j æ ¤ l�Ãt} j zxé ø9z æ o3< z æ0Ä g�Þ ©Jß�Å Æ0È�É¶Ê ÌHÍ�Î Ï »¼³ ½ ~ æÛУàäïæ & «�k l�Ãt} j z�é ø9z æ & o3< z æ & Ä g�Þ ©Jß�Å Æ0È�É¶Ê Ì Í Î Ï »¼³ ½ ~ æ & Уà þ ÃtÒ º ÿ Äf · g ª g Å Æ0È�É¶Ê ÌHÍ�Î Ï »¼³ ½ ~ æÛÐ ¤-á´Ãnâ j æ�Ä w á´Ã äÑ ËD«�k â j Ë Ä þ ÃtÒ º � Ĩ;­�² á´Ãtã Ä�¬+«Ý®�· g ²h¬+½ä¨;¯Ó¯å¨ µn¹ ­hÔÛ®�¬ ³ ­ � ®�· gt� ª�«£®�² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾�gÁ³;µ ®�· g1»+³ ½J½ä¨;¯Ó¯å¨ µn¹ ­hÔÛ®�¬ ³ ­9º�y �¡¢ Aæ ç ¦H§â j æ¨;©h© g ¨;ª�«´¬¼­,® g ª�¯Ó« � ±uÑ ¨;­h² �è³;µ ®�· g¸�³;¹ ­h²9º ì « ³;» ¨¶®�¬¼­h½�®�· g « g ® g ª�¯Ó«Ó¨;­h².ª g ¯ ³0¾ ¬¼­h½« ¹ ¯°¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h« ³H¾;g ª m ¨;­�²GÀ »¼g ¨ ¾�g «qr léÃ�s é u j Ä »¼³ ½ l�Ãts é p Ä£ê s w qr l�Ãts é u j Ä »+³ ½ l�Ãts é u j Ä£ê s È xÑ zD«�k { z j æ l q r Ã�s é u j Ä »¼³ ½ ~ æ�ê swþÃtÒ º § Ä� ?;#

Page 195: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ±$ëc±°ì�°wµ4¶�°�³S¶t��·¸°��´��°¸µ¸°�� ´ ³ ´ µ¸¼Òdz ­h«�¬¼² g ªÁ®�· gU� ª�«�®1® g ª�¯í¬+­ Ò º § º 7 ¹h¸ «£®�¬+® ¹ ®�¬+­h½Â¬¼­�®�· g ©¨;ª�¨¶¯ g ®�ª�¬+Ô µn³ ª�¯ µn³ ª�®�· g´î ¬¼ª�¬¼Ô>· »+g ®l�Ãts é p Ä »¼g ¨ ¾�g « ¹ « f ¬+®�·)®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­h½

qr l�Ã�s é u j Ä »¼³ ½ léÃ�s é p Ä�ê s ¤ qr léÃ�s é u j Ä »¼³ ½ ú´ï à ï ä æ «�kñð æ0Äö ä æ «�k ï à ð æ�Ä äòæ «�k ~Ëó òLôkæ û ê s

¤ »¼³ ½¢õÝö È qr l�Ãts é u j Ä Á äÑ æ «�k à ð æ w � Ä »+³ ½ ~ æ  ê s¤ »¼³ ½¢õÝö È äÑ æ «�k à ð æ w � Ä qr l�Ã�s é u j Ä »¼³ ½ ~ æ�ê s¤ »¼³ ½¢õ Ã�p Ä È äÑ æ «�k à ð æ w � Ä�Ï á´Ãnâ j æ�Ä w á´ÃtäÑ ËD«�k â j Ë ÄDÐ

f · g ª g õ Ã�p Ä ¤Xï à ï ä æ «�kñð æ�Äö ä æ «�k ï à ð æ�Ä þ ÃtÒ º # Ä7 ¬+¯°¬ » ¨;ª » � ±qr l�Ã�s é u j Ä »¼³ ½ l�Ã�s é u j Ä�ê sZ¤-»¼³ ½�õ à u j Ä È äÑ æ «�k Ãnâ j æ w � Ä�Ï áÓÃ÷â j æ�Ä w á´Ã�äÑ Ë3«�k â j Ë ÄDÐ þ ÃtÒ º ? ÄÖ�· g ª gÛµn³ ª g;±�Ò º §´¸|g Ô ³ ¯ g « à ª g ¯ ³H¾ ¬+­h½J« ¹ ¯Ó¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h« ³0¾�g ª m ¨;­h²�À f · g ª gÛ¾�g ªø© ³ «�«�¬ ¸h»+g Ä»¼³ ½�õ Ã�p Ä w »+³ ½�õ à u j Ä È Á ð æ w â j æ È xÑ zD«�k { z j æ Â Ï á´Ãnâ j æ�Ä w á´ÃMäÑ ËD«�k â j Ë ÄDÐ þ ÃtÒ º$ùäÄÖ�¨ Æ ¬¼­h½´©¨;ª£®�¬¼¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ¾;g « f ¬+®�·Âª g «�© g ÔÛ®%® ³Jâ j æÁ½�¬ ¾;g « àQü ü â j æ ¤ Á ð æ w â j æ È xÑ z3«�k { z j æ Â Ï á ü Ã÷â j æ�Ä w á ü à äÑ ËD«�k â j Ë ÄDÐ ¤-! ÃtÒ º / Ä

� ?�?

Page 196: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

°���� ´ ·��¸¶÷ú � ±��v��������� °�³ ´ � ´ µ4¶÷ì2°�³S¶t��·w¼f · g ª gÝá ü Ãtã Ä鬼« ®�· g ®�ª�¬ � ½ä¨;¯Ó¯å¨ µn¹ ­hÔÛ®�¬ ³ ­ ± ®�· g « g Ô ³ ­h²�² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ¾;g�³;µ ®�· g�»+³ ½%½ä¨;¯Ó¯å¨ µn¹ ­�ÔÛ®�¬ ³ ­9º'³ ª�© ³ «�¬Ü®�¬ ¾�g ª g ¨ »éã�±|áünÃûã Äݬ¼«�¯ ³ ­ ³ ® ³ ­h¬+Ô�¨ »+» � ² g ÔÛª g ¨;«�¬+­h½hº�Ö�· g ª gÛµn³ ª g;± ½�¬ ¾�g ­)®�·¨¶® â j æÁü !�±

