UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT - Mercy College Palakkad

CHOICE BASED CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM FORUNDER GRADUATE (UG) PROGRAMME

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

For BA HISTORY

Under

Restructured Curriculum and SyllabiAs per CBCSS

UG Regulations (2019)

(2019 Admissions Onwards)

1

CORE COURSES

(15 courses including project work)

Sl. No Code TitleContactHours Semester Credit

1 HIS1 B01 TRENDS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 6 I 52 HIS2 B02 TRENDS IN INDIAN

HISTORIOGRAPHY6 II 5

3 HIS3 B03 WORLD HISTORY- 1 4 III 44 HIS3 B04 INDIAN HISTORY- 1 5 III 45 HIS4 B05 WORLD HISTORY- 2 4 IV 46 HIS4 B06 INDIAN HISTORY- 2 5 IV 47 HIS5 B07 WORLD HISTORY- 3 5 V 48 HIS5 B08 INDIAN HISTORY- 3 5 V 49 HIS5 B09 KERALA HISTORY-1 5 V 410 HIS5 B10 METHODOLOGY OF THE

WRITING OF HISTORY5 V 4

11 HIS6 B11 INDIAN HISTORY- 4 5 VI 412 HIS6 B12 KERALA HISTORY- 2 5 VI 413 HIS6 B13 GENDER STUDIES 5 VI 414 HIS6 B14 INDIAN HERITAGE AND

PLURALITY OF CULTURES5 VI 4

15 HIS6 B15 DISSERTATION/ METHODOLOGYOF LOCAL HISTOICAL WRITING

2 Hours each in 5th

and 6th Semesters

V&VI 2

TOTAL CREDIT 60

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16

COMPLEMENTARY COURSES(12 courses)Sl.No.

Code Name of the Courses Credit Contact Hours/week

Sem

1 HIS1(2) C01 Modern Indian History (1857 to the Present): I

4 6 I/II

2 HIS4(3) C01 Modern Indian History (1857 to the Present): II

4 6 IV/III

3 HIS1(2) C02 Modern World History from AD 1500: I 4 6 I/II

4 HIS4(3) C02 Modern World History from AD 1500: II 4 6 IV/III

5 HIS1(2) C03 Social and Cultural History of Britain: I 4 6 I/II

6 HIS4(3) C03 Social and Cultural History of Britain: II 4 6 IV/III

7 HIS1(2) C04 West Asian Studies: I 4 6 I/II

8 HIS4(3) C04 West Asian Studies: II 4 6 IV/III

9 HIS1(2) C05 Archaeology In India: I 4 6 I/II

10 HIS4(3) C05 Archaeology In India: II 4 6 IV/III

11 HIS1(2) C06 History Of Journalism: I 4 6 I/II

12 HIS4(3) C06 History Of Journalism: II 4 6 IV/III

13 HIS1(2) C07 Tourism in Historical Perspective 4 6 I/II

14 HIS4(3) C07 History of Tourism Development in India 4 6 IV/III

OPEN COURSES(3 courses)

Sl. No Code Title Contact Hours Semester Credit

1 HIS5D01 HISTORICAL TOURISM 3 V 3

2 HIS5D02 HISTORY OF KERALARENAISSANCE

3 V 3

3 HIS5D03 HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA

3 V 3

1717

ELECTIVE COURSES(4 courses)

Sl. No Code Title ContactHours

Semester Credit

1 HIS6 B16 HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN INDIA

3 VI 3

2 HIS6 B17 HISTORY OF EPIGRAPHY IN INDIA 3 VI 3

3 HIS6 B18 ORAL HISTORY 3 VI 3

4 HIS6 B19 HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS 3 VI 3

DUAL CORE (Double Main)

For Double Main Programmes, there should be the following Core Courses, 10

Common Courses and 1 Open Course (from any other departments) . The code for History

Double Main will be same as that of the core courses, i.e., HIS- B-- . There are no

Complementary Courses for Double Main.

Sl.No

Code Title CONTACTHOURS

SEMESTER CREDIT

1 HIS1B01 TRENDS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY 6 I 5

2 HIS2B02 TRENDS IN INDIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY

6 II 5

3 HIS3B04 INDIAN HISTORY- 1 4 III 4

4 HIS4B06 INDIAN HISTORY- 2 5 IV 4

5 HIS4 B20 GENDER STUDIES 5 IV 4

6 HIS5B08 INDIAN HISTORY- 3 5 V 4

7 HIS5B09 KERALA HISTORY-1 5 V 4

8 HIS6B11 INDIAN HISTORY- 4 5 VI 4

9 HIS6B12 KERALA HISTORY- 2 5 VI 4

TOTAL 38

HIS6B15 *DISSERTATION 4 VI 3

*Dissertation / Project can be chosen from either of the two core courses.

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18

Core Courses

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HIS1B01 TRENDS IN HISTORIOGRAPHY

Course Category: Core Course 1No. of Credits: 5No. of Contact Hours: 6 Hours per week

This course is designed to expose first semester students, to the basic understanding

regarding the development of History as a discipline. The emphasis will be on the major trends in

the arena of Historical Writing and Thought. The course will illustrate how the methodological

and philosophical shifts have contributed for the development of History as a discipline.

Module I

Meaning of Historiography – Quasi History

Past and History- Differentiation and Conceptualization

Nature and Character of Greek Historical Writings- Herodotus

Nature of Medieval Historical Writings- St: Augustine – Ibn Khaldun

Books for Study

1. R G Collingwood, The Idea of History, OUP, 1994.2. Shashi BhushanUpadhyay, Historiography in the Modern World: Western and Indian

Perspectives, OUP, 2016.

Module II

Vico and New science – Positivism- Auguste Comte and Ranke

Marx and Historical Materialism

Cultural History- Jacob Burckhardt

A J Toynbee and the Study of Civilizations

Books for Study

1. R G Collingwood, The Idea of History, OUP, 1994.2. Shashi BhushanUpadhyay, Historiography in the Modern World: Western and Indian

Perspectives, OUP, 2016.

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Module III

The Annales – Marc Bloch, Fernand Braudal

History of Mentalities- Philippe Aries

History from Below- E P Thompson

Post Modernism – Keith Jenkins

Books for Study

1. Peter Burke, The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-89, Polity

Press, Cambridge, 1990.2. Patrick H Hutton, ‘The History of Mentalities: The New Map of Cultural History’ In

History and Theory, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Oct. 1981), pp. 237-259.3. R G Collingwood, The Idea of History, OUP, 1994.4. Shashi BhushanUpadhyay, Historiography in the Modern World: Western and Indian

Perspectives, OUP, 2016.

Module IV

Gender History– Gerda Lerner

Food History – Felipe Fernandez- Armesto

Environmental History – Alfred W Crosby

Oral Tradition and Oral History – Jan Vansina and Allan Nevins

Books for Study

1. Shashi BhushanUpadhyay, Historiography in the Modern World: Western and Indian

Perspectives, OUP, 2016.2. Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Patriarchy, OUP, 1987.3. Felipe Fernandez- Armesto, Near A Thousand Tables: A History of Food, The Free Press,

20024. Alfred W Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-

1900, Cambridge University Press, 2004. 5. Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.6. Gerald L Fetner, Immersed in Great Affairs: Allan Nevins and the Heroic Age of

American History, State University of New York Press, 2004.

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HIS2 B02 Trends in Indian Historiography

Course Category: Core Course 2No. of Credits: 5No. of Contact Hours: 6 Hours per week

This course is designed to expose Second semester students, to the basic understanding regarding

the development of Historical consciousness in India. It will also provide a basic understanding

regarding the major trends in the arena of Historical Writing and Thought in India. It will also

expose the students to the major paradigms associated with the study of Indian History, which

will help them to understand the Indian History Courses in the following semesters.

Module I Historical Consciousness in Pre- British India

Concept of time in early India

Jain and Buddhist Tradition

Ithihasa – Purana Tradition

Charithas and Kavyas- Harshacharitha – Mooshakavamsa- Rajatharangani

Kitab-al- Hind- Al- Biruni

Historical Writings of Sultanate Period- Barani- Amir Khusrau

Historiography of Mughal period -AbulFazal

Historical consciousness in other parts of India - Ferishta- Sheikh Zainuddeen- Mangalkabya

Module II Colonial and Nationalist Historiography

Indology- William Jones- Max Muller

James Mill and the Division of Indian History- The History of British India

Vincent A Smith- Great Men History

Nationalist Historiography- K.P Jayswal- R.C Majumdar- R.C Dutt- K.A.N Sastri-

ElamkulamP N Kunjan Pillai

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Module III Critique of Paradigms

Oriental Despotism

Asiatic Mode of Production

Hydraulic Society

Aryan Racial Supremacy Theory

Romila Thapar’s Critique on Colonial and Nationalist Historiography

Module IV Historiographical Trends in Independent India

Marxist Approach to Indian History- D.D Kosambi- R.S Sharma- Irfan Habib- Bipan Chandra

Subaltern Studies- Ranajith Guha- Dipesh Chakraborthy

Cambridge and new Cambridge school- Anil Seal- C A Bayly

Gender History- Uma Chakravarti

Environmental History- Ramachandra Guha

Books for Study

Dr. S P Sen, Historians and Historiography in Modern India, Institute of Historical Studies, 1973

Elliot and Dowson, History of India as told by its own Historians

Romila Thapar, The Past and Prejudice NBT 1975

Romila Thapar, Time as a Metaphor of History: Ancient India, OUP 1997

James Mill, The History of British India

Ranajit Guha (ed), Subaltern Studies, Vol. 1, OUP 1996

Shashi BhushanUpadhyay, Historiography in the Modern World: Western and Indian

Perspectives, OUP, 2016.

Henry Schwarz, Writing Cultural History in Colonial and Postcolonial India,

University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997

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ComplementaryCourses

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HIS4(3) C01 MODERN INDIAN HISTORY (1857 TO THE PRESENT): II

Course Category: Complementary Course No. of Credits: 4No. of Contact Hours: 6 Hours per week

This course is the Second of the two courses designed to be introduced to the students of allied

disciplines of History as complementary course. The focus of this course is on the Modern Indian

History focusing the Colonialism and National Movement. This course covers the History of

Colonialism and National Movement from the Gandhian Age to the Age of Globalization.

Students will be exposed to the nature and methods of Indian National Movement and the serious

debates happened in the period.

Module I Gandhian Tools for Struggles

Gandhian Ideology

Early Struggles

Rowlatt Act – Hartal – Jallian Walla Bagh

Montague- Chelmsford Reforms, 1919

Non Co operation – Khilafat

Civil Disobedience Movement – Salt Satyagraha

Poona Pact

Quit India – Do or Die

Module II Gandhian Constructive Programmes

Anti Caste Movements – Temple Entry Programmes

Khadi and Village industries

Anti CommunalProgrammes

Hindswaraj

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Module III Critique of Gandhi

Tagore

Ambedkar and His programmes

Subash Chandra Bose and His ‘Mission’

Jawaharlal Nehru – Congress socialists

Module I INDIA: The Republic

Indian constitution – Act of 1935- Rights and Duties

Federal Structure – Re- Organisation of Linguistic states

Emergency

Liberalisation –Privatisation –Globalisation –Narasimha Rao – Man Mohan Singh

BOOKS FOR STUDY

1. Percival Spear, The History India, Vol 22. Bipan Chandra et.al., India’s Struggle for Independence 3. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885- 19474. SekharaBandyopadhyaya, From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India5. Bipan Chandra et.al., India after Independence6. Bipan Chandra, In the Name of Democracy: JP Movement and the Emergency7. Ramachandra Guha, India after Gandhi: The History of World’s Largest democracy8. T T Ram Mohan, Privatisation in India: Challenging the Economic Orthodoxy9. Ramanuj Ganguli, Globalisation in India: New Frontiers and Emerging Challenges

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HISTORICAL TOURISM

SEMESTER- I/II

HIS 1(2)C07- TOURISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

No. of Credits 4

Contact Hours 6 hrs per week

Module I Basic Concepts

Introduction-Definition of tour and tourism- Natural and Cultural Heritages - Relation between History and TourismElements of Tourism-Travel Motivators-Classification of Tourism- International and Domestic-Inbound and Outbound-Excursion and TourModule II Historical Background

Origin and evolution of travel-Travel in Ancient Era- -European and Indian contexts-Travel in Roman Empire-Dark Era of Tourism.

Religious Travel- Travel for Trade-Early travelers to India: Fahsien, Hieuntsang, Alberuni, Ibn Battutta, Marcopolo, Bernier-Travel Accounts-Grand Tour-Geographical Explorations and their impact on travel.

Industrial Revolution and the development of Modern Travel-Thomas Cook-Mass Tourism-20th century developments in transport- World wars and Tourism-

Module III Tourism Typology

Leisure Tourism-Pilgrim Tourism-Cultural Tourism-MICE-Business Tourism-Adventure Tourism-Dark Tourism-Beach Tourism-Health Tourism-Eco-tourism-Wildlife Tourism-Responsible Tourism

Module IV Impact of Tourism

Economic: Foreign exchange-Balance of Payment-Multiplier Effect-Employment Generation-Infrastructure Development

Socio-cultural: Guest host relations-Demonstration Effect-Negative Impacts

Environmental: Environmental Pollution-Depletion Of Natural Resources-Threat ToNatural Habitats-Traffic Congestion-Garbage Trails-Positive Impacts On Environment.

Books for Study

A K Bhatia, International Tourism (Sterling)

,, Tourism Development: Principles and Practices (Sterling)

Sampadkumar Jain, Tourism Principles and Practices (Oxford)

Cooper, Fletcher and Wanhill, Gilbert, Tourism Principles and Practices

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Harish Bhatt and B S Badan, Sustainable Tourism

P N Girija Prasad, Global Tourism: Principles and Practices (Oxford)

Sunetra Roy, Archana Biwal, Vandana Joshi, Tourism Operations and Management(Oxford)

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HIS4 B20 - GENDER STUDIES

Course Category: Core Course -20 No. of Credits: 4 No. of Contact Hours: 5 Hours per week

The syllabus primarily aims to introduce the area of gender studies to graduate students. Thepresent course explains the socio-historical constructions of sexual differences in Indian societyby emphasizing the plural backgrounds. The Course is designed in such a way that the studentswill be able to understand the concept of gender, how genderization takes place in society, how itcreates inequalities, and how these inequalities become the basis for gender-based violence, andprovides an outline of how gender norms can be altered for better human relationships in society.The course is designed to prepare students to challenge the conventional social norms aboutgender.

Course Outcomes

CO 1. Explain conventional social norms about male-female dichotomy and can device policies and strategies to foster gender equality and gender justiceCO 2. Contribute to creative interventions that may result in a world with less inequalityCO 3. Critically interrogate and actively engage in social processes related to the construction of genderCO 4. Analyse social and cultural phenomena through the lens of gender in a way that appreciates a range of disciplinary perspectives

Module I: Key Terminologies and Concepts

Conceptualising Gender; define gender and sex- sexuality and sexism- gender as social

construction- concept of masculinity and femininity-gender discrimination Patriarchy and Matriarchy; concept and practice, Gerda Lerner., The Creation of

patriarchy Origin and concept of feminism; black feminism-dalit feminism-eco feminism

Judith Butler., Gender Performativity Theory

Essential readings

Jane Pilcher and Imelda Whelehan. Fifty,Key Concepts in Gender Studies Judith Butler.Gender Trouble: Feminism and Subversion of Identit Kamla Bhasin.What is Patriarchy?

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Gerda Lerner. Creation of PatriarchyReferences Ruth Vanita and SaleemKidwai (eds.). Same Sex Love in India: Readings in History and Literature SushilaAgarwal. Status of Women Uma Chakravarti. Gendering Caste through a Feminist Lens

Vandana Shiva.The Violence of Green Revolution LeelaDube. Anthropological Explorations in Gender KamlaBhasin. Understanding Gender Simon de Bouver. The Second Sex Luce Irigaray. This Sex Which is Not One

Module II: Indian Society through Gender Perspective

Division of labour in pre- proto historic period- women in agriculture- involvement in

technology and tool making-women images and ideas in Indus seals and crafts

Gender order in Brahmanical patriarchy- Uma Chakravarty- women in Buddhism and

Jainism

Medieval Islamic law and women- rights of women in marriage and inheritance- women

in royal courts- life in Mugal harem- cuncubinage- marginalised women- slave girls

British rule of law and women- Colonialism and discussion of women question

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak on women

Essential Readings

Kunkum Roy (eds.). Women in Early Indian Societies: Readings in Early Indian HistoryThomas. P. Indian Women through the AgesUma Chakravarti. Gendering Caste through a Feminist LensGayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Can subaltern speak?

References

A.S. Altekar, The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization. Thomas. P, Indian Women through the Ages.Kiran Pawar, Women in India History: Vision and VentureMadhuVij, et al. Women Studies in India, A journey of 25 Years

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Sushila Agarwal. Status of Women

Vandana Siva. Staying AliveUma Chakravarti. Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories: Beyond the Kings andBrahmanasof ‘Ancient India’

Module III: Social, labour, educational and health issues of women at present

Changing concept of family and marriage- labour and health issues- participation of

women in politics-women literacy

Law Relating to Crimes against Women and transgender (study main features only)

Indian Penal Code -1860, 1983

Dowry Prohibition Act,1961

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

Indecent Representation of Women [Prohibition]Act,1986

Essential readings

Nivedita Menon. Gender and Politics in India

Sushila Kaushik. Panchayati Raj in Action: Challenges to Women’s Role

Usha Sharma.Women Education in Modern India

Reshmi.G. and Anil Kumar K.S,Transgender, Charithram, Samskaram,Pradinidanam

A comprehensive Guide to Women’s Legal Rights for Indian Institute of Technology,

IIT Kanpur

References

Indian Law related to Women and Children, Wikigender, www.wikigender.org

www.legalservicesindia.com

www.ncw.nic.in

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https://wcd.nic.in

Law Relating to Women, https://shodganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Module IV: Contemporary Issues (short answer only)

Gender Identity- Heterosexuality- Queer Theory-Third Gender – Cross Dressers-

problems of sexual minorities- Coming Out- MIX- Organizations of Sexual Minorities;Queerala- Queerythm-SGMFK.

Essential Readings:

Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (eds.). Same Sex Love in India: Readings in History andLiteratureRichard Ekins and Dave King. Blending Genders: Social Aspects of Cross Dressing and Sex Changing

Reshmi.G and Anil Kumar K.S. Transgender, Charithram, Samskaram,Pradinidanam

A comprehensive Guide to Women’s Legal Rights for Indian Institute of Technology,IIT Kanpur

References

Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and Subversion of IdentityKumKumSangari and Uma Chakravarthi,(eds.)From Myths to Markets;Essays onGenderReshmi.G, and Anil Kumar,K.S Transgender, Charithram,Samskaram,Pradinidanam(Mal.)Vina Mazumdar, “Emergence of Women’s Question in India and the Role of Women’sStudies”, Occasional Paper, No. 7, Centre for Women’s Development Studies, NewDelhi, 1985.

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HIS5 B10 - METHODOLOGY OF THE WRITING OF HISTORY

Course Category: Core Course-10 No. of Credits-4No. of Contact Hours per week -5

Course Outcomes

CO 1. Enable the student to understand the techniques of writing History and the evolution

of such a techniques.

CO 2. Students will learn the theory and practice of historical research as practiced by professionals in the field including traditional and current research methodologies.

CO 3. It enables the student to develop a thesis/argument, evaluate its historical probability, and place that argument in a historiographical context.

CO 4. It helps to develop a historian’s skills, including reading, writing, speaking, and critical inquiry and would be able to execute and guided independent research

projects in accord with the research manuals.

CO 5. Distinguish between various forms of presentation of history and the basic

elements of research in history.

CO 6. Prepare students for writing the local history projects.

Module I: Selecting Historical Problem

Literary review and identification of a Historical Problem – making hypotheses and

drafting Synopsis – Preliminary Bibliography.

Essential Readings

Arthur Marwick, The new nature of History

E. H. Carr, What is History

Elton G.R., The Practice of History

Sharron Sorenson, How to write Research Paper

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Module II: The Historian at work

Searching for historical sources- define historical facts- Primary and Secondary Sources;

Archaeology - Epigraphy- Numismatics - Folklore –Toponymical – Literature – ArchivalStudies

e-Sources— Inflibnet, Shodhganga, www.cds.edu/working-papers, https://www.national

library.gov.in/

Authenticity of data – Internal and External Criticism– Generalisations

Essential Readings

Arthur Marwick, The New Nature of History

G.R.Elton, The Practice of History

Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft

Sharron Sorenson, How to Write Research Paper

E. H. Carr, What is History

Gottschalk L., Generalisation in the Writing of History

Rajaramanan.V; Introduction to Information Technology, Pearson Prentice Hall

Module III: Techniques of Historical Writing

Notes – Footnotes – Endnotes – Text notes

Style of Footnoting and Text noting- MLA and APA– Style of Bibliography

Appendices – Tables - Charts – Diagrams – Photos – Maps – Glossary – Abbreviations –

Index.

Essential Readings

Arthur Marwick, The New Nature of History

G. R. Elton, The Practice of History

Sharron Sorenson, How to write Research Paper

Module IV: Forms of Writing

Research Paper – Project Report- Dissertation or Thesis

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Oral History – Local History – Micro History- Life history

Essential Readings

G.R. Elton, The Practice of History

Joseph Gibaldy, MLA Handbook for the Writers of Research Papers

Sharron Sorenson, How to Write Research Paper

NB: Each student should identify and submit the Problem and Preliminary Bibliography for

the dissertation at the end of the Semester.

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HIS6 B11-INDIAN HISTORY- 4

Course Category: Core Course -11No. of Credits-4No. of Contact- 5 Hours per week

The Making of Contemporary India

Course Outcomes

CO 1. Realise the social and economic issues of contemporary India and engage in the

socially useful productive works

CO2. Define a pluralistic society and its relationship to our democratic principle

CO3. Realise the importance of the constitution of India and recognize the contribution of

leaders and personalities who prepared it.

CO4. Aware of the environmental issues of the country and contributed to the sustainable

development activities

CO5. Identifying the cardinal principles of Foreign Policy of India and think highly of

national leaders who contributed to the ideology of peaceful co existence

Module I: Laying the Foundation of Modern India

Partition and challenges; integration of princely states- strategies of Sardar Vallabhai

Patel

Framing of constitution; BR Ambedkar- significant features of Indian constitution-

Preamble- Fundamental Rights and Duties- Directive Principles- nationality andcitizenship

linguistic reorganisation of states- multi cultural system and the principle of unity in

diversity

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Essential Readings

Durga Das Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India Bipan Chandra, Essays on Contemporary India Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukerjee and Aditya Mukerjee, India since Independence Bipan Chandra. et. al (ed.), India After IndependenceReferences Gyanendra Pandey, Remembering Partition Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy Francis R Frankel, India’s Political Economy,1947-77 Joya Chatterji, The Spoils of Partition: Bengal and India, 1947-67 Granville Austin, Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation Nonica Dutta, Violence. Martyrdom and Partition: A Daughters Testimony

Module II: Nation Building Nehruvian era; Development and reconstruction- focus on technology-economic

planning- mixed economy-industialisation-land reform measures-Green Revolution Growth of parliamentary democracy Indian foreign policy in the era of cold war; NAM and Panchsheel-India Pakistan

Relations- Kashmir conflict- border disputes- relation with China

Essential Readings

Bipan Chandra, Essays on Contemporary India Appadurai, Domestic Roots of India's Foreign Policy 1947-1972References S.Gopal, Jawaharla Nehru. A Biography, vol. 2, 1947-1956 S.Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru. A Biography,vol. 3, 1956- 1964 Amartya Sen, Argumentative India

Module III: Pattern of Indian Development- Post-Nehruvian Era

Reforms of Indira Gandhi; Nationalisation- Growth of public sector- Morarji Desai and

Demonetisation Reforms of Rajiv Gandhi; New Education Policy Changes after 1990; New economic reforms- Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization

(LPG)- Responses to new reforms Employment Generation Programmes; MGNREGP

Essential Readings

Bipan Chandra,Mridula Mukerjee and Aditya Mukerjee, India Since Independence

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Bipan Chandra, et al (ed.) India After Independence Ramanuj Ganguli,Globalisation in India: New Frontiers and Emerging Challenges Rama Chandra Guha, India after GandhiReferences TT Ram Mohan, Privitisation in India: Challenging the Economic Orthodoxy Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents Amartya Sen, Argumentative India Naomi Klein, No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No Jobs

Module IV: New challenges and responses Internal squabbles and declaration of Emergency in India Nexalite movements ; general trends Regionalism and militant activities; Kashmir, Punjab and Assam Revival of caste politics; VP Singh and Mandal Commission

Communalism and violence; The Delhi riots- Babri issue-Gujarat Carnage

Development and ecology; Water disputes- social and environmental consciousness-

Chipko movement- Narmada Bachavon Andolan Dalit movements and Tribal movements (Issue based discussion ) Issues of human rights- RTI- Food Safety Bill- Right to education –Mass Media and

Social Media

Essential Readings

Paul R Brass. The Politics of India since Independence Bipan Chandra. In the Name of Democracy: JP Movement and the Emergency KN Panikkar. Communal Threat, Secular ChallengeReferences Mushirul Hasan. In Search of Identity: Indian Muslims Since Independence Christopher Jafferlot . The Hindu Nationalist Movement in Indian Politics KN Panikkar. Before the Night Falls:Forebodings of Fascism in India KN Panikkar. The Concerned India’s Guide to Communalism Gail Omvedt. Dalit Visions Ramachandra Guha. The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in Himalaya Ramachandra Guha and Madhav Gadgil. This Fissured Land Vandana Shiva. Staying Alive. Women, Ecology and Survival in India Vandana Shiva. The Violence of Green Revolution Uma Chakravarti and Nanditha Haskar. The Delhi Riots. Three Days in the Life of a Nation P Sainath. Everybody Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest Districts

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Ashis Nandy et.al. Creating a Nationality: Ramajanmabhumi Movement and the Fear ofthe self Amartya Sen. The Argumentative Indian: Writing on Indian History, Culture and Identity

Essential Readings

Rama Chandra Guha. India after Gandhi Shashi Tharoor. India from Midnight to the Millennium

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HIS6 B12- KERALA HISTORY- 2

Course Category: Core Course -12No. of Credits-4No. of Contact- 5 Hours per week

Kerala Towards Modernity

Objectives of the Course

To enable the students to understand the circumstances for the colonial intervention in

Kerala

To introduce the students the inspiring incidents of early resistance movements against

foreign domination in Kerala

To enable the students to understand the role of individuals, institutions and popular

movements in transforming the Kerala society.

To enable the students to critically analyse the socio-political events in modern Kerala

history.

Course Outcomes

CO 1. Identify the real nature of the colonial intervention in Kerala CO 2. Trace the historical roots of progressive contemporary Kerala.

CO 3. Analyse critically the role of leaders and movements in the transformation of modern Kerala CO 4. Familiarise with Kerala Model of Development and engage in the rebuilding process of Kerala economy CO 5. Understand the issues in contemporary Kerala so as to be responsive to the same.

Module I: Course of British Intervention

Malabar in Transition- Joint Commission Reports and Revenue Settlements- Malabar

under Madras Presidency – revenue and judicial Reforms- Civil and Criminal ProcedureCodes

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Changes in the Princely States- Col. Munroe- modernization of Cochin and Travancore-

Revenue Settlements- Kandezhuthu and Kettezhuthu – Monopolization of Trade

Early Resistances- Pazhassi Raja- Velu Thampi- Kurichiyas

Essential readings A Sreedhara Menon. A Survey of Kerala History K.N. Ganesh. Keralathinte Innalekal T.K Ravindran., Towards a Liberal Policy, A Study of the Munroe System in Malabar, Malabar Under Bombay Presidency - A Study of the early British Judicial System in Malabar, 1792-1802 Margret Franz. From Contact to Conquest RajanGurukkal and RaghavaVarier. Kerala Charithram Vol 2, History of Kerala P.J.Cherian. (ed.) Perspectives on Kerala History M.P. MujeebuRehman. Malabar in Transition

Module II: Towards A New Society

Dress code agitation- Kallumala Agitation

Caste Reform and Religious Reform Movements

Spread of Modern Education- Role of Missionaries

Changes in the Matrilineal System

Essential Readings P.K.K. Menon. History of Freedom Struggle in Kerala K N Panikkar, Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836- 1921 A Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History P.J. Cherian (ed). Perspectives on Kerala History Rajan Gurukkal & RaghavaVarier. Kerala Charithram, Vol 2, History of Kerala

Module III: Anti-Colonial Struggles

Agrarian Discontent in British Malabar- Peasant Uprisings in the 19th Century- Report of

William Logan National Movements in Malabar- Kochi and Travancore

Khilafat Movement- Malabar Struggle- debate on its nature- Civil Disobedience

Movement- Quit India Radical Movements- CSP- Peasant and Working Class Movements

Struggle for Responsible governments in Kochi and Travancore- Memorials- Punnapra-

Vayalar Outbreaks

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Aikya Kerala Movement- State Re-organization

Essential Readings P.K.K. Menon. History of Freedom Struggle in Kerala M. Gangadharan, The Malabar Rebellion K N Panikkar, Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836- 1921 P.J. Cherian (ed). Perspectives on Kerala History Rajan Gurukkal& Raghava Varier. Kerala Charithram Vol 2, A Text Book of Kerala History Rajan Gurukkal & Raghava Varier, History of Kerala: Prehistoric to the Present

Module IV: Kerala After 1956

Land Reforms and the end of Feudalism

Education Reforms- growth of Education

Kerala Model Development- Health and Medical Sector

Environmental issues

Social welfare measures

Essential readings

Rajan Gurukkal & Raghava Varier, History of Kerala: Prehistoric to the Present P. Radhakrishnan, Peasant struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836- 1982 T.C. Varguese. Agrarian Changes and Economic Consequences: Land Tenures in Kerala 1850-1960 M. A. Oomman. A Study of Land Reforms in Kerala M.A. Oommen (ed.). Rethinking Development: Kerala's Development Experience, Volume 1 K. N. Ganesh, Kerala Samooha Padanangal E M S, Keralam Malayalikalude Mathrubhoomi http://invest.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Economic-Review-2018.pdf

Map Studies

1. British settlements in Malabar2. Centers of socio-religious reform movements3. National movement in Kerala4. Kerala after 1956

93

HIS6 B13-GENDER STUDIES

Course Category: Core Course -13 No. of Credits: 4 No. of Contact Hours: 5 Hours per week

The syllabus primarily aims to introduce the area of gender studies to graduate students. Thepresent course explains the socio-historical constructions of sexual differences in Indian societyby emphasizing the plural backgrounds. The Course is designed in such a way that the studentswill be able to understand the concept of gender, how genderization takes place in society, how itcreates inequalities, and how these inequalities become the basis for gender-based violence, andprovides an outline of how gender norms can be altered for better human relationships in society.The course is designed to prepare students to challenge the conventional social norms aboutgender.

Course Outcomes

CO 1. Explain conventional social norms about male-female dichotomy and can device policies and strategies to foster gender equality and gender justiceCO 2. Contribute to creative interventions that may result in a world with less inequalityCO 3. Critically interrogate and actively engage in social processes related to the construction of genderCO 4. Analyse social and cultural phenomena through the lens of gender in a way that appreciates a range of disciplinary perspectives

Module I: Key Terminologies and Concepts

Conceptualising Gender; define gender and sex- sexuality and sexism- gender as social

construction- concept of masculinity and femininity-gender discrimination Patriarchy and Matriarchy; concept and practice, Gerda Lerner., The Creation of

patriarchy Origin and concept of feminism; black feminism-dalit feminism-eco feminism

Judith Butler., Gender Performativity Theory

Essential readings

Jane Pilcher and Imelda Whelehan. Fifty,Key Concepts in Gender Studies Judith Butler.Gender Trouble: Feminism and Subversion of Identity Kamla Bhasin.What is Patriarchy?

94

Gerda Lerner. Creation of PatriarchyReferences Ruth Vanita and SaleemKidwai (eds.). Same Sex Love in India: Readings in History and Literature SushilaAgarwal. Status of Women Uma Chakravarti. Gendering Caste through a Feminist Lens

Vandana Shiva.The Violence of Green Revolution LeelaDube. Anthropological Explorations in Gender KamlaBhasin. Understanding Gender Simon de Bouver. The Second Sex Luce Irigaray. This Sex Which is Not One

Module II: Indian Society through Gender Perspective

Division of labour in pre- proto historic period- women in agriculture- involvement in

technology and tool making-women images and ideas in Indus seals and crafts

Gender order in Brahmanical patriarchy- Uma Chakravarty- women in Buddhism and

Jainism

Medieval Islamic law and women- rights of women in marriage and inheritance- women

in royal courts- life in Mugal harem-cuncubinage- marginalised women- slave girls

British rule of law and women- Colonialism and discussion of women question

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak on women

Essential Readings

Kunkum Roy(eds.). Women in Early Indian Societies: Readings in Early Indian HistoryThomas. P. Indian Women through the AgesUma Chakravarti. Gendering Caste through a Feminist LensGayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Can subaltern speak?

References

A.S. Altekar, The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization. Thomas. P, Indian Women through the Ages.Kiran Pawar, Women in India History: Vision and VentureMadhuVij, et al. Women Studies in India, A journey of 25 Years

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Sushila Agarwal. Status of Women

Vandana Siva. Staying AliveUma Chakravarti. Everyday Lives, Everyday Histories: Beyond the Kings andBrahmanasof ‘Ancient India’

Module III: Social, labour, educational and health issues of women at present

Changing concept of family and marriage- labour and health issues- participation of

women in politics-women literacy

Law Relating to Crimes against Women and transgender (study main features only)

Indian Penal Code -1860, 1983

Dowry Prohibition Act,1961

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

Indecent Representation of Women [Prohibition]Act,1986

Essential readings

Nivedita Menon. Gender and Politics in India

Sushila Kaushik. Panchayati Raj in Action: Challenges to Women’s Role

Usha Sharma.Women Education in Modern India

Reshmi.G. and Anil Kumar K.S,Transgender, Charithram, Samskaram,Pradinidanam

A comprehensive Guide to Women’s Legal Rights for Indian Institute of Technology,

IIT Kanpur

References

Indian Law related to Women and Children, Wikigender, www.wikigender.org

www.legalservicesindia.com

www.ncw.nic.in

96

https://wcd.nic.in

Law Relating to Women, https://shodganga.inflibnet.ac.in

Module IV: Contemporary Issues (short answer only)

Gender Identity- Heterosexuality-Queer Theory-Third Gender – Cross Dressers- -

problems of Sexual Minorities- Coming Out- MIX- Organizations of Sexual Minorities;Queerala- Queerythm-SGMFK.

Essential Readings:

Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai (eds.). Same Sex Love in India: Readings in History andLiteratureRichard Ekins and Dave King. Blending Genders: Social Aspects of Cross Dressing and Sex Changing

Reshmi.G and Anil Kumar K.S. Transgender, Charithram, Samskaram,Pradinidanam

A comprehensive Guide to Women’s Legal Rights for Indian Institute of Technology,IIT Kanpur

References

Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and Subversion of IdentityKumKumSangari and Uma Chakravarthi,(eds.)From Myths to Markets;Essays onGenderReshmi.G, and Anil Kumar,K.S Transgender, Charithram,Samskaram,Pradinidanam(Mal.)Vina Mazumdar, “Emergence of Women’s Question in India and the Role of Women’sStudies”, Occasional Paper, No. 7, Centre for Women’s Development Studies, NewDelhi, 1985.

97

HIS6 B14-INDIAN HERITAGE AND PLURALITY OF CULTURES

Course Category: Core Course -14 No. of Credits: 4 No. of Contact Hours: 5 Hours per week

( Topics should be studied in relation to the core theme; Indian Heritage and Plurality of Cultures)Course Outcomes

CO1. Realise the diverse nature of Indian cultureCO2. Involve in nation building process with an understanding on multicultural system of the countryCO3. Realise the values and ideologies of secular movements and ideologies of the Country

Module I: Plurality and the elements of dissent in Ancient India

Pluralism; definition and scope-Monism- Coercive singular Multiculturalism in the formation of Early India- the concept of VasudaivaKudumbakam-

the idea of Tatwamasi Cultural confluence in Buddhism and Jainism Ashoka Dhamma and setting of social norms; principle of tolerance and environmental

concerns Dissent and protest to existing knowledge and philosophy; Ajitha Kesakambali and

Indian materialism- Lokayatas

Essential readings

Romila Thapar. Early India from the Origins to AD 1300

Tony Joseph. Early Indians: The Story of Our Ancestors and Where We Came From

Asok Vajpeyi (ed.). India Dissents: 3000 years of Difference, Doubt and Agreement

Yuval Noah Harari. Sapience: A Brief History of Humankind

Vijaya Ramaswamy. Devotion and Dissent in Indian History

References

Mark Bevir. Modern Pluralism: Anglo American Debate Since 1880

98

William E Connolly. Pluralism

DN Jha. Ancient India in Historical Outline

AL Basham.The Wonder that was India

------------Cultural History of Early India

Pooja Lamba Cheema. The Crucible Dhamma

Irfan Habib and Vivekananda Jha. Mauryan India

Irfan Habib and Vijay Thakur. The Vedic Age

Debi Prasad Chattopadhhyaya. Lokayata :A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism

L. Egaire Humphrey. Ajita Kesakambali

Romila Thappar. Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas

BS Prasad. Jainism and Buddhism :Comparative Study

Module II: Medieval Synthesis

Bhakti and Sufi tradition; making of a composite culture- cross fertilization of religious

ideas – Kabirdas, Gurunanak; Adigranth and concept of equal justice -Lal Ded- Basava cult

Akbar- Sulh-i-kul (Universal peace)-Ibadathkhana and idea of secular nationalism-

Darashikho-Majmaulbahrain (sagarasangamam)- Razam nama Cultural confluence in Indo Islamic art- architecture and paintings

Essential Readings

Athar Ali. Medieval India: Ideas, Tradition and Cultural Values Paul Smith. The Book of Dara Shikoh: Life,Poems and Prose Upinder Singh. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone age to the 12th centuryReferences. Shahabuddin Iraqi. Bhakti Movement in Medieval India: Social and Political Perspectives Satish Chandra. Medieval India : From Sultanate to the Mugals --------Medieval India: The Story of a Civilization -------State, Pluralism and Indian Historical Tradition Meenakshi Khana. Cultural History of Medieval India Anne Marie Schimmel. The Empire of the Great Mugals: History, Art and Culture KN Chitnis.Socio Economic History of Medieval India

99

Module III: National movement and After: The idea of ‘India’

1857 revolt and Hindu Muslim Unity- National Movement and practice of

multiculturalism Tagore and the idea of Universal brotherhood-Geethanjali Gandhi’s programme on Hindu Muslim Unity Multicultural discourses and claiming spaces; Jothiba Phule, Tarabai Shinde- Ambedkar-

GulamGiri (reading) Constitution as a multicultural document- preamble of the Constitution Indian advocates of Pluralism-Nehru and the Democratic India- Amartya Sen and the

‘Argumentative Indian’ Threat to the principle of secularism-shift from pluralism to communal and caste politics-

citizen unbecoming; politics of exclusion-pluralism to fragmentation- Globalisation andhomogenisation of cultures

Essential Readings

Jawaharlal Nehru. The Discovery of India Amartya Sen.The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and

Identity Irfan Habib. The National Movement. Studies in Ideology and History

References. Bipan Chandra, Essays on Contemporary India Bipan Chandra, Mridula Mukerjee and Aditya Mukerjee, India Since Independence Bipan Chandra. et. al (ed.), India After Independence Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy S.Gopal, Jawaharla Nehru. A Biography, vol. 2, 1947-1956 S.Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru. A Biography,vol. 3, 1956- 1964 KN Panikkar. Communal Threat, Secular Challenge Mushirul Hasan. In Search of Identity: Indian Muslims Since Independence Shashi Tharoor. India from Midnight to the Millennium

Module IV: Plurality: The Kerala Experience The idea of cultural symbiosis; Tarisappally-Jewish and Muccunti inscriptions Socio-religious movements and Kerala modernity;Vaikuntaswamy-Narayanaguru and

idea of brotherhood - Ayyankali-Poyikayil Appacchan-Vakkom Abdul Khadar Moulavi Modern education and accommodation of societal diversity

100

Essential Readings

MGS Narayanan. Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala

MGS Narayanan. Perumals of Kerala

A Sreedhara Menon. A Survey of Kerala History

K N Ganesh.KeralathinteInnalekal

RaghavaVarier and KesavanVeluthat. Tarisappallippattayam

A Sreedhara Menon, Kerala History and Its Makers

TK Ravindran,Institutions and Movements in Kerala History

KN Panikkar, Essays on the History and Society of Kerala

101

OPEN COURSES

102

HIS5D01 HISTORICAL TOURISM

Course Category: Open Course 1No. of Credits: 3No. of Contact Hours: 3 Hours per week

Course Outcomes

CO 1. Realise the Tourism potential of India and KeralaCO 2. Serve as mentors and tourism operators CO 3. Realise the importance of eco tourism and sustainable tourism

Module I: Historicising Travel in India Tourism; basic concepts-definitions-elements of tourism-types of tourism

Travelers and Travel accounts; Megasthanese- Pliny - Fa -Hien- Marcopolo -Ibn Batuta-

Ralf Fitch –Buchanan Tourism and Economy

Tourism and Acculturation

Tourism and leisure

Transport and communication technology and Tourism

Eco Tourism

Sustainable Tourism

Medical Tourism

Essential Readings Viswanath Ghosh. Tourism and Travel Management Pran Nath Seth and Sushma Seth Bhat. An Introduction to Travel and Tourism AK Bhatia. Tourism Development: Principles and Practices S.P Gupta. Cultural Tourism Module II Salini Modi.Tourism and Society Module III Ratan Deep Singh.Dynamics of Modern Tourism Kunol Chattopadhyaya. Tourism Today- Structure, Marketing and Profile Module IV Ratan Deep Singh. Economic Impact of Tourism development: An Indian Experience Sampadkumar Jain.Tourism Principles and Practices (Oxford) Cooper, Fletcher and Wanhill. Gilbert, Tourism Principles and Practices Harish Bhatt and B S Badan. Sustainable Tourism

103

Module II: Tourism Potential of India

Geographical features-climate- biodiversity-multi cultural system

Hill stations; Shimla- Nainithal- Manali- Ooty

Pilgrim sites and festivals; Puri- Prayaga-Ajmir-Shravanbelagola-Velankanni

Historical and Cultural sites; Hampi- Ajantha-Ellora-Mahabalipuram- Thajmahal-

Shanthinikethan-Wardha Wild life sanctuaries; Gir forest-Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Silent Valley

Essential Readings Ratan Deep Singh. Infrastructure Tourism in India Geoff Crowther. etal. India-A Travel Survival KitPran Nath Seth. India-A Travellers Companion I C Gupta and Sushama Kabekar. Tourism Products of IndiaV K Gupta.Tourism in IndiaShahni Sign.Cultural Tourism and Heritage ManagementGillan Wright. Hill Stations of IndiaKK Sharma. Tourism in IndiaVivek Sharma. Tourism in India Ratnadeep Singh. Tourism Today, Vol.I,II & IIIK T Usha, The Splender that was IndiaA L Basham, Wonder that was India

BS Badan. Tourism in India

Module III: Kerala as a Tourism Destination

Tourism Potential of Kerala; ‘Gods own country’ - Geographical features of Kerala-

Climate-Cultural confluence Food culture and hospitality of Kerala

Hill stations; Idukki and Wayanad

Forts of Kerala; Palakkad- St Angelo Fort Kannur- Bekal Fort

Palaces and its importance; Padmanabhapuram palace, Mattanchery Palace- Hill

Palace:Thripunithura- Arakkal Palace

Pilgrim sites: Shabarimala, Guruvayur, Malayattur- Maramon- Cherman Juma

Mosque;Kodungallur- Parasinikadavu

Backwaters and boat races: Aranmula -Nehru Trophy boat race

Muziris Heritage Project

104

Essential Readings

A Sreedhara Menon. Cultural Heritage of Kerala

William Logan. Malabar Manual (2 Vol.)

