¿QUE VIENE DESPUES DE LOS REGIMENES COMUNISTAS?* Ralph Miliband 1 El derrumbamiento de las dictaduras comunis- tas en Europa Oriental y Central a mediados de 1989 fue el resultado de unos levantamientos po- pulares que figuran entre las revoluciones demo- cráticas más espontáneas de este siglo; y fueron realmente extraordinarias por su carácter eminen- temente pacífico. La velocidad con que dichos re- gímenes fueron eliminados mostró bien a las cla- ras que su fracaso había sido demasiado grande como para suscitar ni siquiera un mínimo apoyo popular. Una vez retirada la protección soviética, sus propios aparatos policiales y militares pronto se vieron paralizados frente a constantes manifes- taciones masivas. No obstante, como sucede en toda revolución, esas revueltas plantearon la cuestión de lo que ha- bría que sustituir a los regímenes desechados. De hecho, plantearon dos cuestiones claramente dife- renciadas: la primera, qué tipo de régimen políti- co se iba a establecer; la segunda concernía a la naturaleza del orden social que estaba a punto de surgir. Estas mismas cuestiones han sido plantea- das también por las crisis que han afectado a to- dos los regímenes comunistas (o ex-comunistas) y muy especialmente a la Unión Soviética. En el mundo hay muchas revoluciones que lle- van consigo un cambio de régimen político pero que no afectan seriamente al orden social, o que no lo afectan en absoluto: los triunfos democráti- cos acaecidos en los últimos años en América La- tina y Central son ejemplos de ello. También allí algunas dictaduras han sido derribadas por movi- mientos populares. Pero los bloques de poder eco- nómico, militar y administrativo que apoyaron a dichas dictaduras, y que a su vez fueron apoyados por ellas, se mantuvieron en sus puestos con ape- nas unos cambios mínimos de personal. Los nue- vos regímenes políticos constituían un claro avan- ce sobre aquellos otros a los que reemplazaban; pero para la gran mayoría, el orden social seguía siendo tan ajeno y opresivo como antes. En el caso de los regímenes comunistas, en cambio, los poderes económico, militar, adminis- trativo y político habían estado tan confundidos que era inevitable que la disolución del régimen político plantease de forma inmediata la cuestión del orden social; y esto ponía sobre el tapete, so- bre todo, la cuestión de lo que habría de suceder con unas economías basadas en la propiedad pú- blica de, por lo menos, los principales medios de actividad económica. Al menos en un caso, el de la República De- mocrática Alemana, se ha dado ya respuesta a las cuestiones planteadas por la desaparición de su ré- gimen comunista: el país ha sido absorbido por la República Federal Alemana, lo cual significa tam- * Agradezco a Marion Kozak y David Miliband sus comentarios críticos a la primera versión de este artículo. EL SOCIALISMO DEL FUTURO VOL 1 N º 2, 1990 19
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Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
General CampusOctober 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (431) All Women (286) All Minorities (252)
.
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 4608891.7497125+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*3300.34420237305)+(RegRankYear*1030.89636036089)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of Biological SciencesOctober 2009
0
2
4
6
8
10
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (56) All Women (23) All Minorities (21)
$25,329‐$25,329 Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 3828406.26698357+(DegreeLevel*8560.29297648608)‐(DegreeYear*250.196475263058)‐(RegRankYr*1630.1178161713)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary ResidualsClaire Trevor School of the Arts
October 2009
0
2
4
6
8
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (26) All Women (25) All Minorities (20)
$12,349‐$12,349StandardError
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = ‐2198960.82285256+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*1743.72646355599)+(RegRankYear*2921.17264126796)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary ResidualsPaul Merage School of Business
October 2009
0
2
4
6
8
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (14) All Women (18) All Minorities (21)
$40,977‐$40,977 Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 8863233.54655633+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*3751.79892040996)‐(RegRankYr*635.322886199162)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
Department of EducationOctober 2009
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (5) All Women (13) All Minorities (4)
$36,583‐$36,583 Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 4637976.14483756+(DegreeLevel*21723.3401201826)‐(DegreeYear*3105.41341574402)+(RegRankYear*807.552449461676)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary ResidualsHenry Samueli School of Engineering
October 2009
0
5
10
15
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (60) All Women (10) All Minorities (38)
$17,092‐$17,092Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 4333258.55646237+(DegreeLevel*17242.9350840561)‐(DegreeYear*3363.83391923137)+(RegRankYr*1214.74274056024)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of HumanitiesOctober 2009
0
5
10
15
20
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (54) All Women (82) All Minorities (58)