á ü à äÑ Ë3«�k â j Ë ÄÇý á ü Ãnâ j æ�Ä Ã�Ò º � ! Ĩ;­�²�· g ­hÔ g áÓÃ÷â j æ�Ä w á´Ã�äÑ Ë3«�k â j Ë Ä�þ¤-!�þ Ã�Ò º ��� ÄÖ�· g ª g�µn³ ª g¶±ÿf�g ·¨ ¾�g Á ð æ w â j æ È xÑ zD«�k { z j æ  ¤"! Ã�Ò º � Ñ Ä¨;­�²�« ³ â j æ ¤ ð æ È xÑ zD«�k { z j æ þ Ã�Ò º � ÿ ÄM���� � ��� IJ� �����)��� I���IJ����y �æÝ £¡ � ¥0§ø9z æ2¨;©h© g ¨;ª�«�¬+­�® g ª�¯ ÿÓ³;µb³;¹ ª ¸|³�¹ ­�²9º �×Þ ®�ª�¨¶ÔÛ®�¬+­h½´®�·h¬+«%® g ª�¯ ± ¨;­h²�ª g ¯ ³0¾ ¬¼­h½Ó« ¹ ¯°¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h«³0¾�g ªø¿å¨;­h²�À »+g ¨ ¾�g « ¹ « f ¬Ü®�·iÑ j «�k { z j æ »+³ ½ l�Ãt} j zxé ø9z æ oQ< z æ�Ä ¤ iÑ j «�k { z j æ »¼³ ½ 3

�4 Ñ ç < g�Þ

© 3 w Ãû} j z w ø9z æ0Ä ¥Ñ < ¥z æ 5Á5 þ Ã�Ò º � � ÄÖ�¨ Æ ¬¼­h½´©¨¶ª�®�¬¼¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ¾;g « f ¬Ü®�·�ª g «�© g ÔÛ®Ù® ³ ø9z æ »¼g ¨ ¾;g « à ü ü ø9z æ ¤ iÑ j «�k { z j æ } j z w ø æ z< ¥ ¤"!�þ Ã�Ò º � § Ä� ? ù

Page 197: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� ±÷²�±��2�×� ´ ����°¸µ¸°�� ´ ³ ´ µ¸¼Ö�· g ª gÛµn³ ª g;±f�g ·¨ ¾�g ®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­h½ ¹ ©�²h¨¶® gÁµn³ ª ø æ zø æ z ¤ iïj «�k { z j æ } j ziïj «�k { z j æ Ã�Ò º � # Ä

�y �æÝ �æ � ²¥�§( « f ¬+®�· ø_z æ ±l< ¥z æ ³ ­ » ¨¶©h© g ¨;ª�« ¬¼­�® g ª�¯ ÿ�³;µ ®�· g°¸|³�¹ ­�²9º�Ö�¨ Æ ¬¼­h½�©¨;ª£®�¬Ø¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾�g « ³¶µÒ º � �Jf ¬+®�·�ª g «�© g Ô�®�® ³û< z æ1½�¬ ¾;g « à ü ü ø_z æ ¤ w�< iÑ j «�k { z j æ È �

<�� iÑ j «�k { z æ j Ãû} j z w ø æ z Ä ¥ ¤-!�þ Ã�Ò º � ? ÄÖ�·h¬+« »+g ¨;²�«Ý® ³ ®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­�½ ¹ ©|²¨¶® gÁµn³ ª < ¥z æ<S¥z æ ¤ iïj «�k { z j æ Ãû} j z w ø9z æ�Ä ¥iïj «�k { z j æ þ Ã�Ò º � ùäÄ

�y �æÝ � �ø§ð æǨ;©�© g ¨;ª�« ³ ­ » ¬¼­2®�· g�� ª�«�®�® g ª�¯ ³;µ ®�· gǸ|³�¹ ­�²9º �×Þ ©¨;­h²�¬¼­h½%®�·h¬+«�® g ª�¯�½�¬ ¾�g «b¨;­h²2ª g ¯ ³0¾ ¬¼­h½« ¹ ¯°¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h« ³0¾;g ªøÀ f · g ª g © ³ «�«�¬ ¸h»+g ½�¬ ¾;g « ¹ «� Á�»¼³ ½ ï Ã�äÑ ËD«�k ð Ë Ä w »¼³ ½ ï à ð æ0Ä Â È iÑ j «�k à ð æ w � Ä�Ï áÓÃ÷â j æ�Ä w á´Ã�äÑ Ë3«�k â j Ë ÄDÐ þ Ã�Ò º � / Ä

� ­ µn³ ª�® ¹ ­¨¶® g�»;± ®�· g ª g ¬¼«�­ ³ Ô »¼³ « g ² �Aµn³ ª�¯ « ³�»+¹ ®�¬ ³ ­ µn³ ª ð æǨ¶­h²�« ³øfÇg ·¨ ¾�g ® ³ ª g « ³ ª�®×® ³ « g Ô ³ ­h²³ ª�² g ª�® g Ô>·h­h¬ �v¹�g «�º '³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½ ± Ï ù¶Ð f�g2¹ « g ¨ �%gÛf ® ³ ­ ��� ¨;©h·h« ³ ­Â® g Ô>·�­h¬ �Õ¹hg ½�¬ ¾;g ­ ¸�p Þ���� ¤"p�� ê õ w�� ô

k Ã�Ò º Ñ;! Ä� ?;/

Page 198: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

°���� ´ ·��¸¶÷ú � ±��v��������� °�³ ´ � ´ µ4¶÷ì2°�³S¶t��·w¼f · g ª g ·¨;« g�»+g ¯ g ­ä®�« "!; ð # ¨;­h² � ·¨;« gÛ»¼g ¯ g ­ä®�« "!; ð # ð Ë º´Ö�¨ Æ ¬¼­h½ � ª�«�® ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾�g « ³;µ³�¹ ª gLÞ ©hª g «�«�¬ ³ ­ f ¬Ü®�·Âª g «�© g Ô�®�® ³ ð æÁ½�¬ ¾�g « ¹ «�®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³Hf ¬+­h½ à ü ü ð æ%$ m æ $ � á´Ã�äÑ Ë & k ð Ë Ä w � áÓà ð æ�Ä È iÑ j & k Á á´Ãnâ j æ�Ä w á´Ã�äÑ Ë & k â j Ë Ä Â þ Ã�Ò º Ñ � Äî ¬ *_g ª g ­ä®�¬Ø¨¶®�¬¼­h½J¨¶½ä¨;¬¼­ ±�f ¬+®�·�ª g «�© g ÔÛ®%® ³ ð # ½�¬ ¾�g « ¹ «Ù®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½ (' à ü ü ð æ ð # $*) æ # $ � á ü à äÑ Ë & k ð Ë Ä w æ # � á ü à ð æ�Ä Ã�Ò º Ñ=Ñ Äf · g ª g æ # $ � ¬ *,+ $ À)¨;­h² !J³ ®�· g ª f ¬+« g º