Roughguide. Kerala and South India

A SreedharaMenon. Cultural Heritage of Kerala

A Sreedhara Menon. Social and Cultural History of Kerala

A Sreedhara Menon. Legacy of Kerala

A Sreedhara Menon. Kerala Samskaram

B.K.Gururaja Rao. The Megalithic Culture of South India

Rajan Gurukkal. Cultural History of Kerala

105

ELECTIVE COURSES

112

HIS6 B16 HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN INDIA

Course Category: Elective Course-1 No. of Credits: 3 No. of Contact Hours: 3 Hours per week

This paper provides an overview about the archaeology discipline and the history of archaeologyin India.

Course Outcomes

CO1. Engaged in excavation process to recover historical traits and cultural sites

CO1. Experimenting with various scientific dating methods

CO3. Expertise in setting of Museum and conservation and preservation of artifacts

Module I: Archaeology as a Discipline

Definition- scope -basic concepts; Artifacts, Features, Eco-facts Mount or site or tell, Assemblage, Industry, Culture Antiquarianism- beginning of scientific archaeology- scientific exploration and

excavation methods Absolute and relative dating techniques; C-14, Dendrochronology, Thermo

luminescence- Stratigraphy

Essential readings Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn. Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice Brian. M. Fagan, Nadia Durani. Archaeology A Brief Introduction Peter.L. Drewett. Filed Archaeology: An Introduction K.Rajan. Archaeology Principles and Methods

Module II: Archaeology in India

Asiatic society of Bengal and the beginning of Archaeological studies in the Colonial

period- Alexander Cunningham and Archaeological Survey of India-Robert Bruce Footeand pre-historic studies

Discovery of Harappan civilization- John Marshal, DayaramSahni and Mortimer Wheeler Post-independence Harappan archaeology- Amalananda Ghosh – RS Bisht- J.P. Joshi-

S.R. Rao Excavations in the Indo- Gangetic and Yamuna doab -B.B. Lal- Dilip K Chakrabarti

113

Essential readings Sourindranath Roy. The Story of Indian Archaeology 1784-1947 K.Rajan. Archaeology Principles and Methods Upinder Singh, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India Dilip K. Chakrabarti.Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga Dilip K. Chakrabarti, The Oxford Companion to Indian Archaeology: The Archaeological Foundations of Ancient India, Stone Age to AD 13th century ShereenRatnagar, Understanding Harappa

Module III-Archeology in South India

Alexander Rea and Adichanellur excavation Mortimer Wheeler and Areekamedu and Brahmagiri Excavations B.K.Gururaja Rao, A Sundara and Megalithic Studies K. Rajan and Porunthal - Kodumanal excavations Recent excavations at Keezhadi

Essential Readings

Alexander Rea. Catalogue of Pre-HistoricAntiquities B.K. Gururaja Rao, Megalithic Culture in South India A. Sundara. Early Chamber Tombs R.K. Mohanty, V.Selvakumar. “The Archaeology of Megaliths in India: 1947-1997” in S Settar, Ravi Korisettar. PREHISTORY- Archaeology of South Asia Vol I. pp 313-351 Udaya Ravi S Moorti. Megalithic Culture of South India Dept. of Archaeology, Govt. of Tamilnadu. Keeladi - An Urban Settlement of Sangam Age on the banks of River Vaigai V.P. Yatheesh Kumar and K Rajan.Archaeology of Amaravathi River Valley: Porunthal Excavations

Module IV: Archaeology in Kerala

Pre-historic Archaeology- F. Fawcett and the discovery of Edakkal caves-Marayur cave

Paintings- P. Rajendran and Prehistoric studies Megalithic Explorations and Excavations - J Babington’s Chattaparamba- William Logan

and Robert Sewell- A Ayyappan’s Feroke excavation- B.K.Thappar’s PorkkalamExcavation-T Sathyamurti’s Mangadu excavation- Ummichipoyil excavation- KadanadExcavation

Early Historic Sites –Pattanam excavations- Vizhinjam Excavations

114

Early medieval and Medieval sites; AnujanAchan’s ChermanParampu- K.V Raman’s

Matilakam excavation- State Archaeology department’s Kottappuram excavation

Essential Readings William Logan. Malabar Manuel Robert Sewell. Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras RajanGurukkal and RaghavaVarier. Cultural History of Kerala T. Satyamurti. Iron Age in Kerala P. Rajendran. Prehistoric Cultures and Environment: A Case Study of Kerala YashodharMathpal. Rock Art in Kerala V.Selvakumar. P.K.Gopi and K.P. Shajan, “Trial Excavation at Pattanam- A Preliminary Report”, Journal of the Centre for Heritage Studies Volume 2, 2005, pp. 57-67. M.R. Manmathan (ed.). Archaeology in Kerala-Past and Present Ajit Kumar. Archaeology in Kerala: Emerging Trends P.J. Cherian (ed). Pattanam Excavation Reports, KCHR K.R. Sona (ed.). A Brief report on Archaeological Excavation at Kottappuram, Kerala State Archaeology Department

NB : Study tour/Field trip is compulsory for this course

115

.Ji j j j

Semester V

Course Category: Core Course gcourse Title and code: India's Economic Development: National and Regional,ECO5 B08No. of Credits: 4No. of Contact Hours: 108

Objectives

s facing the Indian economy both at national andstudents are expected to be sensitised about thesethe role of the govemment in various economical information relating to various aspects of Indian

economy and India's economic policies. They are expected to develop analyical skills, interpret theeconomic events and visualise the economic future of India. For ali these to happen, teachers arerequested to take special care to instruct the students to read thesuggeste

-b99|r, collect clippings and arricles from and alsodevelop f following economic survey, economic r 5ides, asagainst t ional assignments, each module has .Sug s, at theend' Teachers need to encourage the learners to explore befond the texts while attempting thepeactivities.

Report Based on Stu-dy Tour: A study tour is recommended because it moy add direct experienceto learner's about different economic culture of the country. AII the finil year .students need toprep-are a report of ihe tour rhat include,s the places they vi.sited, it.s importance etc and submit it tothe Head of the Department 'oon

after the completion iyth, tour.

Module I - Development policies and Experience (1947_lgg0l.

Low Levelchange of ral

rggo's: Mi o's and

Objectives and strategy of planning: Failures and achievements of plans - performance of I l,hplan - Current plan,

Suggested Additional Activities

I t fin9 9" and prepare a list of items that India used to import and exporl during 1950-5 I andr 990-9 I

a. Observe the difference

The Board of Studies in Economics ((JG).

b' Do you see the impact of self reliance? Discuss. Details can be collected from latest EconomicSurvey.2. Find out the Deputy Chairman and members of the first Planning Commission of India3. Find out the commodities which India Government permitted to impoft till 1980.4' Explain how import substitution can protect domestic industry?

Module II - Economic Reforms since l99lBackground fbr the introduction of New Economic Refbrms of l99l; Liberalisation, privatisationand Globalisation: An Appraisal- Indian Economy during Reforms with Special focus on trends inFDI' FII and Disinvestment- Centre-State.Financial Relations: Finance Commjssion, its structureand Functioning (with emphasis on Latest Finance commission).

Suggested Additional Activitiesl. Prepare arguments for and against subsidies. Explain your view.2. Do you think only loss making companies shourd be privatised? why?3.Constructapiecha(forthesectoral contributionofGDPfortheperiodl950-51 and2012-13.what would you observe? Is there a structural change? Explain in your own words4. Prepare a list showing the latest data on the number of banks- nationalised, private, privateforeign and New Generation Banks.5. Discuss the different formulae used for Finance commission awards.6. Find out who all are there in the First Finance commission of lndia?

Module III - Gross Domestic Product and Sectors.a. Indian Agriculture: The place of Agriculture in the National Economy; Recent Trends in

lnvestment, Credit and Agricultural Subsidy Policy, Agricultural Marketing and price- NewAgricultural Strategy of 1960s (Green Revolution)- Food Security, PDS and TpDS in India; TheNeed, Scope and Appraisal of Land Reforms in a Developing country like India. :

b. Indian Industries: Review of Industrial Growth under Planning- Industrial Structure:Traditional, SSI, Village, Cottage and Modern Industries- Industriil Sickness-Industrial policyResolutions : 1956, 1977 , 1980, l99l; an Analysis of Current Industrial Policy- InfrastructureDevelopment in India.

Suggested Additional Activities.l. Why, despite the implementation of green revolution, 65oh of our population continued to beengaged in the agricultural sector till lgg0?2. Why was public sector given a leading role in industrialdevelopment during the plan period?3. ,'Losses incurred by public sector underlakings are to be met out of the public br.rdget..- Do youagree with this statement? Discuss4. Find out the method of estimating inflation in lndia. Compare it with other countries.

Module IV Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy.a- Poverly: Who are Poor?, Causes and Measurement of Poverty, Number of poor in India; policies

and Programmes Towards Poverty Alleviation with Special Emphasis on Recent policies like- Foodas a Right: The Food Security Act of 2013 & MGNREGS.

The Board of Studies in Economics (UG), University of Caticut page 35

b. Unemployment: Nature, Trends and Estimates of Unemployment in India, Informalisation ofIndian Work Force; Employment Prospective of the latest Five Year Plan; Recent Schemes toReduce Unemployment and Underemployment.

Suggested Additional Activities.l. Find out fiorn your parents and teachers types of tax payments they are making. Classify thetaxes and observe the differences.2. On the basis of the definition of poverty line, analyse whethercategorisation ofpeople into BPL/APL is done in the corect way. Explain in your own words.3. Analyse whether the dream programme of MGNREGP is canying out in theright way. Tf ,.No", suggest ways to rnake thd programme more effective. :4. ln some communities, you rnight have noticed that even if the mares do notearn high income, they do not send wornen to work. Why'/5. Prepare a list of recent schemes and objectives to strengthen the rural areasfiorn the govern ment website h ttp : //u,ww. rur al. nic. m

Module V Kerala's Economic DevelopmentGrowth and Structure- Primary, Secondary and reniary Sectors-EconomicDevelopment Vs Social Development-Poverty Profile of Kerala- Indicators of Human

mographic Transition of Keralin Kerala- Sustainability of "K

Developnrent" with a Special Mention on Recent Sen- Bhagawati Debate-Decentralised Planning and Development of Kerala- Land Reforms in Kerala-Migration: Concepts in Migration- Emigration to the Gulf- Remittance and its Impacton the Economy of Kerala- Return Migration: causes, Problems and policies.

Suggested Additional Activities.l Find out the history of emigration from Kerala.2. ..Foreign remittance is the backbone of Kerala"s socio-econornic developrnent". Discuss.3. What is Nitaqat and Saudization? In what ways it is harmful to the economy of Kerala.4. Find out the rcasolrs tbr the existing controvers) in poverly cstirnation.5. Observe the functionirrg of ..ayalkoottarls" (SHGs) in your locality and write how far it issuccessful irr ernpowering women.

Basic Readingsl. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN INDlA-problems and prospects. N.p.

Abdul Azeez (Ed), Regal Publications, New Delhi.2. Indian Economy, Gopalji Gupta, PEARSON, New Delhi.3. Ahulwalia, I.J. and l.M.D. Little (Eds) (1999), lndio'.s Economic Re/brms and

Developntenr. (Essays in honour of Manmohan Singh), Oxford University Press, New Delhi.4. Bardhan, P.K. (1999). The Political Economyof Development in lndia, Oxford University

Press, New Delhi5. Chakravarty S, (1987), Development Planning: The Indian E,xperience, Oxford University

Press, and New Delhi6. Acharya Shanker, Mohan Rakesh (Eds) (201 l).lndia"s E,cononry: Performance and

Challanges. Oxfbrd University Press. New Delhi

The Boclrd of Studies in Economics (UG), University of Calicur Page 36

Course Category: Core Course l4Course Title and Code: Development Economics, ECO6 B14No. of Credits: 4No. of Contact Hours: 90

Del'elopmelt Economics

Introduction :

This course on the political economy of development and planning attempts to answer questionsrelated to economic development i; u .o-pr.h.nsive manner. Students who wish to take upposition in fbrmulation and implementation of public policy must have a reasonably goodunderstanding of its political economy aspecrs

Objectives :

The main' ob.iective of this course is to introduce the students of such fundamental topics indeveloprnent and planning with their inter relations. This course rs expected to provide students acomprehensive approach towards issues related to development and planning.

Learning Outcome :

The students are expected to develop an interrelated to approach to resource use, the relationshipbetween man and man and man and nature.

Syllabus

icsGrowth and Development-measurement of

nt:

Module II: Theories of DevelopmentRostows (stage theory) - Balanced versus Unbalanced growth theory, Low-level equilibrium trap,vicious circle of poverty, criticar minimum effort, Big-push theory. (25 hours)

e of planning in the context of globalization_historical perspective:- Bombay plan, Gandhian

. verview _ Details of current five year plan(r) nours)

The Board of Studies in Econontics (UG). Unive

i

Module IV: Issues in developmentPoverfy - measurement and classification, Inequality and its measurement (Kuznet,s Ratio, Lorenzr uvsrr) - rltrasurement ano classlllcatlon, lnequality and iCUrve and Gini ^^^€+:^:^-+\ /1^-r^- :-- thi COnCept Ojncept of missi

References Booksl. Amartya kumar Sen, Growth Economics, 19702. Daron Acemoglu, Introduction to modern 00g, princeton university press3. A N Agarwala and S P Singh, The economic. ment,Oxford university press,

I 95B.

4' Neri salvadori' old and New growth theorie,s An A,s.sessment, EdwardElgat publishing limited,20035' A P Thirlwall, Grow.th.and development, I4/ith special reference to developing countries, (g

ed), Palgrave Macmillian. 2006

universify press, 2009.troduction, OUp,2007.Economics in India, OtJp, 2012.erience Volume I&II, Institute of social sciences.and prospecl.r, sage publications, New Delhi.

05 to 2009-10,t-Ipdating poverty Estimates and^ - !'omparing

(fficial Figures, Economic and Political Weekly, vol-XLVIil No.40,october05,20 t 3.

economic reform.s': 1993_94 to 2004_05,o.4, January 23,2010.tent of poverty in India A dffirent Dimen,sion, ;No.06, February 09,2013

January r2,20r3 ic and poriticar weekry, vor-XLVIII No.02,

I Himanshu, Towards new poverty line.s for India, Economic and poutical weekly, vol-XLV,No.0l, January 02,201016' Parlha Das Gupta, Nature of economic development and economic development of nature,Economic and p-oriticar weekly, vol-XLVIIINo.5r, December 21,2013l7' Prachi Mishra, Has India's growth story withered?, Economic and political weekly,volXlvlllNo.l 5, April I 3,2013l8' Pulapre Balakrishnan, Economic Growth in India; Hi.story and prospect, oxford UniversityPress, 201 0.l9' Prabahath Patnaik, Economic grov'th and employment, Economic and politicalwLekly, vol:XLV | ,No: 26-27, June 25, 201 l.20. Amitava Bose, fle yall1ycs of changing grov)th rates,Economic and political weekly,Vol:XLV, No: 28,Iuly 10,2010.2l' lean Dreze and Reetika Khera, The BPL cen,sus and Po.ssible alternativr,:, Vol:XLV, No:9,February 27.2010.23' Michael P Todaro and Stephen C Smith, Economic Development (gth ed), pearson EducationLtd. 2009.

deveropment _ J:ilffii,i'lff]::"HilT"il"#ffient versus(2shours)

to growth, global warming.

The Board of Studies in Economics (UG),

32

Core Co[rse-XMA ECONOMTCS (CBCSS)

III SEMESTERECO3 C1O - GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

(Credit 5)

Module I: Concepts and Measurements of Economic Growth and Development

Concepts of growth and development-Indicators of Economic Development: National

Atkinson, Theil, Palma ratio. _

Module II: Theories of Economic Growth

Harrod-Domar Growth Model- Contributions of Kaldor-Mirrlees and Jban Robbinson,Hirofunri Uzawa model, Solow's Growth Model and the Convergence Hypothesis,Endogenous Growth Theory and the role of Human Capital; Indian plan Models ofMahalar-robis and Wage-goods model.

Module III: Partial Theories of Economic Growth and Development

Basic Features of Underdeveloped Courrtries, Population Growth and the Theory of Low-Level Equilibrium Trap, Critical Mininum Effort Tl-resis, Theory of Big-Push; BalancedVersus Unbalanced Growtlr Theories- Concepts of linkages.

Module IV: Stage Theories

Marxian Stage theot'y, Rostow's Stage Theory. TheorT of Growh and Structural Change.Concept of Dualism: Technological, Social, Geographical and Financial. Myrdal and Circuiarcausation, Backwash and Spread Effect. Institutions and Economic Growth.

Module V: Financing Economic Development

Domestic Resource Mobilisation: Prior-Savings Approach, The Keynesian and euantityTheoly Approaclres to the Financing of Economic Development. Foreign Resource: DualGap Ar-ralysis.

References

1' Adelman. Irma (1961): 'Theories of Economic Growth and Development', StanfordUniversity Press

'2. Alrluwalia and I.M.D Little: India's Economic Refbrrns and Development: Essays forManmohan Singh

3. Hollis, Cl'renery, and T. N. Sriniv.asan: "Handbook of Development Economi.i, Vol. r."( lsBB).

4. Fortado (1964): Development and Underdevelopment', University of California press,Berkley

5. Ghatak, Subrata: Introduction to Development Economics. Routledge (4,h edn.)6. Gill, Richard T: Economic Development: pasr and present. No. HDB2 GS2. 1963.7. Hagen, Everett (1975): The Economics of Development Richard D. Irwin IllinoisB. Higgins, Benjamin (1976): Principles of Economic Development, Universal Book Stall,

New Delhi.9- Jones, Hywel G: An Introduction to Modern Theories of Economic Growh. London:

Nelson, 1975.

U.O.No. 8867/2019/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 05.07.2019

Biju George K

Assistant Registrar

Forwarded / By Order

Section Officer

File Ref.No.2911/GA - IV - J1/2013/CU

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Abstract

General and Academic - Faculty of Science - Syllabus of MSc Botany Programme under CBCSS PG Regulations 2019with effect from 2019 Admission onwards - Implemented- Orders Issued

G & A - IV - J

Read:-1) U.O No.4487/2019/Admn dated 26.03.20192) Item No.2 in the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Botany PG held on14.06.20193) Item No. I.22 in the minutes of the meeting of Faculty of Science held on 27.06.2019

ORDER

The Regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for Post Graduate (PG) Curriculum-2019 (CBCSS PG Regulations 2019) for all PG Programmes under CBCSS for Affiliated Colleges andSDE/Private Registration w.e.f. 2019 admission has been implemented vide paper read first above . The meeting of Board of Studies in Botany PG held on 11.04.2019 has approved the Syllabus ofMSc Botany Programme for affiliated colleges in tune with the new CBCSS PG Regulations with effectfrom 2019 Admission onwards, vide paper read second above. The Faculty of Science at its meeting held on 27.06.2019 has approved the minutes of the meetingof the Board of Studies in Botany UG held on 14.06.2019, vide paper read third above. Under these circumstances , considering the urgency, the Vice Chancellor has accorded sanction toimplement the Scheme and Syllabus of M Sc Botany Programme in accordance with the new CBCSSPG Regulations 2019, in the University with effect from 2019 Admission onwards, subject to ratificationby the Academic Council. The Scheme and Syllabus of M.Sc Botany Programme for affiliated colleges in accordance withCBCSS PG Regulations 2019, is therefore implemented in the University with effect from 2019Admission onwards. Orders are issued accordingly. (Syllabus appended).

ToThe Principals of all Affiliated CollegesCopy to: PS to VC/PA to PVC/ PA to Registrar/PA to CE/JCE I/JCE V/DoA/EX and EGSections/GA I F/CHMK Library/Information Centres/SF/DF/FC

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SYLLABUS

For

M.Sc Botany (CBCSS PG 2019)

Under Choice Based Credit Semester System

 (w.e.f. 2019 Admission) 

Board of Studies in Botany PG

University of Calicut

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTM.Sc. Programme in Botany (CBCSS) (from 2019 admissions onwards)Programme, structure of courses and distribution of creditsCourse Title Credits

Internal External Total credits

Semester IBOT1C01 Phycology, Bryology, Pteridology and Gymnosperms 20% 80% 5BOT1C02 Mycology and Lichenology, Microbiology and Plant

Pathology20% 80% 5

BOT1C03 Angiosperm Anatomy, Angiosperm Embryology, Palynology and Lab Techniques

20% 80% 5

BOT1L01 Practicals of Phycology, Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnosperms, Mycology and Lichenology

20% 80% 2.5

BOT1L02 Practicals of Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Angiosperm Anatomy, Angiosperm Embryology, Palynology and Lab Techniques.

20% 80% 2.5

Semester IIBOT2C04 Cell Biology, Molecular Biology and Biophysics 20% 80% 5BOT2C05 Cytogenetics, Genetics, Biostatistics, Plant Breeding and

Evolution20% 80% 5

BOT2C06 Plant Ecology, Conservation Biology, Phytogeography and Forest Botany

20% 80% 5

BOT2L03 Practicals of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Biophysics and Cytogenetics

20% 80% 2.5

BOT2L04 Practicals of Genetics, Biostatistics, Plant Breeding, Plant Ecology, Conservation Biology, Phytogeography and Forest Botany

20% 80% 2.5

Semester IIIBOT3C07 Plant Physiology, Metabolism and Biochemistry 20% 80% 5BOT3C08 Angiosperm Morphology, Angiosperm Taxonomy and

Plant Resources 20% 80% 5

BOT3C09 Biotechnology and Bioinformatics 20% 80% 5BOT3L05 Practicals of Plant Physiology, Metabolism,

Biochemistry, Angiosperm Morphology and Angiosperm Taxonomy

20% 80% 2.5

BOT3L06 Practicals of Plant Resources, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

20% 80% 2.5

Semester IVBOT4E01 Elective I 20% 80% 5BOT4E02 Elective II 20% 80% 5BOT4L07 Practicals of Electives 20% 80% 2BOT4D01 Dissertation 20% 80% 5BOT4V01 Viva voce 0% 100% 3Total 80

creditsAudit Courses (To be completed within the first three semesters by the students)ACIAEC Ability Enhancement Course 100% 0% 4AC2PCC Professional Competency Course 100% 0% 4(The credits earned through the audit courses will not be added for SGPA/CGPA) Duration of Theory Examinations (External) as well as Practical Examinations (External) will be 3 hours 1 credit = 1.25 hours of teaching; There will be no regular classes/workload for audit courses. I theory/dissertation hour= 1.5 hours of workload; 1 practical hour= 1 hour of workload

ADMISSION:Admission for the programme shall be as per the CBCSS PG Regulations in force.

ATTENDANCE:The requirement of attendance shall be as per the CBCSS PG Regulation in force.

EVALUATION AND GRADING

EVALUATION: The evaluation scheme for each course shall contain two parts; (a) Internal / Continuous Assessment (CA) and (b) External / End Semester Evaluation (ESE). Of the total, 20% weightage shall be given to Internal evaluation / Continuous assessment and the remaining 80% to External/ESE and the ratio and weightage between Internal and External is 1:4. Primary evaluation for Internal and External shall be based on 6 letter grades (A+, A, B, C, D and E) with numerical values (Grade Points) of 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 & 0 respectively.

Grade Point Average: Internal and External components are separately graded and the combined grade point with weightage 1 for Internal and 4 for external shall be applied to calculate the Grade Point Average (GPA) of each course. Letter grade shall be assigned to each course based on the categorization based on Ten point scale.

Evaluation of Audit Courses: The examination and evaluation shall be conducted by the college in a common pattern for all the PG progrmmes. The question paper shall be for minimum 20 weightage and a minimum of 2 hour duration for the examination. The result has to be intimated/ uploaded to the University during the Third Semester as per the notification of the University.

INTERNAL EVALUATION / CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (CA)This assessment shall be based on a predetermined transparent system involving periodic written tests, assignments, seminars and viva-voce in respect of theory courses and based on tests, lab skill and records/viva in respect of practical courses.

The criteria and percentage of weightage assigned to various components for internal evaluation are as follows:

(a) Theory: SI.No Component Percentage | Weightage

1 Examination /Test 40% 2 Seminars / Presentation 20%

3 Assignment 20% 4 Attendance 20%

(b) Practical :1 Lab Skill 40% 2 Records 30% 3 Practical Test 30%

(Grades shall be given for the internal evaluation based on the grades A+, A, B, C, D & E with grade points 5,4,3,2, 1 &0 respectively. The overall grades shall be as per the Ten point scale. There shall be no separate minimum Grade Point for internal evaluation. To ensure transparency of the evaluation process, the internal assessment marks awarded to the students in each course in a semester shall be published on the notice board before 5 days of commencement of external examination. There shall not be any chance for improvement of internal marks. The course teacher shall maintain the academic record of each student registered for the course, which shall be forwarded to the University, through the college Principal, after being endorsed by the Head of the Department. Class tests for internal evaluation should be spread during the semester and the grades displayed on the notice board. Valued answer scripts shall be made available to the students for perusal. Each student shall be required to do at least one assignment for each course. Assignments after valuation must be returned to the students. The teacher shall define the expected quality of the above in terms of structure, content, presentation etc. and inform the same to the students. Punctuality in submission is to be considered. Every student shall deliver one seminar / presentation as an internal component for every course and must be evaluated by the respective course teacher in terms of structure, content, presentation and interaction. The soft and hard copies of the seminar report are to be submitted to the course

teacher. All the records of Continuous Assessment (CA) must be kept in the college and must be made available for verification by university, if asked for.)

EXTERNAL / END SEMESTER EVALUATION (ESE)The semester-end examinations in theory courses shall be conducted by the University with question papers set by external experts. The evaluation of the answer scripts shall be done by examiners based on a well-defined scheme of valuation. After the external evaluation, only Grades are to be entered in the space provided in the answer script for individual questions and calculations need to be done only up to the Cumulative Grade Point (CGP) and all other calculations including grades are to be done by the University. Students shall have the right to apply for revaluation or scrutiny as per rules within the time permitted for it. Photocopies of the answer scripts of the external examination shall be made available to the students for scrutiny on request by them as per rules. The external evaluation shall be done immediately after the examination preferably in a Centralized Valuation Camp.

PATTERN OF QUESTIONS FOR EXTERNAL ESEQuestions shall be set to assess the knowledge acquired, standard, and application of knowledge, application of knowledge in new situations, critical evaluation of knowledge and the ability to synthesize knowledge. Due weightage shall be given to each module based on content/teaching hours allotted to each module. It has to be ensured that questions covering all skills are set. The setter shall also submit a detailed scheme of evaluation along with the question paper. A question paper shall be a judicious mix of short answer type, short essay type /problem solving type and long essay type questions. The question shall be prepared in such a way that the answers can be awarded A+, A, B, C, D & E Grades. End Semester Evaluation in Practical Courses shall be conducted and evaluated by two examiners of which one should be an External Examiner and the other examiner should be the teacher who offers the course/ the senior most teacher who offers the course. Different types of questions shall be given different weightages to quantify their range given in the following model:

Number of questions to be answered:1. TheorySl. No. Type of Individual Questions Total No. of Questions Weightage

1. Short answer 4 out of 7 2x4=8

2. Short essay/problem solving 4 out of 7 3x4=12

3 Long Essay type 2 out of 4 5x2=10

Total 10 out of 18 30

(All questions should be in such away that 6 grades could be awarded. Short answer questions should have a minimum of 4 value points, short essays a minimum of 6 value points and long essays a minimum of 10 value points)

2. Practicals Sl. No. Type of Individual Questions Total No. of Questions Weightage

1. Major Experiments/ Problems 3 3x5=15

2. Minor Experiments/ Problems 3 3x2=6

3 Spotters/ Identifications 5 5x1=5

4 Lab Records 1 2

5 Submissions/Tour Reports 1 2

Total 13 30

EVALUATION OF PROJECT WORK | DISSERTATIONThere shall be External and Internal evaluation with the same criteria for Project Work done and the grading system shall be followed as per the specific guidelines. For a pass in Project Work, a student has to secure a minimum of P

Grade in External and Internal examination combined. If the students could not secure minimum P Grade in the Project work, they will be treated as failed in that attempt and the students may be allowed to rework and resubmit the same in accordance with the University exam stipulations. There shall be no improvement chance for Project Work.

The External and Internal evaluation of the Project Work shall be done based on the following criteria and weightages as detailed below:

Sl. No. Criteria % of Weightage Weightage 1 Relevance of the topic 10 3

2 Methodology & Analysis 40 12

3 Discussion 10 3

4 Viva Voce (on the project) 40 12

Total 100 30

COMPREHENSIVE VIVA-VOCEThere shall be an External Comprehensive Viva-Voce at the end of the IVth Semester. The External Viva Voce shall be conducted by one External Examiner appointed by the University and the Head of the Department as the Internal Examiner. For a pass in comprehensive viva-voce, a student has to secure a minimum of P Grade or a pass. Failed candidates can reappear for the same next time in accordance with the University exam stipulations. There shall be no improvement chance for comprehensive viva-voce.

DIRECT GRADING SYSTEMDirect Grading System based on a 10 Point scale is used to evaluate the performance (External and Internal Examinations of students) for all courses (Theory & Practical)/Semester/Overall Programme, Letter grades and GPA/SGPA/CGPA are given on the following way :

a) First Stage Evaluation for both Internal and External will be done by the teachers concerned in the following scale : A+ 5

A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1E 0

b) The Grade Range for both Internal & External shall be :

Letter Grade Grade Range Range of % Merit indicator

O 4.25 - 5.00 85-100 Outstanding A+ 3.75 - 4.24 75-84.99 Excellent A 3.25 - 3.74 65-74.99 Very Good B+ 2.75 - 3.24 55-64.99 Good B 2.50 - 2.74 50-54.99 Above Average C 2.25 - 2.49 45-49.99 Average P 2.00 -2.24 40-44.99 PassF < 2.00 Below 40 FailI 0 IncompleteAb 0 Absent

No separate minimum is required for Internal Evaluation for a pass, but a minimum P Grade is required for a pass in the external evaluation. However, a minimum P grade is required for pass in a course. A student who fails to secure a minimum grade for a pass in a course will be permitted to write the examination along with the next batch.

IMPROVEMENT OF COURSEThe candidates who wish to improve the grade / grade point of the external examination of a course they have passed already can do the same by appearing in the external examination of the concerned semester along with the immediate junior batch. A candidate will be permitted to improve the CGPA of the Programme within a continuous period of four semesters immediately following the completion of the programme allowing only once for a particular semester. The CGPA for the betterment appearance will be computed based on the SGPA secured in the original or betterment appearance of each semester whichever is higher.

SGPA CALCULATIONSGPA is the ratio of sum of the product of the number of credits with the grade points scored by a student in all the courses taken by astudent and the sum of the number of credits of all the courses taken by a student. After the successful completion of a semester, Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) of a student in that semester is calculated using the formula given below:

SGPA (Sj) = Σ(Ci x Gi) / Cr Where ‘Sj‘ is the j semester , ‘Gi ‘ is the grade point scored by the student in the i course ‘ci ‘ is the credit of the I course,'Cr ’ is the total credits of the semester .

CGPA CALCULATIONCGPA = Σ(Ci x Si) / CrWhere Ci is the credit of the ith semester, Si is the SGPA of the ith semester and Cr is the total number of credits in the programme. The CGPA is also calculated in the same manner taking into account all the courses undergone by a student over all the semesters of a programme. The SGPA and CGPA shall be rounded off to 2 decimal points. For the successful completion of a semester, a student should pass all courses and score a minimum SGPA of 2.0. However, the students are permitted to move to the next semester irrespective of their SGPA.

DETAILED SYLLABUS

BOT1 C01. PHYCOLOGY, BRYOLOGY, PTERIDOLOGY AND GYMNOSPERMS (1.5+1+2+1.5 = 6 hours per week)Phycology1. Classification of Algae-comparative Survey of important systems - Fritsch-Smith-Round. Criteria foralgal classification-Phylogenetic considerations.2. Biological importance of Planktons.3. Algal cytology-Basic ideas of cell features-Electron microscopic studies of algal cell, cell wall, flagella,chloroplast, pyrenoid, eyespot- their importance in classification.4. Reproduction-Different types of life cycles in algae.5. General account of energy sources and pigments in algae.6. Economic importance of algae-Roll of algae in soil fertility, algae in industry-Biological importance ofphytoplanktons and water blooms.7. General account of thallus structure, cell ultra-structure, reproduction, relationships and evolutionarytrends in the following'groups: Chlorophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta, Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta.

References:1. Fritsch, F.E. The structure and Reproduction of Algae. 2. Smith, G.M. Manual of Phycology3. Round, F.E, The Biology of Algae.4. Pold and Wyane. Introduction of Algae.

Bryology1. General characters and systems of classifications of Bryophytes2. General account of the anatomy, reproduction, life history and phylogeny of Sphaerocarpales, Marchantiales, Jungermanniales, Calobryales, Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Andreales, Funariales and Polytrichales3. Origin and evolution of Bryophytes- gametophytic and sporophytic.4. A general account of fossil Bryophytes and their affinities.5. Economic importance of Bryophytes.

Referencesl. Watson E.V. The structure and life of Bryophytes. Hutchinson Univ. Press, London.2. Cavers F. The interrelationship of Bryophytes. New Phytologist.3. Kashyap S.R., The Liverworts of Western Himalaya and the Punjab Plains, Vol.l&II. Chronica Botanica4. Smith G.M. Cryptogamic Botany. McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y.5. Parihar N.S. An introduction of Embryophyta: Bryophyta. General Book House, Allahabad.6. Verdoon, F.M. Mannual of Bryology. Ashor & Co., Amsterdam.7. Shaw, J. and Goffinet, B. Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge University Press.8. Manju C. Nair, K.P. Rajesh and Madhusoodanan P.V.Bryophytes of Wayanad in Western Ghats.Malabar Natural History Society, Kozhikode.

Pteridology1. General characters and life history of Pteridophytes.2. Cytology of Pteridophytes- Chromosome number and polyploidy.3. Structure and evolution of stele in Pteridophytes.4. Origin and evolution of Sporangium.5. Heterospory and seed habit.6. Development and evolutionary trends in the Gametophytes of Pteridophytes.7. Apogamy, Apospory and Parthenogenesis.8. Classification of Pteridophytes: Holttum, Pichi-Sermolli.9. Comparative morphology, ecology and phylogeny of the following:a) Psilopsida : Rhyniales, Psilophytales and Psilotalesb) Lycopsida: Lycopodiales and lsoetalesc) Sphenopsida: Hyeniales, Pseudobomiales, Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and Equisetales.d) Filicopsida: General account: Primofilicales, Ophioglossales, Marattiales, Osmundales, Schizaeales, Cyatheales, Gleicheniales, Marsileales and Salviniales.10. Economic importance of Pteridophytes-Medícinal, Horticulture, Biofertilizer, weeds.11. General account of the contribution of Indian pteridologists..Refercnces1. Bierhost, D.W. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Mac Miilan Co., New York.2. Dyer, A.C. The Experimenial Biology of Ferns. Academic Press, London.3. Jermy, A.C. (Ed.): The phylogeny and Classification of Ferns.4. Kramer, K.U. and Green, P.S. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Narosa, New Delhi.5. Nampy, S. and Madhusoodanan, P.V. Fern Flora of South India-Taxonomic Revision of Polypodioid Ferns. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi.6. Abdul Hameed C., Rajesh K.P. and Madhusoodanan P.V. Filmy Ferns of South India. Penta Book Publishers & Distributors, Calicut.7. Azeez K., Venugopalakrishna Kurup V. and P.V. Madhusoodanan. Spleenworts (Aspleniaceae) of South lndia. Malabar Natural History Society, Calicut.8. Venugopalakrishna Kurup V., Azeez K. and P.V. Madhusoodanan. Primitive Ferns of South India. 'V'Publishers, Kottayam.

Gymnosperms1. Geological time scale and correlated predominant Gymnosperm flora.Classification of Gymnosperms- Chamberlain's system. 2. Geological horizons. Distribution, morphology, anatomy, reproduction and interrelationship of thefollowing orders (Study of families and types not required)a. Pteridospermales; b. Glossopteridales; c. Caytoniales; d. Cycadaeoidales; e. Pentoxylales; f . Cycadales, g. Ginkgoales; h. Cordaitales; i. Coniferales; j. Taxales; k. Ephedrales; l. Welwitschiales; m. Gnetales3. Phylogenetic relationship of Gymnosperms. 4. Economic importance of Gymnosperms

References: 1. Andrews, H.N. Studies in Paleobotany, Wiley, N.Y.

2. Banks, H.P. Evolution and plants of the past. Wadsworth.3. Bierhost, D.W. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Macmíllan.4. Bower, F.O. Primitive Plants. Macmillan.5. Chamberlain, C.J. Gymnosperms- Structure and Evölution. Univ. of Chicago Press.6. Foster, A.S. & E.M. Gifford. Comparative morphology of vascular plants. Freeman.7. Maheshwari, P & V. Vasil. Gnetum. CSIR, New Delhi.8. Ramanujam, C.G.K. Indian Gymnosperms in time and space. Today & Tomorrow,Dehra Dun.9. Sewart, W.N. Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants. Cambridge Univ. Press.10. Stockey, R.S. Some comments on the origin and evolution of conifers. Canadian J. Bot.59: 75-82. 11. Taylor, T.N. Reproductive biology in early seed plants. Bioscience 32:23-28.12. Walton. An Introduction to the Study of Fossil plants.

BOT1C02: MYCOLOGY & LICHENOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY (2.5+2.5+1= 6 hours per week)Mycology1. General characters of Fungi: cell-ultra structure, unicellular and multicellular organization, hyphal growth, cell wall composition, nutrition (saprobic, biotrophic, symbiotic, predacious) reproduction (vegetative, asexual, sexual), heterothallism, parasexuality.2. Classification of fungi by Ainsworth & Bisby (1983), Alexopoulos et al. (1996)- Phylogeny of fungi- Characters used in classification.3. General account of Myxomycota, Mastigomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and mitosporic fungi. Different kinds of spores and their dispersal.4. Fungi as saprophytes: details of the fungal decomposition of organic matter, coprophilous fungi, lignin degrading fungi, role of fungi in degradation of pesticides.5. Fungi as symbionts: Mycorrhiza – ectotrophic, orchidaceous and Ericoid mycorrhiza, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza - their distribution and significance. Endophytes.6. Lichenology: General account and systematics of lichens, thallus structure, reproductive bodies, ecological significance and economic importance of lichens.

References:1. Alerxopoulos C.J., Mims, C.W. & Blackwell, M. lntroductory Mycology. 4th edition. John Wiley & Sons lnc.2. Ainsworth, G.C., Sparrow, K.F.& Susmann, A.S.(Eds.). The Fungi - An Advanced Treatise. Vol 1-4. Academic Press.3. Burnett, J.H. Fundamentals of Mycology. Edward Amolds. 4. Cariile, M. J. & Watkinson S.C. The Fungi. Academic Press. 5. Deacon, J.W. Introduction to Modem Mycology. Blackwell.6. Dubey, H.C. An lntroduction to Fungi. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi.7. Hale Mason, E. The Biology of Lichens. 3rd Ed. Edward Arnold, London.8. Jennigs, D.H. & Lysek, G. Fungal |Biology. Bios Scientifìc Publishers.9. Mehrotra, R.S. & Aneja, K.R. An lntroductión to Mycology. New Age International Publishers.10. Landecker, Elizabeth Moore. Fundamentals of Fungi. 4th Ed. Prentice Hall.11. Nair, M.C. & Balakrishnan, S. Beneficial fungi and their utilization. Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.12. Nash, T.H. Lichen Biology. Cambridge University Press.13. Webster, John . lntroduction to Fungi. cambridge University Press.

Microbiology1. Introduction - main groups of microorganisms and their characteristics -prions, viroids, viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas and actinomycetes. 2. Bacteria - classification based on Bergey's Manuel. Archaeoacteria and Eubacteria. Morphology, ultra-structure,. nutrition, genetics3. Plasmids and their characterization.4. Cyanobacteria- salient features, morphology, ultrastructure, classification and economic importance.