$23,237‐$23,237Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 2970853.34487836+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*3333.47223391134)+(RegRankYr*1893.2903273393)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
Donald Bren School of Information and Computer SciencesOctober 2009
0
2
4
6
8
10
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (35) All Women (18) All Minorities (19)
$18,303‐$18,303Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 3991011.63083266+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*2984.91643204694)+(RegRankYr*1030.17166202311)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of Physical SciencesOctober 2009
0
5
10
15
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (81) All Women (23) All Minorities (31)
$22,220‐$22,220Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 3418980.80315972+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*1740.38339061656)+(RegRankYr*70.055685333723)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of Social EcologyOctober 2009
0
2
4
6
8
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (26) All Women (27) All Minorities (10)
$14,152‐$14,152Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 3937636.51055576+(DegreeLevel*15681.6122852873)‐(DegreeYear*3340.88289366769)+(RegRankYr*1392.88832529445)+(EconVariable*37429.5502446561)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of Social Sciences w/Economics VariableOctober 2009
0
5
10
15
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (74) All Women (47) All Minorities (30)
$18,990‐$18,990Standard Error
*Note: Effective 10/01/2007, faculty in the Department of Economics were moved to the Business/Engineering Scale, since renamed the
"Business/Economics/Engineering" Scale
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 3462739.65820656+(DegreeLevel*20682.5832834614)‐(DegreeYear*3337.83325666616)+(RegRankYr*1627.0385023838)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of Social Sciences ‐ without Economics VariableOctober 2009
0
5
10
15
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (74) All Women (47) All Minorities (30)
$24,616‐$24,616 Standard Error
*Note: Effective 10/01/2007, faculty in the Department of Economics were moved to the Business/Engineering Scale, since renamed the
"Business/Economics/Engineering" Scale
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary Residuals
School of Medicine ‐ AllOctober 2009
0
5
10
15
20
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (98) All Women (41) All Minorities (46)
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 5038138.77994177+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*4183.81713914367)+(RegRankYr*1696.95952448997)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary ResidualsSchool of Medicine ‐ Basic Science
October 2009
0
2
4
6
8
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (31) All Women (19) All Minorities (18)
$24,454‐$24,454 Standard Error
Residual = Actual Salary ‐ Predicted Salary
Predicted Salary = 4497990.12182504+(DegreeLevel*0)‐(DegreeYear*1789.50538965616)‐(RegRankYr*419.626561476227)
University of California, IrvineLadder Rank Faculty Salary ResidualsSchool of Medicine ‐ Clinical Sciences
October 2009
0
2
4
6
8
10
< ‐$25K
‐$25K to ‐$
20K
‐$20K to ‐$
15K
‐$15K to ‐$
10K
‐$10K to ‐$
5K
‐$5K
to $0K 0
$0K
to $5K
$5K
to $10K
$10K to $15K
$15K to $20K
$20K to $25K
> $25K
Residual
Num
ber of Faculty
White Men (67) All Women (22) All Minorities (28)
$23,467‐$23,467 Standard Error
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities General Campus
October 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities Claire Trevor School of the ArtsOctober 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Biological SciencesOctober 1998 through 2009
‐$12,500
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
$12,500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities Paul Merage School of BusinessOctober 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities Henry Samueli School of Engineering
October 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Humanities
October 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities Donald Bren School of Information and Computer Sciences
October 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Physical SciencesOctober 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Social Ecology
October 1998 through 2009
‐$12,500
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
$12,500
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 1998 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Social Sciences ‐ without Economics Adjustment*
October 1998 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
*Note: Effective 10/01/2007, faculty in the Department of Economics were moved to the Business/Engineering Scale, since renamed the "Business/Economics /Engineering" Scale
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 2001 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Medicine ‐ Basic Sciences
October 2001 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
UC Irvine Office of Academic PersonnelSources: Payroll/Personnel Extracts as of October 2001 through 2009, Academic Personnel, Pay Equity Study.
Ladder Ranks Faculty Salary Mean Residuals: Women and Minorities School of Medicine ‐ Clinical Sciences
October 2001 through 2009
‐$10,000
‐$7,500
‐$5,000
‐$2,500
$0
$2,500
$5,000
$7,500
$10,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Women & Minorities Women Only Residual = Actual ‐ Predicted Salary
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