��g Ô�¨;­Ó© g ª µn³ ª�¯ ®�·h¬¼«�¬Ü® g ª�¨¶®�¬ ³ ­ ¹ ­ä®�¬ » « ³ ¯ g « ¹ ¬+®�¨ ¸h»+g Ô ³ ­ ¾�g ª�½ g ­hÔ g Ô�ª�¬+® g ª�¬¼¨ø¬¼«�¯ g ®�º '³ ª » ¨¶ª�½ g¾ ¨ »+¹hg « ³;µ.- fÇg ¯å¨ )f ¬+«�·�® ³ ¨ ¾�³ ¬¼²�®�· g ª g © g ¨¶® g ²�¬+­ ¾�g ª�«�¬ ³ ­ ³;µ ®�· g0/�g «�«�¬¼¨;­ ± � º�Ö�·h¬+«�Ô�¨;­¸|g ¨;Ô>·h¬ g�¾�g ² ¸� ­ ³ ®�¬¼­h½�®�·¨¶® � ¬¼« ³;µ ®�· g1µn³;»¼»¼³0f ¬+­h½ µn³ ª�¯� $214365 È*7 ¿ 7 3 Ã�Ò º Ñ@ÿ Ĭtº g º�¨ÂÔ ³ ­h«£®>¨;­ä® ¾ ¨ »¼¹hg¶± ¿�© »¼¹ « ¨ ¾�g ÔÛ® ³ ª 1 ³ ­è®�· g ²h¬¼¨;½ ³ ­¨ »Ùà 5 ¬+«1®�· g ¬¼² g ­Õ®�¬+® ¨¶­h² 7 ¬+« ¨¯°¨¶®�ª�¬ Þ°µn¹h»¼»_³;µ×³ ­ g «�Ä�º�Ö�· g ¯å¨¶®�ª�¬ Þ ¬+­ ¾;g ª�«�¬ ³ ­ »+g ¯Ó¯å¨�«£®>¨¶® g «

Ã98 È;:%<=: 3 Ä ôk $ 8 ô

k w 8 ôk : Ã < ô

k > : 3 8 ôk : Ä ô

k : 3 8 ôk þ Ã�Ò º ? � ÄÖ�· g ª g�µn³ ª g¶± ®�· g ¬¼­ ¾�g ª�« g2³;µ ®�· g@/%g «�«�¬Ø¨¶­�¬+«�½�¬ ¾;g ­ ¸A

� ôk $ Ã 1�365 Ä ô

k w à 1 3 5 Ä ôk 7B7 3 à 1 3 5 Ä ô

k¿ôk > ï äC & kED ô

kC þ Ã�Ò º ?GF ÄìAµ�fÇg ¯ ¹h» ®�¬+© » ®�·h¬+« ¸� fÇg ½ g ®%®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½ ¹ ©�²¨Ë® g�¾�g ÔÛ® ³ ª µn³ ª pH # $ à � ô

k Ä # $ m # wJID # Ã�Ò º ? # Ä� ù !

Page 199: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

�LKNMOK �2�×�QP|����RTSTR��UPWV4P6STXf · g ª g1m # ¬+«�½�¬ ¾;g ­�¨ ¸�³0¾;g;± D # $ á ü à ð # Ä�¨;­�²

I $ ï äC & k m C ! D C¿ôk > ï äC & k D ô

kC þ Ã�Ò º ? ? Ä

� ù �

Page 200: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 201: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Y[Z\ZJI\] ��^LK _N O P ` \�Wba c \4d Wbe []Y a f P \�[V\hgia j�Y WO [V\ba [ dk ­1®�·h¬+«�¨¶©h© g ­h²h¬ Þ_±ËfÇg ¬¼­ä®�ª ³ ² ¹ Ô g ¨Ù« » ¬¼½�·ä® ¾ ¨;ª�¬¼¨¶®�¬ ³ ­ ³ ­1®�· g¢³ ª�¬¼½�¬+­¨ »��é6�î ¯ ³ ² g�» º �Ùg Ô�¨ »¼» ®�·¨¶®¬¼­ ³;¹ ª ³ ª�¬+½�¬¼­h¨ » ¯ ³ ² g�»t±ñµn³ ª g ¨;Ô>·�²h¨¶®>¨J© ³ ¬¼­ä® à ½ g ­ g1³ ª�Ô g�»+» «�¨;¯Ó© »+g;± ² g © g ­h²h¬+­h½ ³ ­)®�· g ® © g³;µ ¨;­¨ »l «�¬¼« ¸|g ¬+­h½)© g ª µn³ ª�¯ g ²ÿÄ f�g «�¨;¯Ó© »¼g ²�¨)¯ ¹�» ®�¬+­ ³ ¯Ó¬Ø¨ »9µ ª ³ ¯ ¨ î ¬¼ª�¬¼Ô>· »+g ®ø²h¬¼«£®�ª�¬ ¸h¹ ®�¬ ³ ­f ¬+®�· ©¨¶ª�¨;¯ g ® g ª�« p º k ®2¯å¨ �¸|g ®�·h¨¶® µn³ ª2· g ® g ª ³ ½ g ­ gÛ³�¹ «�²¨Ë®>¨ ± ¨�«�¬¼­h½ »+gÓî ¬¼ª�¬+Ô>· »¼g ®1¬¼«1­ ³ ®m gLÞ ¬ ¸h»¼g�g ­ ³�¹ ½�·.® ³ Ô�¨;©�® ¹ ª g Ô ³ ¯Ó© » ¬¼Ô�¨Ë® g ².«�®�ª ¹ Ô�® ¹ ª g ©hª g « g ­ä®�º '³ ªJ®�·h¬+«Óª g ¨;« ³ ­ ±Ýf�g ·¨ ¾;gg�Þ ® g ­h² g ²�®�· g�¸ ¨;«�¬¼Ô�¯ ³ ² gÛ»Õµ ª ³ ¯�¨�«�¬¼­h½ »¼g¢î ¬¼ª�¬¼Ô>· »+g ®é©hª�¬ ³ ª ® ³ ¨�¯Ó¬ Þ ® ¹ ª g ©hª�¬ ³ ªÛº�Ö�· g ½�ª�¨¶©h·h¬¼Ô�¨ »ª g ©hª g « g ­Õ®�¨¶®�¬ ³ ­ ³¶µ ®�·�¬¼«éÔ�¨;­ ¸�g « gÛg ­2¬¼­ � ½ ¹ ª gÇî º � º � g ¯ ¹ «£®×­ ³Hf «�¨;¯Ó© »¼g ¨Ù©hª�¬ ³ ª Ô ³ ¯°© ³ ­ g ­Õ®n µ ª ³ ¯ ¨J¯ ¹h» ®�¬¼­ ³ ¯°¬¼¨ »po f ·h¬+Ô>·�« g�»+g ÔÛ®�«�®�· g1î ¬+ª�¬¼Ô>· »¼g ® µ ª ³ ¯ f ·h¬+Ô>· f�g «�¨;¯Ó© »+g�³�¹ ª s º�Ö�· gª g «�® ³;µ ®�· g ¯ ³ ² g�» ª g ¯°¨;¬¼­h« ¹ ­hÔ>·¨;­h½ g ²9ºkAµ f�g ·¨ ¾�g�q ©hª�¬ ³ ª�Ô ³ ¯Ó© ³ ­ g ­ä®�« ± ®�· g�» ¬sr gÛ» ¬+· ³ñ³ ² ³;µ ¨�²¨Ë®>¨;« g ® ³;µ � ½ g ­ g «Ý¨;­h²ut ¨;ª�ª�¨ «Ý¬¼«iÑ j & k »¼³ ½ l�Ã÷mwv o¢oyxøoyz1oLp Ä $ iÑ j & k »¼³ ½|{Ñ} & kG~ } q r léÃnmwv p2o�x1o�z Ä l�Ã�s�v p } Ä�ê s Ãtî º � Äk ­ä®�ª ³ ² ¹ Ô�¬¼­�½�¨2« g ® ³;µ «�¨¶¯°© »+g «�© g Ô�¬ � Ôø¯ ¹�» ®�¬+­ ³ ¯Ó¬Ø¨ » «h� } j « ¹ Ô>·�®�·¨¶® {�} & k � } j $