5. Viruses- General account of plant and animal viruses, bacteriophages and their classification. lsolation, purificatíon, infection, replication and transmisiion of plant virüses. Detailed study of TMV and T4Phage. 6. Microbial ecology- microbiology of rhizosphere and phylloplane. Sewage disposal, bioremediationand.water purification. Detection of microbes in air and water.7. Agricultural microbiology - management of agricultural soils, biofertilizers, biopesticides. 8. Food Microbiology -.Food spoilage and preservation methods. Microbiology of fermented food - dairy products, bread and other fermented plant products. Microorganisms as source of food- single cell protein.9. Industrial Microbiology - Production of alcohol, vinegar, antibiotics, vitamins, steroids, vaccines, organic acids, amino acids.

References:Adams, M R & Moss, M.O. Food Microbiology. New Age International Publishing Ltd., New Delhi.Brock, T. D. Biology of Microorganisms. Prentice Hall. Campbell, R. Microbiology. ELBS-Edward Arnold, London.Carpemter, P.L. Microbiology. W.B. Sunders &Company, Philadelphia.Dubey, R.C. & Maheswari, D.K. A text book of Microbiology. S. Chand.Desikachary. Cyanophyta- MonographGoodfellow, M. et.al. The Biology of Actinomyçetes. Academic press.Kumar, H.D. & Swati Kumar. Modern Concepts of Microbiology.Mathew, R.E.F. Plant Virology, Academic press.Pelozar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. & Krieg, N.R. Microbiology. Tata Mc Graw Hill.Sharma, P.D. Microbiology & Plant Pathology. Rastogi Publishers, Meerut.

Plant Pathology1. Principles of Plant Pathology- Causal agents of plant diseases - Biotic causes (fungi, bacteria, virus, mycoplasma, nematodes, angiospermic parasites. Abiotic causes (nutrient and mineral deficiencies, effect of pollution). Koch’s postulates. Latrogenic diseases. Seed pathology.2. Details of different symptoms of plant diseases.3. Process of infection- mechanical, physiological and enzymatic action. Penetration and entry of pathogens in to host tissue.4. Host- parasite interaction. Enzymes and toxins in pathogenesis. Defense mechanisms in plants (structural and biochemical).5. Details of different ways of spread and transmission of plant diseases- wind and water-mediated, seed borne and vector borne.6. Plant disease management- exclusion, eradication and protection. Different pesticides and fungicides and their application. Biocides in plant protection.7. Study of the following diseases with reference to the symptoms, causal organisms, disease cycle and control measures:Bunchy top of banana, Bacterial blight of paddy, Bud rot of coconut, Mahali of Arecanut, Powdery mildew of rubber, Abnormal leaf fall of rubber, tikka disease of Ground nut, Late blight of potato, Blister blight of tea, wheat rust, coffee rust, grey leaf spot of coconut, Phytophthora foot rot of pepper, rhizome rot of ginger and turmeric, angiospermic parasites-Viscum, Dendropthoe.

ReferencesAgrios, G.N. Plant pathology. 4th Ed., Academic Press.Bilgrami, K.H. & Dube, H C. A Text Book of Modem Plant Pathology. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi.Chaube, H.S. & Ramji Singh . |ntroductory Plant Pathology. lnternational Book Distributing Co., Lucknow.Gareth-Jones, D. Plant Pathology: Principles and Practice. Open University Press.Horsfall J.G. & Cowling E. B. (Ed.). Plant Disease:An Advanced Treatise. Academic Press.Lucas, J. A.. Plant Pathology and Plant pathogens. Blackwell.Manners, J.G. Principles of Plant Pathology. Cambridge Univ Press.Mehrotra, R.S. Plant Pathology. Tata Mc Graw Hill.Pandey, B. P. Plant Pathology -pathogen and plant disease. S. Chand & Co.Pathak, V.N., Khatri, N.K. & Pathak, M. Fundamentals of Plant Pathology. Agro-bios India.Rangaswami, G. Diseases of Crop Plants of lndia. Prentice Hall lndia.

Tarr, S.A. J. The Principles of Plant Patholgy. Winchester Press.Wheeler, H. Plant Pathogenesis. Springer Verlag.Wood, R.K.S. Physiological Plant Pathology. Blackwell

BOT1C03. ANGIOSPERM ANATOMY, ANGIOSPERM EMBRYOLOGY, PALYNOLOGY & LAB TECHNIQUES (2+2+1+1= 6 hours per week) Angiosperm Anatomy1. Cell wall and its development. Chemistry of cell wall- cellulose, hemicellulose, polysaccharides, cell wall proteins, water. Organisation of primary wall. Cytokinesis and growth. Plasmodesmata. Secondary wall chemical constituents- lignin, suberin, callose; organisation of secondary wall.2. Node - nodal pattems: Unilacunar, trilacunar, multilacunar and split lateral. .Phylogenetic considerations.Leaf trace and branch trace- origin, departure; effect on stele and pith. Secondary growth in leaf traces.3. Cambium: Development of vascular cambium.and.cork cambium in root and stem; cell types in vascular cambium, infected vascular cambia, seasonal variations in cambial activity; role of cambium in wound healing and grafting. Conversion of fusiform initials in to ray initials; cambium in arborescent monocotyledons (Liliflorae).4. Development and differentiation: The structure of specialized cells. Vascular differentiation (procambium, residual meristem, interfascicular and intrafascicular cambia); acropetal and basipetal differentiation in leaves, stem and roots. Sieve tube differentiation. Controle of phloem differentiation. Tracheary elements differentiation. Ultra structure of phloem and xylem, brief account of transfer cells. Secondary wall thickening, cytoplasmic changes and autolysis. Control of differentiation. Genetic aspects- lnduction of vessel elements. lnduction of secondary xylem structure in relation to function in water conduction.5. Anomalous secondary growth: Concepts; modification of the common type of vascular cambium, unequal activity of the vascular cambium. Successive cambia. Anomalous placement of vascular cambium. Discontinuous, unidirectional and bidirectional activity of cambium. Anomalous secondary growth in storage roots (Beet root, sweet potato).6. Seedling anatomy: Concepts: anatomy of cotyledons, hypocotyl, seedling root, mesocotyl differentiation7. Leaf anatomy: Unifacial, bifacial and centric leaf (onion); structure of epidermis, stomatal types; foriar sclerieds; oil cells; crystal idioblasts.8. Anatomy in relation to taxonomy.9. Wood anatomy- general account.

References1. Easu, K. Plant Anatomy - Wiley Eastern Limited.2. Fahn, A. Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press.3. Cutter, E.G. & Edward, E. Plant Anatomy : Experiment and Interpretations Part I and II.4. Mauseth, J.D. Plant Anatomy - The Nenjamin Cumming Publishing Co.5. Forester, A.S. Practical Plant Anatomy. D. Van Nostrand Company lnc.6. Roberts, L.W. Cytodifferentiation in Plants - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Angiosperm Embryology1. Introduction to angiosperm embryology - structure of dithecous and monothecous anther.2. Microsporogenesis: Structure and function of wall layers, role of tapetum in pollen development3. Male gametophyte: Pollen mitosis, division of generative cells, heterospory.4. Megasporogenesis: Megaspore triad, dyad, coenomegaspore.5. Embryo sac- different types- ultra-structure of components- synergid and antipodal. Theories of the morphological nature of embryo sac6. Pollination -Artifìcial pollination - ultra-structural and dis-ultrastructural and histo-chemical sigma. Significance of pollen - pistil interaction. Role of pollen wall proteins and stigma. In vitro pollination and fertilization.7. Fertilization: Role of synergids - filiform apparatus, heterospermy and triple fusion.8. Structure and development of typical dicot and monocot embryos- structure and function of suspensor.9. Endosperm: classification and type- ruminate endosperm- mosaic endosperm- endosperm haustoria- physiology and cytology of endosperm.10. Polyembryony - classification – practical value.11. Apomixis - general account, genetics of apomixis.12. Parthenocarpy -seedless fruits13. Experimental embryology-embryo culture, anther culture, ovule culture.

14. Embryology in relation to taxonomy.

References:1. Bouman F. Ovule initiation, ovule development and seed coat astructure in angiosperms. Today and Tomarrow Publishers, New Delhi.2. Bhojwani S.S. and Bhatnagar S.S. The embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication, New Delhi.3. Davis C.L. Systematic embryology of Angiosperms. John Wiley. 4. Eames A.J. Morphology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw Hill.5. Johanson D. Plant Embryology. Waltham, Massachusetts.6. John B.D. (Ed.). Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer Verlag.7. Maheswari P. An introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw Hill.8. Raghavan V. Experimental embryogenesis in plants. Academic Press.9. Wardlaw C.W. Embryogenesis in Plants. Methusen, London.

Palynology1. Introduction- contributions of Erdtman and P K K Nair.2. Development and structure of pollen wall. Pollen morphology and its application. Pollen evolution3. Aero-palynology- methods of aerospore survey and analysis4. Melittopalynology- nutritional and medical value of honey- unifloral and multifloral honey.5. Recent advances in palynological studies- forensic-pollen allergy-oil exploration-paleopalynology.6. Palynology in relation to taxonomy- eurypalynous and stenopalynous taxa.

References:1. Sripad N. Agashe. Palynology and its Application.2. Kahinath Bhattacharya et. al. A Text Book of Palynology.

Laboratory Techniques1. Study of the following instruments - their uses and principles:a. Microscope: microscopic measurements - camera lucida, micrometry.b. Microtomes- Sledge, Rocking, Rotary.2. Killing, fixing and staining of plant tissues:a. Important reagents and chemicals used in the preparation of fixatives and their properties.b. Fixatives - FAA, Carnoy's fluid, chrome acetic, Nawaschins fluid, Craf, Flemings- composition, preparation and specific uses.c. Dehydrating agents, clearing agents, mounting medía. Examples and brief description. d. Stains - classification, composition and specific uses - safranin, crystal violet, cotton blue, fast green, Orange - G, hematoxylin, carmine.e. Brief account of vital staining.f. Staining techniques - Double staining.i. Saffranin - Fast greenii. Crystal violet – Orange Giii. Methods of embedding plant materials in paraffin wax - TBA method; embedding for Electron microscopy.iv. Sectioning of embedded paraffin wax materials using Rotary Microtome. v. Double stainíng of microtome serial sections embedding in paraffin wax - Saffranin - fast green; Crystal violet - Orange G / Erythrosin.vi. Whole mounts - general accountvii. Maceration, smearsviii. Histochemical tests – (1) PAS Test - insoluble polysaccharides.(2) Sudan black -lipids(3) Fuelgen reaction - Nucleic Acids.

References:1. Peter Gray. Hand book of Basic microtechnique. Mcgraw – Hill.2. John E. Sass. Botanical Microtechnique, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.3. John R. Baker. Principles of Biological Microtechnique –

4. A guide book to microscopical methods. A. V. Grimstone and R.J. Saker, Cambridge Univ. press.5. K.V. Krishnamurthy. Methods in Plant Histochemistry.

BOT1L01. PRACTICALS OF PHYCOLOGY, BRYOLOGY, PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS, MYCOLOGY AND LICHENOLOGY (0.5x6= 3 hours) Phycology1. Collection, preparation and submission of algal herbarium (5 numbers).2. Collection and study of the types mentioned below and their identification up to generic level using algal monographs:Chlorophyta: Pediastrum, Scenidesmus, Hydrodyctyon, Ulva, Cladophora, Pithophora, Bulbochaeta, Cephaleuros, Draparnaldiopsis, Bryopsis, Codium, Caulerpa, Halimeda, Desmids (Closterium, Cosmarium), Nitella.Xanthophyta: Botrydium.Bacillariophyta: Biddulphia, Coscinodiscus, Cymbella.Phaeophyta: Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Padina, Turbinaria.Rhodophyta: Batrachospermum, Gracilaria, Champia.

Bryology1. Morphorogical and structural study of representative members of the following groups using whole mountpreparations, dissections and transactions:Asterella, Targionia, Cyathodium, Lunularia, Pallavicinia, Dumortiera, Porella, Anthoceros, Sphagnum and Bryum.

Pteridology1. Collection, preparation and submission of five herbarium sheets of pteridophytes. 2. Study of vegetative and reproductive features of Lycopodium, Ophioglossum, Angiopteris, Osmunda, Lygodium, Ceratopteris, Pteris, Asplenium, Blechnum, Cyathea, Gleichenia, Trichomanes, Salvinia and Azolla.3. Study of the following fossils: Rhynia, Lepidodendron, Sphenophyllum, Calamites, Calamostachys, Zygopteris and Anachoropteris.4. Spore germination and development of prothallus in Knop's Agar medium.

Gymnosperms1. ldentification of petrifications, compressions, impressions: Lyginopteris, Heterangium, Medullosa, Trignocarpus, Glossopteris, Caytonia, Pentaxylon and Cordaites.2. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Zamia, Ginkgo, Pinus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Araucaria, Agathis, Podocarpus, Cephalotaxus, Ephedra and Gnetum.

Mycology1. Critical study of the following types with the help of fesh/preserved materials by making suitable micropreparations giving emphasis on systematic position, details of vegetative and reproductive structures: Stemonitis, Saprolegnia, Phytophthora, Albugo, Mucor, Pilobolus, Saccharomyces, Xylaria, Chaetomium, Peziza, Puccinia, Auricularia, Polyporus, Ganoderma, Lycoperdon, Dictyophora, Geastrum, Cyathus, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Alternaria, Fusarium, ColIetotrichum, Parmelia, Usnea.

Practical records:Submission of certified record of practicals at the time of terminal evaluation.

Field work:2 days of field work for the in situ study of the types of the above areas of study and submission of a field report.

BOT1L02. PRACTICALS OF MICROBIOLOGY, PLANT PATHOLOGY, ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY, ANGIOSPERM EMBRYOLOGY, PALYNOLOGY AND LAB TECHNIQUES. (0.5+0.5+1+0.25+0.25+0.5=3 hours)Microbiology1. Test for the presence of coliform bacteria in contaminated water.2. lsolation of Eubacteria and Cyanobacteria from soil by dilution plate method.3. lsolation of pure bacterial culture by streak plate method.4. Staining of bacteria (negative staining, Gram staining and spore staining).

5. Demonstration of bacterial motility by hanging drop method.6. Morphological studies on Scytonema, Aphanocapsa, Spirulina, Oscillatoria, Anabaena.

Plant Pathology1. Submission of five herbarium sheets of pathological specimens.2. Detailed lab study of the following diseases: Bunchy top of banana, Bacterial blight of paddy, Bud rot of coconut, Mahali of Arecanut, Powdery mildew of rubber, Abnormal leaf fall of rubber, tikka disease of Ground nut, Late blight of potato, Blister blight of tea, wheat rust, coffee rust, grey leaf spot of coconut, Phytophthora foot rot of pepper, rhizome rot of ginger and turmeric, angiospermic parasites- Viscum and Dendropthoe.3. Technique of isolation and pure culture of pathogens.

Angiosperm Anatomy1. Study of anomalous secondary growth in roots and stems of Aristolochia, Strychnos, Amaranthaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Bignoniaceae and Agavaceae. 2. Nodal anatomy of different types.3. Leaf anatomy: epidermal peels and TS of lamina.

Embryology1. Study of anther developmenl of Datura.2. Preparation of dissected whole mounts of microsporangium.3. Study of megaspore mother cell, megaspore and embryo sac.4.Study of the receptivity of stigma and in situ germination of pollen.5. Dissection of stages in the development of embryo and endosperm.6. Pollen germination using hanging drop technique.7. Demonstration of intra ovarian pollination.

Palynology1. Anaiysis of honey for microscopic examination of pollen.2. Calculation of percentage of viable pollen by using T Z test.3.Study of pollen wall by acetolysis.

Lab Techniques1. Measurement of microscopic objects - Micrometry.2. Camera lucida drawing - calculation of magnification3. Double stained permanent sections - free hand section, Microtome serial sections. 4. Preparation of whole mounts, macerations and smears. 5. Submission of 10 permanent slides - which should include microtomeserial sections, free hand sections, macerations, whole mounts and smears.

Practical records:Submission of certified record of practicals at the time of terminal evaluation.

Field work:2 days of field work for the in situ study of the types of the above areas of study and submission of a field report.

BOT2C04. CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS (2.5 + 2.5 + 1 = 6 hours per week)Cell Biology1. The nucleus. Interphase nucleus- Chromatin organization- nucleosomes, scaffold. Organization of eukaryotic chromosome. Heterochromatln- constitutive, facultative and condensed. Euchromatin. Satellite DNA. Chromosome banding and its significance.2. Cell reproduction: Cell cycle. Specific events G1, S, G2 and M phases. Significance of G0. Control of cell cycle. Significance. Gene expression during cell cycle. Mitotic Inducers.

3. Meiosis: types, synaptinemal complex, significance of meiosis. Genetic control and consequences of meiosis. Restriction points and check points. Cell cycle regulation of meiotic events- behaviour of sex chromosomes in meiosis- suppression of DNA replication between Meiosis I and II. Meiotic defects and human diseases. 4. Programmed cell death- necessity, classes, signals. Genetic analysis of cell death. Proteins regulating apoptosis. Pathways leading to cell death- significance. Aging- cellular and extracellular. Cell signaling. 5. Cell interactions-communication, recognition and adhesion. Application.6.Cellular differentiation and specialization. General characteristics, intrinsic interactions- Nucleo-cytoplasmic. Extrinsic interactions. Molecular mechanisms of cellular differentiations.7. Cancer- carcinogenic agents. Phenotype of the transformed cell. Genetic basis of malignant transformation- oncogenes. Tumour suppressor genes. Cancer and cell cycle. Metastasis. Interaction of cancer cells with normal cells.

References:1. Cooper Jeffrey M. The Cell- A Molecular Approach. ASM, Washington.2. Karp Gerald. Cell Biology. JohnWiley and Sons.3. Derobertis. Cell and Molecular Biology. 4. Sadava R.5. Pollard T.D. and Earn Shaw W.C. Cell Biology. Saunders.

Molecular Biology1. Molecular biology of gene: Structure of DNA: Repetitive DNA; c-value paradox.2. Replication of DNA: Enzymology of replication. Replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Primosomes and replisomes. Telomerase and its function.3. Gene expression: regulation of gene expression- Operon concept- Gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes- enhancers and silencers.4. Protein synthesis: Transcription, post-transcriptional events. Infrons and their significance. Translation. Post translational events. Role of chaperons.5. Mutation: Spontaneous and induced. Physical and chemical mutagens. Molecular mechanism of mutation. Mutation and cancer. Mutator and antimutatór genes. DNA repairing méchanisms.6. Molecular evolution: The origin of genomes. Evolution of new genes. Origin of eukaryotic genomes. Phylogenetics. Application of molecular phylogenetics.

References1. Lewin Benjamin. Genes. Oxford University press. 2. Brown TA. Genomes. John Willey and Sons.3. Snustad, Simmons and Jenkins. Principles of Genetics. John Willey and Sons.4. Weaver and Hendrick. Genetics. Wm. C. Brown Publishers.5. Hawkins J.D. Gene Structure and Expression. Cambridge University Press.

Biophysics1. pH and buffer solutions- hydrogen ion concentrations and pH, dissociation of acids and bases. Measurement of pH using organic indicator molecule and potentometric method. Functions of buffers in a biological system. Use of buffers in biological and biochemical research. pH and life. Henderson and Hasselbalch equation.2. Chromatography: Principles of chromatography. Types of chromatography (Brief account).3. Electrophoresis: Electrophoretic mobility, principles, PAGE, Agarose gel electrophoresis. Separation and detection of macromolecules by electrophoresis. Electrophoretic apparatus, technique and procedure.4. Centrifugation - Theory of centrifugation. Centrifuge- Types, Methodology of centrifugation, applications.5. Colorimetry and spectrophotometry: Beer-Lamberts law. Measurement of extinction. Calorimeters andspectrophotometers. Techniques and applications in biological and biochemical research. Comparison between colorimetry and spectrophotometry.6 Radioblology: Autoradiography. principies, types. Methods and applications in biological research.7. lmmunochemistry: lmmune response. Antigens- Antibodies. Histo-incompatibility antigens; Structure of IgG. lmmunochemical assays-RIA, ELISA.8. Cryobiology: Freeze drying (lyophilization)- applications.

References:

Hoppe, W. (Ed.). Biophysics. Springer Verlag.Rogers,A.W. Techniques of Autoradiography. Elsevier.Roy, R.N. A Text Book of Biophysics. New Central Book Agency Pvt. Ltd, Calcutta.Sasidharan, A. Selected Topics of Biophysics. Frontier Area Publishers.Slayter, E.M. Optical methods in Biology. Wiley Intersciences.Wong, C.H. Radiation Tracer Methodology in Biophysical Sciences. Prentice Hall.Plummer, D. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.

BOT2C05. CYTOGENTICS, GENETICS, BIOSTATISTICS, PLANT BREEDING AND EVOLUTION (1+1.5+1.5+1+1= 6 hours)Cytogenetics1. Cytogenetics of aneuplolds, euploids and structural heterozygotes: Effect of aneuploidy on phenotype.Transmission of monosomics and trisomics and their uses. Breeding behaviour and genetics of structural heterozygotes; translocation heterozygotes; Robertsonian translocation; B-A translocation. Karyotype- concepts and its importance. Structural chromosome aberrations- types and significance in evolution. Heteroploidy, aneuploidy, monosoly, trisomy (primary, secondary, tertiary and compensating). Nullisomy. Uses of aneuploidy in cytogenetics. Euploidy- autoploidy, alloploidy and segmental alopolyploic diploidization. Role of aneuploidy and euploidy in evolution.2. Molecular cytogenetics: Multigenic families and their evolution; in situ hybridization- concept. Computer assisted chromosome analysis, chromosome micro-dissection and micro-cloning; flow cytometry. 3. Polytene and lampbrush chromosomes- cytogenetic importance. 4. Supernumerary chromosomes: B-chromosomes.

References1. Alberts B., D. Bray, J. Lewis, K. Roberts and J.D.Watson. Molecular Biology of the Cell Gartand Publishing Inc. New York.2. Atherly A.G., J.R. Girton and J.F. McDonald. The Science of Genetics. Saunders College Publishing,Fort Worth, USA.3. Burnharm C.R. Discussions in Cytogenetics. Burgess Publishing Co., Minnesota. 4. De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis E.M.F. Cell and Molecular Biology ISBN, Hong Kong.5. Dupraw E.J. DNA and Chromosomes. Holt, Rinehart and Winston lnc. New York.6. Hart D.L and E.W. Jones. Genetics: Principles and Analysis. Jones & Bartlett publishers, Massachusetts, USA.7. Khush, G.S. Cytogenetics of Aneuploids. Academic Press. 8. Karp G. Celland Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA.9. Lewin B. Gene. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.10. Lewis R. Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. WCB Mc Graw Hill, USA.11. Malacinski G.M and D.Freifelder. Essentials of Molecular Biology. Jones and Bastlet Publishers lnc., London12. Rieger R., A.Michaelis and M.M.Green Glossary of Genetics and Cytogenetics -Classical and Molecular. Springer-Verlag, New York.13. Swanson C.P., T. Merz, and J.W.Young. Cytogenetics. Prentice Hall.

Genetics1. Relevance of Mendelism in modern genetics. A critical evaluation of Mendelism on the basis of modern concept of genes. 2 Linkage and gene mapping. Three- point test cross; linkage map; interference; tetrad analysis and centromere mapping. Linkage in humans. Pedigree analysis. Genetic recombination and mapping of genes in bacteria and bacteriophages.3. Mobile genetic elements: Transposable elements in bacteria. lS elements. Tn elements. Cmp site transposon. Cepia and P elements in Drosophila. Ac, DS and Mu elements in maize. Retrotransposons- Molecular characteristics and significance in development and evolution.4. Extranuclear inheritance: Analysis of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes and their utility. Cytoplasmic male sterility.5. Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements. QTL mapping. 6. Population genetics: Systems of mating. The Hardy-Weinberg principle. Estimation of gene frequencies.Factors affecting equilibrium: natural selection, mutation, migration and genetic drift.7. Human genetics: Human pedigree analysis, Lod score for linkage testing. Karyotype; genetic disorders.

References:Snustad, Simmons and Jenkins. Principles of Genetics. John Willey and Sons.Weaver and Hendrck. Genetics. Wm. C Brown Publishers.Goodenough. Genetics. Saunders College Publishing.Stansfield. Theory and Problems of Genetics. Mc Grow Hills.Strlckberger. Genetics. Macmillan.Burnet L.Essential Genetics. Cambridge University Press.Friefelder. Microbial Genetics. Narosa Publishing House.Gardner, Simmons and Snustad. Principles of Genetics.John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.Singh B.D. Fundamental of Genetics. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

Biostatistics1. The science of statistics and its applications in biological research. 2. Types and collection of data- Census and sampling- theory and methods.3. Tabulation and presentation of data- diagrammatic and graphic presentation.4. Analysis of data- central tendencies. 5. Measures of dispersion - Range, quartìle deviation, mean deviation, standard deviation and standard error. Relative measures of dispersion - coefficient of variation.6. Tests of significance- formulation and testing of hypothesis- testing the probability of committing type 1 and type 2 errors. z test, t test, chi-square test.7. Analysis of variance- one way classification and two way classification, F test, F value calculation, F table. 8. Correlation and Regression analysis- coefficient of correlation- significance testing. Rank correlation. Lines of regression- coefficient of regression.9. Experimental designs- designing an experiment- CRD, RBD, LSD. Factorial experiments.10. Probability- application of the principles of probability- theorems of probability- applications- Probability distributions- binomial, multinomial, normal and poisson distributions. 11. Statistical softwares- SPSS, SPAR, MINITAB.

References:1. Chandal S.R.S. A Handbook of Agricultural Statistics. Achal Prakashan Mandir, Kanpur, India.2. Das M.N. and N.C. Giri. Designs and Analysis of Experiments. Wiley Eastern Ltd.3. Elhance and Elhance. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics. Kithab Mahal, New Delhi, lndia.4. Gupta S.K and V.K. Kapoor. Fundamentals of Mathematical Statistics. Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.5. Gupta C.B. An Introduction to Statistical Methods. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 6. Kempthrone,O. An ntroduction to Genetic statistics. John Wiley and Sons lnc. New York.7. Mather K. and J.L. Links. Biometrical Genetics. Chapman and Hall, London.8. Panse, V.G and P.. Sukatme. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR, New Delhi.9. Rao C.A. Advanced Statistical Methods in Biometrical Research. Wiley and Sons, New York. 10. Singh P. and S.S. Narayanan. Biometrical Techniques in Plant Breeding. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.11. Singh R.K. and Chaudhary B.D. Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.12. Daniel W.W. Biostatistics- A foundation for Analysis in Health Sciences. Plant Breeding1. Introduction and objectives.2. Organizations involved in plant breeding.3. Breeding systems in sexually propagated plants- Floral Biology and its significance in plant breeding. Sterility and incompatibility systems. 4. Genetic resources- centers of crop genetic diversity. In situ and ex situ conservation; cryopreservation of germplasm.5. Conventional methods of plant breeding: Domestication of wild plats- changes under domestication. Plant introduction- history, types, principles, plant introduction agencies in lndia- rules and regulations. Major achievements.

Selection- selection methods in sexually and vegetatively propagated species. Selection in segregating populations. Major achievements.Hybridization- history, objectives, techniques, consequences and major achievements.Heterosis breeding- genetic basis of heterosis and inbreeding depression.6. Modern methods of plant breeding: Mutation breeding- history, methodology, applications, merits, demerits and achievements.Polyploidy breeding- methodology, applications, merits, demerits and achievements.Biotechnological approaches in plant breeding- Molecular markers and their uses- Transgenic plants- critical evaluation. 7. Breeding for special purposes: Resistance breeding- a brief account of disease resistance, pest resistance, stress resistance- achievements. Quality breeding- objectives and achievements.8. Biometrical techniques in Plant Breeding- analysis of variability, heritability, genetic advance and combining ability. 9. IPR- Protection of plant variety and farmers’ right act.

References1. Allard R.W. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley and Sons, New Delhi.2. Chahal G.S. and Gosal S.S. Principles and Procedure of Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 3. Jain H.K. and Kharkwal M.C. Plant Breeding- Mendelian to Molecular Approaches. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 4. Roy D. Plant Breeding- Analysis and Exploitation of Variation. Narosa Publishing House.5. Hayward M.D., Bosemark N.O. and Romagasa I. Plant Breeding- Principles and Prospects. Chapman & Hall.6. Gupta S.K. Plant Breeding- Theory and Techniques. Agrobios (India), Jodhpur.7. Khan M.A. Plant Breeding. Biotech Books, New Delhi. 8. Stoskopf N.C. Plant Breeding- Theory and Practice. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur.9. Sharma J.R. Principles and Practices of Plant Breeding. Tata Mc Graw Hill.10. Chopra V.L. Breeding Field Crops. Oxford & IBH.11. Mohanan K.V. Essentials of Plant Breeding. PHI Ltd., New Delhi.12. Mohanan K.V. Essentials of Plantation Science. Penta Book Publishers, Calicut, Kerala.

Evolution1. The concept of evolution- evidences of evolution- geological time scale and evolution.2. Origin of life- theories and experimental evidences.- chemical evolution and biological evolution. 3. Evidences of evolution.4. Theories of evolution.- Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post Darwinian theories.- Modern synthetic theory of evolution.5. Reproductive isolation and the origin of species.6. Evolution at the molecular level.

BOT2C06. PLANT ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND FOREST BOTANY (2.5+1.5+1+1= 6 hours)Plant Ecology & Conservation Biology1. Habitat Ecology: Salient features of terrestrial (Biomes), fresh water (Limnology), wet land and marine habitats.2. Productivity and Energy flow: Concepts, limits and process of primary production; methods of productivity measurements: global trends in primary productivity, energy flow models.3. Population characteristics: density, natality, mortality, distribution, biotic potential, carrying capacity, aggregation and dispersal, ecotone and edge effect.4. The environment and its pollution- types (land, air and water). Effect on living organisms. Control with emphasis on biological methods. Environmental hazards.5. Threats to the global environment- green house effect, ozone depletion, El-Nino and La Nina effects.6. Environment impact assessment (EIA) and assessment of environmental hazards- remote sensing.7. Problems of conservation; causes of threat to environment- human interference, deforestation, habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources.8. ldentiflcation of threatened plants; red list categories- extinct, endangered, vulnerable, rare and out of danger. Extinction process. Hot spots, keystone species and flagship species.

9. Stratègies for conservation: in situ and ex situ conservation, biosphere reserve, national parks, wildlife sanctuaries. Gene banks, cryopreservation, seed banks. 10. Afforestation- social forestry, agroforestry. International biological programme (lBP), Man and biosphere programme (MAB), IUCN, world environment day, wild life preservation act (1972), Indian forést (conservation) act (1980) and United Nations Environment Programme. Environment Protection Acts.11. Environmental awareness- role of government and NGOs.-Gaia hypothesis12. Biodiversity- significance at Local, National and Global levels. Deep ecology (Paradigm shift from anthropocentric ecology to ecocentric ecology. National heritages.

References:1. Negi, S.S. Hand book of National Parks and Sanctuaries in India.2. M.P. Nair and P.K Sastry - Red data book of Indian plants. 3. Mehrotra and B.K Suri - Remote sensing for environment and forest management.4. Negi S.S - Biosphere reserves in India.5. Lucas and Synge - IUCN Red data book. IUCN, Stockholm6. Dasman R.F - Environmental Conservation.7. Odum E.P. Fundamentals of ecology8. Odum E.P. Basic principles of ecology9. Misra K.R. Ecology workbook.10. Puri G.S. - Indian Forest Ecology Volumes I and ll. Oxford & IBH.11. Clarke G.L - Elements of Ecology.12. Chhatwal G.L. Encyclopedia of environmental biology. 13. Ray P.K. - Pollution and Health. Willey-Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.14. MichaeL P.- Ecological methods for field and laboratory investigations.Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.15. Kershaw K.A. Quantitative and Dynamic Plant Ecology. ELBS.

Phytogeographyl. Patterns of plant distribution: continuous distribution: circumpolar, circumboreal, circum austral, pan tropical.2. Discontinuous distribution: Theory of land bridges, theory of continental drift, theory of glaciation.3. Endemic distribution (neoendemic, paleoendemic), age and area hypothesis.4. Phytochoria of world and India.

References:1. Ronald Good. The geography of flowering plants. Lcngmans.2. Bharucha F.R. A text book of plant geography of India. Oxford University Press.3. Puri G.S. Indian Forest Ecology, Vol I, ll. Oxford, New-Delhi.

Forest Botany 1. Forest- Definitions. Study of various types of forests in the world and in India.2. Forest products-Major and.minor with special reference to Kerala.3. Influence of forests on environment. Consequence of deforestation and industrialization- sustainable utilization of bioresources.

References1. Agarwal A.P. Forests in India. Oxford & IBH.2. Gregorv G.R. Forest products, production, trade and consumption, quantity and value of raw materialsrequirements. Ford foundation, New-Delhi.3. Puri G.S. Indian Forest Ecology Vol. l& ll. Oxford & IBH.4. Champion G.H. and Seth S.K. A revised survey of the forest types of lndia.

L03. PRACTICALS OF CELL BIOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS, CYTOGENETICS, (0.5 + 1+ 0.5+1= 3 hours)Cell Biology 1. Study of Mitosis in root tip cells. 2. Pre-treatment of root típs with colchicine /hydroxy quinoline /paradichlorobenzene and study ofchromosomes in Chlorophytum,/ Zea mays/ Crotalaria/ Cyanotis.

3. Isolation of plastids and mitochondria. 4. Chromosome banding

Molecular Biology1. Working out problems from molecular genetics.2. lsolation of nucleic acid and identification of histones by SDS-PAGE.3. lsolation of plant DNA and its quantification by spectrophotometric/ calorimetric method.4. lmmunological techniques: ELISA and Western BIot.

Biophysics1. Preparation of buffers and measurement of pH using pH meter.2. Determination of isoelectric pH.3. Paper chromatography: Separation of sugars.4. Thin layer chromatography- separation of amino acid mixtures.5. Calorimetric and spectrophotometric elimination of proteins by Biuret / Lowry’s method.6. Estimation of amino acid by ninhydrin method (colorimetric).

Cytogenetics1. lnduction of polyploidy using colchicine; dlfferent methods of the application of colchicine.2. Effect of induced and spontaneous polyploidy on plant phenotype, meiosis, pollen and seed fertility and fruit set.3. Preparation of karyotype and ideogram of plant meristematic cells.4. Cytological studies in callus tissues.5. Study of meiosis in translocation heterozygotes (Rheo discolor)6. Study of polytene chromosomes.

Preparation of lab record and submission for valuation.Visit to a reputed molecular biology lab and submission of a report.

BOT2L04. GENETICS, BIOSTATISTICS, PLANT BREEDING, PLANT ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, PHYTOGEOGRAPHY AND FOREST BOTANY (0.5+0.5+0.5+0.5+0.5+0.5=3 hours)Genetics1. Problems from linkage, tetrad analysis, quantitative genetics and population genetics.

Biostatistics1. Problems from Mean, standard deviation, Coefficient of variation, tests of significance and correlation analysis. 2. Use of computer programmes for statistical analysis.

Plant Breeding1. Study of floral morphology and flower structure in crop plants- rice, cashew, pulses, Solanum, Capsicum.2. Practice of hybridization technique in self and cross pollinated plants mentioned in (1).3. Biometrical techniques in Plant Breeding- analysis of variability.

Ecology and Conservation biology1. Determination of food chains and food web in aquatic ecosystem. 2. Determination of the minimum size of the quadrat suitable for an area using species area curve method.3. Determination of the Importance Value Index (lVl) of plant species in the community by quadrat, line and belt transect methods.4. Comparative study of polluted and non.polluted aquatic ecosystems.5. Visit to a meteorological station, national park or wild life sanctuary, sewage treatment unit and major construction site.6. Estimation of dissolved oxygen content in the water sample by Winkler’s method.7. Determination of primary production in water samples by light and dark bottle method (Winkler's method).8. Determination of dissolved carbon dioxide content in water samples.9. Determination of frequency of plant species of an area and heterogeneity of vegetation using transect method.

Phytogerography1. Identification of the various floristic and vegetational regions of the world and India in maps.

Forest Botany1. Study of the major and minor forest products of Kerala and their uses.Preparation and submission of lab recordVisit to one plant breeding station and one ecologically sensitive area and submission of reports

BOT3C07. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2+ 2+ 2 = 6 hours)Plant Physiology1. Water and plant cells: Properties of water, hydrogen bonding, polaritv, cohesion and adhesion. The concept of water potential. Water movements in cells and tissues. Soil-plant atmosphere continuum. Transpiration, stomatal movement, modern theories of stomatal mechanism. The ascent of xylem water and the up take of water by roots. Absorption of mineral ions- solute absorption.2. Plants and nitrogen: The nitrogen cycle. Biological nitrogen fixation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants. Biochemistry of nitrogen fixation. Export of fìxed nitrogen from nodules. Genetics of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen assimilation, assimilation of nitrate. Nitrogen nutrition -agricultural and ecological aspects. Biosynthesis of amino acids- reductive amination and transamination. GDH and GS/ GOGAT pathway.3. Photosynthesis: Absorption and fate of light energy, absorption and action spectra. Photoreceptors-chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobilins. Bioenergetics and the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic electron transport and photophosphorylation. The two pigment systems ,Z-scheme, water oxidizing clock. The photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, C3, C2,C4 and CAM metabolism and ecological significance.4. Tanslocation and distribution of photo assimilates. Phloem transport, Sources and sinks, mechanism of translocation. Phloem loading and unloading, distribution of assimilates. Translocation of xenobiotic chemicals.5. Patterns in plant development: Growth, differentiation, and development . Genetic control and hormonal regulation of development. Seed germination- physiology of hormones in plant development- auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, absciscic acid and ethylene. Role of vitamins and nutrients.6. Photomorphogenesis: Phytochrome: chemistry and physiological effects. Mechanism of phytochromeand gene action. Cryptochromes and blue light effect. 7. Stress Physiology: Types of stress- water, temperature, salt, stresses caused by pests and pathogens and pollutants.

ReferencesWilliam G. Hopkins. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.Lincoln Taiz and Eduardo Zeiger. Benjamin/Cumming Publishing Company lnc. New York.

Metabolism1. Enzymes: General aspect, classification, Michaelis-Menton equation and its significance. Mechanism of enzyme action, co-enzymes, inhibition, regulation, allosteric enzymes, covalently modulated enzymes. Kinetics of enzyme catalysis. Isoenzymes.2. Intermediary metabolism: Anabolism, catabolism, amphibolic pathways and anapleurotic reactions. Link between primary metabolism and secondary metabolism. Bioenergetics and thermodynamics.3. Catabolism of hexoses: Glycolysis- two phases, overall balance sheet, regulation; fate of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Pentose phosphate pathway-multifunctional pathway (significance). Tricarboxylic acid cycle: Formation of acetate, reaction of citric acid cycle, anapleurotic reactions of citric acid cycle. Regulation of citric acid cycle. Glyoxylate cycle. Amphibolic nature of TCA cycle.4. Oxidation of fatty acids. Activation and entry of fatty acids, Beta oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Regulation.5. Oxidation of amino acids and entry to TCA cycle.6. Oxidative phosphorylation: Electron transfer reactions in mitiochondria. Electron carriers, multienzyme complexes, ATP synthesis. Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. Shuttle systems- Alternate pathways -Thermogenesis.7. Carbohydrate biosynthesis: Gluconeogenesis, biosynthesis of starch, glucose and other carbohydrates.Involvement of NDP- sugars. Regulation.8. Lipid biosynthesis: Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Triacylglycerols, phospholipids and isoprenoids. Regulation.

9. Biosynthesis of nucleotides: PRPP and its significance. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Precursors and regulation. Conversion of NMP to NTP. Biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides.10. Secondary metabolism: Main pathways and their relation to primary-metabolism.

ReferencesLehnìnger. Principles of Biochemistry, Macmillan, U.K.Geoffrey Zubay. Biochemistry. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.Trevor Palmer. Enzymes- Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical Chemistry. Norwood Publishing,Chichester.

Biochemistry1. The molecular logic of life.2. The chemical unity of diverse living organisms.3. Weak interactions in aqueous systems and the fitness of the aqueous environment for living organisms. 4. Biomolecules: a- Carbohydrates- Classification, structure and functions of simple sugars and compoundcarbohydrates. Sugar derivatives of biological importance. b- Lipids. Classification- storage and structural lipids; lipids in membranes; the supramolecular architecture of membranes. c- Amino acids, peptides and proteins. Amino acids: classification based on polarity; properties. Covalent structure of proteins. Three dimensional structure of proteins. Protein- tertiary and quaternary structures. Denaturation and renaturation. Functions of protein. d- Nucleotides and nucleic acids. Chemistry- structure of nucleotides-Other functions of nucleotides. 5. Secondary metabolites: Secondary metabolites, their physiological roles. Significance- ecological and phylogenetic importance.

References:1. Lehninger. Principles of Biochemistry, Macmillon, U.K.2. Geoffrey Zubay. Biochemistry. Macmillen Publishing company, Newyork.3. Sadasivam and Manickam. Biochemical Methods. New Age International Publishers. New Delhi.4. Davíd T. Plummer, An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGrow Hill.

BOT3C08. ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND PLANT RESOURCES (1+4+1=6 hours)Angiosperm Morphology1. A critical study of the current ideas on the origin of Angiosperms with special reference to their ancestral stock, time and place of origin. 2. The concept of primitive angiosperm flower. Origin and evolution of flower, co-evolution of flowers vis-a-vis pollinators.3. Origin and evolution of structure and morphology of stamens, nectarines and nectar.4. Origin and evolution of carpels: different types- concept of foliar origin of carpels; types of ovary; evolution of placentation types- inferior ovary- foliar and axial concepts.5. Role of floral anatomy in interpreting the origin and evolution of flower and floral parts

References:1. Eames, E.J. Morphology of Angiosperms. Mc Graw Hills Book Co. New York. 2. Bamard, C. The interpretation of Angiosperm flower. Aust. J. Sci.24:64-72. (1961).3. Manilal, K.S. Vascularization of corolla in Compositae. J.lndian Bot. Soc.59: 189-1964. Meeuse, A.D. J. Some fundamental principles of interpretive floral morphology. Lntemational Sci. Publ. Hissar. 5. Melville, R. New theory of Angiosperm flower. Nature 188: 14-18. (1960).6. Puri, V. Inferior ovary. Phytomorpholgy2:122. (1952).7. Sporne, K.R. The Morphology of Angiosperms. Hutchinsons Uni. Press, London.

Angiosperm Taxonomy1. Principles of Taxonomy- Scope and importance of Taxonomy; systems of classification- artificial, natural and phylogenetic systems; phenetic versus phylogenetic systems; cladistics in taxonomy; APG system of classification. 2. Conceptual basis of classification- essentialism, nominalism, empiricism, phenotics and cladistics. phylogenetic and alternative; concept of genus; concept of family; infraspecific categories.

3. Definitions and terms: primitive and advanced; homology and analogy; parallelism and convergence; monophyly and polyphyly.4. Taxonomic hierarchy- concept of taxa- species, genus and family- infra specific categories. 5. Plant nomenclature: history of nomenclature; polynomial and binomial systems; detailed studyof salient features and major provisions of the lnternational Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Effectiveand valid publication, rank of taxa, rule of priority and its limitations, typification, author citation, rejection of names and names of hybrids. A brief account of International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants.6. Concepts of chàracter: definition, classification of characters- analytical and synthetic, qualitative and quantitative; unit and multiple, good and bad; correlation of characters; character weighting.7. Modern trends in Taxonomy: cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy, biosystematics and numericaltaxonomy. Molecular taxonomy- DNA bar coding in plants.8. History and development of taxonomy in India. Classification of taxonomic literature- general indices, floras, icons, monographs, reviews-and journals; Herbarium- definition, steps involved in the development of herbarium- utility of herbarium and its maintenance- general account of regional and national herbaria with special reference to central National herbarium, Calcutta (CAL) and Madras Herbarium (MH). Botanical survey of India; Botanical gardens- types of gardens and importance of gardens in taxonomic studies- important national and international Botanical Gardens- Royal Botanical Garden, Kew; Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta, National Botanical Garden, Lucknow, Tropical Botanic Garden, Trivandrum.

References:Cronquist A. Evolution and classification of flowering plants. Thomas and Nëlson Co.Cronquist. A. An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York.Graf A.B. Tropica. Roehrs Company Publ. NJ, USA. Harborne J.B. & Turner B.L.Plànt chemosystematics. A.P., London.Haywood W.H. & Moore D.M. Current concepts in plant taxonomy.Rendle A.E. Classification of flowering plants.Lawrance. G.H.M. Tãxonomy of vascular plants. Oxford and IBH.Sneeth P.H.A. umerical taxonomy.W.H.Freeman Co., Sãn Francisco.Sporne. K.R. The Morphology of Angiosperms. Hutchinson University Press, London.Sivarajan V.V. Introduction to principles of plant taxonomy. Oxford and IBH.Smith P.M. The Chemotaxonomy of plants. Edward Arnold, London.Stace, C.A. Plant Taxonomy and Biosistematics.Edward Arnord, London.Takhtajan, A. L. Diversity and classification of flowering plants. Columbia University Press, New York.Woodland, D.W. Contempotary plant systematics. Prentice Hal, New Jersy. Simpson M.G. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam.Stebbins, G.L. Flowering Plants- Evolution above species level. Edward Arnord, London.

Plant Resources1. A study of history, occurrence, morphology of useful part and overall chemical composition of the following:a. Cereals & millets: rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet.b. Pulses: Bengal gram, cluster bean, common bean, horse gram, cow pea.c. Sugar yielding plants: sugar cane, beet root.d. Starch yielding tubers: potato, tapioca, arrow root, yam, taro.e. Fats & Oils: ground nut, coconut, castor, gingelly, mustard, oil palm.f. Beverages: tea, coffee, cocoa.g. Spices and Condiments: pepper, ginger, turmeric, coriander, cumin, fennel, fenu-greek, cardamom, nutmeg, cloves, cinnamon.h. Fibre yielding plants: cotton, jute, coir.i. Rubber yielding plants: pararubber.j. Timber yielding plants: teak, rose wood, Artocarpus, Ailanthes, Xylia.2. A study of the following medicinãl plants with reference to the chemical and pharmacognosic properties: neem, turmeric, Adhatoda, Rauwolfia, Catharanthes, Bacopa, nux-vomica, sweet flag, Saraca, wood apple, Indian myrobalans, liquorize.

References:Arora R.K. & Nayar, E,K. Wild relatives of crop plants in India. NBPGR Sci. Monograph No.7.

Bole, P.V. & Vaghani, Y. Field guide to common Indian trees. Oxford Uni. Press. Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. & Sharma, N. Biodiversity in medicial and aromatic plants inlndia- conservâtion and utilization.. NBPGR. New Deihi.Chripeels, M.J. & Sadava, D. Plants, food and people. W..Freeman & Co. San Francisco.ConwqyG. The doubly green revoluiion: food for all in the 2lst century. Penguin Books.CS1R. The useful plants óf India. Publication and Information directorate, CSIR, New Delhi.Kochar S.L. Economic Botany of the Tropics. Macmillon India Ltd. Nàir M.N.B. et al. (eds.) Sustainãble management of non wood forest products. Faculty of\Forestry, Uni. Putra, Malaysia.Padora R.S. and Arora R.K. Plant genetic resources and management. IPGRI Publication,South Asia office, NBPGR, Pusa Campus, New Delhi.Indian Science Acaademy. Plant wealth in India. Special issue of proceedings, 1997.Sahni, K.C. The Book of lndian Trees. Oxford Uni. Press, Mumbai.Sharma, O.P. Hill’s Economic Botany. Tata Mc Graw Hill Co., New Delhi. _Swaminathan M.S. & Kochar, S.L..(eds.) . Plants and society. Macmillan Publication, London.Thakur, R.S., Puri, H.S. & Husain, A. Major medicinal plants of lndia. Central lnstitute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow.

BOT3C09. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS (3+3= 6 hours)BiotechnologyA. Plant Tissue Culture1. Basic concepts and history.2. General account of laboraiory facilities and management.3. Media for in vitro culture, composition and their preparation.4. Callus culture- selection of explants and medium- types of callus- growth profile of callus.5. Cell culture - isolation of single cells- mechanical and enzymatic methods- measurement of growth of cells in suspension culture- viability tests.6. Large scale cultivation of cells using bioreactors for secondary metabolite production.7. Organogenesis- direct and indirect- factors affecting organogenesis.8. Organ culture – apical/ axillary meristems, embryo, ovary, ovule, endosperm, anther, pollen and root cultures.9. Applications of plant tissue culture - clonal propagation, somaclones, somatic hybrids, synthetic seeds, secondary metabolites, germplasm conservation –cryopreservation.

B. Genetic Engineering1. Molecular analysis of gene and gene products: southern, northern and western blots- restrictionmaps- RAPD and RFLP. Chromosome walking and jumping. FISH. PCR and its applications. DNA finger printing. DNA chips.2. DNA sequencing: Enzymatic methods. Gilbert and Maxam method. Messing's shot gun method. Fluorescent detection and automation. The Human Genome Project.3. Recombinant DNA Technology- Enzymes, vectors, gene-cloning strategies, construction and screening of gene and cDNA Libraries. Expression of cloned genes in bacteria and mammalian cells. Prospects and achievements.4. Transgenic plants. Gene cloning strategies in plants. Vector dependent and vector independentmethods. Identification and selection of transformed plants; the reporter enzyme technology.Objectives and achievements- engineering for secondary metabolites; resistance against herbicides, pests, pathogens, stress - improved nutritional änd status changes in plants. Plants as bioreactors; phytopolymers and biodegradable plastics; antisense RNA technology; transgene inactivation. Terminator and traitor technologies.5. Cloning: objectives. Creation of transgenic animals- other developments in cloning. Human cloning. Ethics of cloning.6. Patenting of genes and GMOs. Gene piracy. Ethics and biosafety aspects, recDNA safety; IPR, biosafetyprotocols.

References: Walker J.M. and R. Rapley. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: Panima Publishing Corporation.Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternack. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA:; ASM Press WashingtonBrown T.A. Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis Blackwell Science Pub:

Primrose S.B. Molecular Biotechnology. Panima Publishing Corporation.Maarten J. Chrispeels and D.E.Sadava. Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Robert de la Pemere and Franck Seuret. Brave New Seeds: The threat of GM crops to farmers. Global lssues Series.

BioinformaticsA. Computer application.1. .Computer in Science with special reference to biology, the scope and prospects.2. lnformation super highway (lnternet)- Information net works: lnternet, World Wide Web. Web browsers, HTTP, HTML and URLs. Biological networks.3. Online publications with special reference to biology, -electronic journals, books, downloadingand uploading. )- Open Archive Initiative (www.openarchives.org), biomedcentral, pubmedcentral, freedom of scientific information access, e-access debate- concepts and implications, Free Software Movement, Free Software Foundation, GNU/Linux, etc. Online archives, databases, the Public Library of Science (www.publiclibraryofscience.org).

ReferencesOnline resources freely available at lnternet sites such aswww. pu bliclibraryofscience. orgwww.openarchives.orgwww. pubmedcentral. govwww. biomedcentral. comwww.nature.com/nature/debates/e-ccess/index.html

B. Bioinformatics1. lntroduction: lmportance and scope. 2. Biological Databasesa. Nucleic acid databases: EMBL, GenBank- structure of GenBank entries. Specialized genomic resources, UniGene.b. Protein sequence databases: PIR, SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL.Composite protein databases: NRDB, OWL.Secondary databases: PROSITE, PRINTS, BLOCKS, IDENTIFY.Structure classification databases- SCOP, CATH.3. Database searchinga. Sequence database searching. EST searches. Different approaches to EST analysis. Merck/lMAGE, lncyte, TIGR. EST analytical tools. Sequence similarity, sequence assembly and sequence clustering.b. Pair wise alignment technique: Comparison of sequences and sub-sequences. Ldentity and similarity. Substitution matrices, BLOSUM, DOTPLOT and BLAST.c. Multiplè alignment technique: Objective, Manual, simultaneous and progressive methods. Databases of multiple alignments. PSI-BLAST, CLUSTAL-W. 4. Protein structure Prediction: a. Secondãry structure prediction. Chou-Fasman, J Pred.b. Tertiary structure prediction: Comparative modelling -Modeller, RasMol.5. Emerging areas of Bioinformatics: DNA Microarrays, functional genomics, comparative genomics, pharmacogenomics, chemoinformatics, Medical informatics.

References1. Attwood T.K. and D.J. Arry-smith. lntroduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson Education.2. Sundararajan S. and R. Balaji, lntroduction to Bioinformatics. Himalaya Publishing House.

BOT3L05. PRACTICALS OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, METABOLISM, BIOCHEMISTRY, ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY (0.5+0.5+0.5+0.5+1=3 hours)Plant Physiology1. Determination of water potential by tissue weight change method.2. Extraction of leaf pigments and preparation of absorption spectra of chlorophylls and carotenoids.3. Demonstration of Hill reaction.4. Separation of leaf pigments by paper chromatography and column chromatography.

5. Effects of light intensity on photosynthesis by Wilmot's bubbler.6. Determination of sugars and amino acids in germinating seed by TLC.7.Extraction of seed proteins based on solubility.8. Biochemical analyses of leakages from seeds during germination.9. Analyses of proline in water stressed plants.10. Testing of seed viability by NBT test.11. Changes in the reserve proteins during germination.

Metabolism1. Extraction of enzyme: Any enzyme.2. Effect of substrate on enzyme and determination of its Km value.3. pH dependent activity profile of enzymes.4. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of enzymes.5. Desalting of proteins by gel filtration using Sophadex G25/ dialysis6. Separation of isoenzymes by native PAGE.7. Determination of enzyme / protein sub units by SDS PAGE.8. Metabolism of germinating seeds - changes in metabolisable carbohydrates.

Biochemistry1. Qualitative tests for monosaccharides, reducing and non reducing oligosaccharides, starch, amino acids and protein.2. Quantitative estimation of reducing sugars and starch.3. Qualitative tests for lipids. Emulsification, saponification, acrolein test, Boundouin's test.4. Quantitative estimation of amino acids.5. Quantitative estimation of protein by Biuret / Branford's /Lowry et al method.6. Quantitative estimation of DNA and RNA (colorimetric / spectrophotometric)7. Quantitative estimation of total phenolics.

Angiosperm Morphology1. Preparation of cleared whole mounts of floral parts to show vasculature.2. Examination of the following with the help of dissections and hand sections: Transmitting tissues/canals in style and stigma; Different types of ovaries; Different types of placentation, vasculature of androecium and gynoecium in special types of flowers.

Angiosperm Taxonomy1. Familiarization with local flora and construction of keys – use of floras in identification up to species.2. Study of diagnostic features of the families studied in the theory paper with special reference to their economic aspects. 3. Study of the following families with special reference to morphology of modified parts, economic importance, interrelationships and evolutionary trends: Magnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Menispermaceae, Nymphaeace, Polygalaceae, Caryoplyllaceae, Clusiaceae, Sterculiacéae, Meliaceae, Sapindaceae, Rosaceae, Melastomaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Aizoaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapotaceae, Gentianaceae, Boraginaceae, Convolvulaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Pedaliaceae, Verbenaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Urticaceae, Casuarinaceae, Orchidaceae, Zingiberaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Commelinaceae, Araceae, Cyperaceae and Poaceae.4. Dissection of at least two members of each family in the laboratory, making suitable sketches, describing them in technical terms and identifying them constructing appropriate floral diagrams. 4. Field study of three days under the guidance and supervision of teachers at an ecologically different locality and submission of a field study report certified by the teacher concerned. The report should contain ecology of flora of the area studied. 5. Collection of plant specimens following the standard means of plant collection for preparation of herbarium. Each student shall submit a minimum of 25 such herbarium specimens with QR code along with the field book for the Practical examination. 6. Problems in Bar Coding

BOT3L06. PRACTICALS OF PLANT RESOURCES, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS Plant Resources

1. Morphological study of the source plants mentioned in the theory syllabus and identification of the plants and plant products.

Biotechnology- A. Tissue Culture.1. Preparation and sterilization of culture media.2. Culturing of Carrot /Tobacco/Datura.3. Estimation of cell growth ín callus culture by fresh wt. and dry wt.4. lnduction of multiple shoots using axillary and apical meristems as explants.5. Plantlet regeneration from callus.6. Identification of secondary metabolites in cultures.

Biotechnology- B. Genetic Engineeringlsolation of DNA.

Bioinformatics- A. Computer Application1. Acquiring basic computer operation and internet browsing skills in Windows and Linux platforms.2. Acquiring basic word processing/ data entry skills using popular (both commercial and open source) packages such as MS-Word, K-Word, Open Word, PageMaker.3, Acquire graphic processing skills using popular packages such as PhotoShop, Corel Draw, Chem Draw.4. Preparation of scientific presentations using packages such as MS-PowerPoint.5. Use of statistical packages such as SPSS, Biostat, Origin, MS-Excel.

B. Bioinformatics1. Acquisition of basic skills in Internet browsing2. Use of web browsers and search engines.3. Use of biological and bioinformatic websites Agris, Agricola, BIOSI S, CABWeb.4. Visit to Bioinformatics websites: NCBI, SWISS PROT, PIR, PDB. Submission of lab record Submission of 10 plant products directly collected by the student from the field with a note on the source plant and plant part.

E01: To be selected by the centre from the list appended as Elective IE02: To be selected by the centre from the list appended as Elective IIL07: Practicals of Electives.(The centres are advised to select relevant and related electives so that the centres can be developed to centres of excellence in the specialization area.)

List of Electives for M.Sc. Botany CBCSS Programme:A. Elective I 1. Advanced Angiosperm Taxonomy2. Environmental Biology and Biodiversity Conservation3. Plant Tissue Culture4. Plant Physiology5. Plant Cell and Molecular Biology6. Genetics and Crop Improvement

B. Elective II1.Molecular Plant Taxonomy2. Pathology of Plantation crops and Spices 3. Genetic Engineering4. Genomics and Proteomics5. Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics6. Biotechnology in Crop Improvement

BOT4E01-1. Advanced Angiosperm Taxonomy

1. Need and importance of taxonomy. Aspects of tyaxonomy (identification, nomenclature, classification, systematics, molecular systematics, phases of taxonomy (exploration, consolidation, experiment or biosystematics, encyclopedic or holotaxonomy).2. Plant identification: Methods, taxonomic keys- dichotomous (indented, bracketed), polyclave.3. Plant nomenclature; ICBN- BRIEF HISTORY, St. Louis Code (outyline, principles, rules and recommendations, provisions for the governance of the code).4. History and systems of plant classification:a. Ancient Greeks, Middle ages, Herbalists, Pre and Post Linnaean. Evolutionary and Phylogenetic systemsb. Types of classification; systems developed by Bessy, Engler, Hutchinson, Cronquist.5. Botanical garden: role, special types. Major botanical gardens of the world and India.6. Taxonomy as a synthetic subject: taxonomy in relation to morphology, cytology, palynology, phytochemistry and serology.7. Numerical taxonomy: Principles, steps for the construction of taxonomic groups. Merits and demerits.8. Brief study of the following: phonetic method, phyletic method. Floral imaging (digital photography).9. Phylogeny of angiosperms: Evolutionary trends; transitional- combinational theory.10. Electronic herbarium and digital database preparation (DELTA).11. Geographical distribution of plant families, endemic families, dispersal of plants.12. Contributions of van Rheede, J D Hooker, Willam Roxburgh, Nathaniel Wallich, Richard Henry Beddome, E K Janaki Ammal, K M Mathew, Cecil J Saldanha, V V Sivarajan.13. Study of the following families in detail giving importance to morphology of the modified parts, economic importance, interrelationships and evolutionary trends: Magnoliaceae, Cruciferae, Caryophyllaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Tiliaceae, Malphigiaceae, Celastraceae, Rhamnaceae, Moringaceae, Droseraceae, Rhizophoraceae, Begoniaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Ebenaceae, Oleaceae, Lentibulariaceae, Bignoniaceae, Polygonaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Loranthaceae, Dioscoriaceae, Pandanaceae, Typhaceae, Eriocaulaceae.

Practicals1. Preparation of checklist of a particular area.2. Phenology of at least 10 species.3. Programming DELTA of at least 20 species with images.4. Study of at least two plants each of the above listed families.5. Preparation of key to at least 10 species of any families studied in PG core course. 6. Preparation of 25 herbarium sheets of plants of the above families with QR code.7. Study tour to a forest or any other special ecosystem in South India and submission of tour report.

ReferencesSingh Gurcharan. Plant Systematics. Oxford IBH.Mondal A.K. Advanced Plant Taxonomy. Central Book Agency, Kolkatta.Sivarajan V.V. and Robinson. Introduction to the Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford IBH.Greuter W. et. al. International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. St. Louis Code. Koeltz Scientific Books, Konigstein.Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. A hand book of Field and Herbarium Methods. Today & Tomorrow Publications, New Delhi.Cronquist A. Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants. New York Botanic Gardens, Bronx, New York.David P.H. and Heywood P.H. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver & Boys, London.Good R. The Geography of Flowering Plants. Longman, London.Hutchinson J. Genera of Flowering Plants. Cambridge University Press, London.Mayr E. This is Biology. University Press, Hyderabad.Naik V.N. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi.Mabberley D.J. The Plant Book. Cambridge University Press, London.

BOT4E01-2. Environmental Biology and Biodiversity Conservation 1. Population ecology: Properties (concepts of rate, intrinsic rate of natural increase, carrying capacity, population fluctuations and cyclic oscillations, density independent and density dependent mechanisms of population regulation, patterns of dispersion, Allee principle of aggregation and refuging, home range and territoriality, energy partitioning and optimization, r and K selection.

2. Community ecology: Types of interaction between two species, coevolution, evolution of cooperation, group selection, interspecific competition and coexistence, positive and negative interactions, concepts of habitat, ecological niche and guild.3. Human population: Expansion and its causes, rich and poor nations, consequences, dynamics, Cairo conference 1994.4. Major global environmental challenges: Acid rain, Ozone depletion, climate disruption, deforestation, land degradation and desertification, freshwater degradation and shortage, marine fisheries decline, loss of biological diversity and excess nitrogen.5. Global initiatives: Stockholm conference (1972), Rio (1992), Ramsar convention (1971), Kyoto (1997), Johannesburg (2002), Stockholm (2011).6. Environmental Law- International and National: The Environment Protection Act & Rules 1986; Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974; Biodiversity Act (2002).7. Thoughts on ecology: Contributions of Buddha, Rabindranatha Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, Rachel Carson, Gro Herlem Brundtland, Vandana Siva, Edward O Wilson, Aldo Leopald.8. Biodiversity: a). Genetic diversity, agrobiodiversity and cultivated taxa, causes of decline, value of wild species, conservation practices- traditional (upavana vinoda, sacred groves, sthalavrikshas) and modern (in situ and ex situ). b). Biodiversity information management and communication- libraries, databases (taxonomic database working groups for plant sciences, data bases on biodiversity); distribution of biodiversity information, metadatabases, virtual libraries.9. Ecosystem capital- use and restoration: Global perspective on biological systems; conservation, preservation and restoration. Biomes and ecosystems under pressure (forest biomes, ocean ecosystems).10. Habitat studies: Wetlands (Ramsar sites), mangroves and forest types of Kerala.11. Brief study of the following: Cybernetics, ecological foot print, sustainable development, deep ecology, Gaia hypothesis, conservation ethics, peoples’ movements for biodiversity conservation, role of NGOs and educational institutions in biodiversity conservation, trade related IPR, ecotourism.12. Climate change and its impacts- brief study.13. Disaster management- basic aspects.

Practicals 1. Studies on the following and submission of reports: Waste water treatment plant, local environmental peculiarities (such as hillocks and forest patches), wet land ecosystem, alien invasive plants, degraded ecosystem, different forest types, effluent treatment system).2. Physical and chemical analysis of soil and water: Particle size analysis of soil, estimation of particle density using relative density or volumetric flask; Air capacity analysis of soil by field method; Soil pH analysis of soil using pH meter. Water analysis for pH using pH meter, estimation of BOD by Winkler’s method (dark and light bottles). 3. Study of community structure: Charting and mapping of vegetation, Raunkiaer’s life forms, biological spectrum, profile diagram (soil).4. Study of ecological succession: Different types of ecological successions.5. Visit to an ecological sensitive area and submission of a report.

References Champion H.G. and Seth S.K. A Revised Classification of Forest Types of India. Govt. of India, New Delhi.Gadgil Madhav. Ecological Journeys. Permanent Black, Delhi.Jaiswal P.C. Soil Plant and Water Analysis. Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.Krishnamurthy K.V. An Advanced Text Book on Biodiversity Principles and Practice. Oxford IBH. Misra R. Ecology Workbook. Oxford IBH.Odum E.P. and Barrett G.W. Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Books, Bangalore.Palmer J.A. Fifty Thinkers on the Environment. Routledge, London.Puri G.S. Indian Forest Ecology. Oxford IBH.Pushpangadan P. and Nair K.S.S. Biodiversity and Tropical Forests- The Kerala Scenario. STEC, Thiruvananthapuram. Sarngdharacharyar. (Translated by Vishnu B.). Vruksha ayurvedam Janapriya Pusthakasala, Kottayam.Sivadasan M. and Mohanan K.V. Biodiversity and Ecology: Concepts and Facts. Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Kerala.Speth Gustave James and Haas M. Peter. Global Environmental Governance. Pearson Longman, New Delhi.

Vijayalakshmi K. and Shyam Sundar K.M. Vrkshayurveda- An Introduction Indian Plan Science. Lok Swasthya Parampara Samvardhan Samithi, Madras.Wright T. Richard. Environmental Science- Towards a Sustainable Future. Prentice Hall Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

BOT4E01-3. Plant Tissue Culture1. Tissue culture- plant tissue culture- techniques and significances of embryo, endosperm and haploid plant culture. Techniques and significances of cell and protoplast culture.2. Tissue culture as a biotechnological tool- clonal propagation, somatic embryogenesis, synseed production and exploitation of somaclonal variations.3. Culture media- liquid, semisolid, raft- MS, WPM, White’s, Nitsch & Nitsch, SH- a comparative study. Media for special purposes- modifications, additives- antioxidants, organic supplements, adsorbants.4. Hormones- role of hormones in phytomorphogenesis in vitro and in vivo- mode of action of hormones-synergistic action.5. Commercial clonal propagation- requirements, management- production planning- man power- contamination- endophytes as contaminants in tissue cultures- in process quality control. 6. Hardening of TC plants- primary and secondary- green house- poly house- shade house- pots. Media for hardening- management of TC plants.7. Bioreactor technology for plant micropropagation- photoautotrophic micropropagation.8. Secondary metabolite production- objectives and achievements.9. Commercial tissue culture production of trees: Eucalyptus, Teak, Bamboo; crops: Banana, Potato, Papaya; flower crops: Orchids, Anthurium, Gingers.10. Virus indexing of tissue cultured plants- ELISA, PCR based indexing- methodology and importance.11. Value addition in TC plants- inoculation of VAM and other endophytes.12. Certification of TC plants.13. Farmer’s acceptance of TC plants- lab to land awareness.14. Costing- cost benefit analysis- cost reduction measures and low cost alternatives.15. Marketing of TC plants.16. Major tissue culture ventures in India and abroad- success stories.

Practicals1. Media preparation- culture initiation- clonal multiplication- rooting- hardening and filed transfer in the case of one plant species.2. Callus induction and organogenesis in the case of one plant species.3. Synseed production in the case of one plant species.4. Suspension culture and its microscopic examination for morphological features and viability in the case of one plant species.5. Preparation of commercial TC planting material production plan for a crop species.6. Visit to a TC lab and submission of a report.7. Preparation of a project report for a commercial TC unit.

ReferencesBajaj Y.P.S. (Ed.). High Tech Micropropagation. Springer.Biotech Consortium India Ltd. Summary Report on Market Survey on Tissue Cultured Plants.DBT, Govt. of India. National Certification System for Tisuue Culture Raised Plants.Dutta G.S. and Ibaraki Y. (Ed.). Plant Tissue Culture Engineering. Springer.George E.F., Hall M.A. and Klerk Geert –Jan De. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Springer.George E.F. and Sherrington P.D. Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture. Exegetics Limited.IAEA. Low-cost Options for Tissue Culture Technology in Developing Countries. Jain S.M. and Ishii K. (Ed.). Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Greisen Kay S. Commercial Propagation of Orchids in Tissue Culture: Seed- Flasking Methods.Dirr, Michael A. and Heuser Jr., Charles W. The Reference Manual of Woody Plant Propagation- From Seed to Tissue Culture.Neumann K.H., Kumar A. and Imani J. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture- A Tool in Biotechnology: Basics and Application. Springer.Razdan M.K. Plant Tissue Culture. Science Publishers Inc., U.S.A.

Trigiano, Robert N. and Gray Dennis J. (Eds.) Plant Tissue Culture, Development and Biotechnology. CRC Press.Ziv M., 2000. Bioreactor technology for plant micropropagation. Horticultural Reviews 24: 1-30.

BOT4E01-4. Plant Physiology1. Water and plant cells: Water in plant’s life; properties. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion. Absorption and short distance transport, pressure driven bulk flow and long distance transport. Osmosis driven by water potential gradient. Water absorption by roots via apoplastic, symplastic and transmembrane pathways. Role of aquaporins. Water movement through xylem. Mechanism and theories of transport. Cavitation and embolism. Soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Physiology of stomatal function- blue light effect.2. Plants and inorganic nutrition: Nutrient elements- classification based on biochemical functions. Physiological roles. Nutrient uptake: interaction between roots and microbes. Ion uptake by roots: diffusion, facilitated diffusion and apparent free space. Apoplastic and symplastic pathways. Membrane potential. Passive and active transport. Transport proteins: carriers- Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Channels: Voltage dependent K+ channels, voltage gated channels, Calcium channels, vacuolar malate channels. ATPase ctivity and electrogenic pumps. Patch clamp studies. Application of Nernst equation. Active transport and electrochemical potential gradients.3. Assimilation of mineral nutrients: Nitrogen and bio geocycle nitrate assimilation, reduction, biological nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis: Nitrogenase activity, assimilation of ammonia, pathways and enzymes. Transport of amides and ureides. Sulphur assimilation: Bio geocycle, reduction of sulphates. Importance of Phosphorus, Iron, Magnesium, Calcium and Potassium assimilation. Energetics of nutrient assimilation. Molecular physiology of micronutrient acquisition.4. Photosynthesis: Light absorption and energy conversion. Electron transport system in chloroplast membranes. ATP synthesis in chloroplast. Photosynthetic carbon reduction, carbon oxidation and photorespiratory cycles. C4 and CAM metabolism. Physiological and environmental consideration of photosynthesis. Distribution of photoassimilates- export. Starch and sucrose synthesis. Allocation and partitioning: Phloem loading and unloading. Concept of osmotically generated pressure flow. Importance of plasmodesmata in symplastic transport.5. Respiration: Glycolytic reactions. Pyruvate entry in to mitochondria and citric acid cycle. Electron transfer system and ATP synthesis. Transporters involved in exchange of substrates and products. ATP synthesis, unique electron transport enzymes of plant mitochondria. Interaction between mitochondrial and other cellular components. Metabolites and specific transporters. Lipid metabolism.6. Growth, differentiation and development: Analysis of plant growth: production of cells, growth velocity profile. Cytological and biochemical events. Differentiation: secondary cell wall formation, multinet growth hypothesis of cell wall. Development: initiation and regulation of development, genes involved in the control of development, role of protein kinases. Types of development: flowering- floral induction, evocation and morphogenesis. Floral organ identity genes. Biochemical signaling: Theories of flowering. Control of flowering- phytochrome, cryptochrome and biological clock. Factors affecting flowering: Photoperiodism and thermoperiodism. 7. Fruit development and ripening: physiology of ripening- cell wall architecture and softening, enzymes involved in biochemical changes.8. Seed development: deposition of reserves during seed development, desiccation of seeds- hormones involved- desiccation tolerance. Classification of seeds. Seed dormancy.9. Germination physiology: Imbibition, germination and reserve mobilization- metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and phytins. Physiology of seed dormancy.10. Plant growth regulators: auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins- biosynthesis, physiological roles. Ethylene- biosynthesis, mode of action, physiological roles, commercial importance. Abscisic acid- biosynthesis and metabolism, physiiological effects, role in dormancy and senescence. Hormonal balance concept.11. Photoreceptors: Phytochromes- photochemical and biochemical properties; functions. Mechanism of of phytochrome regulated differentiation. Signal transduction. Cryptochromes. 12. Senescence and programmed cell death: Apotosis and necrosis. Programmed cell death in relation to reproductive development and stress response. Metabolism during senescence.13. Stress physiology: Water deficit and drought resistance. Heat stress and heat shock, chilling and frost. Salinity stress. Stresses due to oxygen deficiency and heavy metal pollution.

Practicals1. Determination of moisture content of plant materials.2. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography and study of their absorption spectra.

3. Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll using spectrophotometry.4. Study of amylase activity and effect of gibberellic acid in germinating cereal seeds.5. Estimation of protein by dye binding method.6. Proline estimation under various levels of abiotic stresses.7. Estimation of phenol content in plant tissues as affected by biotic stresses.8. Study of the effect of plant hormones on seedling growth.9. Visit to a research station with facilities in the subject area and submission of a report.

References:Anderson J.W. and Boardall J. Molecular Activation of Plant Cells- An Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publishers.Beck C.B. An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development. Cambridge University Press.Bowley J.D. and Black E. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Plenum Publishing Corporation.Bidwell R.G.S. Plant Physiology. Macmillan Publishing Corporation.Buchanan B.B., Gruissem W. and Johns R.L. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. American Society of Plant Biologists.Devlin R.M. nd Withan F.H. Plant Physiology. CBS Publishers & Distributers.Hopkins W.G. Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc. Mayer and Poljakoff Mayber. The Germination of Seeds. Pergamon Press.Moore T.C. Research Experience in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual. Springer Verlag.Noggle G.R. and Fritz G.J. Introductory Plant Physiology. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.Salisbury F.B. and Ross C.W. Plant Physiology. Wordsworth Publishing Corporation. Steward F.C. Plant Physiology- A Treatise. Vol. I to X. Academic Press.Stumpf P.K. and Conn E.E. The Biochemistry of Plants: A comprehensive Treatise. Academic Press.Taiz L. and Zeiger E. Plant Physiology. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Corporation Inc.Wilkins M.B. Advances in Plant Physiology. Longman Scientific & Technical.

BOT4E01-5. Plant Cell and Molecular Biology1. Structure and organization of cell and cell organelles- general account.2. Organization and expression of plant genes.3. Light regulation of plant gene expression.3. Phytochrome control of plant development.4. Molecular genetics of photosynthesis.5. Photochemical reaction centres: structure and organization.6. Mitochondrial genome and male sterility.7. Genetics of nitrogen fixation; Bacterial and cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation; symbiotic nitrogen fixation8. Storage proteins and their genes.9. Molecular aspects of incompatibility.10. Transposons in plants. 11. Adaptation of plants to stress.12. Biochemistry of endogenous rhythm.13. Plant hormones: Current status.14. Lectins and cell-cell recognition problems.15 Plant cell culture and regeneration with special reference to legumes and cereals.16. Protoplasts and somatic cell hybridization.17 Plant cell mutants and somaclonal variation.18. Genetic engineering of plant cells (i) Engineering of plant genes of photosynthesis (ii) Conferring Herbicide Resistance (iii) Nitrogen fixation (iv) Storage proteins (v) Vitamins. 19. Techniques in Plant Molecular Biology: Buffers, Cell fractionation; Centrifugation (preparative and analytical

ultracentrifugation); Chromatography; Electrophoresis; Spectrophotometry (UV and visible, Dual wavelength spectrophotometry); Radioisotope techniques; Transmission and scanning electron microscopy; Cell and protoplast culture; DNA isolation from nuclei, chloroplasts, and mitochondria.

Practicals1. Buffers, Cell Fractionation2. Preparative and analytical centrifugation

3. Chromatography -- paper and thin layer4. Electrophoresis5. Spectrophotometry (UV and Visible, Dual Wavelength Spectrophotometry)6. Cell and Protoplast Culture7. Plant Cell Transformation8. DNA Isolation- plant tissues.9. Visit to a research centre in the subject area and submission of a report.

ReferencesHarry Smith. Phytochrome and Photomorphogenesis-An Introduction to the Photocontrol of Plant Development. Nature Publishing Company.Pusztai A. Plant Lectins. Cambridge University Press.Jenkins M.A. and Wood A .J. Genes for Plant Abiotic Stress. Wiley and Blackwell.Jenkins M.A. and Wood A .J. (Eds). Plant Desiccation Tolerance. Wiley and Blackwell.Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J. Molecular Biology of the Cell. NCBI.Arteca R. Plant Growth Substances: Principles and Applications. Chapman and Hall.Willard, Merrit, Dean and Seattle. Instrumental Methods of Analysis. CBS Publishers.

BOT4E01-6. Genetics and Crop Improvement1. General account of origin, variability, floral biology, propagation, breeding techniques, crop management and major R&D bottle necks in the case of the following crops: rice, wheet, maize, jowar, tea, coffee, rubber, cardamom, coconut, arecanut, oil palm, cocoa, cashew, pepper, ginger, turmeric, vanilla.2. Detailed account of crop research institutes under CGIAR, ICAR and Commodity Boards.3. Crop genetic resources- conservation and utilization. Centres of origin of cultivated plants- primary and secondary centres of diversity. Gene banks- international and national networks of gene banks.4. Systems of reproduction and mating systems in crop plants.5. Conventional methods of plant breeding- plant domestication, introduction, selection and hybridization.6. Modern methods of plant breeding- mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, distant hybridization and biotechnological approaches.7. Resistance breeding- breeding for biotic and abiotic stress resistance.8. Genetics of photosynthesis.9. Genetics of nitrogen fixation.10. Patenting of life forms- IPR, farmers’ rights and plant breeders’ rights.11. Production of improved seeds- seed certification- procedure for variety release.12. Farming systems- intensive, organic and integrated- sustainable agriculture.13. Genetically modified crops- major achievements- merits and demerits- biosafety.

Practicals 1. Morphological and floral studies of major crops.2. identification of crop species/ subspecies/ varieties of the above crops.3. Identification of the major pests and diseases of the above crop plants and submission of specimens.4. Study of chemical composition and use of major pesticides, weedicides, fungicides and other plant protection formulations. 5. Visit to two major plant breeding stations of South India and submission of a certified report/ or placement training at a plant breeding institute for 30 days and submission of a certified report.

ReferencesDalbholkar A.R. Elements of Biometrical Genetics. Concept Publishing Company.Frankel O.H. and Bennet E. Genetic Resources in Plants. Black Well.Sadhu M.K. Plant Propagation. New Age International Publishers.Allard R.W. Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons. Jain H.K. and Kharkwal M.C. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.Chahal G.S. and Gosal S.S. Principles and Procedures of Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.Roy D. Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.Hayward M.D., Bosemark N.O. and Romagosa I. Plant Breeding- Principles and Prospects. Chapman and Hall.Gupta S.K. Plant Breeding. Agrobios India.

Khan M.A. Plant Breeding. Biotech Books.Sharma J.R. Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw Hill.Joshi R.M. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books.Pagano M. and Gauvreau K. Principles of Biostatistics. Duxbury.Sharma J.R. Statistical and Biometrical Techniques in Plant Breeding. New Age International Publishers.Panse V.G. and Sukhatme P.V. Statistical Methods for Agricultural Workers. ICAR.Rangaswamy R. A Text Book of Agricultural Statistics. New Age International Publishers.Jasra P.K. Biostatistics. Krishna Prakasan Media (P) Ltd.Mohanan K.V. Essentials of Plant Breeding. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.Mohanan K.V. Essentials of Plantation Science. Penta Books Publishers & Distributers.

BOT4E02-1. Molecular Plant Taxonomy1. Systems of classification- natural, phylogenetic and biological systems.2. Importance of cytology, biochemistry and molecular biology in taxonomic analysis. 3. Scope and importance of molecular plant taxonomy.4. The material basis of systematics: The concept of characters, correlation of characters, character weighing, character variations. 5. Isolation and speciation: Geographical or ecological isolation-a pre-requisite for reproductive isolation. Sympatry as the test of biological species, Mechanisms of reproductive isolation- post-mating mechanisms, Incompatibility, Post-zygotic mechanisms, Speciation.6. Biological classification- Cladistic versus phenetic approach. Definition and history of cladistics. Methodology, formal classification, impact of cladistics.7. Techniques in molecular taxonomy: Acquisition of Molecular data, DNA Sequence data, Polymerase chain reaction, DNA sequencing reaction, Types of DNA sequence data, Analysis of DNA sequence data.8. Molecular markers in Plant taxonomy: Restriction site analysis (RFLPs), isoenzymes, Simple sequence repeats (SSR) or Microsatellite DNA, Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLPs), Internal transcribed spacer, Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).9. Softwares for Molecular Taxonomy.

Practicals1. Extraction of DNA 2 RAPD, ISSR profiling3. Molecular Phylogenetic analysis 4. Demonstration and application of Softwares 5. Construction of phylogram using NTYSS.6. Visit to a research centre in he subject area and submission of a report.

ReferencesBaldwin, B. G., M. J. Sanderson, J. M. Porter, M. F. Wojciechowski, C. S. Campell, and M. J. Donoghue, 1995. The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA; a valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 82: 247 – 277.Bernard R.Glick and J. J.Pasternak. Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM Press Washington.Brown T. A. 2001. Gene cloning and DNA Analysis. Blackwell Science Pub.Doyle, J.J. and J.J. Doyle 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. Phytochemical Bull. 19: 11-15.Doyle, J.J. and J.J. Doyle. 1990. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus. 12(1): 13-15.Haywood W. H. & Moore D. M. Current concepts in plant taxonomy. Academic press, LondonHillis, D. M., C. Moritz, and B. K. Mable. Molecular Systematics. Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.Lenka Drabkova, Jan Kirschner and Cestmir Vlcek. 2002. Comparison of seven DNA extraction and amplification protocols in historical herbarium specimens of Juncaceae. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 20: 161-175.Mabee, P.M., and J. Humphries. 1993. Coding polymorphic data: examples from allozymes and ontogeny. Systematic Biology 42: 166- 181.Soltis, E. E., P. S. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle (eds.). 1998. Molecular Systematic of Plants II: DNA Sequencing. Kluwer Academic, Boston.

Simpson, M. G. Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Sivarajan, V. V and N. K. P. Robson. 1991. Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford and IBH.Soltis, P. S., D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle (eds.). 1992. Molecular Systematics of Plants. Chapman and Hall, New York.Stace, C. A. Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Edward Arnord, London.Stebbins, G. L. Flowering Plants- Evolution above species level. Edward Arnord, London.Walker, J. M. & R. Rapley. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Panima Publishing Corporation

BOT4E02-2. Pathology of Plantation Crops and Spices.1. Principles of plant pathology.2. Major pathogens of crop plants.3. Major pests of crop plants4. Fugicides- contact, semi systemic and systemic- antibiotics- chemistry, mode of application and mode of action- effects and side effects. 5. Bactericides- chemistry, mode of application and mode of action.6. Pesticides- chemistry, mode of application and mode of action.7. Biocontrol agents of disease management- fungal and bacterial products- mode of application and mode of action.8. Botanicals as plant protectants- major sources, active principles, mode of application and mode of action.9. Integrated pest and disease management.10. Etiology and control measures of the following diseases: Bud rot of coconut, stem bleeding of coconut, nut fall of arecanut, foot rot of black pepper, anthrachnose of black pepper, fungal soft rot of ginger, bacterial wilt of ginger, rhizome rot of cardamom, capsule rot of cardamom, abnormal leaf fall of rubber, pod rot of cocoa.

Practicals 1. Isolation of fungal and bacterial pathogens of the above diseases, growing them in appropriate nutrient media and identification of the pathogens and preparation of drawings and photographs.2. Field collection and preservation of the infected parts in the case of the above diseases and preparation of morphological and microscopic drawings and photographs and identification of the diseases at field and lab levels.3. Study of disease cycle of a pathogen in any one of the above crop plants and demonstration of Koch’s postulates and preparation of an illustrated report.4. Visit to two crop research stations and first hand acquaintance with the major plant protection activities in the station and submission of reports/ or lab placement training in the plant protection division of a crop research station for a period of 30 days and submission of a report.