� ¨;­h²°®�· g ­� ù ÿ

Page 202: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

R����6P6���T�÷ú�� K �v��� � ��V4�����÷úLV �LSwP��Q�Ó�L��S4� � ����P6V��6S4�t�QSTX

p

s À } j z

zx

t�

o n

���s�lk4��k��A���L�����������������O���O ¢¡s£O����¤��¦¥W�T§|¨��©��¤ª «�­¬®��¯A���°£O¡±§°�©���l²�¤A�©�y�h³A�´�©£O���. �£G�����¹ «�¬¼­h½¶µ g ­�« g ­±·�«%¬¼­ gÛ�Õ¹ ¨ » ¬Ü® åf�g Ô�¨;­ »¼³0f�g ª ¸�³;¹ ­h²Â®�·h¬+« �v¹ ¨;­ä®�¬+® i�j & k »¼³ ½ l�Ã÷mTv o�o�xøoyz1oLp Ÿ i�j & k {�} & k � } j »+³ ½ ~ }w i�j & k {�} & k � } j »¼³ ½�� } j> {�} & k � } j »¼³ ½�º�» r l�Ã÷mTv p�oyx�oyz Ä l�Ãts�v p } Ä�ê s�¼�þ

Ãtî º ? Äk ­ä®�ª ³ ² ¹ Ô�¬+­h½ ¾ ¨;ª�¬¼¨¶®�¬ ³ ­¨ »t± ½ g ­ g «�© g Ô�¬ � Ô î ¬¼ª�¬¼Ô>· »+g ®�· « u j ±¶fÇg Ô�¨;­´© g ª µn³ ª�¯ ¨ø«�¬¼¯Ó¬ » ¨;ª ³ © g ª�¨¶®�¬ ³ ­® ³°¸|³�¹ ­h²)®�· g�� ­¨ » ® g ª�¯{�} & k � } j »¼³ ½�ºA» r l�Ã÷mTv p2oyx�oyz Ä léÃ�s�v p } Ä£ê s.¼ ¸ i�j & k Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ l�Ãnmwv p2oyxÁoyz ÄDÐ> i�j & k {�} & k � } j Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »¼³ ½ l�Ãts�v p } ÄDÐw i�j & k ÅÇÆ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î�Ï »¼³ ½ l�Ãts�v u j Ä�Ð

Ãtî º ÿ Äf · g ª g ª g ² ¹ ­h²¨;­ä®�� } j ¨¶­h² � } ® g ª�¯Ó«Ù·¨ ¾�g2¸�gÛg ­�ª g ¯ ³H¾;g ²9º e ­ gU� ­¨ » « g ® ³;µ×¾ ¨;ª�¬Ø¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h¨ »©¨¶ª�¨;¯ g ® g ª�« {U¿ j z ¨;ª g ¬¼­ä®�ª ³ ² ¹ Ô g ²�« ¹ Ô>·Â®�·¨¶® � ¿ {«¿ j z $ � ® ³ ®�· g�� ª�«�®�® g ª�¯ ¨ ¸�³0¾;g º�Ö�· g « g©¨¶ª�¨;¯ g ® g ª�«�Ô�¨;­ ¸�g ®�· ³�¹ ½;·Õ® ³¶µ ¨¶«Ý®�· g © ³ «�® g ª�¬ ³ ª�²h¬¼«£®�ª�¬ ¸h¹ ®�¬ ³ ­ ³0¾;g ª�®�· g ²�¬ *�g ª g ­ä®Ù©hª ³ Ô g «�« g «� ù �

Page 203: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� K ë K �2�×�QP|����RTSTR��UPWV4P6STXµn³ ª g ¨;Ô>· m ¨;­�²�¿º�µ g ­�« g ­±·�«Á¬+­ g��Õ¹ ¨ » ¬+® Ô�¨;­ ¸�g2¹ « g ² ³ ­ g0� ­¨ » ®�¬¼¯ g ® ³ ½;¬ ¾�g ®�· g2µn³�»¼»+³Hf ¬+­h½¸|³�¹ ­h² ³ ­)®�·h¬+« ³ ­ g ® g ª�¯i�j & k Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »¼³ ½ léÃnmwv p2o�x�oyz Ä�Ð[¸ i�j & k x�z & k%À�¿ & k {U¿ j z »+³ ½ÿÏ l�Ãt} j z v À oÂÁ z ¿ o�à z ¿ ÄDÐw i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {U¿ j z »+³ ½ {U¿ j z> i�j & k x�z & k%À�¿ & k {«¿ j z Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »¼³ ½ s ¿ Ð

Ãtî º � ÄÒdz ¯ ¸ ¬¼­h¬+­h½�®�· g « g ®�·hª g�g1¸|³�¹ ­h²h«Ù¬+­Õ® ³´³ ­ g ½�¬ ¾;g «�®�· g1µn³;»¼»¼³0f ¬+­h½

i�j & k »+³ ½ l�Ã÷mTv o�o�x�oyzÁoLp Äĸ i�j & k {�} & k � } j »+³ ½ ~ }w i�j & k {�} & k � } j »¼³ ½�� } jw i�j & k Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »¼³ ½ l�Ãts�v u j Ä�Ð> i�j & k {�} & k � } j Å�Æ0È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î£Ï »¼³ ½ l�Ãts�v p } ÄDÐ> i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {«¿ j z »¼³ ½ l�Ãû} j z v À o�Á z ¿ o�à z ¿ Äw i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {U¿ j z »+³ ½ {«¿ j z> i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {«¿ j z Å l�Ãû~6v â j ÄÛÏ »+³ ½ ~ ¿ Ð þÃtî º F Ä

_ � � � ��� IJ� ����������I���IJ���Ö�· g ©hª ³ Ô g «�«1¯ g ¨;­è¨;­�² ¾ ¨;ª�¬Ø¨;­�Ô g ©¨;ª�¨;¯ g ® g ª�« Á z ¿ ¨;­h² à 'z ¿ ³ ­ »l ¨;©h© g ¨¶ªÁ¬¼­�®�· g F ®�·�® g ª�¯¨ ¸|³0¾�g º�Ö�·h¬+«�® g ª�¯ Ô�¨¶­ ¸|g1g�Þ ©¨;­h² g ²�¨¶« µn³;»¼»¼³0f «i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {«¿ j z »¼³ ½ l�Ãû} j z v À o�Á z ¿ oÂà z ¿ Ä $ i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {U¿ j z »+³ ½ÆÅ k4 '�ÇÉÈÉÊË�Ì(Íw i�j & k x�z & k À�¿ & k {U¿ j zÈ � Í Ë ôAÎ Ë�Ì

Î Ê'�È ÊË�Ì þ Ãtî º # Ä� ù F

Page 204: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

R����6P6���T�÷ú�� K �v��� � ��V4�����÷úLV �LSwP��Q�Ó�L��S4� � ����P6V��6S4�t�QSTXÖ�¨®rÕ¬¼­h½�©¨;ª£®�¬¼¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾�g « ³;µ ®�·h¬¼« g�Þ ©hª g «�«�¬ ³ ­ f ¬+®�·�ª g «�© g Ô�®�® ³ÆÁ z ¿ ¨;­h² à z ¿ ± « g ®�®�¬¼­h½Â®�· gª g « ¹�» ®�«�® ³°�Ûg ª ³ ¨;­�²�« ³�»+¾ ¬¼­�½ ¬ g�» ²�«Ý®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­h½ ¹ ©�²h¨¶® g «Á z ¿ $ i�j & k {U¿ j z } j zi�j & k {«¿ j z Ãtî º ? Ä

à 'z ¿ $ i�j & k {«¿ j z Ãt} j z w Á z ¿ Ä 'i�j & k {«¿ j z þ Ãtî º�ùäÄÖ�· g ¯Ó¬ Þ ® ¹ ª g Ô ³ ¯Ó© ³ ­ g ­ä®Â©hª�¬ ³ ª�« ~ } ³ ­ » ¨;©h© g ¨;ªÂ¬+­y® g ª�¯ � ³;µ ®�· g�» ¬r g�» ¬¼· ³v³ ² ¸|³�¹ ­h²9º( ²h²h¬¼­�½ ¨�« ¹ ¬Ü®>¨ ¸�»¼gÂ� ¨;½�ª�¨;­h½�¬¼¨;­ ® ³èg ­h« ¹ ª g � } ~ } $ � ± ®>¨®rÕ¬+­h½�©h¨;ª�®�¬Ø¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾�g «å¨;­�²« ³�»+¾ ¬¼­�½ ¬ g�» ²�«Ý®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­h½�¬+® g ª�¨¶®�¬ ¾;gÁ¹ ©�²h¨¶® g~ } $ �

� iÑ j & k � } j þ Ãtî º / ÄÖ�· g�p } ©¨;ª�¨¶¯ g ® g ª�« ³ ­ » ¨¶©h© g ¨;ª�«%¬¼­Â® g ª�¯ �Ó³;µ ®�· g ¨ ¸|³0¾�g ¸�³;¹ ­h² ¸�¹ ®ø©h¨;ª�®�¬Ø¨ » ²h¬ *_g ª g ­Õ®�¬ �¨¶®�¬ ³ ­ ³;µ ®�·h¬+«�® g ª�¯ f ¬+®�·�ª g «�© g ÔÛ®ø® ³ ð } ¿ ª gÛ¾;g ¨ » «%®�·¨¶®�¨Ó«�¬¼¯Ó© »¼g ¬Ü® g ª�¨¶®�¬ ¾�g ©�ª ³ Ô g ² ¹ ª g ¬¼«Ù­ ³ ®© ³ «�«�¬ ¸h»+g ¨;­h²è¨�« g Ô ³ ­�² ³ ª�² g ª�® g Ô>·h­�¬ �Õ¹hg ¬¼«�ª g��Õ¹ ¬¼ª g ²9º�Ö�· gJ¾�g Ô�® ³ ª ³;µ�� ª�«�®1² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ¾;g «Á·¨¶«®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³Hf ¬+­h½�Ô ³ ¯°© ³ ­ g ­ä®�«m # $ Ï á´Ã Ñ ¿ & ð ¿ & } Ä w áÓÃ ð ¿ } Ä�Ð iÑ j & k � } j > iÑ j & k � } j Ï á´Ã Ñ ¿ & â j ¿ & Ä w áÓÃ÷â j ¿ ÄDÐ Ãtî º � ! Ĩ;­�²�®�· g«/�g «�«�¬¼¨;­ ) #NC $ Ï á ü Ã Ñ ¿ & ð ¿ & } Ä w Ã�+�o�Ï Ä á ü Ã ð ¿ } Ä�Ð iÑ j & k � } j Ãtî º ��� Ä

(Ð��g�f ® ³ ­ ��� ¨;©h·h« ³ ­�® g Ô>·h­�¬ �Õ¹hg Ô�¨;­�­ ³0f ¸|g1¹ « g ² ± ¨;«Ù² g «�Ô�ª�¬ ¸�g ²�¬+­ ( ©h© g ­h²�¬ Þ�Ò º� ù #

Page 205: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

� KNMOK ìERLS4��RpV��t�Q�TR��´��RTSTR��UPWV4P6STX_ �y� ����� ^ ��� ^�� ]���� ��������� I���IJ���' ¬+ª�«�® »;± {U¿ j z ¨;©h© g ¨¶ª�« ¬¼­�® g ª�¯°« F ±�# ¨¶­h² ?)³;µ ®�· g°¸|³�¹ ­�²9º�Ö�¨®rÕ¬¼­h½Â®�· g « g ® g ª�¯°« ± ª g ¯ ³H¾ä�¬¼­�½G« ¹ ¯°¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h« ³0¾�g ªÓÀ ± ¿�¨;­h²�¿�¨;­h²�¨;²�²h¬¼­h½G¨ � ¨;½�ª�¨¶­h½�¬Ø¨¶­è® ³ «�¨¶®�¬¼« µ� ®�· g « ¹ ¯°¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­Ô ³ ­h«�®�ª�¨;¬+­Õ® f�g ·¨ ¾�g{U¿ j z »¼³ ½ l�Ãt} j z v À o�Á z ¿ o�à z ¿ Ä w {«¿ j z »¼³ ½ {U¿ j z > {U¿ j z Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ ~ ¿ Ð w ��à ÀÑ ¿ & k|{U¿ j z w

� Ä Ãtî º � ? Ä®>¨"rv¬+­h½´©¨;ª£®�¬Ø¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾;g « f ª�® {U¿ j z ¨;­h²�« g ®�®�¬¼­h½J® ³´�Ûg ª ³ ½�¬ ¾�g «! $ »¼³ ½ l�Ãû} j z v À o�Á z ¿ oÂà z ¿ Ä w Ãû»¼³ ½ÿÏ {U¿ j z Ð > � Ä > Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ ~ ¿ Ð w � Ãtî º � ÿ Ä« ³;»+¾ ¬¼­h½ µn³ ª � ¨;­h²Âª gL� ¨;ª�ª�¨;­h½;¬¼­h½J½�¬ ¾�g «Ù®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½ ¹ ©�²¨Ë® gÁµn³ ª {U¿ j z