ReferencesRangaswami G. Diseases of Crop Plants in India. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. Singh R.P. and Singh U.S. Molecular Methods in Plant Pathology. CRC, Lewis.Agrios, George N. Plant Pathology. Academic Press INC. , NY.Mehrotra R.S. Plant Pathology. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publication, New Delhi.Johnson L.F. and Curl E.A. Methods for Research on the Ecology of Soil Borne Plant Pathogens. Burgress Publishing Company, U.S.A.Dhingra O.D. and Sinclair J.B. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. Academic Press, NY.Aneja K.R. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi. Pelczar Jr., Michael J. Microbiology.Tata Mc Graw Hill Publication, New Delhi.Nair L.N. Topics in Mycology and Plant Pathology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd., Kolkata.Waller J.M., Lenne J.M. and Waller S.J. Plant Pathologists’ Pocket Book. CABI Publication, NY.Riker A.J. and Riker R.S. Introduction to Research on Plant Diseases. John S. Swift Co., St. Louis, MO.

BOT4E02-3. Genetic Engineering1. Structure of genes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Genetic code and codons. Gene expression.2. Recombinant DNA technology: Tools of rDNA technology, methods of creating rDNA molecules, restriction mapping, isolation and separation of genetic material, southern, northern, western, southwestern and northwestern blotting techniques.

3. Gene transfer techniques in plants- Agrobacterium mediated transfer, gene gun method, electroporation, microinjection, chemical methods.4. Molecular markers- RAMPO, SSCP, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, EST markers, Repetitive DNA, Microsatellite and Minisatellite.5. DNA sequencing- chemical and enzymatic methods. Importance of DNA sequencing.6. Gel electrophoresis- techniques for visualization and reading sequences.7. Polymerase Chain Reaction- history, methodology of PCR. Variations from Basic PCR- reverse transcriptase PCR, nested PCR, inverse PCR- applications of PCR.8. DNA profiling- history, methodology of genetic fingerprinting- applications.9. Genetic engineering for crop improvement – transgenic plants.10. Cloning of genes and production of vaccines, drugs, growth hormones and chemicals. 11. Gene therapy- types of gene therapy. Getting transgenes in to patients- viral and non viral approaches. Success of gene therapy.12. Abatement of pollution through genetically engineered microorganisms- an emerging approach towards environmental clean up programmes.13. Nanotechnology and its applications in genetic engineering. Practicals1. Working out problems in genetic engineering.2. Isolation of plant DNA and its quantification by spectrophotometer.3. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E. coli.4. Gel electrophoresis- gel preparation, casting, elution and staining.5. Visualization of DNA by agarose gel electrophoresis and gel reading.6. Construction of coding sequence of DNA using amino acid sequence.7. Visit to a genetic engineering lab and submission of a report.

ReferencesHartl D.L. and Jones E.W. Genetics- Analysis of genes and genome. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Nicholl Desmond S.T. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Cambridge Pub.Brown T.A. Gene Cloning and and DNA Analysis. Blackwell Science Pub.Dubey R.C. A Text Book of Biotechnology. Chand Pub.Singh B.D. Biotechnology. Kalyani Publishers.Walker and Rapley. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.. Panima Pub.Chrispeels M.J. and Sadava D.E. Plants, Genes and Agriculture.Lewin B. Genes. Oxford University Press.Mason A.C. Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics.Rissler J. and Mellon M. The Ecological Risks of Engineered Crops. MIT Press, Cambridge.Avice, John C. The Hope, Hype and Reality of Genetic Engineering.McYYan R.P. Genetics and Genetic Engineering. Saras Publications.Narayana L.M. Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering. Khadpekar N.R. The Age of Nanotechnology. ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad.Nalwa H.R. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Technology.

BOT4E02-4. Genomics and Proteomics 1. Comparative and functional genomics: whole genome sequencing- organisms picked for genome sequencing- protein functions from genome sequence- protein sequencing and annotated genome online.2. Organising a large scale sequencing project: Hierarchical or ‘BAC to BAC’ genome sequencing- whole genome shotgun sequencing- resequencing- sequence data banking and annotation.3. Pattern matching: basic tools of bioinformatics- sequence alignment- defining the optimum alignment- pattern matching in three dimensional structures- classification and assignment of protein function.4. Development of databanks in molecular biology: nucleic acid sequence databases- genome browsers- databases of genetic diseases- OMIM- databases of structure.5. Classification of protein structure: Boutique databases- databases of metabolic pathways- expression and proteomics databases- molecular biology databases and servers.6. Microarrays: analysis of microarray data- expression patterns in different physiological states- the dauxic shift in Saccharomyces cerivisiae- sleep in rats and fruit flies- expression pattern changes in development- variation of

expression patterns during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster- flower formation in roses- evolutionary changes in expression- application of microarrays- development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.7. Proteomics: protein nature and types- protein structure- separation and analysis of proteins- PAGE and Mass spectroscopy- classification of protein structures- SCOP- changes in folding patterns in protein evolution.8. Protein structure prediction and modeling: homology modeling- available protocols- directed evolution and protein design- directed evolution of Subtilisin E- enzyme design- protein complexes and multisubunit proteins.9. Systems biology: Introduction- pictures networks as graphs- dynamic stability and robustness- sources of ideas for systems biology- Shannon’s definition of entropy- randomness of sequences- static and dynamic complexity- computational complexity- metabolic net works and protein interaction networks- protein-DNA, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid interactions- regulatory networks- lac operon- signal transduction and transcriptional control- structure of regulatory networks- genetic regulatory networks in Saccharomyces cerivisiae. 10. Ethical consequences of genomic variation.

Practicals 1. Annotation projects in plants- rice (RGAP)2. Interpretation of automated DNA sequence data from chromatogram.3. DNA sequence alignment using any standalone software.4. Protein structure elucidation from DNA sequence data and prediction of secondary and tertiary structure using protein databases.5. Data mining for unique phenotypes in plants/ animals/ humans.6. Microarray data analysis.7. PAGE for total protein analysis.8. Familiarising conformation of proteins.9. Online homology modeling of a given protein.10. Visit to a research lab and submission of a report.ReferencesAnolles G.C. Evolutionary Genomics and Systems Biology. Willey Black well.Lesk A.M. Introduction to Protein Science. Oxford University Press.Lesk A.M. Introduction to Genomics. Oxford University Press.Lee, Mei-Ling Ting. Analysis of Microarray Gene Expression Data. Springer.Subramanian C. Analyzing Genome. Dominant. BOT4E02-5. Genetic Engineering and BioinformaticsA. Genetic Engineering1. Techniques in Molecular Biology: DNA markers and DNA probes- DNA sequencing methods (Maxam & Gilbert, Sanger et al., capillary)- RNA sequencing- Sequenator- In situ hybridization (DIRVISH & FISH), PRINS, colony hybridization, dot & slot blots; blotting (Southern, Northern, Western, South Western & North Western), RFLP, RAPD, STS & PCR – variants in PCR, Real time quantitative PCR, LCR); DNA and RNA fingerprinting, genomic library, cDNA library and gene bank; chromosome walking, protein sequencing- MALDI, Human Genome Project.2. Recombinant DNA Technology: Tools in genetic engineering; prokaryotic and eukaryotic vectors; shuttle, expression, dominant selectable, amplifiable, integrating and broad host range vectors; positive and negative selection; enzymes involved; gene cloning and gene farming; single cell protein; shotgun cloning; gene library; comparison of cloning vectors.3. Gene transfer in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Recombinant viral method, DBA mediated gene transfer, protoplast fusion, micro-cell fusion; metaphase chromosome transfer; liposome mediated gene transfer; microinjection and electroporation, biolistics and organelle engineering.4. Transgenesis in plants: Somaclones; plant cell-bacterium hybrids; biociders; biological control; pathogen resistance; herbicide resistance; stress resistance; homozygous cultivars; enrichment of storage proteins; improvement of photosynthesis; post harvest preservation; selection of auxotrophs; secondary metabolite production.5. Genetic engineering: Single cell proteins; protein engineering; fusion proteins & designer enzymes; production of biopharmaceuticals; commodity and inductrial chemicals. IPR and patenting; biological risks, GM food and terminator technology; biosafety and biohazards; physical and biological containment; genetic screening and privacy; ethical, economic and legal issues.

B. Bioinformatics 1. Data bases & Tools: Introduction, need of informatics tools and exercises, significance of databases in informatics projects. Nucleotide and protein sequence databases: GenBank, DDBJ, EMBL, PIR, Primary and secondary databases, format of databases, gene bank flat file. Protein Data Bank flat file; FASTA format, PIR format; Structure file formats, PDBSUM, PDB Lite, MMDB, SCOP, Pfarm; Database of structure viewers. Specialized databases: NCBI, Pubmed, OMIM, Medical databases, KEGG, EST databases. Overview of other popular tools for bioinformatics exercises.2. Sequence alignment and database searches: Introduction, evolutionary basis of sequence alignment, modular nature of proteins, optimal alignment methods, substitution scores, PAM, BLOSUM, Gap penalties, statistical significance of alignments, database similarity searching, FASTA, BLAST, Low Complexity Regions, Repetitive Elements. Practical aspects of Multiple Sequence Alignment- Progressive Alignment Methods, CLUSTALW, Motifs and Patterns, PROSITE, 3DPSSM, Hidden Markov Models and Threading Methods. Conceptual numericals.3. Phylogenetic analysis: Introduction, rooted and unrooted trees, elements of phylogenetic models, phylogenetic data analysis, alignment, substitution model building, tree building and tree evaluation, building data model (alignment), determining the substitution model, tree building methods, searching for trees, rooting trees, evaluating trees and data, phylogenetic softwares (CLUSTALW, PHYLIP, etc.). Conceptual numericals.4. Predictive methods: Predictive methods using nucleotide sequences: Framework, Masking repetitive DNA, Database searches, Codon Bias Detection, Detecting Functional Sites in DNA (promoters, transcription factor binding sites, translation initiation sites), Gene Parsing, finding RNA Genes, Web based tools (GENSCAN, GRAIL, GENEFINDER). Predictive methods using protein sequences: Protein identity based on composition, physical properties based on sequence, secondary structure and folding classes, specialized structures or features, tertiary structure. Related web based softwares (JPRED, PROSEC, NNPREDICT, SOPMA).5. Plasmid mapping and primer design: Restriction mapping, utilities, DNA strider, Mac Vector and OMIGA, gene construction kit, Vrctor NTI, Web based tools (MAP, REBASE); Primer design- need for tools. Primer design programmes and software (PRIME3). Conceptual numericals.6. Genome bioinformatics: Sequencing methods (qualitative), Bioinformatics tools and automation in Genome Sequencing. Analysis of Raw genome sequence data, Utility of EST data base in sequencing, Bioinformatics in detection of polymorphisms, SNPs and their relevance, Bioinformatics tools in microarray data analysis, tools for comparative genomics.7. Molecular visualization: Generation or retrieval; structure visualization, conformation generation. Graphical representation of molecular structures: small molecules (low molecular weight- peptides, nucleotides, disaccharides, simple drug molecules) and macromolecules: proteins, DNA, RNA, membranes). Use of visualization software available in public domain like VMD, Rasmol, Pymol, Spdb viewer, Chime, Cn3d. Rotameric structures of proteins (conformational flexibility). Canonical DNA forms (DNA Sequence Effects). Systematic methods of exploring conformational space.8. Insilico modeling and drug design: Scope and applications of insilico modeling in modern biology. Comparative modeling, constructing an initial model, refining the model, manipulating the model, molecule superposition and structural alignment, concept of energy minimization, different types of interactions and formulation of force fields. Basic MD algorithm, its limitations, treatment of long range forces. Molecular modeling in drug discovery, deriving bioactive conformations, molecular docking, quantitative structure- activity relationship (QSAR), deriving the Pharmacophoric pattern, receptor mapping, estimating biological activities, Ligand- Receptor interactions: Docking, Calculation of Molecular Properties using Energy Calculations. Conceptual numericals.

Practicals A. Genetic Engineering1. Genomic DNA isolation by CTAB method from plant tissues.2. Isolation of bacterial genomic DNA.3. Molecular weight determination of DNA by Agarose gel electrophoresis.4. Resetiction fragment analysis of DNA.5. Plasmid DNA isolation.6. Estimation of DNA concentration by spectrophotometric method.7. Estimation of RNA concentration by spectrophotometric method8. Lac induction by X- Gal method.9. Visit to a genetic engineering lab and submission of a report.

B. Bioinformatics1. Exercises on Windows, Linux, UNIX, Networking, Internet search and Graphics.2. Use of software for identification- accessing existing databases on WWW; software for identification of species.3. Use of softwares to elucidate structure of biomolecules; docking of molecules aand molecular designing/ modeling. Analytical softwares related to Genomics and Proteomics.4. Use of similarity, homology and alignment softwares. Soft ware of microarray analysis- design, processing and analysis.5. Visit to a research institute of the relevant area and submission of a report.

References Lewin B. Genes. Humana Press.Flynne W.G. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Nova Science Publishers.Lipps G. Plasmids: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press.Torr J.D. Genetic Engineering- Current Controversies. Greenhaven Press, San Diego, USA.Engdahl S. Genetic Engineering- Contemporary Issues. Greenhaven Press, San Diego, USA.Magnien E. and De Nettancourt D. Genetic Engineering of Plants and Microorganisms Important to Agriculture. Springer Verlag.Fox M.W. Beyond Evolution: The Genetically Altered Future of Plants, Animals, the Earth … and Humans. Lyons Press.HO R.J.Y. and Gibaldi M. Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals: Transforming Proteins and Genes in to Drugs. Wiley-VCH.Ausubel F.M. et al. Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons.Wilson J. and Hunt T. Molecular Biology of the Cell: Problems Book. Garland Science.Lodish H. Students’ Solutions Manual for Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman Co.Innis M.A., Gelfand D.H. and Sninsky J.J. PCR Applications: Protocols for Functional Genomics. Academic Press.Mitra S. Genetic Engineering. Macmillan India Ltd.Reed R. et al. Practical Skills in Biomolecular Sciences. Benjamin Cummings.Baxevanis, Andreas D. Bioinformatics. Wiley Interscicnce.Mount, David W. Bioinformatics. Cold Spring Harbor.Lesk, Arthur. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxford.Brown, Stuart M. Bioinformatics. NYU Medical Center, NY, USA.Krane D.E. and Raymer M.L. Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics. Pearson.Bourne PE and Weissig H. Structural Bioinformatics. Wiley-Liss.Doolittle R.F. Computational Methods for Macromolecular Sequence Analysis. Academic Press.Salzberg S.L., Searls D.B., Kasif S. Computational Methods in Molecular Biology. Elsevier.Rastogi S.C., Mendiratta N. And Rastogi P. Bioinformatics, Methods and Applications. PHI.Cohen, N. Caude. The Molecular Modeling Perspective in Drug Design. Academic Press.Markoff, Arseni. Analytical Tools for DNA, Genes & Chromosomes. New Age.Tramontano, Anna. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Taylor & Francis.Higgins, Des and Taylor, Willie. Bioinformatics. Oxford.Campbel A.M. and Heyer L.J. Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics. Pearson Education. BOT4E02-6. Biotechnology in Crop Improvement1. Introduction: History and present status of biotechnology in Indian and global context.2. Plant genetic resources: Definition, components of plant genetic resources, classification of plant genetic resources, plant genetic resources activities, exploration, conservation, evaluation, documentation and utilization. Agencies involved in plant genetic resources activities: IPGRI and NBPGR. Erosion of plant genetic resources – Role of biotechnology in conservation of plant genetic resources. 3. Crop Genetics: General account of origin, genetic variability, breeding techniques and achievements in the area of (a) Rice, (b) Coconut, (c) Rubber, (d) Arecanut (e) Cashew (f) Pepper (g) Ginger.4. Organizational set up, research activities and achievements of ICAR, CSIR.5. Organizational set up, research activities and achievements of national institutes: IARI, CCMB, IISc, BARC, CPCRI, IISR, RRII and CTCRI.6. Plant type concept: Introduction, History, designing and breeding of model plant types eg. Wheat

7. Protoplasts in gene transfer systems: Methods of isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts, selection of heterokaryons, somatic hybrids and cybrids, somaclonal variation. 8. Plant cell cultures as an in vitro system for crop improvement: Cell culture systems – use of markers in cell line selection – incorporation of desirable agronomic traits such as salt tolerance, drought tolerance, disease resistance and herbicide tolerance in commercial crops.9. Haploids in crop improvement: Anther, pollen and ovary culture for production of hapoid plants and homozygous lines- use of pollens for (a) identifying plants with useful genes (b) overcoming hybridization barrier, (c) handling back cross generations (d) stabilization of recombinants. 10. Micropropagation: Fundamental and applied aspects of the methodology – operation of commercial units in Indian and global context – advantages and disadvantages.11. Immobilzation techniques: Definition and concept of immobilization – enzyme and whole cell immobilization – adsorption, cross linking, ionic bonding, entrapment- advantages and disadvantages – industrial application of the technique.12. Post harvest protection: Antisense RNA technology (ACC synthase and polugalacturonase) in tomato, banana and water melon- extending shelf life of fruits and flowers and post harvest production of cereals, millets and pulses.13. Bioreactor technology: Large scale production of commercially important compounds using plant cells, hairy roots and microorganisms – types of bioreactors, tubular, membrane, tower, fluidized bed, packed bed, photobioreactores, bubble columns, air-lift bioreactors – operational procedures and optimization of culture conditions by monitoring parameters such as temperature, DO, pH, turbidity. 14. Application of biotechnology: Improvement of crop plants with enhanced essential amino acids, storage proteins, edible oil, improved growth rate and yield of wood in forest trees – stress tolerance in plants, drought and salinity – use of antifreeze gene for frost tolerance – environmental protection. 15. Release and multiplication of varieties: Channels of variety release – production of improved seeds – classes of seeds – seed certification – the India See Act (1966).16. Intellectual property rights : Definition – protection of intellectual property right (a) copy right (b) trade mark (c) designs (d) IC layout designs (e) Geographic indication (f) patents – objectives of patent system – basic principles and general requirements of patent laws – patent system in India – patent information and service by patent office – patent procedures. –Infringement problems – harmonization of patent laws – patenting biotechnological innovations – legal protection to microorganisms, higher plants and animals – IPR in relation to crop improvement. PPVFR Act (2001) – merits and demerits.17. Globalization and Indian agriculture: Plant variety protection – purpose of plant variety protection – UPOV: functions, organization and features. Responsibilities of member countries.

Practicals1. Determination of seed vigour and viability using (a) paper piercing test (b) GADA test (c) Tetrazolium test (d) Seedling growth rate and seedling dry weight test (e) speed of germination test. 2. Determination of pollen viability using (a) in vitro germination test (b) Tetrazolium test (c) in vitro germination and pollen tube growth test.3. Isolation and fusion of protoplast from pollen grains and cell cultures.4. Initiation and establishment of hairy root cultures using Agrobacterium rhizogenes.5. Anther and pollen culture of Datura species. 6. Visit to one crop improvement research institute and submission of a detailed report.

References:Allard R.W. Principles of plant Breeding.Singh B.D. Plant Breeding – Principles & Methods. Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi.Phundan Singh. Essentials of Plant Breeding. Kalayani Publishers, New Delhi.Mohanan K.V. Essentials of Plant Breeding. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.Chahal G.S. and Gosal S.S., Principles & Procedures of Plant Breeding. Narosa Publishing House.Gupta P.K. (Ed.),Genetics & Biotechnology in Crop Improvement. Rastogi Publishers, Meerut.ICAR – Now and Ahead. ICAR.Ganguli P. Gearing up for patents. University Press, Hyderabad.Melchias G. Biodiversity Conservation. Oxford IBH Publishers.Anita Rao R. & Bhanoji Rao. Intellectual property Right- A Primer. Eastern Book Company.Narayanan P. Intellectual Property Law. Eastern Book Company.Rana R.S. (Ed). Ex situ conservation of Plant Genetic Resources. NBPGR, New Delhi.

Paroda, R.S. (Ed). Plant Genetic Resources – Indian Perspectives. NBPGR, New Delhi.Brown T. A. Gene cloning and DNA analysis. Blackwell Science Publishers. Maarten J. Chrispeels and Sadava D.E., Plants, Genes and Agriculture, Jones and Barlett Publishers.

Audit Courses (To be completed within the first three semesters by the students- Evaluation is 100% internal based on Examination /Test (40%) + Seminar / Presentation (30%) + Written assignment (30%) and the marklists are to be forwarded to the university by the end of the third semester)ACIAEC Ability Enhancement Course: Scientific Documentation

and Report writing100% 0% 4

AC2PCC Professional Competency Course: Intellectual Property Rights

100% 0% 4

ACIAEC: Ability Enhancement Course: Scientific Documentation and Report writingCollection of scientific literature from secondary and primary sources. Preparation of literature reviews and review papers- structure and components Preparation of research papers- structure and componentsScientific conduct, ethics, authorship issues, plagiarism, citation and acknowledgement. Importance of language and effective communication. Presenting a paper in a scientific seminar- oral and poster presentationPreparation of oral presentationsPreparation of scientific posters

AC2PCC: Professional Competency Course: Intellectual Property Rights1: Introduction to intellectual property right (IPR)- Concept and kinds. Economic importance. IPR in India and world. IPR and WTO (TRIPS, WIPO). 2 : Patents- Objectives, Rights, Patent Act 1970 and its amendments. Procedure of obtaining patents- Working of patents. Infringement. 3: Copyrights- Introduction. Works protected under copyright law. Transfer of Copyright. Infringement. Trademarks- Objectives, Types, Rights. Protection of goodwill. Infringement.4: Geographical Indications- Objectives, Justification, International Position, Multilateral Treaties, National Level, Indian position. 5: Protection of Traditional Knowledge- Objective, Concept, Holders, Issues concerning, Bio-Prospecting and Bio-Piracy, Alternative ways, Protectability, Traditional knowledge on the International Arena, at WTO, at National level, Traditional Knowledge Digital Library. 6: Protection of Plant Varieties- Plant Varieties Protection-Objectives, Justification, International Position, Plant varieties protection in India. Rights of farmers, Breeders and Researchers. National gene bank, Benefit sharing. Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001. 7: Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights- Patenting Biotech Inventions: Objective, Applications, Concept of Novelty, Concept of inventive step, Microorganisms, Moral Issues in Patenting Biotechnological inventions.

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UNIT III (12T)

Invitation to management accounting: Analysis and interpretation of trading accounts and

financial statements - Horizontal Vertical analysis - Common size Balance sheet - common size

income statement - comparative income and balance sheet - trend analysis.

UNIT IV (12T)

Marginal costing - Breakeven point - cost volume profit analysis - margin of safety

UNIT V (12T)

Standard costing - analysis of variance - material - labour - O/H - sales variables - Budget and

Budgetary control - different types of budgets - master budget - sales budget - production

budget - flexible budget - cash budget - advantages – preparation

Textbooks

1. Financial Management, Pandey I.M Vikas publishing house

References:

1. Elements of Accounting, Kellock.J, Heinmann

2. Advanced Accountancy, S.N Maheshwari, Vikas Publishing

3. Cost and Management Accounting, A.Vinod, Calicut University Central Co-Operative

Stores

BCA2C04 - Operations Research

Course Number:13

Contact Hours per Week: 4

Number of Credits: 3 Number of Contact Hours: 64Hrs.

Course Evaluation: Internal – 15 Marks + External – 60 Marks

Objective

• To get a general introduction in solving linear programming problems.

• To get a general understanding of network analysis technique.

• To get a general understanding of different mathematical models.

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Prerequisites

• Basic Mathematical knowledge

Course Outline

UNIT I (12T)

Operation research and LPP: Operation Research and Decision making, Advantages of O.R

approach in decision making, Application of O.R, uses and limitations of O.R.

UNIT II (14T)

LPP: Introduction, mathematical formulation the problem, canonical and standard forms of

LPP. Simplex method, artificial variable technique - Big M and two phase method - problem of

degeneracy - concept of duality - dual simplex method.

UNIT III (12T)

Transportation model - North West corner rule, Least cost method, Vogel‟s approximation

method - loops in transportation table - Degeneracy in transportation table - Transshipment

problem.

UNIT IV (12T)

Assignment model: Mathematical formulation of the problem - assignment algorithm

impossible algorithms - travelling salesman problem

UNIT V (14T)

Network Scheduling: Concept of network, basic components, PERT and CPM, Rules of

network construction, maximal flow problem, project scheduling critical path calculations,

advantages of network (PERT/CPM).

Sequencing models: processing n jobs through two machines, n jobs through three machines,

two jobs through m machines.

Textbook

1.Operation Research, Kanti Swarup, Gupta P.K Man Mohan, Sultan Chand & Sons

References:

1. Operation Research: An Introduction, Tahah. A, McMillan 1982

2. Operations Research, Prof. K. Venogopal, Calicut University Central Co-Operative Stores

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BCA4B05 – Database Management System and RDBMS

Course Number: 21

Contact Hours per Week: 7 (3T + 4L)

Number of Credits: 3

Number of Contact Hours: 112 Hrs.

Course Evaluation: Internal – 15 Marks + External – 60 Marks

Objective

• To learn the basic principles of database and database design

• To learn the basics of RDBMS

• To learn the concepts of database manipulation SQL

• To study PL/SQL language

Prerequisites

• Basic knowledge of computers, data structures and programming

Course Outline

Unit I [8 T+ 2L]

Database System concepts and applications Introduction to databases, File Systems vs. DBMS,

Advantages and Disadvantages of using DBMS Approach, Database administrators and user, Data

Models, Schemas, and Instances, Types of Data Models, Three Schema Architecture and Data

Independence, Database Languages and Interfaces.

Unit II [10 T+ 6L]

Entity-Relationship Model - Conceptual Data Models for Database Design Entity Relationship

Models, Concept of Entity, Entity Sets, Relationship Sets, Attributes, Domains, Constraints, Keys,

Strong and Weak Entities, Concepts of EER.

Relational Data Model Relations, Domains and Attributes, Tuples, Keys. Integrity Rules, Relational

Algebra and Operations, Relational Calculus and Domain Calculus, Relational Database Design

using ER to Relational Mapping.

Unit III [10 T+12L]

Relational Database Design - Relational database design Anomalies in a Database, Normalization

Theory, Functional Dependencies, First, Second and Third Normal Forms, Relations with more

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than one Candidate Key, Good and Bad Decompositions, Boyce Codd Normal Form, Multivalued

Dependencies and Fourth Normal Form, Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form.

Unit IV [10 T +20L]

SQL Concepts: Basics of SQL, DDL, DML, DCL, Tables – Create, Modify and Delete table

structures, Rename and Drop tables, Defining constraints – Primary key, foreign key, unique, not

null, check, IN operator

Select Command, Logical Operators, Functions - aggregate functions, Built-in functions –numeric,

date, string functions, set operations, sub-queries, correlated sub-queries, Use of group by, having,

order by, join and its types, Exist, Any, All. View - Creation, Renaming the column of a view,

destroys view.

Unit V [10 T+24L]

Transaction Management and Concurrency Control - Transaction Properties (ACID), states,

Commit, Rollback; Concurrency Control Lost update problems, Locks, two phase locking.

Programming with SQL: Data types: Base and Composite, Attributes. Variables – Constants -

Using set and select commands, Control Structures: IF, IF THEN ELSE, IF THEN ELSEIF, CASE.

Loops: LOOP, EXIT, CONTINUE, WHILE, FOR, and FOREACH - Looping Through Arrays -

Looping Through Query Results. Security: Locks: Table-level Lock, Row-level Lock, Deadlock,

Advisory Lock. Cursors: Boud and Unbound Cursors, Declaration, Opening, Working with cursors:

FETCH, MOVE, UPDATE/DELETE, CLOSE, Looping through a Cursor. Concept of Stored

Procedures – Advantages and Disadvantages – Creation – Parameters Setting for Function- Alter –

Drop – Grant and Revoke - Passing and Returning data to/from Stored Procedures - Using stored

procedures within queries – Triggers: Creation, Modification, Deletion, Error Handling: Control

Structures, Cursors, Functions, Triggers.

Textbooks:

1. Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F Korth, S.Sudharshan, Database System Concepts,

6thEdition

2. W. Gilmore, Beginning PHP and PostgreSQL 8: From Novice to Professional, Goels

Computer Hut (2007), ISBN: 9788181286000

3. PosgreSQL Official Documentation Online

Reference books:

1. Alex Krigel and Boris M.Trukhnov, SQL Bible, Wiley pubs

2. Paul Nielsen, Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Bible, Wiley Dreamtech India Pubs.

3. CJ Date, Introduction to Database Systems, Addison Wesley.

4. Ramkrishnan, Database Management Systems, McGraw Hill

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Page 63 of 137

Course Number: 23

BCA4C07- E-Commerce

Contact Hours per Week: 5

Number of Credits: 3

Number of Contact Hours: 80 Hrs.

Course Evaluation: Internal – 15 Marks + External – 60 Marks

Objective

• To get a general introduction of the Electronic Commerce framework.

• To get a general understanding on the various electronic payment system.

• To get a general understanding on the Internal information systems.

• To get a general understanding on the new age information.

Prerequisites

• Basic knowledge of Commerce.

Course Outline

UNIT I (15T)

History of E-commerce and Indian Business Context : E-Commerce, Emergence of the Internet,

Emergence of the WWW, Advantages of E-Commerce, Transition to E-Commerce in India, The

Internet and India, E-transition Challenges for Indian Corporates.

UNIT II (15T)

Business Models for E-commerce: Business Model, E-business Models Based on the

Relationship of Transaction Parties - E-business Models Based on the Relationship of

Transaction Types.

UNIT III (18T)

Enabling Technologies of the World Wide Web: World Wide Web, Internet Client-Server

Applications, Networks and Internets, Software Agents, Internet Standards and Specifications,

ISP.e-Marketing: Traditional Marketing, Identifying Web Presence Goals, Online Marketing, E-

advertising, E-branding

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UNIT IV (17T)

e-Security : Information system Security, Security on the Internet, E-business Risk Management

Issues, Information Security Environment in India.

Legal and Ethical Issues: Cyber stalking,Privacy is at Risk in the Internet Age, Phishing,

Application Fraud, Skimming, Copyright, Internet Gambling, Threats to Children.

UNIT V (15T)

e-P ayment Systems: Main Concerns in Internet Banking, Digital Payment Requirements,

Digital Token-based e-payment Systems, Classification of New Payment Systems, Properties of

Electronic Cash, Cheque Payment Systems on the Internet, Risk and e-Payment Systems,

Designing e-payment Systems, Digital Signature.

Reference books

1. E-Commerce - An Indian Perspective, P.T.Joseph, S.J., PHI

2. E-Commerce Strategy, Technologies and Applications, David Whiteley, Tata Mc-

Graw-Hill

3. Frontiers of Electronic Commerce, Ravi Kalakota, Andrew B.Whinston, Pearson

Education Asia

4. E – Commerce, Jeffery F. Rayport, Bernard J. Jaworski,TMCH

5. E-Commerce - A Managerial Perspective, P.T. Joseph, PHI

[B.C.A (ACADEMIC YEAR 2017-18 ONWARDS)] June 1, 2017

62 | P a g e BoS in Computer Science (UG), University of Calicut

usinginformation_schema), SELECT, SELECT INTO, CREATE AS, DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT. PHP - PostgreSQL Integration: Establishing Database Connection (pg_connect(), pg_connection_status(), pg_dbname()), Getting Error String (pg_last_error()), Closing database Connection (pg_close()), Executing SQL statements (pg_query(), pg_execute()), Retrieving Data (pg_fetch_row(), pg_fetch_array(), pg_fetch_all(), pg_fetch_assoc(), pg_fetch_object(), pg_num_rows(), pg_num_fields() pg_affected_rows(), pg_num_rows(), pg_free_result()), Insertion and Deletion of data using PHP, Displaying data from PostrgreSQL database in webpage. Introduction to AJAX - Implementation of AJAX in PHP - Simple example for partial page update.

Textbook

1. HTML 5 Blackbook, Dreamtech Press, ISBN 9879351199076, 2016 Edition.2. W. Gilmore, Beginning PHP and PostgreSQL 8: From Novice to Professional , Goels

Computer Hut (2007), ISBN: 9788181286000

Reference

1. HTML 5 Blackbook, Dreamtech Press, ISBN 987-93-5119-907-6, 2016 Edition.2. Jon Duckett, Beginning Web Programming with HTML,XHTML, CSS, Wrox.3. Jim Converse & Joyce Park, PHP & MySQL Bible, Wiley.4. PosgreSQL Official Documentation Onlin

BCA5B10|Principles of Software Engineering

Course Number: 28Contact Hours: 4T Number of Credits: 4Number of Contact Hours: 60 Hrs.Course Evaluation: Internal – 20 Marks + External – 80 Marks

Objectives:

To learn engineering practices in Software Development.

Prerequisites:

Basic programming knowledge

Course Outline

UNIT I (12 hours)

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Software and Software Engineering: Overview of Software Engineering, Practice & Myths; Software Process; Generic process model- Framework Activity, Task Set, Process Patterns, Process Improvement;SDLC, Prescriptive process model- Waterfall Model, Spriral Model, Incremental Process Model, Evolutionary Process Model; Specialized Process Models: Component Based Development, the Formal Methods Models;

Agile development-Agile Process; Extreme Programming; Other Agile Process Models – ASD, Scrum, DSDM, FDD, LSD, Agile Modeling, Agile Unified Process.

UNIT II (12 hours)

Requirements Engineering-Establishing the Groundwork-Eliciting Requirements - Developing use cases - Building the requirements model - Negotiating, validating Requirements - Requirements Analysis-Requirements Modeling Strategies.

UNIT III (12 hours)

MODELING WITH UML: Concepts and Diagrams - Use Case Diagrams - Class Diagrams - Interaction Diagrams - State chart Diagrams – Activity Diagrams - Package Diagrams - Component Diagrams - Deployment Diagrams -Diagram Organization- Diagram Extensions. Design Process- Design concepts: Abstraction, Architecture, patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Functional Independence, Refinement, Aspects, Refactoring, Object Oriented Design Concepts, Design Classes- Design Model: Data, Architectural, Interface, Component, Deployment Level Design Elements .

UNIT IV (12 hours)

Structured coding Techniques-Coding Styles - Standards and Guidelines-Documentation Guidelines-Modern Programming Language Features: Type checking-User defined data types-Data Abstraction Exception Handling - Concurrency Mechanism.

UNIT V (12 hours)

TESTING: Software Quality- Software Quality Dilemma- Achieving Software Quality- Testing: Strategic Approach to software Testing- Strategic Issues - Testing: Strategies for Conventional Software, Object oriented software, Web Apps-Validating Testing- System Testing- Art of Debugging.

MAINTENANCE: Software Maintenance-Software Supportability- Reengineering - Business Process Reengineering- Software Reengineering- Reverse Engineering - Restructuring- Forward Engineering- Economics of Reengineering

TEXT BOOKS

1. Roger S, “Software Engineering – A Practitioner’s Approach”, seventh edition, Pressman, 2010.

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2. Pearson Education, “Software Engineering by Ian Sommerville”, 9th edition, 2010.3. Roff: UML: A Beginner’s Guide TMH

REFERENCES

1. Hans Van Vliet, “Software Engineering: Principles and Practices”, 2008.2. Richard Fairley, “Software Engineering Concepts”, 2008.

3. RohitKhurana, Software Engineering: Principles and Practices, 2nd Edition, Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd.

4. PankajJalote, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering, 3rd Edition, Narosa Publishing House.

5. Alhir, learning UML, SPD/O’Reily6.

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list action bar, standard navigation action bar activity, action bar and search view, action bar and fragments.

Unit V [12T+3L]

Persisting data - Files, saving state and preferences - saving application data, creating, saving and retrieving shared preferences, preference framework and preference activity, preference layout in XML, native preference controls, preference fragments, preference activity, persisting the application state, including static files as resources, Working with file system, SQLLite - SQLLite types, database manipulation using SQLLite, SQL and database centric data model for Android, Android database classes.

References:

1. Pro Android 4, SatyaKomatineni& Dave MacLean, Apress.

2. Professional Android 4 Application Development, Retomeier, Wrox.

3. Programming Android, ZigurdMednieks, Laird Dornin, G. BlakeMeike, and Masumi

Nakamura, O'Reilly.

BCA6B12| Operating Systems

Course Number: 31Contact Hours per Week: 5 (4T + 1P)Number of Credits: 4Number of Contact Hours: 75 Hrs.Course Evaluation: Internal – 20 Marks + External – 80 Marks

Objectives To learn objectives & functions of Operating Systems. To understand processes and its life cycle. To learn and understand various Memory and Scheduling Algorithms. To have an overall idea about the latest developments in Operating Systems

Prerequisites

Knowledge in Data structures.

Course Outline

Unit I [12T + 3P]

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Operating System - Objectives and functions - The Evolution of Operating Systems: Serial Processing, Simple batch Systems, Multi Programmed batch Systems, Time Sharing Systems, Parallel Systems, Distributed Systems, Real time systems. Definition of Process, Process States, Process Control Block, Operations on Process, Process Communication, Communication in Client server System, Basic concepts of threads, Concurrency, Principles of Concurrency, Mutual exclusion, Semaphores, Messages, Dead lock: Prevention, Detection, Avoidance.

Unit II [12T + 3P]

Linux Shell Programming: Introduction – Shells available in Unix: Bourne shell (sh), C shell (csh), TC shell (tcsh), Korn shell (ksh), Bourne Again SHell (bash). Bash: special characters – getting help – man pages – Linux Directory Layout – Command for Navigating the Linux Filesystems: pwd, cd, ls, file, cat, cp, mv, mkdir, rmdir, whereis – Piping and Redirection - Informational Commands: ps, w, id, free – clear, echo, more. File permissions – Setting Permissions – Making a file executable. Creating shell programs: comments, variables, operators (arithmetic, relational, logical) – single and double quotes - read – echo – test - conditional commands, iterative commands – break – continue - evaluating expressions using expr, bc – strings – grep – arrays.

Unit III [12T + 3P]

CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria, Scheduling algorithms: FCFS, SJF, Priority, RR, Multilevel, Feedback Queue - Process synchronization, The Critical Section Problem, Synchronization Hardware, Classical Problems of Synchronization: Reader Writer, Dining Philosopher. File and Database System, File System, Functions of organization, Allocation and Free Space Management.

Unit IV [12T + 3P]

Memory Management, Address Binding, Logical Vs Physical Address Space, Dynamic Loading, Dynamic Linking and Shared Libraries, Overlays, Swapping, Contiguous Memory allocation, Paging, Segmentation, Virtual memory, Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Thrashing.

Unit V [12T + 3P]

Protection and security: policy and mechanism, authentication, authorization. Mobile OS: Concepts, history, features, architecture, future scope. Case studies: Android, UNIX kernel and Microsoft Windows NT (concepts only).

Text Books

1. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne, Operating System Concepts, John Willey & Sons2. William Stallings, Operating Systems, Internals and Design Principles, PHI3. Mendel Cooper, Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide, Available at

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http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/abs-guide.pdf

References:

4. Nutt G.J, Operating Systems: A Modern Perspective, Addison Wesley

BCA6B14| Computer Networks

Course Number: 32Contact Hours per Week: 5 (5T + 0P)Number of Credits: 4Number of Contact Hours: 75 Hrs.Course Evaluation: Internal – 20 Marks + External – 80 MarksObjectives

To learn about transmissions in Computer Networks. To learn various Protocols used in Communication. To have a general idea on Network Administration.

Prerequisites Knowledge in data structure. Knowledge in Operating System.

Course Outline:

Unit I [15 T]

Introduction to Computer networks, Topology, categories of networks, Internetwork, Internet, Network Models, Layered model, OSI and TCP/IP models, Physical layer, Switching - Circuit switching, Packet Switching and Message Switching, DTE - DCE Interface, EIA - 232 interface, X.21 modems.

Unit II [15 T]

Data link layer, Error detection and correction, Types of errors, Single CSC error and Burst error, Vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy Check (LRC), Cyclic Redundancy Check(CRC), Error correction - Single CSC error correction, Hamming code Data compression - Huffman code, data link control, Line discipline, Flow control, Error control, Multiple Access, Random Access, ALOHA, pure ALOHA and slotted ALOHA, CSMA/CD and SCMA/CA, Polling, Wired LANs, Ethernet - IEEE standards, Wireless LANs - IEEE - 802.11,basics of Bluetooth,wifi,wimax and mobile networks (2G,3G,4G)

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Unit III [15 T]

Network layer, Networking and Internetworking devices - Repeaters, Bridges, Routers, Gateways, Logical addressing - IPv4 & IPv6 addresses, Network Address Translation(NAT), Internet protocols, internetworking, Datagram, Transition from IPv4 to IPv6, Address Mapping-Error reporting and multicasting - Delivery, Forwarding and Routing algorithms, Distance Vector Routing, Link State Routing,

Unit IV [15 T]

Transport layer, Process-to-process Delivery: UDP, TCP and SCTP, Congestion control and Quality of Service, Application Layer, Domain Name Systems-Remote Login-Email FTP, WWW, HTTP, Introductory concepts on Network management: SNMP.

Unit V [15 T]

Cryptography and Network Security: Introduction – Goals of Security – Attacks - Services and Techniques. Basics of Cryptography: Plain Text - Cipher Text – Encryption – Decryption. Confidentiality: Basics of Symmetric Key Ciphers - Traditional Symmetric Key Ciphers: Substitution, Transposition, Stream & Lock, Modern – Components of Modern Block Cipher – DES - Modern Stream Cipher. Basics of Asymmetric Key Ciphers – RSA Cryptosystem. Integrity: Message – Message Digest – Hash Function. Authentication: MAC. Digital Signature : Analogy with Manual Signature – Process – Signing the Digest – Services – RSA Digital Signature Scheme.

Textbook:

1. Behurouz A Forozan, Introduction to Data Communications & Networking, TMH

References:

1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, PHI2. William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications, VIIth Edition, Pearson

Education3. William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, Principles and Practices,

Prentice Hall of India.4. Steven Graham and Steve Shah, Linux Administration: A Beginners Guide, Third

Edition, Dreamtech,2003.

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BCA6B17c|Software testing & Quality Assurance

Course Number: 36Contact Hours: 4 TNumber of Credits: 4Number of Contact Hours: 60 Hrs.Course Evaluation: Internal – 20 Marks + External – 80 Marks

Objectives:

To get a general introduction and basic skills on software testingand quality assurance techniques and tools

Prerequisites:

Basic knowledge of Software Engineering

Course Outline

UNIT I (12T)

Phases of Software project - Quality Assurance, Quality control - Testing, Verification and Validation - Process Model to represent Different Phases - Life Cycle models. White-Box Testing: Static Testing - Structural Testing Challenges in White-Box Testing.