{U¿ j z $ l�Ãt} j z v À o�Á z ¿ o�à z ¿ Ä g�Þ ©éÏ Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ ~ ¿ ÐÜÐi�j & & k l�Ãt} j & z v À o�Á z ¿ o�à z ¿ Ä gLÞ ©�Ï Å�Æ0È ½ Ê ¾ Í & Î£Ï »+³ ½ ~ ¿ ÐÜÐ Ãtî º � � Äf · g ª g Å l�Ãt~Bv â j ÄÛÏ »+³ ½ ~ ¿ Ð $ á´Ãnâ j ¿ Ä w á´Ã Ñ C â j C Ä þ Ãtî º � F Ä��³0f1±Ýâ j ¿ º�Ö�·�¬¼« ¾ ¨¶ª�¬Ø¨ ¸h»¼g ¨;©h© g ¨¶ª�«Ó¬¼­ ® g ª�¯°« ÿ�±Ý� ¨;­h² ? º �bÞ ®�ª�¨;Ô�®�¬¼­�½�®�· g « g ® g ª�¯Ó«å¨;­�²ª g ¯ ³0¾ ¬¼­�½Ó« ¹ ¯Ó¯å¨¶®�¬ ³ ­�« ³0¾�g ª�À¨;­h² må»+g ¨ ¾�g «w Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ l�Ã�s�v u j ÄDÐ > {Ñ} & k � } j Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ l�Ã�s�v p } ÄDÐ > xÑ z & k {«¿ j z Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ ~ ¿ Ð þÓÃtî º

� # Ä��³0f1±Å l�Ãû~6v â j Ä�Ï »¼³ ½ l�Ãts�v u j Ä�Ð $ » r »+³ ½ ÅyÑ È©Ò Ì ¾ Í Ì ÎÓ Ì Ñ È ¾ Í Ì Î > À�¿ & k Ãnâ j ¿ w

� Ä »¼³ ½Ï ~ ¿ Ð Í l�Ã�s�v u j Ä�ê s$ »¼³ ½%Ô�Ñ È Ò Ì ¾ Í Ì ÎÓ Ì Ñ È ¾ Í Ì ÎyÕ > À�¿ & k Ãnâ j ¿ w� ÄDÅ Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï »+³ ½ ~ ¿ Ð$ »¼³ ½ Ô�Ñ È­Ò Ì ¾ Í Ì ÎÓ Ì Ñ È ¾ Í Ì ÎyÕ > À�¿ & k Ãnâ j ¿ w� ÄÛÏ á´Ã÷â j ¿ Ä w á´Ã � C â j C ÄDÐ Ãtî º � ? Ä

� ù ?

Page 206: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

R����6P6���T�÷ú�� K �v��� � ��V4�����÷úLV �LSwP��Q�Ó�L��S4� � ����P6V��6S4�t�QSTX¨;­�²å«�¬+¯°¬ » ¨;ª »1µn³ ª�®�· g�léÃ�s�v p Ä×® g ª�¯�ºbÖ�· g ª g�µn³ ª g¶± ®�· g ª g�»+gÛ¾ ¨;­ä®�® g ª�¯°«�«�¬+¯°© » ¬ µ� ® ³ ®�· g%µn³�»+»¼³0fÝ�¬+­h½ à ¨;½ä¨¶¬¼­ ±ñ³ ¯°¬Ü®�®�¬¼­h½ ¹ ­h­ g Ô g «�«�¨;ª « ¹ ¯Ó¯å¨¶®�¬ ³ ­�«�¨;­h²�­ ³ ­ â j ¿ ® g ª�¯°«�ÄÖ {Ñ} & k � } j ð } ¿ w â j ¿ > iÑ j & k {U¿ j z�× Ï á´Ãnâ j ¿ Ä w á´Ã Ñ C â j C ÄDÐ w »¼³ ½ Å ï à � ¿ â j ¿ ÄØ ¿ ï Ãnâ j ¿ Ä Í Ãtî º � ùäÄÖ�¨®rÕ¬¼­h½´©¨¶ª�®�¬¼¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ¾;g « f ¬Ü®�·�ª g «�© g ÔÛ®Ù® ³´â j ¿ ¨;­h²�« g ®�®�¬+­h½J® ³ÚÙ�g ª ³Ó»¼g ¨ ¾;g «! $ Û {�} & k � } j ð } ¿ w â j ¿ > i�j & k {U¿ j zÉÜ Ï áÞÝnÃnâ j ¿ Ä w á�Ý÷à � C â j C ÄDÐw Ï á´Ãnâ j ¿ Ä w áÓà � C â j C Ä�Ð> Ï á´Ã÷â j ¿ Ä w á´Ã � C â j C ÄDÐ Ãtî º � / Ä

ß ¬ ¾ ¬¼­�½�®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­h½ ¹ ©�²h¨¶® gÁµn³ ª â j ¿â j ¿ $ {Ñ} & k � } j ð } ¿ > iÑ j & k {«¿ j z(à Ãtî º ?®á Ä

' ¬+­¨ »+»�± � } j ¨;©h© g ¨;ª�«�¬+­�® g ª�¯Ó« � ± ? ¨;­h²�â ³;µ ®�· gå¸|³�¹ ­h²9ºäã Þ ®�ª�¨;Ô�®�¬+­h½�®�· g « g;± ª g ¯ ³0¾ ¬¼­h½« ¹ ¯°¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­h« ³0¾�g ª n ¨¶­h² m ¨;­h²)¨;²�²h¬¼­h½�¨=åé¨;½�ª�¨¶­h½�¬Ø¨¶­°® ³Jg ­h« ¹ ª g � } � } j $� f�g ¨;ª g�»+gÛµ ®f ¬Ü®�·Â®�· gÁµn³�»+»¼³0f ¬¼­h½� } j »¼³ ½ ~ } w � } j »+³ ½�� } j > � } j ÅÇÆ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î�Ï l�Ã�s�v p } Ä�Ð w;æ à {Ñ} & k � } j w

� Ä à Ãtî º ? � ÄÖ�¨®rÕ¬¼­h½´©¨¶ª�®�¬¼¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ¾;g « f ¬Ü®�·�ª g «�© g ÔÛ®Ù® ³ � } j ¨;­�²�« g ®�®�¬¼­h½J® ³ÚÙÛg ª ³°»+g ¨ ¾�g « ¹ « f ¬Ü®�·á $ »+³ ½ ~ } w Ãû»+³ ½ÿÏç� } j Ð > � Ä > Å Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î Ï l�Ãts�v p } ÄDÐ w;æ à Ãtî º ?G? Ä7 ³;»+¾ ¬¼­h½ µn³ ª æ ¨;­h²�ª géè ¨;ª�ª�¨;­h½�¬+­h½�½�¬ ¾�g « ¹ «%®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³Hf ¬+­h½ ¹ ©�²¨Ë® gÁµn³ ªê� } j� } j $ ~ } gLÞ ©�ëHÅÝÆ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î£Ï »+³ ½ à léÃ�s�v p } ÄDÐ�ì� { }Lí & k ~ }Tí gLÞ ©�ëHÅ�Æ�È ½ Ê ¾ Í Î�Ï »¼³ ½ à l�Ãts�v p }Tí ÄDÐ�ì Ãtî º ?®î Ä� ù�ù