UNIT II (12T)

Black-Box Testing: What is Black, Box Testing?, Why Black, Box Testing?, When to do Black, Box Testing?, How to do Black, Box Testing?, Challenges in White Box Testing, Integration Testing: Integration Testing as Type of Testing, Integration Testing as a phase of Testing, Scenario Testing, Defect Bash.

UNIT III (12T)

System and Acceptance Testing: system Testing Overview, Why System testing is done? Functional versus Non, functional Testing, Functional testing, Non, functional Testing, Acceptance Testing, Summary of Testing Phases.

UNIT IV (12T)

Performance Testing: Factors governing Performance Testing, Methodology of Performance Testing, tools for Performance Testing, Process for Performance Testing, Challenges. Regression Testing: What is Regression Testing? Types of Regression Testing, When to do Regression Testing, How to do Regression Testing, Best Practices in Regression Testing.

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UNIT V (12T)

Test Planning, Management, Execution and Reporting: Test Planning, Test Management, Test Process, Test Reporting, Best Practices. Test Metrics and Measurements: Project Metrics, Progress Metrics, Productivity Metrics, Release Metrics.

References:

1. Software Testing Principles and Practices, SrinivasanDesikan&Gopalswamy, Ramesh,

Pearson Education.

2. Effective Methods of Software Testing, William E. Perry, Wiley

3. Software Testing, RenuRajani and Pradeep Oak, TMH

4. Software Testing Tools, K. V. K. K. Prasad, Dreamtech Press

5. Introducing Software Testing, LauiseTamres, Pearson Education

BCA6B17d|System Software

Course Number: 36Contact Hours: 4 TNumber of Credits: 4Number of Contact Hours: 60 Hrs.Course Evaluation: Internal – 20 Marks + External – 80 Marks

Objectives:

To build fundamental knowledge in system software To learn functions of various system software To specifically learn compilation process of a program

Prerequisites:

Basic knowledge in programming

Course Outline

UNIT I (12T)

System software : General Concept, Assemblers, loaders, linkers,macros, compilers, interpreters, operating system, design of assemblers.

UNIT II (12T)

1

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMMEIN

CHEMISTRY

(CBCSSUG 2019)

UNDER CHOICE BASED CREDIT AND SEMESTER SYSTEM

SCHEME AND SYLLABI

2019 ADMISSION ONWARDS

CORE COURSES, COMPLEMENTARY COURSES, OPEN COURSES &AUDIT COURSES

2

Sl. No. CONTENTSPageNo.

UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME – AN OVERVIEWUNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME IN CHEMISTRY1 Preface2 Aims3 Broad Objectives4 Course Structure5 Credit and Mark Distribution in Each Semesters

CORE COURSECORE COURSE SYLLABUS6 Core Course Structure

7 Core Course I: Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry- I

8 Core Course II: Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry- II

9 Core Course III: Physical Chemistry-I

10 Core Course IV: Organic Chemistry-I

11 Core Course V : Inorganic Chemistry Practical-I

12 Core Course VI: Inorganic Chemistry-III

13 Core Course VII: Organic Chemistry-II

14 Core Course VIII: Physical Chemistry-II

15 Core Course IX: Inorganic Chemistry-IV

16 Core Course X: Organic Chemistry-III

17 Core Course XI: Physical Chemistry-III

18 Core Course XII: Advanced and Applied Chemistry

19 Core Course XIII: Elective 1. Industrial Chemistry

20 Core Course XIII: Elective 2. Polymer Chemistry

21 Core Course XIII: Elective 3. Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry

22 Core Course XIV: Physical Chemistry Practical

23 Core Course XV: Organic Chemistry Practical

24 Core Course XVI: Inorganic Chemistry Practical-II

25 Core Course XVII: Inorganic Chemistry Practical-III

26 Core Course XVIII: Project Work

EVALUATION SCHEME FOR CORE COURSES27 Core Course Theory: Evaluation Scheme

28 Core Course Practical: Evaluation Scheme

29 Core Course Project: Evaluation Scheme

COMPLEMENTARY COURSECOMPLEMENTARY COURSE SYLLABUS30 Complementary Course Structure

31 Complementary Course I: General Chemistry

32 Complementary Course II: Physical Chemistry

3

33 Complementary Course III: Organic Chemistry

34 Complementary Course IV: Physical and Applied Chemistry

35 Complementary Course V: Chemistry Practical

EVALUATION SCHEME FOR COMPLEMENTARY COURSES36 Complementary Theory: Evaluation Scheme

37 Complementary Practical: Evaluation Scheme

OPEN COURSEOPEN COURSE SYLLABUS38 Open Course Structure

39 Open Course 1: Environmental Chemistry

40 Open Course 2: Chemistry in Daily Life

41 Open Course 3: Food Science and Medicinal Chemistry

EVALUATION SCHEME FOR OPEN COURSE

28

SEMESTER V

Course Code: CHE5B06

Core Course VI: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – III

Total Hours: 48; Credits: 3; Hours/Week: 3; Total Marks 75 (Internal 15 & External 60)

CHE5B06 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY – III L T P C3 0 0 3

Objective (s) To gain detailed knowledge of the chemistry of different analyticalprinciples and to develop concerns for environment. To give a basicunderstanding of different metallurgical processes, interhalogencompounds and inorganic polymers.

Course outcome (s)CO1 To understand the principles behind quanlitative and quantitative analysisCO2 To understand basic processes of metallurgy and to analyse the merit of

different alloysCO3 To understand the applications of different inorganic polymersCO4 To analyse different polluting agentsCO5 To apply the principles of solid waste management

Module I: Analytical Principles II (6 hrs)

Qualitative Analysis: Applications of solubility product and common ion effect in theprecipitation of cations – Interfering acid radicals and their elimination (oxalate, fluoride,borate, phosphate, chromate, arsenite and arsenate) – Introduction of micro scale experimentsin inorganic and organic qualitative analysis & their advantages. Preparation of Na2CO3

extract for inorganic qualitative analysis and it’s advantages.

Gravimetric analysis –Mechanism of precipitate formation. Factors affecting stability ofprecipitates. Co-precipitation and post precipitation. Effects of digestion, washing, drying andignition of precipitates.

References

1. Jeffrey A. Lee, The Scientific Endeavor: A Primer on Scientific Principles and Practice,Pearson Education, 1999.

2. J. Mendham, R.C. Denney, J. D. Barnes, M. Thomas, Vogel’s Text Book of QuantitativeChemical Analysis, 6th Edn., Pearson Education, Noida, 2013.

Further reading

1. D.A. Skoog, D.M. West, F.J. Holler, S.R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry,8th Edn., Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning, Inc., USA, 2004.2. A.I. Vogel, A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 3rd Edn., Longmans, Green,London, 1962.

29

Module II: Metallurgy (10 hrs)[Prerequisites: Occurrence of metals based on standard electrode potential – Concentration ofores – Calcination and roasting – Reduction to free metal].Electrometallurgy – Hydrometallurgy. Refining of metals: Electrolytic refining, ion exchangemethod, zone refining, vapour phase refining and oxidative refining – Ellingham diagrams formetal oxides – Extractive metallurgy of Al, Fe, Ni, Cu Ti and U. Alloys: Definition –Composition and uses of German silver, brass, bronze, gunmetal and alnico. Steel: Openhearth process – Classification of steel – Composition and uses of alloy steels –Intramedullary rods (a brief study).

References

1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 31st Edn.,Milestone Publishers, New Delhi 2010.2. S. Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu, R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Edn.,Volume I, S Chand, 2012.

Further reading1. A. Cottrel, An introduction to metallurgy, 2nd Edn., University press. 1990.

Module III: Interhalogen compounds (5 hrs)

[Prerequisites: Halogens, properties, electronic configuration, electronegativity, electronaffinity].

Electropositive character of iodine – General preparation and properties of interhalogencompounds (study of individual members not required) – Structure and hybridization andreactivity of ClF3, Icl3 IF5 and IF7- Comparison of properties of halogens and pseudohalogens(29yanogens as example) – Structure of polyhalide ions.

References

1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Shoban LalNagin Chand and Co., Delhi, 1996.2. D. F. Shriver, P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., Oxford University Press, 2006.

Further reading

1. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edn.,Pearson. 2006.2. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. Murillo, M. Bochman, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th

Edn., John Wiley, New York, 1999.3. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, P.L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., John Wiley,New York, 2008.

Module IV: Noble Gases (3 hrs)

30

[Prerequisites: Why the name noble gas, electronic configuration].

Discovery – Occurrence – Separation by charcoal adsorption method – Structure of oxides,fluorides and oxy fluorides of xenon – Reaction of xenon fluorides with water – Uses of noblegases.

References

1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, Shoban LalNagin Chand and Co., Delhi, 1996.2. D. F. Shriver, P.W. Atkins, Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., Oxford University Press, 2006.3. M. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the elements, 2nd Edn, Butterworth, 1997.

Further reading

1. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edn.,Pearson. 2006.2. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. Murillo, M. Bochman, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th

Edn., John Wiley, New York, 1999.3. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, P.L. Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., John Wiley,New York, 2008.

Module IV: Inorganic Polymers & Non-aqueous Solvents (8 hrs)

[Prerequisites: Catenation, Self ionization of water].

Inorganic Polymers: Heterocatenation. Structure and applications of silicones and silicates.Phosphazenes: Preparation, properties and structure of di and tri phosphonitrilic chlorides. SNcompounds: Preparation, properties and structure of S2N2, S4N4 and (SN)x.

Non-aqueous Solvents: Classification – General properties – Self ionization and levelingeffect – Reactions in liquid ammonia, liquid N2O4, liquid SO2 and liquid HF.

References

1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, K. C. Kalia, Principles of Inorganic Chemistry, 31st Edn.Milestone Publishers, New Delhi, 2010.2. S. Prakash, G. D. Tuli, S. K. Basu, R. D. Madan, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry,VolumeI, S Chand.3. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, O K Medhi, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Edn.,Pearson. 2006.

Further reading

1. M. Clyde Day, J. Selbin, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edn. Reinhold Book Corp.2. Sisler, Harry Hall, Chemistry in non-aqueous solvents, Reinhold, New York, 1961.

31

Module V: Environmental Pollution (12 hrs)

[Prerequisites: What is Pollution, quality of drinking water].

Air pollution: Major air pollutants – Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur – Particulates –London smog and photochemical smog. Effects of air pollution: Acid rain, greenhouse effectand depletion of ozone. Control of air pollution – Alternate refrigerants. Bhopal Tragedy (abrief study).

Water pollution: Water pollution due to sewage and domestic wastes – Industrial effluents –Agricultural discharge – Eutrophication. Quality of drinking water – Indian standard andWHO standard. Water quality parameters: DO, BOD and COD – Determination of BOD andCOD. Toxic metals in water (Pb, Cd and Hg) – Minamata disaster (a brief study). Control ofwater pollution – Need for the protection of water bodies.

Thermal pollution, noise pollution and radioactive pollution (Sources, effects andconsequences).

Hiroshima, Nagasaki and Chernobyl accidents (a brief study). Local environmentalmovements: Silent Valley, Plachimada, Narmada.

References

1. S.S. Dara, A Textbook of Environmental Chemistry and Pollution Control, 8th Edn., S.Chand and Sons, New Delhi, 2008.2. A.K. De., Environmental Chemistry, 6th Edn., New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi,2006.3. A.K. Ahluwalia, Environmental Chemistry, Ane Books India, New Delhi, 2008.

Further reading

1. M.L. Davis, D.A. Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, 3rd Edn., McGrawHill, New Delhi, 1998.2. S. E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 8th Edn., CRC Press, Florida, 2004.3. G. M. Masters, Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, 3rd Edn., Prentice-Hall Inc., New Delhi, 2007.4. B. K. Sharma, H. Kaur, Environmental Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut, 1996.5. M. N. Rao, A. K. Datta, A.K., Waste Water treaement, Ofxord & IBH Publ, Co. Pvt.Ltd.1987.

Module VI: Solid Waste Management (4 hrs)

[Prerequisites: aerobic and anaerobic degradation].

House hold, municipal and industrial solid waste – Non-degradable, degradable andbiodegradable waste – Hazardous waste – Pollution due to plastics. Solid waste management:Recycling, digestion, dumping, incineration, land treatment and composting. Impacts ofmedical waste and E-waste & their disposal. Energy production from waste.

89

1. R. T. Morrison, R. N Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn., Prentice Hall of India.2. I. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry – Vol.1, 6th Edn., Pearson Education.3. M. K. Jain, S. C. Sharma, Modern Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., Vishal PublishingCompany Co.4. K. S. Tewari, N. K. Vishnoi, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edn., Vikas Publishing House.

SEMESTER IVCourse Code: CHE4C04

Complementary Course IV: PHYSICAL AND APPLIED CHEMISTRYTotal Hours: 48; Credits: 2; Hours/Week: 3; Total Marks 75 (Internal 15 & External 60)

CHE4C04 PHYSICAL AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY L T P C3 0 0 2

Objective (s) To provide the students a thorough knowledge about colloidal chemistry,nanochemistry and the importance of chemistry in daily life. It alsoprovides a basic idea behind separation and spectral techniques. It alsoimparts the idea of green processes with an importance for environment.

Course outcome (s)CO1 To understand the basic concepts behind colloidal state and nanochemistryCO2 To realize the importance of green chemistry and pollution preventionCO3 To appreciate the importance of different separation methods and spectral

techniquesCO4 To realize the extent of chemistry in daily life

Module I: Colloidal Chemistry (6 hrs)

True solution, colloidal solution and suspension. Classification of colloids: Lyophilic,lyophobic, macromolecular, multimolecular and associated colloids with examples.Purification of colloids by electrodialysis and ultrafiltration. Properties of colloids: Brownianmovement – Tyndall effect – Electrophoresis. Origin of charge and stability of colloids –Coagulation - Hardy Schulze rule – Protective colloids - Gold number. Emulsions.Applications of colloids: Delta formation, medicines, emulsification, cleaning action ofdetergents and soaps.

References1. B. R. Puri, L. R. Sharma, M. S. Pathania, Principles of Physical Chemistry, 46th Edition,Vishal Publishing Company, New Delhi, 2013.2. F. Daniels, R. A. Alberty, Physical Chemistry, 5th Edn., John Wiley and Sons, Canada,1980.

Module II: New Vistas in Chemistry (6 hrs)

90

Nanochemistry: Introduction – classification of nanomaterials (0D, 1D, 2D) - size dependenceof material properties (optical, electrical and catalytic) - surface to volume ratio and itssignificance, - application of nanomaterials in electronics, optics, catalysis and medicine(detailed discussion not expected).Green Chemistry: Definition and need of green chemistry- principles (detailed discussion notexpected) - atom economy- green solvents- green synthesis of Ibuprofen.

References1. M. A. Shah, Tokeer Ahmad, Principles of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NarosaPublishing House, New Delhi, 2010.2. T. Pradeep, A Textbook of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, McGrawhill, New Delhi,2012.3. V. K. Ahluwaliya, Green Chemistry, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2011.

Module III: Chromatography (6 hrs)Chromatography- Introduction - Adsorption and partition chromatography - Principle andapplications of column, thin layer, paper and gas chromatography - Rf value – Relative meritsof different techniques.

References1. R. A. Day Junior, A. L. Underwood, Quantitative Analysis, 5th Edn., Prentice Hall of IndiaPvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 1988.2. J. Mendham, R. C. Denney, J. D. Barnes, M. Thomas, Vogel’s Text Book of QuantitativeChemical Analysis, 6th Edn., Pearson Education, 2003.3. R. Gopalan, Analytical Chemistry, S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.

Module IV: Spectroscopy (10 hrs)Origin of spectra - Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Different types ofenergy levels in molecules: Rotational, vibrational and electronic levels. Statement of Born-Oppenheimer approximation - Fundamental laws of spectroscopy and selection rules(derivations not required).IR Spectroscopy: Introduction - Group frequency concept - Characteristic stretchingfrequencies of O-H, N-H, C-H, C=C, C=N and C=O functional groups - Fingerprint region inIR spectra.UV-Visible Spectroscopy: Introduction - Beer-Lambert’s law - Electronic transitions inmolecules (σ→σ*, n→σ*, π→π* and n→π*) - Chromophore and auxochrome - Red shift andblue shift.NMR Spectroscopy: Introduction - Chemical shift and spin-spin coupling - Application inelucidating the structure of ethanol, dimethyl ether, propanal and acetone (detailed study notrequired).

References1. P. S. Kalsi, Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques in Organic Chemistry, 6th Edn., NewAge International (P) Ltd., New Delhi, 2004.

91

2. C. N. Banwell, E. M. Mc Cash, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy, 4th Edn.,McGraw–Hill publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2002.

Module V: Polymers (4 hrs)Classification of polymers - Addition and condensation polymers – Thermoplastics andthermosetting plastics - Structure and applications of synthetic rubbers (Buna-S, Buna-N andneoprene), synthetic fibres(Nylon 66, Nylon 6 and dacron), thermoplastics (polyethene,polystyrene, PVC and teflon) and thermosetting plastics (bakelite and melmac). Uses ofkevlar, nomex and lexan – Biodegradable polymers (PGA, PLA and PHBV) and theirapplications.

References1. V. R. Gowarikar, Polymer Chemistry, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.2. Fred. W. Billmeyer, Textbook of Polymer Science, 3rd Edn., Wiley India, Delhi, 2008.

Module VI: Environmental Pollution (6 hrs)Definition – Types of pollution.Air pollution: Pollution by oxides of nitrogen, carbon and sulphur. Effects of air pollution:Depletion ofozone, green house effect and acid rain.Water pollution: Pollution due to sewage, industrial effluents, soaps, detergents, pesticides,fertilizers and heavy metals – Eutrophication - Biological magnification and bioaccumulation- Effects of water pollution. Water quality parameters – DO, BOD and COD (elementary ideaonly).Soil pollution – Pollution due to plastics.Thermal pollution and radioactive pollution: Sources, effects and control measures.

References1. A. K. De, Environmental Chemistry, 6th Edn., New Age International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi,2006.2. A. K. Ahluwalia, Environmental Chemistry, Ane Books India, New Delhi, 2008.

Module VII: Chemistry in Daily Life (10 hrs)Petrochemicals: Name, carbon range and uses of fractions of petroleum distillation – Octanenumber - Cetane number – Flash point. LPG and CNG: Composition and uses.Pharmaceuticals: Drug - Chemical name, generic name and trade names with examples.Antipyretics, analgesics, antibiotics, antacids, antiseptics (definition and examples, structurenot expected).Dyes: Definition – Requirements of a dye - Theories of colour and chemical constitution –Structure and applications of martius yellow, indigo and alizarin.Food: Food additives: Food preservatives, artificial sweeteners and antioxidants (definitionand examples, structures not required) Commonly used permitted and non-permitted foodcolours (structures not required).Cement: Manufacture, composition and setting.Glass: Types of glasses and uses.

U.O.No. 6928/2014/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 17.07.2014

File Ref.No.3129/GA - IV - J1/2013/CU

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Abstract

BSc in Zoology-CUCBCSS UG 2014-Scheme and Syllabus- Approved-Implemented-w.e.f 2014

Admissions-Orders issued.

G & A - IV - J

Read:-1. U.O. No. 3797/2013/CU, dated 07.09.2013 (CBCSS UG Modified Regulations)

(File.ref.no. 13752/GA IV J SO/2013/CU).

2. U.O. No. 5180/2014/Admn, dated 29.05.2014 (CBCSS UG Revised Regulations)

(File.ref.no. 13752/GA IV J SO/2013/CU).

3. Item no. 8 of the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Zoology UG

held on 04.03.2014.

4.Item no. 2 of the minutes of the meeting of the Faculty of Science held on

27.06.2014.

5.Orders of the VC on 14.07.2014, in the file no, 18602/GA IV /J1/2013/CU.

ORDER

The Modified Regulations of Choice Based Credit Semester System for UG Curriculum w.e.f 2014

was implemented under the University of Calicut vide paper read as (1). The Revised CUCBCSS

UG Regulations has been implemented w.e.f 2014 admission, for all UG programme under

CUCBCSS in the University, vide paper read as (2).

The Board of Studies in Zoology UG finalized the revised syllabus of BSc Zoology

for implementation w.e.f the Academic Year 2014-2015. vide paper read as (3). The Faculty of

Science has also approved the minutes of the Board vide paper read as (4).

The Hon'ble Vice Chancellor, considering the exigency, exercising the powers of the

Academic Council has approved the items regarding syllbus implementation in the minutes of the

concerned Boards of Studies mentioned in the minutes of the Faculty of Science, subject to

ratification by the Academic Council, vide paper read as (5).

Sanction has, therefore, been accorded for implementing the Scheme and Syllabus of BSc.

in Zoology under CUCBCSS UG 2014, in the University, w.e.f 2014 Admissions.

Muhammed S

Deputy Registrar

Forwarded / By Order

Section Officer

Orders are issued accordingly.

(The syllabus is available in the website: universityofcalicut.info)

To

1. All Affiliated Colleges/SDE/Dept.s/Institutions under University of Calicut.

2. The Controller of Examinations, University of Calicut.

3. The Director SDE, University of Calicut.

1

BSc Zoology main syllabus 2014 onwards

Pattern of the model question paper, scheme of evaluation for internal examination and credit distribution have been included.

The syllabus of Complementary course 2013 will continue without any change.The pattern of the model question paper,scheme of evaluation for internal examination and credit distribution for the complementary course have also been given.

2

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

SYLLABUS

CORE COURSES

COMPLEMENTARY COURSES

&

OPEN AND ELECTIVE COURSES

With effect from 2014-15 admission onwards

3

APPENDIX I

List of the members of Board of Studies in Zoology (U. G.) N0.GA 1/F2/302/2012 dated 27.04.2014,Calicut University.P.O

Sl. No.

Name Designation College

1 Sri. Majeed P.P Associate Professor [Chairman], BOS

MES Mampad College

2 Sri. Mohammed Iqbal Associate Professor

PSMO College, Tirurangadi

3 Dr. Britto Joseph Associate Professor

St. Thomas College,

Thrissur

4 Sri. M.P. Ishak Principal Govt. College,

Perinthalmanna.

5 Dr. Sheeba Associate Professor

Vimala College Thrissur

6 Dr. P.A Sajudeen Associate Professor (JD, Direcrate of Higher

Secondry Education,

TVM)

St. Stephan’s College,

Pathanapuram (On

Deputation)

7 Sri. Koshy P.M Associate Professor

St. Stephan’s College,

Pathanapuram

8 Dr. Anitha Latha

Sadanandan

Associate Professor

Malabar Christian College,

Kozhikode

9 Smt. Jayasree V Associate Professor

Sree Krishna College,

Guruvayoor.

10 Dr Shobha T.R Assistant Professor Farook College, Kozhikode

11 Dr. N. Ramani Professor

Chairperson Zoology

Board of studies (PG),

University of calicut

Dept. of Zoology,Calicut

University

4

SYLLABUS CORE COURSES 1TO 24

& OPEN COURSES 1, 2 & 3

ELECTIVE COURSES 1, 2 & 3

5

COURSE STRUCTURE

Credit Distribution

Semester Common course

Core course

Complementary course

Open course

Total English

Additional Language Chemistry Botany

I 4+3 4 2 2 2 - 17

II 4+3 4 2 2 2 - 17

III 4 4 3 2 2 - 15

IV 4 4 3+4* 2+4* 2+4* - 27

V - - 3+3+3+3 - - 2 14

VI - -

2+3+3+3+3+3

+4*+4*+2**

+1***+2****

- - - 30

Total 22 16 56 12 12 2 120

*Practical **Project ***field study/ Study Tour **** Viva- voce

Mark Distribution and Indirect Grading System

Mark system is followed instead of direct grading for each question. After external and

internal evaluations marks are entered in the answer scripts. All other calculations, including

grading, will be done by the university using the software. Indirect Grading System in 7 point scale

is followed. Each course is evaluated by assigning marks with a letter grade (A+, A, B, C, D, E or

F) to that course by the method of indirect grading.

6

Mark Distribution

Sl. No. Course Marks

1 English 600

2 Additional Language 400

3 Core course: Zoology 1750

4 Complementary course: Chemistry 400

5 Complementary course: Botany 400

6 Open Course 50

Total Marks 3600

Seven point Indirect Grading System

% of Marks Grade Interpretation Grade Point

Average

Range of Grade points

Class

90 and above A+ Outstanding 6 5.5 - 6 First Class with distinction 80 to below 90 A Excellent 5 4.5 – 5.49

70 to below 80 B Very good 4 3.5 – 4.49 First Class

60 to below 70 C Good 3 2.5 – 3.49

50 to below 60 D Satisfactory 2 1.5 – 2.49 Second Class

40 to below 50 E Pass/Adequate 1 0.5 – 1.49 Pass

Below 40 F Failure 0 0 – 0.49 Fail

7

CREDIT AND MARK DISTRIBUTION IN EACH SEMESTERS

Total Credits: 120; Total Marks: 3600

Semester Course Credit Marks

I

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: English 3 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course I: Animal Diversity-Nonchordata-Part-I 2 100

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 80

Complementary course: Botany 2 80

Total 17 560

II

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: English 3 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course II: Animal Diversity-Nonchordata-Part-II 2 100

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 80

Complementary course: Botany 2 80

Total 17 560

III

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course III: Animal Diversity-Chordata-Part-I 3 100

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 80

Complementary course: Botany 2 80

Total 15 460

IV

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course IV: Animal Diversity-Chordata-Part-II 3 100

8

Core Course V: Practical-I*A, I*B, I*C& I*D 4 100

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 80

Complementary course: Botany 2 80

Complementary course: Chemistry Practical

Complementary course: Botany Practical

4

4

80

80

Total 27 720

V

Core Course VI: Environmental Biology, Wild Life Conservation And Toxicology 3

100

Core Course VII: Ethology, Evolution And Zoogeography 3 100

Core Course VIII: Cell Biology And Genetics 3 100

Core Course IX : General Methodology in Science, Biostatistics And Informatics Open Course

3 2

100

50

Total 14 450

VI

Core Course X: Bio chemistry 2 100

Core Course XI: , Physiology And Endocrinology 3 100

Core Course XII: Molecular biology And Bio informatics 3 100

Core Course XIII: Reproductive Biology, Developmental biology And Teratology 3

100

Core Course XIV: Bio technology, Micro biology And Immunology

3 100

Core Course-XV: Elective Course : Human Genetics/ 02-Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry And Poultry/ 03-Applied Entomology(Any one)

3 100

Core Course-XVI: Practical II- II*A, II*B & II*C 4 100

Core Course-XVII: Practical III-III*A, III*B, III*C & III*D

4 100

9

Core Course-XVIII: Project Work 2 50

Field Study/Study tour

Viva-voce

1

2

Total 30 850

Core Course Structure

Total Credits: 56 (Internal: 20%; External: 80%)

Se

mes

ter

Code No Course Title Hrs/

Week

Total

Hrs/

Sem

Credits Marks

I

ZO1B01T Core Course I: Animal Diversity

Nonchordata-I 2 36 2 100

- Core Course V : Practical related to

ZO1B01T Practical-I*A 2 36 * -

II

ZO2B02T Core Course II: Animal Diversity

Nonchordata-II 2 36 2 100

- Core Course V : Practical related to

ZO2BOT-Practical-I*B 2 36 * -

III

ZO3B03T Core Course III –Animal diversity-

Chordata -I 3 54 3 100

- Core Course V : Practical related to

ZO3B03T-Practical-I*C 2 36 * -

10

IV

ZO4B04T Core Course IV: Animal diversity

Chordata-II 3 54 3

100

- Core Course V: Practical related to

ZO4B04T- Practical-I*D 2 36 *

-

ZO4B05P Practical-I*A, I*B, I*C & I*D 8 144 4 100

V

ZO5B06T

Core Course VI: Environmental

Biology, Wild life Conservation &

Toxicology

3 54 3

100

ZO5B07T Core Course VII: Ethology Evolution

& Zoogeography 3 54 3

100

- Practical Theory Course related to

ZO5B06T & ZO5B07T-Practical II*A 3 54 *

-

ZO5B08T Core Course VIII: Cell Biology &

Genetics 3 54 3

100

- Practical related to Theory Core

Course : ZO5B08T-Practical II*B 3 54 * -

ZO5B09T

Core Course IX: General

Methodology in Science, Bio Statistics

& Informatics

3 54 3 100

- Practical Related to Theory Core

Course ZO5B09T-Practical II*C 2 36 * -

- Project Work 2 36 ** -

- Field Study 1 18 *** -

VI

ZO6B10T Core Course X: Bio Chemistry 2 36 2 100

ZO6B11T Core Course XI: Physiology &

Endocrinology 3 54 3

100

11

- Practical related to Core Course

ZO6B10T & ZO6B11T-III*A 2 36 *

-

ZO0612T Core Course XII: Molecular Biology

& Bioinformatics 3 54 3

100

ZO0613T

Core Course XIII: Reproductive

Biology, Developmental Biology &

Teratology

3 54 3

100

- Practical related to Theory Core

Course ZO0613T-Practical-III*B 2 36 *

-

ZO0614T Core Course XIV : Bio Technology,

Micro biology & immunology 3 54 3

100

- Practical Related to theory Core

Course ZO0614T-Practical III*C 2 36 *

-

ZO0615T

(E1)

(E2)

(E3)

Core Course XV:

Elective

1. Human

Genetics

3 54 3 100

2. Aquaculture,

Animal

husbandry &

Poultry

3. Applied

Entomology(An

y One)

- Practical Related to Theory Elective

Course ZO0615T(E)-Practical III*D 2 36 *

-

ZO0616P Practical II-II*A, II*B & II*C 8 144 4* 100

ZO0617P Practical III-III*A, III*B, III*C &

III*D 8 144 4*

100

12

ZO06 18Pr Project Work - - 2** 50

ZO06 19F Field Study 1 18 1*** -

ZO06 20V Viva voce - - 2**** -

Total 56 1750

* Exam will be held at the end of 4th semester .

** Exam will be held at the end of 6th semester.

ZO 06 15T An institution can choose any one Elective course among the three courses.

Includes Field Study also. Marks: 90 (ZO0616P) + 10 (Hand written Field Study Report).

Includes Viva Voce also. Marks: 85(ZO0617P) + 15(General Viva Voce).

Practical Examinations are of 4 hrs Duration.

CORE COURSE THEORY: EVALUATION SCHEME

The evaluation scheme for each course contains two parts: viz., internal evaluation and external evaluation.

1. INTERNAL EVALUATION

20% of the total marks in each course are for internal evaluation. The colleges shall send only the marks obtained for internal examination to the university.

Table 1: Components of Evaluation

Sl. No. Components Marks

1 Attendance 5

2 Test papers: I & II 5 + 5

3 Assignment 2

4 Seminar 3

Total Marks 20

13

Table 2: Percentage of Attendance and Eligible Marks

% of attendance Marks

Above 90% 5

85-89% 4

80-84% 3

76-79% 2

75% 1

Table 3: Pattern of Test Papers

Duration Pattern Total

number of questions

Number of questions to be

answered

Marks for each

question Marks

1.5 Hours

One word 4 4 1 4 Short answer 5 4 2 8 Paragraph 5 3 6 18 Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks* 40

*90% and above = 5, 80 to below 90% = 4.5, 70 to below 80% = 4, 60 to below 70% = 3.5, 50 to below 60% = 3, 40 to below 50% = 2, 35 to below 40% = 1, below 35% = 0

2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

External evaluation carries 80% marks. University examinations will be conducted at the end of each semester.

Table 1: Pattern of Question Paper

Duration Pattern Total number of

questions

Number of questions to be

answered

Marks for each

question Marks

3 Hours

One word 10 10 1 10 Short answer 12 10 2 20 Paragraph 8 5 6 30 Essay 4 2 10 20

Total Marks 80

14

CORE COURSE PROJECT: EVALUATION SCHEME

Project evaluation will be conducted at the end of sixth semester.

Table 1: Internal Evaluation

Sl. No Criteria Marks

1 Punctuality 2

2 Skill in doing project work 2

3 Project presentation 3

4 Viva-Voce 3

Total Marks 10

Table 2: External Evaluation

Sl. No Criteria Marks

1 Content and relevance of the project 10

2 Project report 10

3 Project presentation 10

4 Viva-voce 10

Total Marks 40

15

ZOOLOGY COMPLEMENTARY COURSE STRUCTURE

Total Credits: 12 (Internal: 20%; External: 80%)

Semester Code No Course Title Hrs/ Week

Total Hrs

Credit

Marks

I

ZO1CO1 Complementary Course I:

Zoology-I 2 36 2 80

- Complementary Course V:

Zoology Practical-I 2 36 * -

II

ZO2CO2 Complementary Course II: Zoology-II

2 36 2 80

- Complementary Course V:

Zoology Practical-II 2 36 * -

III

ZO3CO3 Complementary Course III:

Zoology-III 3 54 2 80

- Complementary Course V: Zoology Practical-III

2 36 * -

IV

ZO4CO4 Complementary Course IV:

Zoology-IV 3 54 2 80

- Complementary Course V: Zoology Practical-IV

2 36 * -

ZO4C05(P) Complementary Course V:

Zoology Practical-V 2 36 4* 80

Total 12 400

* Examination will be held at the end of 4th semester.

16

COMPLEMENTARY COURSE THEORY: EVALUATION SCHEME

The evaluation scheme for each course contains two parts: viz., internal evaluation and external evaluation.

1. INTERNAL EVALUATION

20% of the total marks in each course are for internal evaluation. The colleges shall send only the marks obtained for internal examination to the university.

Table 1: Components of Evaluation

Sl. No. Components Marks

1 Attendance 4

2 Test papers: I & II 4 + 4

3 Assignment 2

4 Viva-Voce 2

Total Marks 16

Table 2: Percentage of Attendance and Eligible Marks

% of attendance Marks

Above 90% 4

85-89% 3.2

80-84% 2.4

76-79% 1.6

75% 0.8

17

Table 3: Pattern of Test Papers

Duration Pattern Total

number of questions

Number of questions to be

answered

Marks for each

question Marks

1.5 Hours

One word 4 4 1 4 Short answer

4 4 2 8

Paragraph 3 2 5 10 Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks* 32

*Marks: 80% and above = 2 , 60 to below 80% = 1.5, 50 to below 60% = 1, 35 to below 50% = 0.5, below 35% = 0.

2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

External evaluation carries 80% marks. University examinations will be conducted at the end of each semester.

Table 1: Pattern of Question Papers

Duration Pattern Total number of

questions

Number of questions to be

answered

Marks for each

question Marks

3 Hours

One word 10 10 1 10 Short answer 10 7 2 14 Paragraph 6 4 5 20 Essay 4 2 10 20

Total Marks 64

18

OPEN COURSE STRUCTURE

(FOR STUDENTS OTHER THAN B.Sc. ZOOLOGY)

Total Credits: 2 (Internal 20%; External 80%)

Semester Code No Course Title Hrs/ Week

Total Hrs

Marks

V

ZO5D01 Open Course 1:Reproductive Health & Sex Education

2 36 50 ZO5D02 Open Course 2:

Nutrition, Health & Hygiene

ZO5D03 Open Course 3:

Applied Zoology( Any One)

OPEN COURSE: EVALUATION SCHEME

The evaluation scheme contains two parts: viz., internal evaluation and external evaluation.

1. INTERNAL EVALUATION

20% of the total marks are for internal evaluation. The colleges shall send only the marks

obtained for internal examination to the university.

19

Table 1: Components of Evaluation

Sl. No. Components Marks

1 Attendance 2.5

2 Test papers: I & II 2.5 + 2.5

3 Assignment / Viva 2.5

Total Marks 10

Table 2: Percentage of Attendance and Eligible Marks

% of attendance Marks

Above 90% 2.5

85-89% 2

80-84% 1.5

76-79% 1

75% 0.5

Table 3: Pattern of Test Papers

Duration Pattern Total

number of questions

Number of questions to be

answered

Marks for each

question Marks

1 Hour

One word 3 3 1 3 Short answer 1 1 2 2 Paragraph 2 1 5 5 Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks 20

*Marks: 80% and above = 2.5, 60 to below 80% = 2, 50 to below 60% = 1.5, 40 to below 50% = 1, 35 to below 40% = 0.5, below 35% = 0.

20

2. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

External evaluation carries 80% marks. University examination will be conducted at the end of 5th semester.

Table 1: Pattern of Question Paper

Duration Pattern Total

number of questions

Number of questions to be answered

Marks for each

question

Marks

2 Hours

One word 10 10 1 10 Short answer

7 5

2 10

Paragraph 3 2 5 10 Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks 40

FIRST SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- I ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART- I

Code: ZO1B 01T

[DIVERSITY, ADAPTATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROTOZOANS AND NONCHORDATES)

[36 hours] [2 hours per week] [2 Credits]

Section-A (10 hrs)

I. Principles of classification and nomenclature (5 hrs) Systematics; Natural and classical. Nomenclature: Binomial and Trinomial nomenclature; International rules of Zoological nomenclature (brief account); Mention new trends in systematics

21

like Chemotaxonomy and Serotaxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy (Phenetics), Cladistics (Phylogenetic systematics), Molecular systematics. II. Five kingdom classification of living organisms. (1 hr) Mention Cavaller-smith’s eight kingdom classification also. III. Concepts of classification of animals (brief account) (4 hrs) Classification based on number of cells, tissue or organ system level of organization, development of germ layers, development of symmetry ,development of coelom, segmentation in the somite, homology and analogy of organs and their origin, development of mouth and digestive tract.