Page 207: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

ï KNMOK ìERLS4��RpV��t�Q�TR��ªð�RTSTRTñUPWV4P6STXf · g ª gò�óOô�õÂö4÷yøúùÂû ü�ý9þ�ÿ ����������� � ������������� ������� � � �� ��� � � � � � �!� ò�óOô "# $&% � ÿ�� ��� �(' ë �)��*+�-,/. � � ' *+� %10 ,�. 0 �!�2�43 5687 � ï KNM,� �9 « f ¬+®�·å®�· g «�®�¨;­h²¨;ª�²%å;: î ¯ ³ ² g�»t± ®�· g « gÁ¹ ©|²¨¶® g «ÇÔ�¨;­ ¸|gø¹ « g ²)¬+® g ª�¨¶®�¬ ¾�g�»l ® ³«� ­h²Â¨ »+³ Ô�¨ »¯°¨ Þ ¬¼¯ ¹ ¯ ³;µ ®�· g1» ¬sr gÛ» ¬+· ³ñ³ ²9º

� ù�<

Page 208: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw
Page 209: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Y[Z\Z>=\] ��^1? @A B []\×a [ f a [ W a Y S \×d g []Y WVY C D EÖ ³ ¨ ¾;³ ¬¼² ³0¾�g ª � ®�®�¬¼­�½ ±äfÇg Ô�¨¶­Ó© » ¨;Ô g ©hª�¬ ³ ª�« ³ ­J®�· g ¯ ¹h» ®�¬¼­ ³ ¯°¬¼¨ » ©¨;ª�¨;¯å¨Ë® g ª�« ³;µ|³�¹ ª�² g «�ÔÛª g ® gå;: î ¯ ³ ² g�» º 9 «Ý®�· g ©¨;ª�¨;¯ g ® g ª�«�¨¶ª g ¯ ¹h» ®�¬+­ ³ ¯Ó¬Ø¨ » ²�¬¼«�®�ª�¬ ¸h¹ ®�¬ ³ ­h« ± ¨�« ¹ ¬+®�¨ ¸h»¼g%µn³ ª�¯ ³;µ ©hª�¬ ³ ª¬¼«�¨ î ¬¼ª�¬¼Ô>· »+g ® ²h¬+«�®�ª�¬ ¸h¹ ®�¬ ³ ­9º k ­�¨G«�¬+¯°¬ » ¨;ª�¯°¨;­h­ g ª2® ³Gf · g ­ f�g ¨;²�² g ² ®�· g ©hª�¬ ³ ª�«2® ³ ®�· g«�®�¨;­h²¨¶ª�² å;: î ¯ ³ ² g�»t±�fÇgê� ­h²å®�·¨¶®�®�· g ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨Ë®�¬ ³ ­Óª g ¯°¨;¬¼­�«�¯å¨;¬+­ »�¹ ­hÔ>·¨¶­h½ g ² f ¬+®�· ³ ­ »lÔ>·¨;­�½ g «%¬¼­)®�· g ©h¨;ª�¨;¯ g ® g ªÙ¨;­�² { ¹ ©�²¨Ë® g «ÛºÖ�· g ® g ª�¯ ³¶µb³�¹ ª ³ ª�¬¼½;¬¼­¨ »|¸|³�¹ ­h²�Ô ³ ­�Ô g ª�­ g ² f ¬+®�·Â®�· g ©¨;ª�¨;¯å¨Ë® g ª ¹ ©�²¨Ë® g «Ù¬+«�½�¬ ¾;g ­ ¸A

xÑ z & k iÑ j & k ÀÑ ¿ & k { z j ¿ »¼³ ½ l�Ã2F j z v G j ¿ Ä à à ã�º � Äk ­hÔ ³ ª�© ³ ª�¨Ë®�¬¼­�½ ³�¹ ªÙ©hª�¬ ³ ªÇ® g ª�¯ ± ®�·h¬¼« ¸|g Ô ³ ¯ g «

xÑ z & k iÑ j & k ÀÑ ¿ & k { z j ¿ »+³ ½ q H léÃIF j z v G Ä l�ÃIG¦v J Ä£ê G à ã�º ? Äf · g ª gÙl�Ã!Gêv J ÄǬ¼« î ¬+ª�¬¼Ô>· »¼g ® ±vf ¬Ü®�·Â©¨;ª�¨;¯°¨¶® g ª�« J|± « g ­�«�¬ ¸�»¼g�¾ ¨ »¼¹�g « ³;µ�f ·h¬¼Ô>· fdz;¹h» ² ¸�g � ºk ­ä®�ª ³ ² ¹ Ô�¬¼­�½�¨å« g ® ³¶µ ½ g ­ g ¨;­h²G©hª ³ Ô g «�«�«�© g Ô�¬ � Ô î ¬¼ª�¬¼Ô>· »+g ®�« è æ ¿ j fÇg2³�¸ ®�¨;¬¼­�®�· g µn³�»¼»+³Hf ¬+­h½»¼³0f�g ª ¸|³�¹ ­h² ³ ­Â®�· g ¨ ¸|³0¾�gLKÕ¹ ¨;­ä®�¬Ü®

xÑ z & k iÑ j & k ÀÑ ¿ & k { z j ¿ q H l�ÃIG¦vNM Ä »+³ ½ Å léÃIF j z v G Ä l�Ã!Gêv J Äl�ÃIG¦vNM Ä Í ê G à à ã�º î Ä� < �

Page 210: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

RTðWð6P6� ï �÷ú P K R�ðWS4�t�QSä���QSäV4�TP ï ��X � SwP6V4P���ð ï��g Ô�¨;­J©�ª ³ Ô g�g ²´¨;«�¬¼­�¨ »¼» ®�· g�³ ®�· g ªb² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ³ ­�« ¸� ®�¨®rÕ¬¼­h½ø©¨;ª�®�¬Ø¨ » ² g ª�¬ ¾ ¨¶®�¬ ¾;g « f ¬Ü®�·�ª g «�© g Ô�®® ³ ®�· gݾ ¨;ª�¬ ³�¹ «b©h¨;ª�¨;¯ g ® g ª�«×® ³1³�¸ ®�¨;¬¼­ ��Þñg ² è © ³ ¬+­ä®�¬+® g ª�¨¶®�¬ ¾;gݹ ©|²¨¶® g «�º e ¯Ó¬+®�®�¬¼­�½�®�· g ² g ®�¨;¬ » « ±®�· gLG,¹ ©�²h¨¶® g ¬¼«�ª g © » ¨;Ô g ² ¸� ®�· gÁµn³�»¼»+³0f ¬¼­h½ ¹ ©�²¨Ë® gÁµn³ ªÝ®�· g ­ gÛf ¾ ¨;ª�¬Ø¨¶®�¬ ³ ­¨ »_î ¬+ª�¬¼Ô>· »¼g ®�«