Section-B

IV KINGDOM PROTISTA (6 hrs) (Give a comparative account of various functional systems of the types specified to get an idea on the evolutionary trends of diversity.) Type: Paramecium: morphology and structural organization [as revealed by compound microscopy]; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and reproduction; conjugation in detail. Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla [Salient features of the following phyla with note on the examples cited]

Phylum Rhizopoda. Eg: Amoeba Phylum. Dinoflagellata. Noctiluca Phylum. Parabasalia. Trichonympha Phylum Apicomplexa [=Sporozoa] eg: Plasmodium Phylum Ciliophora eg: Vorticella, Ephelota

Section- C

V. KINGDOM ANIMALIA (20 hours) Salient features of the Major Phyla of animals and their diversity [Habits, habitat, morphology, functional anatomy and life history of representative types (wherever specified) and classification of each phylum down to classes, except otherwise mentioned, and examples thereof: Study of animal diversity with typical examples from each class, with emphasis on ecological– and adaptive features, economic importance and such other points of biological interest expected. Only very brief account of each example is to be studied.] Compare the various systems based on a specific example from each phylum VI. MESOZOA (1hr) A brief account of dicyemid and orthonectid mesozoans with examples: Dicyema, Rhopalura VII. METAZOA (3 hrs)

22

Phylum PORIFERA Classification down to classes; salient features of the classes

Class Calcispongiae example: Leucosolenia Class Demospongiae example: Spongilla Class Hyalospongiae example: Euplectella

Give an account of canal system; mention amphiblastula, parenchymula and gemmule VIII. Phylum CNIDARIA [=COELENTERATA] (7 hrs)

Type: Obelia morphology and life cycle Classification down to classes; salient features of the classes

Class Anthozoa example: Adamsia, Zoanthus, and Madrepora Class Hydrozoa example: Halistemma, Physalia Class Scyphozoa example: Rhizostoma

IX .Phylum CTENOPHORA [=ACNIDARIA] (1 hr) Unique features as exemplified by Pleurobrachia; mention cidippid larva X. ACOELOMATA (3 hrs) Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES Classification down to classes; give salient features of the following classes

Class Turbellaria Type: Dugesia Class Cestoda example: Echinococcus,Fasciola Class Trematoda example: Schistosoma,

XI. PSEUDOCOELOMATA (3 hrs) Super phylum ASCHELMINTHES Highlight the heterogeneous nature of animals of this group, Classification down to phyla Phylum Nematoda Characteristic features of Ascaris Examples: Ancylostoma, Enterobius, Wuchereria Minor Phyla (Salient features of the following) (2hrs)

Phylum Gastrotricha mention example: Chaetonotus Phylum Rotifera example: Brachionus

23

XII. Topics for Assignment / Seminar (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1] Nutrition in protozoans; 2] Reproduction in protozoans; 3] Parasitic protozoans of man 4] Polymorphism in cnidarians with special reference to siphonophores 5] Reef building corals and coral reefs

CORE COURSE I: PRACTICAL- I* A

ANIMAL DIVERSITY NON-CHORDATA Part- I (36 hours) (2 hrs per week)

[Students are expected to make sketches with notes, while they study the specimens in the laboratory / field itself. The record must carry sketches with notes of all specimens, mountings and dissections. Emphasis must be on scientific accuracy and not on beauty of sketches.] Section A: Study of the following specimens Choose useful and harmful forms from different habitats. All animals intended for type study are to be included. Slides / museum preparations are to be used; charts / models may be used in exceptional cases. Students are expected to identify the specimens by their generic names and assign them to the respective phyla and classes) 1. Protists: Amoeba, Noctiluca, Ceratium, Entamoeba,Trichonympha, Paramecium,

24

Ephelota [any 4) 2. Poriferans: Leucosolenia, Scypha, Spongilla, sponge gemmule, spicules [any 2) 3. Cnidarians: Sedentary hydrozoans: Hydra, Obelia [any 1)

Obelia medusa Pelagic hydrozoans: Physalia, Velella [any 1) Pelagic scyphozoan: Aurelia / Rhizostoma Common anthozoans: Adamsia, Edwardsia, Madrepora, Fungia, Tubipora, Gorgonia [any 2)

4. Platyhelminths: Free living flat worm: Bipalium / Dugesia Parasitic flat worms: Fasciola, Taenia solium [any 1)

5. Aschelminths: Parasitic round worms: Ascaris, Ancylostoma, Wuchereria [any 1) 6. Minor Phyla : Sipunculus / Bonellia or any other specimen Section B: Histology Transverse sections of a coelenterate, a platyhelminth, a nematode (Ascaris male/female)

SECOND SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- II ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA– PART- II

Code: ZO2B 02T [DIVERSITY, ADAPTATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF

NON-CHORDATE COELOMATES) [36 hours] [2 hours per week] [2 Credits]

COELOMATA Phylum ANNELIDA (7hrs)

Type: Neanthes or Nereis Classification down to classes; salient features of the following classes

Class Polychaeta example: Arenicola Class Oligochaeta example: Megascolex

25

Class Hirudinea example: Hirudinaria Phylum ARTHROPODA (11 hrs) Type: Penaeus [details of larval stages not expected)

Classification down to classes; salient features of the following classes Class Trilobita [brief account only] Class Merostomata example: Limulus Class Arachnida example: Palamnaeus, spider, mention ticks and mites Class Myriapoda examples: Scolopendra, Spirostreptus Class Crustacea example: Sacculina, Eupagurus Class Insecta examples: Lepisma, Mantis, and TabanusSouthern bird wing butterfly

Phylum MOLLUSCA (8 hrs) Type: Pila

Classification down to classes; salient features of the following classes Class Placophora example: Chiton Class Bivalvia example: Perna Class Scaphopoda example: Dentalium Class Gastropoda example: Turbinella Class Cephalopoda example: Sepia

Phylum ECHINODERMATA (4 hrs) Structural peculiarities of star fish; water vascular system in detail Classification down to classes [of extant forms only]; salient features of the following Classes and very brief account of examples

Class Crinoidea example: Antedon Class Asteroidea example: Astropecten Class Ophiuroidea example: Ophiothrix Class Holothuroidea example: Holothuria

Phylum HEMICHORDATA (1 hr)

Salient features and example: Balanoglossus Coelomate Minor Phyla: (3 hrs) Salient features of the following Minor Phyla; mention examples specified [structure and life history not required)

Phylum Phoronida example: Phoronis Phylum Ectoprocta [=Bryozoa] example: Bugula Phylum Echiura example: Bonellia

Phylum Onychophora [2 hrs] Peripatus: [distribution, peculiarities and affinities)

Topics for Assignment / Seminar (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

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1] Ecological importance of earthworm and vermiculture 2] Larval forms in Crustacea and their significance 3] Metamorphosis in insects; Social organization in insects 4] Economic importance of mollusks 5. Useful and harmful insects. 6. Economic importance of crustaceans. REFERENCES Anderson, D. T.: Invertebrate Zoology. 2e, 2001, Oxford Uty. Press (Indian Edn.2006) Bhaskaran, K. K. & Biju Kumar, A.: Economic Zoology. Manjusha Pubs, Calicut Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K.: Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand & Co, New Delhi Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N.: A Manual of Zoolog.y Vol. I [Part I & II], S. Viswanathan, Madras Encarta: 2004 Edn or new versions [CDs], Microsoft Encyclopedia Britannica: 2004 Edn or new versions [CDs] Britannica.com India Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S.: Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Co, New Delhi Kotpal, R. L.: Modern TB of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Pechenik, J. A. 4e 2002 Biology of the Invertebrates. TMH 2002 Ruppert, E. E. et al.: Invertebrate Zoology. 7 e, 2004, Thomson Brooks Cole http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu http://www.mbl.edu http://phylogeny.corne

CORE COURSE II: PRACTICAL- I* B ANIMAL DIVERSITY NONCHORDATA Part- II

(36 hours) (2 hrs per week) 1. Annelids : Polychaetes Aphrodite, Chaetopterus, Arenicola, Tomopteris

[any 2] Common earthworm: Megascolex / Pheretima : Leech: Hirudinaria, Heamadipsa, Branchellion [any 2]

2. Arthropods: Items of evolutionary / taxonomic importance - Limulus, Streptocephalus [Any 2] :Common fouling barnacle – Lepas / Balanus : Parasitic crustaceans– Sacculina, Cymathoa, Argulus [any 2] : Crustacean of the sandy shore– Emerita / Albunea : Symbiotic crustacean - Eupagurus : Economically important crustacean– prawn, crab [any 1]

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: Vectors – Cyclops, mosquito, housefly, rat flea [any 2] : Insect pests – Lepisma, termite queen, pest of paddy, pest of coconut, pest of stored grains [any 5] : Aquatic insects – Belostoma, Nepa, Ranatra [any 1] : Predatory insect - dragonfly, ant lion, Mantis [any 1] : Insect which camouflages - stick insect / Phyllium : Common myriapods – Scolopendra/ Scutigera, Julus/ Spirostreptus / Jonespeltis [any 2] : Common arachnids – Palamnaeus / Buthus, spider/ tick /mite [any 2]

9. Mollusks : Inter tidal mollusks – Chiton, Patella, Haliotis, Onchidium, Aplysia [any 2] : Ornamental gastropods –Cypraea, Murex, Turbinella [any 2] : Poisonous gastropod – Conus : Pelecypods of economic importance – Perna, Pinctada, Teredo, Ostrea [any 2] : Scaphopod - Dentalium : Cephalopods of economic or evolutionary importance Sepia, Loligo, Octopus, Nautilus [any 2]

10. Echinoderms: sea lily, star fish, brittle star, sea cucumber, sea urchin, cake urchin, heart urchin [any 3] 11. Hemichordata: Balanoglossus 12.Onychophora: Peripatus(Evolutionary significance) Section B:Histology: Compare TS of an annelid [Neanthes / Earth worm//leech] Section C:Mountings

1. Earthworm : Setae [a few loose setae) (minor) 2. Neanthes or any other polychaete: Parapodium [minor) 3. Penaeus : Appendages [minor) 4. Cockroach : Salivary apparatus [Major) 5. Honeybee/ plant bug: Mouth parts [minor)

Section D: Dissections 1. Penaeus : Nervous system [Major) 2. Cockroach : Nervous system [Major)

THIRD SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE-III ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA- PART-I

CODE: ZO3B 03T [TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL ANATOMY AND

ADAPTATIONS OF CHORDATES] [54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

Introduction [3 hrs] Chordate characters [fundamental, general and advanced); chordates versus nonchordates; diversity of chordates; classification down to subphyla; salient features of each subphylum. Type study with special emphasis to comparing various functional systems (Comparative Anatomy) such as Morphology, Integumentary, digestive,respiratory,circulatory,excretory,nervous and reproductive systems. Also mention the evolutionary significance.

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Subphylum 1. UROCHORDATA [Tunicata] [5 hrs] Affinities; add a note on neoteny [paedogenesis) Classification down to classes Class: Ascidiacea Type: Ascidia [morphology and retrogressive

metamorphosis] Class Larvacea example: Oikopleura Class Thaliacea example: Doliolum

Subphylum 2. CEPHALOCHORDATA [4 hrs]

Example: Branchiostoma [=Amphioxus] morphology, primitive, degenerate and specialized features [affinities and systematic position to be emphasized)

Subphylum 3. VERTEBRATA [3 hrs] Division 1. AGNATHA

Characters and examples: Myxine; Petromyzon [mention Ammocoetous larva] Division 2. GNATHOSTOMATA Super class PISCES [12 hrs]

Type: Mullet Classification of Pisces down to orders; salient features of the following groups

Class Chondrichthyes [cartilaginous fishes] Order Selachii examples: Scoliodon, Trygon Order Holocephali example: Chimaera

Class Osteichthyes [bony fishes] Order Crossopterygii [coelacanths] example: Latimeria Order Dipnoi [lung fishes] examples: Neoceratodus, Protopterus, Lepidosiren [Add a note on distribution of lung fishes) Order Acanthopterygii [spiny-rayed fishes] examples: Mugil, Rastrelliger

Super class TETRAPODA Class AMPHIBIA [14 hrs] Type: Frog Classification of Amphibia down to orders with examples [of extant forms only]

Order Apoda examples: Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus Order Caudata examples: Necturus, Ambystoma, mention Axolotl Order Anura examples: Bufo, Rhacophorus

Mention discovery of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Class REPTILIA [16 hrs] Type: Calotes Classification of Reptilia down to subclasses; salient features of the following subclasses; mention the given orders with examples Subclass Anapsida Order Cotylosauria [stem reptiles] example: Hylonomus

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Order Chelonia [common turtles, tortoises etc.] example: Chelone Subclass Lepidosauria [= Super order 1. Lepidosauria under Subclass Diapsida] Order Rhynchocephalia example: Sphenodon Order Squamata examples: Chamaeleon, Ophidia:Common poisonous and non-poisonous snakes of kerala. Ptyas, Typhlops, Naja, Daboia, Bungarus; identification key for poisonous snakes Subclass Archosauria [= Super order 2. Archosauria under Subclass Diapsida] Order Crocodilia examples: Crocodylus, Gavialis, Alligator Subclass Euryapsida and Subclass Synapsida Topics for Assignments / Seminars (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Migration of fishes 2. Parental care in fishes 3. Parental care in amphibians 4. Snake venom: nature; composition; antivenin; polyantivenins; prophylaxis 5. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes. 6. Economic importance of fishes.

CORE COURSE III: PRACTICAL- I* C ANIMAL DIVERSITY –CHORDATA-PART I

(36 hours) (2 hours per week)

[Students are expected to make sketches with notes, while they study the specimens in the laboratory and field. The Record must carry notes of all specimens ,mountings and dissections. Emphasis must be on scientific aspects. The record sheets related to part I and part II must be bound together to get a single Record.] Section A: Study of the following specimens (Students are expected to identify the specimens by their generic names and assign them to the respective phyla /classes/ orders) 1. Urochordates : Ascidia, ascidian tadpole, Salpa, Doliolum [any 2] 2. Cephalochordate : Branchiostoma 3. Agnathans : Myxine, Petromyzon, Ammocoetes larva [any 1]

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4. Fishes : Common elasmobranchs - Chiloscyllium, Stegostoma, Sphyrna, Pristis, Trygon, Narcine, Astrapes [any 2] : Common food fishes - Sardinella, Rastrelliger, Cynoglossus, Parastromateus, Trichiurus, Cybium, Thunnus, Etroplus, Mugil, Wallagonia, Tilapia, Catla, Cirrhina, Labeo, Cyprinus [any 3] : Fishes with special adaptive features - Hippocampus, Belone, Hemirhampus, Exocoetus, Tetradon, Pterois, Ostracion, Heteropneustes, Clarias, Arius, Anabas, Channa [=Ophiocephalus], Echeneis, Antennarius, Amphisile, eel [Anguilla / Muraena] [any 5] 5. Amphibians : Common amphibians- Bufo, Hyla, Rana, Rhacophorus Ambystoma/ Axolotl larva, an apodan [any 3] 6. Reptiles : Common lizard- Hemidactylus, Calotes, Mabuya [any 1] : Lizards with special adaptations - Draco, Chamaeleon, Phrynosoma, Uromastix [any 2] : Non poisonous snakes: Ptyas, Natrix, Eryx, Lycodon, Typhlops [any 2] : Poisonous snakes - Naja, Daboia [Vipera], Bungarus, Echis [any 2] : Water snake – Hydrophis / Enhydrina : Arboreal snake – Dryophis / Python Section B: Histology 1. Branchiostoma - T. S. through pharyngeal region Section C: Mountings 1. Sardinella : Cycloid scale [minor) 2. Shark/Calotes : Brain (minor)-Demonstration only. Section D: Dissections(Digital versions to be downloaded or procured as per UGC guidelines) 1. Shark/Calotes/Frog : IX and X cranial nerves on one side (Major) 2. Shark/Calotes /Frog: Heart and ventral aorta with branches on both sides (Major) 3. Mullet : [or any other bony fish]: Alimentary canal [Major) Section E: Osteology 1.Frog : Vertebrae-Typical,8th,9th,10th,Pectoral & pelvic girdle

FOURTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory) ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE-IV

ANIMAL DIVERSITY – CHORDATA PART-II Code: ZO4B 04T

[TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL ANATOMY AND ADAPTATIONS OF CHORDATES – AVES AND MAMMALS]

[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

(Give a comparative account of various functional systems of the types specified) Class AVES [27 hrs] Type:Columba Classification of Aves down to the orders specified; mention one example each

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Subclass Archaeornithes Order Archaeopterygiformes example: Archaeopteryx – brief account Subclass Neornithes Super order Palaeognathae [=Ratitae] Order Casuariiformes example: Casuarius [cassowary) Order Dinornithiformes [=Apterygiformes] example: Apteryx [kiwi) Order Rheiformes example: Rhea Order Struthiorniformes example: Struthio [ostrich) Super order Neognathae [=Carinatae] Order Galliformes [pheasants, quail, turkeys, grouse]example: Pavo cristatus Order Anseriformes [screamers, water fowls] example: Anas Order Passeriformes [perching birds] example: Passer domesticus Order Piciformes [wood peckers, barbets, honey guides] example:Dinopium Order Coraciiformes [kingfishers & allies] example: Alcedo Order Apodiformes [swifts, humming birds] example: Micropodus Order Strigiformes [owls] example: Bubo Order Cuculiformes [cuckoos, roadrunners, turacos] example: Eudynamys Order Psittaciformes [parrots, lories, cockatoos] example: Psittacula krameri Order Gruiformes [cranes, rails, coots, bustards] example: Choriotis Order Charadriiformes [plovers, gulls, terns, auks, sand pipers] example:Tringa Order Columbiformes [pigeons, doves, dodoes, sand grouse] example:Columba Order Falconiformes [diurnal birds of prey – falcons, hawks] example:Mylvus Order Ciconiiformes [herons, storks, ibis, spoon bills] example: Ardea Order Pelecaniformes [pelicans, cormorants] example: Pelecanus Order Sphenisciformes [Impennae] example: Aptenodytes [penguin) Order Phoenicopteriformes [flamingos] example: Phoenicopterus Add a note on extinct birds: passenger pigeon [Ectopistes migratorius), dodo [Raphus cucullatus], pink-headed duck [Rhodonessa caryophyllacea], elephant bird [Aepyornis] rediscovery of Jerdon’s courser [Cursorius bitorquatus] Class MAMMALIA [27 hrs] Type: Oryctolagus Classification of Mammalia down to the orders cited with examples specified Subclass Prototheria Infraclass Ornithodelphia [egg-laying mammals] Order Monotremata examples: Ornithorhynchus [platypus], Tachyglossus [= Echidna] Subclass Theria Infraclass Metatheria [marsupials] Order Marsupialia examples: Didelphis [opossum), Macropus [kangaroo) Infraclass Eutheria [true placental mammals] Order Edentata examples: Bradypus (sloth), Dasypus (armadillo) Myrmecophaga (spiny ant eater) Order Pholidota example: Manis (pangolin / scaly ant eater) Order Lagomorpha [rabbits and hares] Order Rodentia examples: Funambulus, Ratufa Order Insectivora examples: Paraechinus (hedgehog), Suncus (=Crocidura)

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Order Dermoptera examples: Cynocephalus (Galeopterus - flying lemur) Order Chiroptera examples: Pteropus, Pipistrellus Order Primates examples: Loris, Macaca, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, Homo Order Carnivora examples: Phoca (seal), Odobenus (walrus), Panthera sps, Viverricula indica [civet] Order Cetacea examples: Physeter (sperm whale] Delphinus (dolphins), Phocaena (porpoise) Balaenoptera (baleen whale] Order Artiodactyla examples: Sus scrofa cristatus, Gaur, Giraffa, Hemitragus [tahr], Cervus, Axis axis (spotted deer), Antelope cervicapra [antelope, black buck] Order Perissodactyla examples: Equus caballus (horse), Rhinoceros Order Sirenia examples: Trichechus (manatee), Dugong Order Proboscidea examples: Elephas maximus indicus [Indian elephant] and Loxodont a africana [African savanna elephant] Loxodonta cyclotis [African forest elephant] Topics for seminar: (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Aquatic mammals and their adaptations 2. Dentition in mammals [adaptations related to food) 3. Endangered mammals of Kerala 4. Flying mammals 5. Migration in birds 6. Flight adaptations in birds 7. Flightless birds REFERENCES: Bhaskaran, K. K. & Biju Kumar, A.: Textbook of Zoology (Chordata), Manjusha Colbert’s Evolution of the Vertebrates David Burney: Animal, Dorling-Kindersley Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K.: Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N.: A Manual of Zoology. Vol. II Part I & II Encarta: (CDs), 2004 Edn or new versions, Microsoft Encyclopedia Britannica: (CDs), 2004 Edn or new versions, Britannica, India Harvey Pough, F. et al.: Vertebrate Life. Pearson Edn Inc, Indian Edn Induchoodan: Keralathile Pakshigal. 1996, Kerala Sahitya Academy, Trichur Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S.: Chordate Zoology S. Chand & Co, New Delhi Kardong, K. V.: Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution. 1995, WCB Kotpal, R. L.: Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Prater, S. H.: The Book of Indian Animals. 1971, BNHS

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Romer, A. S: The Vertebrate Body; 1992 reprint, Vakils, Feffer & Simons, Bombay Salim Ali: Birds of Kerala. 2 e, 1969, O U P Salim Ali: The Book of Indian Birds. BNHS, Oxford Young, J. Z.: Life of Vertebrates. OUP http://www.oit.itd.umich.edu

CORE COURSE IV: PRACTICAL- I* D ANIMAL DIVERSITY –CHORDATA-PART II

(36 ours) (2 hours per week) 1.Birds- 1.Fossil . Archaeopteryx 2.Flightless bird.Rhea,Struthio [any 1] 3.Aquatic birds.Jacana,duck,teal [any 1] 4.Wet land birds.heron,ibis,stroks,pelicans [any 2] 5.Migratory birds.pelicans,cranes,flamingos [any 1] 6: Features and adaptations of: duck, parrot, king fisher, owl, kite and wood pecker [draw sketches of the beaks and feet of 3 birds) [Watch birds in their natural habitat and prepare a field note]

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2. Mammals : Common insectivore – Suncus, Hedgshog [any 1] : Common rodent – rat/ bandicoot/ squirrel [any 1] : Common bat of Kerala [any 1] : A primate – Loris or any other item 3.Osteology: Rabbit or any other mammal: skull [details of dentition], Atlas, axis, typical vertebra, scapula and pelvic girdle

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory) ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE –VI

Code: ZO5B 06T ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND

TOXICOLOGY, [54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

Section A: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (32 hrs)

1.Ecological tools and Techniques (4 hrs) 1. Sampling of animal populations (i) Trapping and collecting various groups of flying insects (aquatic organisms, soil organisms, birds and mammals). (ii) Marking of animals (iv) Determination of home range and territory

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(v) Estimation of number of animals in population (vii) Indirect method of estimating wild animals by their signs and symptoms. 2. Remote sensing. 2.Ecosystem and Energetics (6hrs) (a) Definition,scope and branches of ecology,Habitat,Niche,Community,Autecology and Synecology. (b) Energy flow and energetics of ecosystem (c) Solar energy and photosynthetic and chemosynthetic production (d) Energy transformations and energy transfer (e) Laws of thermodynamics 3. Biogeochemical cycles (3 hrs) Basic types of biogeochemical cycles - Gaseous cycle - carbon and nitrogen cycles; sedimentary cycle 4. Limiting factors (2 hrs) Basic concepts - Leibig's law of minimum - Shelford's law of tolerance, combined concept of limiting factors 5. Population Ecology (5 hrs) Properties of population - density, natality, mortality, age distribution, biotic potential, environmental resistance and carrying capacity, population growth forms, J and S shaped curves, migration, emigration and immigration 6. Community Ecology (5 hrs) Biotic community - definition, characteristics and classification, species diversity, fluctuations, stratification, succession, ecotone and edge effect 7. Population interactions (3 hrs) Intraspecific and interspecific associations - Positive and negative interactions: Mutalism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Predation, Competition 8. Man and Environment (4 hrs) (a) Sustainable development (in brief) (b) Destruction of habitat and its consequences - wetland, paddy fields, mangrove, river encroachment, sand and clay mining, ecological impacts of tourism

Section B: WILDLIFE CONSERVATION (18 hrs) 1. Biodiversity (12 hrs) (a) Introduction: alpha, beta and gamma diversities. Mention Shannon diversity index and Simpson’s dominance index. (b) Hot spots of biodiversity. Mention hotspots in Indian region (Western ghats and Sreelanka, Eastern Himalayas and Indo Burma) (c) Threats to biodiversity (Habitat modification, pollution, poaching, etc.) (d) Role of systematics in biodiversity, Extinction of species. (e) Natural resources and conservation-Strategeies of conservation, Natural Reserves, Classification of natural resourses. (f) Wild life conservation, Wild life (protection Act)1972,Conservation projects. Project Tiger,Elephant,Lion,Crocodile,Dolphins, Swamp deer,Blackbuck and Turtle. (g) Endangered fauna and flora.

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(h) Sanctuaries-Thattekkad bird sanctuary&Parambikulam wild life sanctuary, National parks –Eravikulam NP &Silent valley NP and Biosphere Reserves-Nilgiri BR &Agasthyamalai BR . (i) Mention IUCN categories and Red data book. (j) Conservation of biodiversity - in situ and ex situ conservations. Mention conservation of germplasm. 2. Global Strategy for Conservation (6 hrs) (a) Stockholm Conference / Declaration (1972) (b) Nairobi Conference / Declaration (c) Rio Declaration (Earth Summit, 1992) (d) CITES (e) Biodiversity Convention of UNCED (f) Kyoto Agreement (1997) (g) Johannesburg Conference (2002) (h) World Summit on Sustainable Development (i) UNEP and its major strategies (j) Protection of plant varieties and farmer's right Act (2001) (k) Biodiversity Act 2002 (l) Seed Bill 2005 (m) Wildlife Act 1972 and its Amendments

Section C: TOXICOLOGY (4 hrs)

1. Toxicants and public health hazards (a) Toxic chemicals (pesticides, automobile emissions, heavy metals, fertilizers, food additives, xenobiotics, radioactive wastes). (b) Indian law of drug and poisons (c] Levels of toxicity- Acute, sub acute, chronic, LD 50, LC 50 (d) Common bacterial poisoning (botulism) (e) Behavioural Toxicology Topics for Assignment/Seminar (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Environmental ethics and legislation 2. Individual responsibilities – Role of Governmental and Non Governmental Organisations in biodiversity conservation 3. Survey of animal poisons 4. Environmental pollution-land, water, sound and radiation References: Environmental Biology, Conservation Biology & Toxicology Alan Beebi and Anne Maria: First Ecology – Ecological Principles and Environmental Issues, IInd edition, Oxford University Press. Aggarwal, S.K-Foundation course in Biology 2nd edition-Ane’s student edition May R. M. and Mc Lean: Theoretical Ecology – Principles and Applications, Oxford Uty Press. Misra: Essentials of Environmental Studies, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. Agarwal, K.C.: Environmental Biology. 2001, Nidi Pubns, Bikaner. Agrawal, K.C.: Biodiversity. 1990, Agro. Anonymous: Conservation of Biological Diversity in India: An Approach. 1994, Ministry of Envt. & Forests, Govt. of India. Balachandran Thampi, K. et al.: The Natural Resources of Kerala. 1997, WWF for Nature - India,

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[Kerala State Office], Trivandrum. Chatterjee, B.: Environmental Laws - Implementation Problems. Deep & Deep Pubs. Cunningham & Cunningham: Principles of Environmental Science. 2002, TMH. Cutter: Environmental Risks and Hazards. PHI [EEE]. Dev, S. C.: Environmental Management, 2003, Jaico Pub., New Delhi. Hawkins, R. E.: Encyclopedia of Indian Natural History, 2001, BNHS/OUP. Jadhav, H. & Bhosale, V. M.: Environmental Protection and Laws. 1995, Himalaya. Kumar, A.: Textbook of Environmental Science, 2004, APH Publishing Co., ND. Kumar, A.: Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards in India. Agro. Kumar, U.: Biodiversity Principles and Conservation. 1999, Agro. Kurian, J. & Nagendran, R.: Essentials of Environmental Studies, 1e, 2003, Pearson Edn. Perry, A. S. et al.: Insecticides in Agriculture and Environment. 1998, Narosa. Purohit, S.S.: Ecology, Environment and Pollution, 2003, Agro. Sharma, P.D.: Ecology and Environment. 7 e, 2002-03, Rastogi. Richard Primack: Essentials of Conservation Biology, Sinaur Associates. Sharma, P.D.: Toxicology. Tikadar, B.K. Threatened Animals of India, ZSI Publication, Calcutta. Chapman and Reiss: Ecology, Cambridge Low Price Editions. Donald T. Haynie: Biological Thermodynamics, Cambridge University Press. Soper et al., Biological Science, Cambridge Low Price editions. Ananthakrishnan T. N., Animal Biodiversity Patterns and Process – Scientific Publishers. Ahluwalia, V.K. and Sunitha Malhotra: Environmental Science, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. Begon: Ecology – From individuals to ecosystems, 4th edition, John Wiley. Ramakrishnan, P.S- Ecology and Sustainable Development 2nd edition – National Book Trust India India 2009- Publication division Govt.of

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE –VII Code: ZO 5B 07T

EHOLOGY, EVOLUTION AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY [54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

Section A: ETHOLOGY (14 hrs)

1. Brief history, scope and branches of ethology. (2 hrs) 2. Patterns of behaviour (5 hrs) (a) Innate behaviour (orientation taxes/ kinesis), simple reflexes and instincts, motivation and categories of behavior. (b) Learned behaviour - habituation, conditioned reflex, trial and error learning;

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latent learning, imprinting, insight learning, memory and learning 3. Biological clocks / rhythms (4 hrs) Photoperiod, circadian rhythm; migration, navigation and homing instinct; diapause, hibernation and aestivation (in brief) 4. Sociobiology (3 hrs) Social group in termites and elephants, pheromones and social behavior. (mention human pheromones also)

Section B: EVOLUTION (32 hrs) 1. Introduction: (2 hrs) Concepts of inorganic and organic evolution, History of evolutionary thought: Ideas of evolution during Pre-Darwinian, Darwinian and Post- Darwinian periods. (brief account). 2. Course of Evolution: (6 hrs) (a) Origin of life: i) Theory of abiogenesis ii) Theory o biogenesis iii) Theory of special creation iv)Theory of Panspermia and v) Biochemical origin of life - Modern hypothesis – Oparin-Haldane Theory . Major steps in the biochemical evolution of the life (brief account): Origin of Earth and the primordial atmosphere, formation of organic molecules, formation of macromolecules or polymers, and formation of coacervates, microspheres, protocells and full fleged living cells. Experimental evidence for biochemical origin of life: Urey- Miller experiment. Other experiments , Modern ideas on the origin of life. (b) History of Life on Earth: Geological time scale (simple chart), mention Cambrian explosion. (c) Fossils, Fossilization and Dating of fossils (brief account). (d) Living fossils: mention common features and examples. 3. Evidences of Organic Evolution: (5 hrs) i) Morphological and anatomical evidences: Homologous, analogous and vestigial structures and their evolution. ii) Physiological and biochemical evidences: examples. iii) Embryological evidences: examples, Biogenetic Law. iv) Palaeontological evidences: Kinds of fossilization, formation of sedimentary rocks, determination age of rocks and fossils, conclusion drawn from fossil records (brief account). v) Taxonomical evidences: evolution based principles of classification, mention phylogenetic tree. 4. Theories of Evolution: (5 hrs) Lamarckism: Explanation of the major postulates of the Lamark’s theory with examples, Criticism against Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Present status of Lamarckism. Darwinism: Explanation of important postulates of Darwin’s theory, Examples for natural selection, Criticism against Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism (Synthetic theory of evolution). 5. Modern Concepts of Evolutionary Process: (3 hrs) Genetic basis of evolution: i) Mutations (gene and chromosomal mutationsbrief account), ii) Variations: somatic or environmental variations and genetic or hereditary variations, iii) Hardy-Weinberg Principle: Hardy- Weinberg Equilibrium , Factors that upset Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, iv) Genetic drift : effects on population, Bottleneck effect and Founder effect,

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genetic drift and natural selection, importance of genetic drift in evolution; Theory of Punctuated equilibrium and its relevance. 6. Nature of Evolution: (3 hrs) Species and Speciation: Species concept: Morphological and biological species concepts, General characteristics and subdivisions (sub species, semispecies, sibling species, cline and deme) of species; Speciation: Types of speciation-i) Phyletic speciation (autogenous and allogenous transformations) ii) True speciation (Instantaneous and gradual speciation [allopatric and sympatric speciation]). 7 Isolation and Isolating Mechanisms: (3hrs) Types of isolating mechanisms i) Geographic isolation : mention examples, ii) Reproductive isolation (a) Prezygotic isolation (habitat, seasonal, ethological, morphological, physiological and cytological isolation with examples.), (b) Postzygotic isolation (hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility and F2 breakdown isolation with examples.). 8.Adaptive Radiation (Divergent Evolution): cause and significance, adaptive radiation in Darwin’s finches. Convergent Evolution: mention examples. Pre-adaptation: mention examples. 9. Evolution of Vertebrate Groups: (2 hrs) Evolution of agnathans, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals (brief account). 10. Evolution of Modern Man: (3 hrs) Evolutionary trends in humans, Ancestors of Primates, Apes-the closest relatives of man, Fossil ancestors of man: Dryopithecus, Australopithecus (The Man-Ape of Africa), Homo habilis (The Handy Man), H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis (Neanderthal man), The Cro-magnon, Homo sapiens (Modern man); Socio-cultural evolution (brief account).

Section C: ZOOGEOGRAPHY (8 hrs)

1. Animal Distribution (4 hrs) (a) Geographic distribution of animals - cosmopolitan distribution, discontinuous distribution, bipolar distribution and isolated distribution (b) Factors affecting animal distribution; Barriers to animal distribution - Physical barriers (topographical and climatic); biological barriers. 2. Zoogeographical realms (2 hrs) Zoogeographical regions with specific fauna (fauna regions): Palaeartic region, Oriental region, Australian region, Ethiopean region, Nearctic region and Neotropical region; insular fauna; Mention continental and oceanic islands.

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3. Biogeography of India (2 hrs) Biogeographical zones of India Trans Himalayan zone; Himalayan zone; Desert zone; semiarid zone; Western Ghats zone; Deccan plateau zone; Gangetic plain zone; North east zone.Coastal zone; Islands present near the shore line. Topics for Assignments / Seminars (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1.Historical aspects of evolution - Inorganic and Organic 2.Fossils and fossilisation 3.Evolution of horse 4 Polypliody and Evolution REFERENCES For Ethology & Evolution Susantha Goonathilake: Merged Evolution – Gordon and Breach Publishers. Andrews, M.I. & Joy, K.P.: Ecology, Evolution & Zoogeography. S.M. Book Depot, Changanassery. Boulenger, E.G. Animal behaviour, 1994, Atlantic Pub. & Distributors Darwin, C.: The Origin of Species, 6e. OUP. Desmond Morris, 1990. Animal Watching (Field guide), Crown Pub Co., London. Dobzhansky, Th.: Genetics and the Origin of Species 1951, Columbia Uty. Press. Dobzhansky, Th. et al: Evolution, Surjeet Pubn., Delhi. India and South East Asia. CBS Pubs., New Delhi. Gamow.George(1970) The Creation of the Universe,BantanBooks,New York Gott.V(1977) The Amazing but Knowable Universe),Progress publishers,Moscow

CORE COURSE XVI: PRACTICAL II*-A ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY, WILDLIFE CONSERVATION,

TOXICOLOGY,ETHOLOGY, EVOLUTION & ZOOGEOGRAPHY

[54 hours] [3hours per week]

I. Ethology (Any 1) 1. Demonstration of the effect of alarm pheromones in ants 2. Demonstration of phototaxis using earth worm II. Evolution Study of models, charts and specimens related to comparative study of: 1. Study of homologous organs (limbs of 5 different groups of vertebrates) 2. Study of analogous organs (wings of bird, insect and bat)

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3. Study of evolution of man based on three hominid fossils 4. Study of connecting links (Archeopteryx and Peripatus) 5. Study of any four vestigial organs in humans 6. Study of adaptive radiation in feet of birds / mouth parts of insects III. Zoogeography 1 .Preparation of world map to show six zoogeographical realms 2. Preparation of world map to show islands of zoogeographical significance. 3. Preparation of world map to show Wallace line, Weber line and Wallacea 4. Locate the distribution of following animals in the world map: Peripatus, lung fishes, Sphenodon, monotremes, marsupials IV. Evironmental Biology, Conservation Biology & Toxicology 1. Estimation of dissolved O2 using Winkler method (in pond and tap water) 2. Estimation of dissolved CO2 in pond and tap wate 3. Determination of pH using pH paper / digital pH meter 4. Extraction of soil organism by hand picking, floatation and Berlese funnel method 5. Study of marine planktons (any five items up to genus level) 6. Study of food chain and food web.

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VIII Code: ZO 5B 08T

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS (54 hours) (3 hours per week) (3 credits)

Section A: CELL BIOLOGY (27 hours)

I. Scientific instruments and techniques in Cell Biology

1. Microscopy: (5 hrs) (i) Light microscopy: (a) Simple microscope (b) Compound microscope: Principles and uses; Use of oil immersion objectives; Use of ocular

42

micrometer and stage micrometer for microscopic calibration (Micrometry); Use of cameralucida, principle and uses. Mention phase contrast microscope, Fluorescence microscope (ii) Electron microscopy: Principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages.Mention (a) Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), (b) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). (c) Scanning-tunnelling microscope (d) Atomic force microscope. 2. Histological Techniques: (3 hrs) (i) Microtomy: Rotatory microtome (brief description), uses (ii) Preparation of materials for light microscopy (for temporary and permanent), fixation: Common fixatives, such as buffered formalin, ethanol, Bouin's solution and Carnoy's fluid; Common histological stains: Haematoxylin, Eosin and Leishman's). Vital stains: Neutral red and Janus green; Mounting medium: DPX, Canada Balsum 3. Histochemicals (1hr) Mention the techniques for the demonstration of proteins (mercuric bromophenol blue), carbohydrates (PAS) and lipids (Sudan) II. Structure of eukaryotic cell (2 hrs)

1. Plasma membrane –Unit membrane concept. Structure (fluid-mosaic model) and Chemical organization; Functions – Transmembrane transportation –diffusion,osmosis, active transport,pinocytosis,phagocytosis. Glycocalyx – Modifications of plasma membrane 2. Ribosomes: (2hrs) Types of ribosomes in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and mitochondria; Structure and chemical composition of subunits; free and attached ribosomes, monosomes, polysomes; functions of ribosomes; biogenesis of ribosomes. 3. Mitochondria: (2 hr) Structure and Functions of mitochondria, mitochondriogenesis 4. Lysosomes: (1 hr) Structure and chemistry, kinds of lysosomes, polymorphisms, enzymes in Lysosomes, concept of GERL (Golgi body – Endoplasmic Reticulum – Lysosome complex), functions of lysosomes. 5. Centriolesand basal bodies: (1hr) Structure, chemical composition and functions. 6. Golgicomplex: Morphology, chemical components,secretory and endocytic path ways,functions, golgiogenesis. 7. Interphase nucleus: (3hrs) General structure and functions, and nucleo-cytoplasmic index, Nuclear envelope : Structure , nuclear pores and pore complex formation, Functions, Nucleoplasm, Nucleolus: Structure, composition, nuclear cycle, nucleolar organizer, functions; Chromosomes: Chromatin, euchromatin, heterochromatin; Nucleosomes : chemical composition, Nucleosome packing , organization of chromatin. 8. Giant chromosomes: (1hr) Polytene chromosomes: occurrence, structure, puffs and bands, endomitosis, significance in cytological studies.

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Lamp brush chromosomes: occurrence, structure, loops, significance. Cell Divisons (3hrs) 1. Cell division – Cell cycle; G1, S, G2 and M phases – Check points. Amitosis: brief account only. Mitosis: description of all stages, cytokinesis and significance. Meiosis: description of all stages, nature of chromosomes during different stages and significance; mention stage G0 as an elevated part of cell cycle. 2. Cytogenetics of cancer (2 hrs) Types of cancer, characteristics of cancer cells, Carcinogenesis (theories: brief account). 3. Cell aging: (1 hr) Apoptosis – Cell death

Section-B: GENETICS (27 hrs)

1. Variations from Mendelian ratios: (2 hrs) Incomplete dominance and co-dominance, lethal genes, Pleiotropism 2. Interaction of genes: (3 hrs) Allelic and non allelic interactions, factor hypothesis, inheritance of comb pattern in Poultry,, supplementary genes, complementary genes, epistasis, duplicate genes, polymeric genes, modifying genes, atavism, penetrance, expressivity, polygenic (quantitative) inheritance, skin colour in man 3. Multiple alleles: (3 hrs) Definition, characteristics and examples: coat colour in rabbits, mention isoalleles, blood group alleles, genetics of ABO bloodgroup system, mention other systems of blood grouping; MN blood group, Levin, and Bombay phenotype; Rh factor and erythroblastosis foetalis; (problems related to blood group inheritance are to be worked out) 4. Linkage, crossing over and recomination: (4 hrs) Morgan's work on Drosophila, define chromosome theory of linkage; linkage types with examples: complete and incomplete linkage, linkage groups, crossing over; factors influencing linkage and crossing over; recombination; linkage map [Definition and principle] 5. Sex determination: (3 hrs) Sex determination and sex differentiation, sex chromosomes; X and Y male heterogametic and female heterogametic chromosome mechanism of sex determinations [XX-XO, XX-XY, ZZ-ZW types]; Genic balance (ratio) theory of Bridges, environmental and hormonal influence of sex determination: sex in honey-bees and Bonellia; short notes on intersexes; gynadromorphism 6. Sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters: (4 hrs) Types of sex-linkage – sex linkage in man [colour blindness as an example] holandric genes [hypertrichosis as an example]; sex-influenced traits and sex-limited traits [definition and examples] – Pedigree analysis – importance of Y; dosage compensation – Barr body – Lyon hypothesis

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7. Mutation: (3 hrs) Definition – kinds of mutations – gene mutations – molecular basis of gene mtuations – substituton mutations and frame shift mutations – mechanisms – factors influencing mutations – induced mutations – mutagens – Detection of mutations (ClB Method) Chromosome mutations – numerical and structural changes Numerical changes: euploidy and aneupoloidy with subdivisions Structural changes: deletion, duplication, insertion, inversion, translocation Mention significance of mutations in speciation and breeding 8. Human Genetics: (4 hrs) Normal chromosome component in human beings, classification and grouping of human chromosomes (Patau's scheme),Gene therapy. Chromosomal anomalies and disorders: Down's, Patau's, Edward's and Cridu- chat syndromes, sex chromosomal anomalies like Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes), Gene mutations: autosomal mutations like albinism, PKU, alkaptonuria, galactosemia, Tay-Sach's syndrome, Gaucher's disease, sickle cell anaemia, thalassemia, brachydactyli, .sex chromosomal mutations: haemophilia, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, dermal hypoplasia Polygenic traits: cleft palate / lip, club foot, hydrocephaly 9. Genetic councelling: (1 hr) Eugenics, Euthenics and euphenics. Topics for assignments/seminars (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. History of genetics 2. Human cloning – pros and cones. 3. Cytoplasmic or extra nuclear inheritance: Shell coiling in Limnaea, cytoplasmic orgennelles, DNA in chloroplast and mitochondria and endo-symbionts like kappa particles and sigma . 4. Microbodies : Peroxisomes and glyoxysomes, Structure, functions and origin of microbodies. 5. Human genome project 6. Cytogenetics of cancer REFERENCE Bhaskaran, K.K. & Biju Kumar, A.: Cell Biology, Genetics & Molecular Biology. Manjusha. Brooks, R. J.: Genetics: Analysis and Principles. 1999, Addison Wesley Burns, G. W. & Bottino, P. J.: The Science of Genetics. 6/7e, Maxwell McMillan Curt Stein: Principles of Human Genetics. 1960, Euresia Pubg. De Roberties, E. D. P. et al.: Cell and Molecular Biology TMH Dobzhansky, Th.: The Genetics and Origin of Species. Columbia Uty. Press Dowben: Cell Biology Fairbanks, D. J. & Anderson, W. R.: Genetics. Brooks / Cole Pubg. Co. 1999 Gangane, S. D.: Human Genetics. 2e, 2000, B. I. Churchill Livingstone, N D. Gardner, E. J. et al.: Principles of Genetics. 8e, 200 J W & S. Gerald Karp: Cell Biology.

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Gerlad Karp: Cell and Molecular Biology. Good Enough, U.: Genetics. Halt, Reinharts & Winston Gupta, P. K.: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2e, 2002, Rastogi Pubs., Meerut. John Ringo: Fundamental Genetics- Cambridge University Press. Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V. M.: Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. 2e, 1995, Harper Collins College Pubs Lewin, B. Genes IX edition. OUP. Loewy, Sickewitz, Cell Structure and Function Mange, E. J. & Mange, A. P.: Basic Human Geneics. 1999. Indian edn. Rastogi McCusik, V. A.: Human Genetics. PHI. Micklos, D. A. & Freyer, G. A.: DNA Science. 1990, Cold-Spring Harbour Lab Press. Niel O. Thorpe: Cell Biology. Philip Sheeler and Donald E. Bianchi: Cell Biology – Structure, Biochemistry and Functions. Primrose, S. B. et al.: Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6e, 2000, Blackwell Science. Ricki, L.: Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. WCB MGH Red: New Clinical Genetics. Robert H. Tamarin, Principles of Genetics. Roy, R. N.: Medical Biophysics, 1e, 2001, Books & Allied, Calcutta Sharma, A. K. & Sharma, A.: Chromosome Techniques. 1990, Butterworth Sharma, A., Chromosomes. 1992, Oxford & IBH Sharma, B. K.: Instrumental Methods of Chemical Anlasis. Goel Pub House Sinnott, E. M. et al. Principles of Genetics, 1958, MGH Snustad & Simons: Principles of Genetics. 1997, JW & S Stine, C. J.: The New Human Genetics, W.C. Brown Strachan, I. & Read, A.P.: Human Molecular Genetics. 1999, JW & S Strickberger: Genetics, 4e, W.C. Brown Pub., Maxwell Macmillan. Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.: Cytology. S. Chand & Co. Vijayakumaran Nair, K. & Jayaprakash, M.: Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology. Academica, TVM. Weaver, H.: Genetics. 1997, W.C. Brow

CORE COURSE XVI: PRACTICAL- II*B CELLBIOLOGY AND GENETICS (54hours) (3 hours per week)

Section A: Cell Biology

1. Staining of eukaryotic cells: Temporary mount of buccal epithelial cells to study their stracture and observe Barr body.(Major) 2. Mitosis: stages in onion (Allium cepa) root meristem (squash preparation) 3. Calculation of mitotic index and metapase index in root meristem of Allium cepa 4. Meiosis: stages in testis of grass hopper (demonstration only) 5. Giant chromosomes in Diptera: (Drosophila / Chironomus larvae) salivary gland cells (demonstration only).