æ j ¿ # $ J # > x�z & k { z j ¿/O j z #x�z & k { z j ¿ à ã�º âÕĨ;­�²�®�· g1¹ ©�²h¨¶® gÁµn³ ªÝ®�· gÁ¾ ¨¶ª�¬Ø¨Ë®�¬ ³ ­¨ » ¯ ¹h» ®�¬¼­ ³ ¯°¬¼¨ » ©¨;ª�¨¶¯å¨¶® g ª�« { z j ¿ ¸�g Ô ³ ¯ g «{ z j ¿ $ gLÞ ©�ë � # O j z # Ï�P à æ j ¿ # Ä w P à � C æ j ¿ C Ä�Ð9ì g�Þ ©�ë&P Ãnâ z ¿ Ä w P à � C â z C Äyì� ¿ í gLÞ ©�ë � # O j z # Ï�P à æ j ¿ í # Ä w P à � C æ j ¿ í C Ä�Ð9ì g�Þ ©±ë&P Ãnâ z ¿ í Ä w P à � C â z C Ä�ì à à ã�º F Ä

� < ?

Page 211: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

Y[Z\Z>=\] ��^1? QC D E R e c YT[V\hgTS j UWVYXQg[Z\ · ]Û­^] ¾ ¨ »¼¹ ¨¶®�¬+­h½ » ¬sr_] » ¬+· ³ñ³ ² ¾ ¨ »¼¹ ]Û« µn³ ª å`: î�±ba ]1¨;ªc] µ ¨;Ôd]�² a ¬Ü®�·�®�·�]�« ¹ ¯ ³;µ ¨�©hª ³ ² ¹ ÔÛ® ³¶µ®�·�] µn³;»¼»¼³ea ¬+­h½ µn³ ª�¯ »+³ ½ Ñ # ò Cgf #çC Ãih º jHÄa · ]Ûªk] f #çC ¯°¨ ¬+­ ¾�³�»Ü¾ ]1¨;­ ³ ®�· ]۪ݫ ¹ ¯Ó¯°¨¶®�¬ ³ ­9º�Ö�· ]Á©hª ³;¸h» ]Û¯ ¬+«Ç¬¼­l] ¾ ¨ »¼¹ ¨¶®�¬+­h½�®�·�]�©hª ³ ² ¹ Ô�®�ºÖ�·h¬+«Ç¬¼« ³;µ ®m]Û­ ³0¾ ]۪ݽ�]�­�]�«Ù¨;­h²å« ³ Ô�¨;­)¬¼­ ¾�³;»+¾ ]ø¨�©hª ³ ² ¹ ÔÛ® ³0¾ ]�ªÝ®�· ³�¹ «�¨¶­h²h« ³;µ «�¯å¨ »¼» ­ ¹ ¯ ¸ ]�ª�«®�·h¨¶® ª�¨;©h¬+² » ¨;©h©hª ³ ¨;Ô>· ]Û« ®�· ]Ó¯å¨;Ô>·�¬¼­ ]´©hªc]�Ô�¬+«�¬ ³ ­9º /�³ea ] ¾ ]Ûª ± ¨;« a ]娶ªk] ¹h» ®�¬¼¯°¨¶®m] » ¬¼­ä®m]Ûª è]�«£®m]Û² ¬¼­�®�·�] »+³ ½ ³;µ ®�·h¬¼« KÕ¹ ¨;­ä®�¬Ü® �±;a ]ÓÔ�¨¶­ ©n]�ª µn³ ª�¯ ®�· ] µn³;»¼»¼³ea ¬+­h½å®�ª�¬¼Ôyrÿº h ¬¼ª�«£® »l�±oa ]ÓÔ�¨¶­¬¼­�«k]�ª£® ¨;­p] Þ © ³ ­ ]�­ä®�¬¼¨ » ¨;­h²�¨ »¼³ ½ ¸ ]Û® a ]/]Û­ ®�·�]Ó« ¹ ¯Ó¯å¨¶®�¬ ³ ­�¨¶­h²�®�· ]´©hª ³ ² ¹ ÔÛ® ± Ô ³ ­ ¾ ]�ª£®�¬¼­�½®�·�] ©�ª ³ ² ¹ ÔÛ®%¬+­Õ® ³ ¨´« ¹ ¯Ó¯å¨¶®�¬ ³ ­ ³;µ×»+³ ½�«Ûº

»+³ ½ Ñ # ] Þ ©rq Ñ C »+³ ½ f #NCs à t h+u ?�vwyx z|{}{c~ �r�l���kz����l�_���|����{yz|{y� �ea��m�k�_�d�m�_� � ] {k��a ] �_� ] � ] �2�ya�z �mx��������� ]����� � à t h+u î�v� ���z|��~ {c�|����a ] ���_� ���_��� z�� ] ���m�|� ] �_����~���� ]�]����� � ��~��^a ] �/�_�g�l� r_] ~ { ] �_�L�mx ] z|� ] ���kz|���]��� tI  >¢¡ v¤£ ]1�� t!  v ]1�� t ¡ v �m����z � ]

�|������� ]����ë¥� � >§¦ ì]1��� ¦ t h+u â vje< î

Page 212: University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Computing Sciencesrogers/files/srogers_thesis.pdf · 2016-09-12 · z v o gdehehefoni ^pehk]gfbf ifwae >ae \pefdcnptas,ehoni n]awa@tppw

RTðWð6P6� ï �2¨ � Kª© ð ï �`«LñUP6S4�i¬±R © V4S4�i¬ �a�x z|�­x�� ] �_��{��k� �|��� q ��� ]1�� t � � >§¦ v s¯® ¦ t h�u F�va�x z|�­x^a ] �/�_� ] ���_�|~���� ] ���_z|� ] ���°{k~�z|�­��� � ] �­x ��z�� ] �_�;�d��� {c�m�_��� ¦ u ß z|� ] �±�mx��¥�+�mx ]²� � ���_�|~ ] {a�z|�����_���n� ] � ] ���¥�mz|� ] ���³{c~ z|�m�_� � ] �­x ��z|� ] z|{ ® �´� �¶µ·� �|¸ {k�³�mx ���yz�� ]d¹�] �d�ya ] �_� ] �´�e�bz����>�_��� � ����_�|~ ] {�~ � {k�>�mx �����mx ] �´� � z��³~ �º���_��~ ] z�{ á u

je<®â