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6. Study of the parts of a compound microscope, its proper use and maintenance (Minor) 7. Measurement of size of microscopic objects using ocular and stage micrometers (Major) 8. Study of the applications of centrifuge. Demonstration of cell fractionation and centrifugation using fish liver (or any other specimen)

Section B: Genetics 1. Scheme of Pedigree chart 2. Study of sex-linked inheritance (haemophilia and colour blindness) 3. Study of inheritance of human traits: (use Pedigree charts). Blood groups, widow's peak, eye colour 4. Genetic problems on Monohybrid, dihybrid crosses, blood groups, incomplete dominance and sex-linked inheritance (minimum ten problems to be worked out) 5. Study of normal male and female human karyotype (use photographs or xerox copies) and abnormal human karyotypes (any two) 6. Study of genetic syndromes: Down's, Klinefelter's and Turner's, Edward's 7 Study of phenotypic charcters in male and female Drosophila

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- IX Code: ZO5B 09 T

GENERAL METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS AND INFORMATICS

(54 hours) (3 hrs per week) (3 credits)

Section A: GENERAL METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE (20 hrs) I. Science and Scientific Studies (1hrs) Science as a human activity; scientific attitude; Empiricism; Science disciplines; Interdisciplinary approach. II. Scientific Methods (7 hrs)

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Major steps: Observation, Defining the problem, Collection of information,Formulation of a hypothesis, Experimentation, Analysis of the results and Conclusion based on interpretation of the results. Methods in scientific enquiry: Inductive and deductive reasoning. Hypothesis: Formulation of a hypothesis, Different thought processes in developing hypothesis (analogy, induction, deduction and intuition), Hypothetico-deductive model, Testing hypothesis, Auxiliary hypothesis, Adhoc hypothesis. Theories and Laws in Science; Scientific evidences and Proofs; Peer reviews. Importance of Models, Simulations and Virtual Testing. III. Experimentation (6hrs) Types of experiments; Design of an Experiment: Principles and procedures; Necessity of units and dimensions; Repeatability and Replications; Documentation of experiments Planning of Experiments: Design, selection of controls, Observational and Instrumental requirements, Test animals used in experiments. IV. Ethics in Science and Animal Ethics (6hrs) Scientific information: Depositories of scientific information – primary, secondary and digital sourcesSharing of knowledge, transparency and honesty. Reporting of observational and experimental data, Influence of observer on observations.Publications , Patents, Plagiarism Section 51A(G), Section 17.1(d) of the prevention of cruelty to animals. (Act of 1960)

Section-B: BIOSTATISTICS (15 Hrs)

I- Biostatistics: Definition, Scope, Role of statistics in Life Sciences, Terminology and variables . Sample and Sampling: Sample size, Sampling errors, Methods of sampling Specific aspects of statistical data i) Collection / documentation of data of the experiments: Classification and tabulation of data ii) Presentation of data: a) Graphic representation: Histogram, Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve b) Diagrammatic representation: Line diagram, Bar diagram and Pie diagram iii) Analysis of data: (a) Measures of central tendency: Mean, Median and Mode Standard error iv) Interpretation: Significance of statistical tools in data interpretation(mention t test, f test and chisquare) Statistics-based acceptance or rejection of hypothesis

SECTION-C: INFORAMTICS (19 hours) I. KNOWLEDGE SKILLS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION (8 hrs)

Data, information and knowledge, knowledge management - Internet access methods - Dial-up, DSL, Cable, ISDN, Wi-Fi - Internet as a knowledge repository, academic search techniques, creating cyber presence, case study of academic websites, open access initiatives, open access publishing models. Basic concepts of IPR, copyrights and patents, plagiarism, introduction to use of IT in teaching and learning, case study of educational software, academic services - INFLIBNET, NICNET, BRNET

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II. SOCIAL INFORMATICS (6 hrs) IT & society - issues and concerns - digital divide, IT & development, the free software movement, IT industry: new opportunities and new threats, software piracy, cyber ethics, cyber crime, cyber threats, cyber security, privacy issues, cyiber laws, cyber addictions, information overload, health issues-guide lines for proper usage of computers, internet and mobile phones. E-wastes and green computing, impact of IT on language and culture - localization issues - Unicode - IT and regional languages. III. IT APPLICATIONS (very brief account of the following) (5 hrs)

e-Governance applications at national and state level, IT for national integration, overview of IT application in medicine, healthcare, law, crime detection, publishing, communication, resources disabled management, weather forecasting, education. IT in service of, futuristic IT - Artificial Intelligence, Virtual Reality, Bio-Computing. Topics for Assignments / Seminars. (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Findings that changed the course of science. 2. Prepare a table showing the height of 20 students in a class. Calculate the mean height. 3. What are the mathematical properties of SD? How is it a better measure of Dispersion than range? Calculate the arithmetic mean and the SD of the frequency distribution obtained from a sample of data. 4. Report an experimental data in tabular / graphical form. References – GENERAL METHODOLOGY &BIOSTATISTICS Bailey, N. T. J. (1994/'95). Statistical Methods in Biology, 3e, CUP/ LPE. Collins, H. and Pinch, T. (1993). The Golem: What Every one Should Know About Science, Cambridge University Press. Gieryn, T. F. (1999). Cultural Boundaries of Science, Univ. Chicago Press. Green, R. H. Sampling design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. J.W. & S. Gupta, S. P. (2002). Statistical Methods. 31e, Sultan Chand & Co. Holmes, D., Moody, P. and Dine, D. (2006). Research Methods for the Biosciences, Oxford University Press.

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Pechenik, J. A. (1987). A Short Guide to Writing About Biology, Boston. Little Brown. Prasad, S. (2004 / '05). Elements of Biostatistics, Rastogi Publs., Meerut. Ruxton, G. D. and Colegrave, N. (2006). Experimental Design for Life Sciences, 2e, Oxford University Press. Rastogi, V. Fundamentals of Biostatistics 2nd edition – Ane’s student edition Snedcor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G. Statistical Methods. Allied East-West Press, ND. Sokal, R. R. and Rohlf, F. I. Introduction to Biostatistics, W.H. Freeman. Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. Principles and Practice of Statistics with special reference to Biological Science. Verma, B. L. et al. (1993). Biostatistics, OBS, ND. Victoria, E. McMillan. (1997). Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences, Bedford Books, Boston. Yadav, K. (1993). Teaching of Life Sciences, Anmol Pubns., New Delhi. Useful webs Biological methods: www.cfkeep.org/html/stitch.php?s=98965698293378 & id = 44650773279975. Writing Papers : www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html References on INFORMATICS Technology in Action, Pearson. V. Rajaraman, Introduction to Information Technology, Prentice Hall. Alexis Leon & Mathews Leon, Computers Today, Leon Vikas, Rs. 180. Peter Norton, Introduction to Computers, 6e, (Indian Adapted Edition), Additional References. Greg Perry, SAMS Teach Yourself Open Office.org, SAMS. Alexis & Mathews Leon, Fundamentals of Information Technology, Leon Vikas George Beekman, Eugene Rathswohl, Computer Confluence, Pearson Education. Barbara Wilson, Information Technology: The Basics, Thomson Learning John Ray, 10 Minute Guide to Linux, PHI, ISBN 81-203-1549-9. Ramesh Bangia, Learning Computer Fundamentals, Khanna Book Publisher Web Resources www.fgcuedu/support/office2000. www.openoffice.org Open Office Official web site. www.microsoft.com/office MS Office web site. www.Igta.org Office on-line lessons. www.learnthenet.com Web Primer. www.computer.org/history/timeline. www.computerhistory.org. http://computer.howstuffworks.com. wwwkeralaitmission.org. http://ezinearticles.com/?Understanding-The-Operation-Of-Mobile-Phone-Networks&id=68259. http://www.scribd.com/doc/259538/All-about-mobile-phones. http://www.studentworkzone.com/question.php?ID=96. http://www.oftc.usyd.edu.au/edweb/revolution/history/mobile2.html

CORE COURSE XVI : PRACTICAL- II* C

GENERAL METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS AND GENERALINFORMATICS

[36 hours] [2 hours per week]

Any 4 items of the following (1-7) 1. Design an experiment to prove a hypothesis by testing the specificity of the

50

enzyme salivary amylase on starch. 2. Measure the size of given leaves / any sample of data and calculate the mean, median and mode. 3. Measure the size of given shells / any sample of data and represent it in a graphical form and interpret it. 4. Calculate the standard deviation of the given set of data. 5. Censusing of the avian fauna / any fauna of an area and present the data in a suitable graphical form. 6. Construct frequency curve, frequency polygon, bar diagram, histogram and pie diagram using suitable data. 7. Formulate a hypothesis of any scientific observation made by you.

SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc .DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory)

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- X Code: ZO6B 10T

(36) (2hours/ week) (2 credits)

BIOCHEMISTRY (36 hrs)

1. Introduction (2hrs)

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History and scope, Stabilising forces in biomolecules (micro and macro molecules) and elements of biological importance; Electrostatic bonds, Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions,

2. Carbohydrates (6hrs)

Structure and classification. Monosaccharides, Glucose, Fructose, Mannose, Galactose, Disaccharides, Sucrose, Maltose, Polysaccharides, Starch and Glycogen. Mention the biological functions.

Principles of analytical techniques (qualitative and quantitave) and clinical significance of these tests; (Benedicts, Fehlings, Barfords, Selivanof's etc.) Mention(i) Colorimeter (ii) Ultraviolet - visible spectrophotometer,

3. Amino acids and Proteins (6hrs)

Structure and classification of aminoacids. Properties of aminoacids. Isoelectric point, Zwitterion. Peptide linkages.

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary structure of proteins, physical and chemical properties. Denaturation of proteins.

Principles of analytical techniques such as Biuret reaction, Xanthoprotein test, Ninhydrin reaction. Seperation techniques. Brief introduction to (1)Chromatography:(a) Paper chromatography (b) Column chromatography, 2.Electrophoresis: Mention (a) Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) b) Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

4. Lipids (4 hr)

Classification and functions (simple and compound lipids), Triglycerides Mention phospholipids, lecithins, cephalins, prostaglandins and cholesterol.

5. Enzymes and co-enzymes (4 hrs)

Classification, nomenclature and properties of enzymes; Active centre, mechanism and theories of enzyme action, enzyme inhibition, co-enzymes (NAD, FAD) and cofactors, Mention isozyme and ribozymes.

6. Nucleic acids (4 hrs)

Chemistry and structure of purines and pyrimidines, chemistry and structure of nucleotides (ATP, cAMP, NAD+, FAD), molecular structure of B-DNA, molecular structure of tRNA.

7. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (10 hrs)

Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, mention Kreb's cycle, Oxidation and reduction reactions, redox potentials, electrochemical gradients, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, role of cytochromes, release and storage of energy, high energy compounds, proton gradient and principles and chemiosmotic

52

synthesis of ATP. Deamination, transamination and decarboxylation of amino acids. -oxidation of fatty acids.

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Biological roles of water 2. Mucopolysaccharides 3. Polyunsaturated fatty acids. 4. Importance of Nucleic acids 5. Structure of DNA 6. Specificity of Enzymes 7. Significance of TCA cycle.

REFERENCES

1. Nelson, D.L. & Cox, M.M., Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4e, Palgrave MC, WHF. 2. Oser, B., Hawk's Physiological Chemistry, 14e, 1971, TMH 3. D.M. Vasudevan and Sreekumari Text book of Biochemistry, Jaypee.

4. .Arora, M. P. (2004). Biophysics, 1e, Himalaya Publications

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5. Asha Bhate (2005). Modern Tools and Techniques. Sarup & Sons.

6. Bajpai, P. K. (2006). Biological Instrumentation and Methodology, 1e, S. Chand & Company Ltd.

7. Boyer, R. (2004). Modern Experimental Biochemistry, 3e, Pearson Edn.

8. Conn, E.E. et al. Outlines of Biochemistry, 5e, 2001, John Wiley & Sons.

9. Mathews, C.K. et al., Biochemistry, 3e, 2003, Pearson Edn. (Indian Edn.).

10. Voet, D. & Voet, J.G., Biochemistry, JW & S.

11. David P. Plummer - Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd edn., Tata McGraw Hill Pub. Comp., New Delhi.

12. Wilson and Walker – Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th edition – Cambridge Low Price edition.

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- XI Code: ZO6B 11T

(54) (3hours/ week) (3 credits)

PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY- (54 hours)

Section- A: PHYSIOLOGY (36 hours)

1. Nutrition (5hrs)

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Balanced diet, nutrition in pregnancy, infant nutrition, breast feeding. Importance of dietary fibres, nervous and hormonal control of digestion, ruminant digestion. Nutritional disorders –anorexia, acidity, ulcer, flatulence, starvation, fasting and its significance. Obesity causes and consequences, Role of vitamins and minerals.

. 2. Respiration (6 hrs)

Brief account of gaseous exchange and transport of respiratory gases, respiratory pigments, structure and properties of Hb, Oxygen dissociation curve, Neurophysiological control of respiration; physiological problems in diving mammals, newborn and aged individuals.

3. Circulation (6 hrs)

Blood functions and composition, agglutination and coagulation of blood (enzyme cascade theory), clinical analysis of blood, haemostasis, haemolysis and jaundice, haemoglobinopathies, ESR, blood transfusion, aphaeresis,

Types of heart, haemodynamics. Common cardio-vascular problems: abnormal variations in BP, tachycardia, Bradycardia, Myocardial infarction, heart failure, cerebral haemorrage and stroke, ECG.

4. Osmoregulation and Excretion (6 hrs)

Osmotic and ionic regulation in terrestrial, fresh water and Marine animals; Osmoconformers, osmoregulators, water retension and conservation in desert forms, types of excretion, urea cycle. Human kidney- urine formation with countercurrent mechanism and hormonal regulation. Abnormal constituents of urine.

5. Muscle Physiology (6 hrs)

Structure of vertebrate skeletal muscle, EM structure of Myofibrils and Myofilaments; contractile proteins, ultra structural changes, physiology and chemistry of muscle contraction, energy sources, role of creatine phosphate, coricycle, muscle twitch, fatigue, rigor mortis.

6. Nerve Physiology (5 hrs)

Different types of nerve cells, glial cells, giant nerve fibre of crustaceans and cephalopods, regeneration of medullary fibres, neurotrophins, nerve impulse transmission, synapses and neuromuscular junctions, synaptic transmission (electrical & chemical), neurotransmitters

7. Bioluminescence and Bioelectricity (2 hr)

Classification -symbiotic, extra cellular and intracellular. Physiology and significance of light production. Structure and functions of electric organs.

Section- B: ENDOCRINOLOGY (18 hrs)

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1.Invertebrate endocrinology

Neuro endocrine organs and hormones in insects and crustaceans. (1hrs)

2.Vertebrate endocrinology

Classification of hormones, steroid and peptide hormones, Endocrine glands in man (Pituitary, Adrenal, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Gastro- intestinal, and Pancreas) and their hormones (brief account). Hormonal disorders. (5hrs)

3. Concepts of neurosecretion

Hypothalamus Hypophysial interactions, Hypothalamus releasing and inhibiting hormones. Roles of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones: Antidiuretic hormone, Oxytocin, growth hormone, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, TSH, Gonadotrophins. (4hrs)

3. Reproduction

Hormonal control of Testes, Functions of Testosterone. Role of Hormones in Female Sexual cycle, Placental Hormones , Female &Male sexual dysfunctions-Hormone related only. 4. Hormonal action (4hrs)

Mechanism of hormone action at the level of cell membrane (insulin), at the level of enzyme located in cell membrane (adrenaline and peptide hormones), at the level of organelles (thyroxine), at the level of genes (steroids), positive and negative feedback regulation; Hormone receptors (4hrs)

Topics for assignments/seminars (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Role of enzymes in digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

2. Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

3. Respiratory problems and health hazards caused by smoking.

4. Medical aids for respiration - aspirators, artificial respiration and ventilation, heart lung

machine

5. Composition and functions of lymph.

6. Common renal problems - Renal hypertension, nephritis, renal failure, oedema, acidosis,

uraemia, haematuria and calculi.

7. Brief notes on: Intelligence, memory, sleep, EEG, hunger, thirst and emotion

8. Emergency hormones, Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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REFERENCES

1. Chatterjee, C.C., Human Physiology, Medical Allied Agency.

2 Ganong, W.F., Lange Review of Medical Physiology, 20, Indian Edn., 2002, MGH. .

3. Guyton, A.C., Hall, J.E.: Text book of Medical Physiology, IOC, Harcourt.

4. Vander, A.J. et al. Human Physiology, 1998, MGH.

5. Bentley, P. J. Comparative vertebrate endocrinology, CUP. 6. Berry, A.K., A Text book of Animal Physiology, 6e, Emkay Publications, Delhi-51. 7. Gorbman, A. et al. Comparative Endocrinology, JW & S. 8. Hoar, W.S.: General and Comparative Animal Physiology. 1975, PHI. 9. Vijayakumaran Nair and Paul, Animal physiology and Biochemistry, Academia. 10. Hadley, M.E., Endocrinology, 5e, 200, Pearson Edn. (Singapore), ND 11. Highnam & Hill: Invertebrate Endocrinology. 12. Turner, C.D. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 13. Williams, R.H., Text book of Endocrinology, W.B. Saunders. 14. Nielsen – Animal Physiology – Cambridige University Press.

CORE COURSE XVII: PRACTICAL III*-A BIOCHEMISTRY, PHYSIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

(36 hours) (2 hours per week)

1. Qualitative Tests for mono,di and polysaccharides (reducing and nonreducing) (major) 2. Qualitative Tests for protein 3. Qualitative Tests for lipids 4. Abnormal constituents of urine (glucose and albumin ) (major 5. Determination blood clotting time (Demo) 6. Determination of blood pressure (Demo) 7. Determination of Hb content in man using Haemoglobinometer (Demo)

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8. Determination of body mass index (individuals) 9. Separation of amino acids (or any other compounds) from a mixture by using paper chromatography (demonstration) 10. Determination of concentration of unknown solutions using Photo colorimeter (demonstration) References: Michael, P. (1986). Ecological Methods for Field and Laboratory Investigations. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi. Patki, L. R., Balchandra, B. L. and Jeevaji, I. H. (1983). An Introduction to Microtechnique, S. Chand & Co. Ltd. Piramal, V. (2005). Biophysics. Dominant Publs. and Distributors. Plummer, D. T. (1995). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3e, Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publ. Co. Ltd., New Delhi. Roy, R. N. (2005). A Text Book of Biophysics. New Central Book Agency, Pvt. Ltd. Sawbney, S. K. and Singh, R. (eds.) (2001). Introductory Practical Biochemistry, Narosa. Verma, P. S. and Agarwal, V. K. (1985). Principles of Ecology. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory) ZOOLOGY Core Course-XII

Code: ZO6B 12T MOLECULARBIOLOGY & BIO INFORMATICS

[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3credits]

Section- A: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (27 hours) 1. Introduction (5 hrs) DNA as the genetic material.Griffith’s experiments-Bacterial transformations-Experiments by Hershey and Chase. Concept of gene-Gene action / gene expression: one gene – one enzyme hypothesis, one gene – one

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polypeptide hypothesis; central dogma of molecular biology and central dogma reverse; retroviruses. 2. Repetitive and unique DNA sequences (3 hrs) Chromosome content – C-value and C-value paradox, unique, moderately repetitive and highly repetitive DNA sequences – Satellite DNA – selfish DNA 3. Genetic code (4hrs) Gene and genetic code, deciphering / cracking of genetic code; contributions of 1) Nirenberg and associates, 2) Khorana; properties of genetic codes, codon assignments, wobble hypothesis 4. Protein synthesis: (5 hrs) Regulation of Protein synthesis – Role of RNAs synthesis of mRNA – promoter, enhancer and silencer sites – post transcriptional modifications – cis-trans splicing – spliceosomes – hn RNAs – activation of Amino acids – Polypeptide chain initiation, elongation and termination – release – Ribozymes – post translational modifications – coupled transcription and translation – poly cystronic mRNA – role of molecular chaperons – cell targeting proteins (brief account only. 5. Regulation of gene action: (4hrs) In prokaryotes [operon concept, Lac operon in detail], lytic cycle and lysogeny of phages [brief account] siRNA and RNAi, House keeping genes, gene modulation. 6. Organization of genome (5 hrs) Classical concepts of genes. Modern concept of genes – cistron, muton, recon, complicon, transcripton; split genes, overlapping genes, pseudo genes, jumping genes, cryptic genes [brief accounts only] Topics for assignments / seminar (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Human genome project 2. Structure of DNA 3. Types of DNA 4. Milestone of molecular biology 5. Mitochondrial genome 6. Types of RNA

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Section- B: BIO INFORMATICS (27 hours)

I. Overview of Bioinformatics (2hrs) Introduction: Definition, history, development and scope, tasks II. Major databases in Bioinformatics (5 hrs) a)Primary databases: Nucleotide sequence databases – Mention EMBL, DDBJ, Genbank Protein sequence databases – Mention Swiss Prot, PIR, MIPS Metabolite databases – Mention KEGG, EcoCye b)Secondary databases: Mention PROSITE, PRINTS, Blocks III. Database Search Engines (4hrs) Mention Entrez at NCBI of USA, SRS at EBI of England, STAG at DDBJ of Japan IV. Sequence Similarity Search (3hrs) Pairwise sequence alignment: Mention BLAST, FASTA, Multiple sequence alignment: Mention CLUSTAL W, CLUSTAL X V. Micro arrays (2hrs) Data analysis tools and methods VI. Genomics (3 hrs) DNA sequencing, applications (Brief account) VII. Proteomics (2 hrs) Tools and applications (Brief account) VIII. Metabolomics (2hrs) Tools and applications (Brief account) IX. Applications of Bioinformatics (2hrs) X. Ethical issues in Bioinformatics (2hrs) Accuracy and error a. Appropriate uses and users b. Privacy and confidentiality References:-Molecular biology: Alberts, B. et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Pubg. Inc., New York. Bhaskaran, K.K. & Biju Kumar, A.: Cell Biology, Genetics & Molecular Biology. Manjusha. Brooks, R. J.: Genetics: Analysis and Principles. 1999, Addison Wesley Burns, G. W. & Bottino, P. J.: The Science of Genetics. 6/7e, Maxwell McMillan Darnell, J. et al.: Molecular Cell Biology. Scientific American Book De Roberties, E. D. P. et al.: Cell and Molecular Biology TMH Dobzhansky, Th.: The Genetics and Origin of Species. Columbia Uty. Press Freifelder: Molecular Biology. Narosa Pubg. House, N. D.

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Gangane, S. D.: Human Genetics. 2e, 2000, B. I. Churchill Livingstone, N D. Gerlad Karp: Cell and Molecular Biology. Good Enough, U.: Genetics. Halt, Reinharts & Winston Gupta, P. K.: Cell and Molecular Biology, 2e, 2002, Rastogi Pubs., Meerut. John Ringo: Fundamental Genetics- Cambridge University Press. Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V. M.: Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. 2e, 1995, Harper Collins College Pubs Lewin, B. Genes IX edition. OUP Mange, E. J. & Mange, A. P.: Basic Human Geneics. 1999. Indian edn. Rastogi McCusik, V. A.: Human Genetics. PHI. Micklos, D. A. & Freyer, G. A.: DNA Science. 1990, Cold-Spring Harbour Lab Pre Primrose, S. B. et al.: Principles of Gene Manipulation, 6e, 2000, Blackwell Science. Ricki, L.: Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. WCB MGH Red: New Clinical Genetics. Robert H. Tamarin, Principles of Genetics. Roy, R. N.: Medical Biophysics, 1e, 2001, Books & Allied, Calcutta Sharma, A. K. & Sharma, A.: Chromosome Techniques. 1990, Butterworth Sharma, A., Chromosomes. 1992, Oxford & IBH Sharma, B. K.: Instrumental Methods of Chemical Anlasis. Goel Pub House Sinnott, E. M. et al. Principles of Genetics, 1958, MGH Snustad & Simons: Principles of Genetics. 1997, JW & S Stine, C. J.: The New Human Genetics, W.C. Brown Strachan, I. & Read, A.P.: Human Molecular Genetics. 1999, JW & S Strickberger: Genetics, 4e, W.C. Brown Pub., Maxwell Macmillan. Vijayakumaran Nair, K. & Jayaprakash, M.: Cell Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology. Academica, TVM. Watson, Baker, Bell, Gann and Levin, Molecular Biology of Genes. Watson, J.D. et al., Molecular Biology of the Gene, 4e, Benjamin Cummings Weaver, H.: Genetics. 1997, W.C. Brown Winchester, A.M.: Genetics, 3e, 1966/6790, Oxford & IBH. Vides, Integrative Approach to Molecular Biology, MIT Press Vides, Gene Regulation and Metabolism, MIT Press Potchard, Medical Genetics at a Glance, Blackwell Jan Vijg, Aging of the Genome, Oxford University Press Frank H. Stephenson, Calculations for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A guide to Mathematics in the Laboratory, Academic Press, Elsevier References:Bioinformatics Atwood and Parry-Smith. 2001. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi. Baxevanis & Ouellette. 2001. Bioinformatics - A practical guide to the Analysis of Gdnes and Proteins, Wiley, New York. Mount, 2001. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis. Cold Sprint Harbour laboratory Press, New York. S.C. Rastogi, Mendiratta, P. Rastogi. 2005. Bioinformatics: Method & Applications. Genomics,

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Proteomiocs & Drug Discovery. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. Mani & Vijayaraj. 2004. Bioinformatics: A Practical Approach. Aparna Publications, India. Higgins and Taylor. 2000. Bioinformatics: Sequence, Structure and Databanks. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Jin Xiong. 2006. Essential Bioinformatics. Cambridge University Press, India Pvt. Ltd. Rex A. Dwyer - Genomic Peril - From Bioinformatics Basics to Working Code (with CD) - Cambridge University Press. Atwood and Parry-Smith. 2001. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi. www.fgcuedu/supp

SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory) ZOOLOGY Core Course XIII

Code: ZO6B 13 T REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND

TERATOLOGY (54 Hours) (3 hours per week, 3 credits)

Section A: REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY (14 hrs)

1. Introduction (1 hr) Scope, reproductive strategies in invertebrates and vertebrates: semiparity

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and iteroparity, sexpatterns: unisexual, reversal of sex, examples. 2. Reproductive system in human beings (3 hrs) Male reproductive system: Structure of testis, Semen production and composition, Ejaculation; Female reproductive system: Structure ovary and Graafian follicle, ovulation, mention corpus haemorrhagicum, corpus luteum and corpus albicans; Accessory reproductive organs ; secondary sexual characteristics. Gametogenesis male and female 3. Pregnacy, Gestation, Placentation, parturition and lactation (2 hrs) 4. Reproductive cycles in Mammals (2 hrs) Oestrous and menstrual cycles and their hormonal control 5. Reproductive technologies (1 hr) Infertility and its management: Brief account of semen collection, preservation, storage, artificial insemination, surrogacy. 6. Cryopreservation and embryo transfer (1 hr) Collection, care and preservation of embryos; In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer : major steps; Test tube babies 7. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) (1hr) GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, oocyte donation and embryo donation 8. Prenatal Diagnosis (1 hr) Different methods (invasive and non invasive). Female foeticide: ethical issues and law. (Mention Prenatal Diagnostic techniques – Prevention of misuse act – PNDT Act 9. Fertility Control (2 hr) Natural methods, Artificial methods, chemical methods, hormonal methods, surgical contraception, removal of gonads and uterus , abortion.

Section B: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (37hrs) 1. Introduction (1 hr) Historical Perspective, Theories of Preformation, Epigenesis, Recapitulation and Germplasm, Determinate and Indeterminate types of development, Germ layers and Derivatives. 2. Types of eggs (2 hrs) Classification of eggs based on: the amount of yolk (micro, meso & macrolecithal), the distribution (iso, centro & telo lecithal), presence or absence of shell (cleidoic & non cleidoic), the development (determinate &

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indeterminate) with examples; egg membranes (primary, secondary and tertiary) 3. Cleavage and cell lineage (3 hrs) Types of cleavage with examples: based on planes (Meridional, Vertical, Equatorial and Latitudinal); based on amount of yolk (Holoblastic & Meroblastic); based on development (Determinate & Indeterminate); based on Pattern (Radial & Spiral); Cell lineage studies in Planocera; Different types of blastulae. 4. Early development of Amphioxus (3 hrs) Cleavage, Blastulation, Gastrulation & Neurulation. 5. Development of Frog (8 hrs) Fertilization, Cleavage, Blastulation & fate map, Gastrulation (Morphogenetic movements) and formation of germ layers, neurulation & notochord formation, mesoderm and coelom formation; organogeny of brain and eye; hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis. 6. Development of Chick (7 hrs) Fertilization, Structure of egg; cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation and formation of germ layers; Salient features of chick embryo at primitive streak stage, 24 & 33, 48 hours stage; Development and functions of extra embryonic membranes. 7. Development of Man (3 hrs) Cleavage and formation of morula, development of blastocyst, implantation, gastrulation up to the formation of germ layers. 8. Cell Differentiation and Gene action during development (4 hrs) Cell differentiation, totipotency, pluripotency, Dedifferentiaton and Redifferentiation; controlled gene expression during development, Homeotic genes, Mention Hoxgenes; Stem cells, their significance and applications . 9. Parthenogenesis (2 hrs) Definition, Types: i).Natural parthenogenesis: Arrhenotoky, Thelytoky, Obligatory and Facultative, ii). Artificial parthenogenesis, and significance 10. Experimental Embryology (4 hrs) Construction of fate map, Vital staining, Marking with carbon particles & radio active tracing; Spemann's constriction experiments on amphibian embryos (Potency of nuclei and grey crescent), Importance of Grey crescent; Organizers in amphibian development (primary, secondary & tertiary organizers); Gradient experiments in sea urchin eggs).

Section C: TERATOLOGY (3 hrs)

Environmental disruption of animal development (alcohol, drugs, Nicotine and chemicals- brief account) [Refer Developmental Biology, Scott F.Gilbert].

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Topics for Seminar / Assignment/Discussion (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Placenta: different types and functions 2. Development of foetal membranes in man. 3. Regeneration in animals. 4. Factors affecting regeneration 5. Factors inducing parthenogenesis. 6. Struture of different types of eggs (amphioxus, frog, insect) 7. Corpus luteum, corpus albicans and corpus haemorhagicum References Agarwal, P., Chordate Embryology and Histology, 1e, 2001, Krishna Prakashan Balinsky, B.I. Embryology, Saunders & Topan Bejley, D.J. et al., Human Reproduction & Developmental Biology, 1980, McMillan Berril, N.J. & Karp, G. Development TMH. Gilbert, S.C., Developmental Biology, 5e, Sinauer Associations. Jayaprakash, M. A Manual of Developmental Biology, 2e, Academia, Trivandrum. Patten, B.M.: Early Embryology of the Chick, 1973, TMH. Patten, B.M.: Foundations of Embryology, 1958, McGraw Hill. Rugh, R.: Frog Reproduction and Development. Sastry & Shukal: Developmental Biology, 2003, 1e, Rastogi Pub. Scott, F., Gilbert: Developmental Biology – Sinaur Associates. Verma, P.S. & Agarwal V.K.: Chordate Embryology. Vijayakumaran Nair, K. & George P.V. A Manual of Developmental Biology, 3e, 2002. Wolpert, L.: Principles of Development, 1994, OUP. Muller, Developmental Biology, Springer Publishers.

CORE COURSE XVII: PRACTICAL III*B REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

(36 hours) (2 hours per week)

1. Demonstration of chick blastoderm 2. Induced ovulation in fish 3. Study of life cycle in Drosophila Spotters Types of eggs (Insect, amphioxus, frog, chick, and human) Cleavage in frog (use slides / diagrams/models)

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Shark - Yolk sac placenta Frog- Blastula, gastrula, neurula Chick – 18, 24,32, 48 hours of incubation Mammal - Any two mammalian embryos Larval forms of invertebrates (any five) and vertebrates (any two)

SIXTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory) ZOOLOGY Core Course XIV

Code: ZO6B 14T BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

(54 hours) (3 hours per week) (3 credits)

Section- A: BIOTECHNOLOGY (18 hrs) 1. Definition and brief introduction of Biotechnology – Mention branches of Biotechnology (brief). (2 hrs)

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2. Fundamentals of animal cell culture and hybridoma technology: Primary cell culture, secondary culture, types of cell lines, valuable products from cell culture, hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies and their uses . (3 hrs) 3. Gene cloning and DNA sequencing: Introduction, cloning vectors (plasmid, pBR322, phages, cosmids, virus, YAC), Enzymes of rDNA technology (Exonuclease, Endonuclease, Restriction enzyme, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, Riverse transcriptase) Use of Linkers Construction of Recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing (brief) (4 hrs) 4. Transgenic organisms: (a) Transfection methods: Calcium phosphate precipitation, Dextran mediated, Lepofection, Electroporation, Retroviral infection, micro injection, Shotgun method (brief) (b) Transgenic animals: Fish, sheep, rabbit, mice, and goat. 1 example from each (c) Molecular pharming and bioreactors (d) Mention knock out mice, Bt cotton (3 hrs) 5. Molecular markers – RFLP, RAPD, VNTR Micro satellites or STR, and their uses. Chromosome walking,Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and DNA Finger printing (Profiling) techniques. (3 hrs) 6. Biotechnology and Environment: Biosensors, Bioremediation – Ex situ and in situ Biofiltration , Bioleaching (microbial mining) (2hrs) 7. The ethical and social implications of genetic engineering. (1 hr)

Section-B: MICROBIOLOG Y (18 hrs) 1. Introduction and scope of microbiology. (1 hr) 2. Survey of Microorganisms (outline only) (3 hrs) Prions, Viroids, Viruses, Rickettsias, Mycoplasmas, Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Prochlorophyta, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi and Slime moulds 3. Structure of a typical bacterium: (3 hrs) Characteristics and major groups of bacteria, growth phases, measurement of growth

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4. Viruses: Stracture and shape (2 hrs) 5. Basic methods in Microbiology: (4 hrs) Microscopic methods, Techniques of sterilization, Media preparation,Isolation and inoculation, Direct observation and Staining techniques, Maintenance and preservation of cultures 6. Microorganisms in Industry: (2 hrs) Products of industrial fermentations, Citric acid, Lactic acid, Amino acids, Enzymes, Vitamins, Antibiotics, Single cell protein, Steroids etc.). Effects of environment on microbial growth (Temperature, Atmosphere, pH and Osmotic factors 7. Microorganisms in Human Diseases: (3 hrs) Normal micro flora of the human body, Diseases caused by Bacteria, Protozoa,Virus (brief). Epidemiology and control of diseases, chemotherapy

Section-C IMMUNOLOGY(18 hrs) 1. Introduction and History Immunity – Natural and Acquired, Active and Passive, Immunisation, Vaccines Principles of vaccination, Attenuated bacterial or viral vaccines, inactivated viral or bacterial vaccines, Toxoid vaccines.(brief). (2hrs) 2. Immune System Cells and organs of the immune system.(B- lymphocytes,T-lymphocytes,NK cells, monocytes,macrophages,Neutrophils,Basophils,Eosinophils, Mastcell & Dendriticcells. Organs-Spleen,Thymus .Bonemarrow and Lymphnodes (3hrs) 3. Structure and classes of immunoglobins, their biological functions. (2 hrs) 4. Antigens: Exogenous antigens, Endogenous antigens, adjuvants, haptens, Epitopes, Antigen-antibody recation - Precipitation reaction, Agglutination reaction, Agglutination inhibition reaction. (3hrs) 5. Autoimmune diseases: Systemic-Examples (a).SLE,(b) Multiple sclerosis and(c) Rheumatoid arthritis - Organ specific-Examples (a) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (b) Grave’s disease and (c) Myasthenia gravis. 6. Techniques in Immunology : (2hrs) (Principles and Applications of) (i) Immuno assays: RIA, ELISA and Flow cytometry (ii) PCR (iii) Blotting techniques: (a) Southern blotting (b) Northern blotting (c) Western blotting; Mention dot blots and slot blots. (3hrs)

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7. Tumour immunology: Malignant transformation of cells, tumour antigens, immune response to Tumour effector mechanisms in antitumor immunity-a) Antibodies b) T-lymphocytes c) NK cells d) Macrophages (e) Immunothreapy. (3hrs) Topics for Assignment / Seminar (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Gene therapy. 2. Biofertilizers and Biopesticides. 3. Organ transplantation. 4. Genetically engineered microorganisms and their applications. 5. Hyper sensitivity reactions. 6. Genetically engineered food crops and concerns. 7. Cellular immunity. 8. Humoral immunity. References R. C. Dubey, A text book of Biotechnology, S. Chand & Co. Benjamin Lewin – Genes, Vol. IX. Old and Primrose – Molecular Cloning. L.P. Rema – Applied Biotechnology – MJP Publishes. R.C. Sobti and S. Pachauri – Essentials of Biotechnology – Ane books Pvt. Ltd. B.D. Singh – A text book of Biotechnology, Kalyani Publishers. Pelezar, M.J., Reid, R.D. and Chan, E.C.S., Microbiology, TMH. Kuby, J., Immunology, W.H. Freeman. Joshy K.R. Immunology – Agro Bios. Ananthanarayan & Paniker, J. Microbiology Orient Longman. A.S. Rao, Introduction to Microbiology, Prentice Hall of India. Hans G. Schiegel – General Microbiology, Cambridge University Press. Heritage, Evans and Killington – Introductory Microbiology – Cambridge University Press. Kanika Sharma – Manual of Microbiology tools and techniques – Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. Dominic W.C. Wong – The ABCS of gene cloning – Springer International Edn.

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Veerbala Rastogi – Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd. Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiansen – Basic Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press. John Smith – Biotechnology, Cambridge University Press. Wise – Immunology – Blackwell Publishers. Todd – Lecture notes on Immunology – Blackwell Publishing. Monica Cheesbrough, District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries, Part I and II, Cambridge Low Price Editions. Nicholl – An Introduction to Genetic Engineering – Cambridge University Press. Wise – Immunology a Comprehenive Review – Ane Books. Alphey – DNA Sequencing – Bios Scientific Publishers. Hardin – Cloning, gene expression, and protein purificaiton – Oxford University Press. Gandhi – Microbiology and Immunology notes and cases – Blackwell Publishing. N. Ahmed, Qureshi and Khan – Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, Horizon Press. Mansi – Fermentation, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Second Edition.- Taylor and Francis Wise,- Bioinstrumentation and Biosensors - Taylor and Francis.

CORE COURSE XVII: PRACTICAL III*C BIOTECHNOLOGY,MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY , MOLECULAR

BIOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS (36 hours ) 2hours per week

1.Staining of bacterial cell using appropriate bacterial stain. Lacto bacilli

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2.Staining of root nodule Nitrogen fixing bacteria. Rhizobium. 3.Identifiation of motile bacteria by hanging-drop method.(Demonstration only). 4.Preparation of culture media for bacteria.(Synthetic Media,NaturaMedia,Simple Media,Differential Media,Selective Media, 5.Study of microbial byproducts.(Antibiotics,Milk products) 6.Identification of human blood group(A B O and Rh ) 7.Prepare human blood smear to study the immunologically significant cells. 8.Study of transgenic animals. 9.Syudy of the principle and applications of Electrophoretic apparatus. 10.Study of the principle and applications of DNA finger printing. 11.PCR-Principle and applications. 12.ELISA-Demonstration. 13. Sequence Similarity Search using BLAST (Demonstration only)

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PROJECT WORK Code No: [ZO06 18(Pr)] – Vth SEMESTER

(36 hrs 2 hrs/week, 2-credits) Internal Mark-10 External Mark-40

Students are required to undertake project work on problems pertaining to biological science of 36hrs duration in Vth Semester. Scientific study on the topic selected is required to be carried out under the supervision and guidance of faculty members. A group consisting of not more than 9 students can undertake a particular project. Each student has to actively participate in the project work. The problem/ topic chosen by an earlier batch of students for their project work shall not be repeated by a latter batch. A certificate to this effect has to be attached by the Head of the department. A well documented project report duly attested by the supervising teacher and the Head of the Department must be submitted by each candidate for evaluation separately on the day of practical examination during VIth semester. The project must contain the following sections. 1. Introduction and objectives of study. (This part may contain citations of relevant literature in the field, if available) 2. Methodology 3. Interpretation of results 4. Reference Field Study / Study Tour (One credit, 10 Marks) A field study/study tour of 5 days is compulsory during the tenure of the programme. A total of atleast 3 days should be kept apart for visiting places of biological interest. One day trip should be associated with a site of ecological importance and one day trip should be associated with Elective course chosen. A detailed tour report certified by the teacher in charge of study tour and also by the Head of the Department regarding the field study/study tours specifying the places and institutions visited, date and time of visit, details of observations made etc. must be submitted by each student for evaluation during the day of practical examination of VIth semester. The study tour report is compulsory for each student appearing for practical examination. Viva-Voce (Two credit, 15 Marks) At the end of VIth semester each student shall appear for a viva-voce before a team of two external examiners. It will be conducted on a separate day for all candidates of the centre concerned. The questions will be based on basic biological concepts and field study. It shall not normally exceed 10 mts per candidate. Marks shall be given according to their performance. There shall be an internal viva-voice for 3 Marks.

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SYLLABUS OPEN COURSES

ZO5 D 01 , 02 & 03 FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory)

ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- I Code: ZO5-D 01

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND SEX EDUCATION (36 hours) (2 hours per week) (2 credits)

1.Introduction (1 hrs) Reproductive rights, Need for sex education 2.Sex determination and Chromosomal anomalies (5hrs) Chromosomal mechanism of sex determination, Environmental control of sex determination, Hormonal control of sex determination, Barr body, Twin studies, Sex reversal, Sex chromosomal anomalies:Turner’s syndrome and Klinefilter’s syndrome. 3.Sexualabuses and myths (4hrs) Premarital and extramarital sex, Sexual abuse and rape, Sexual perversions, Alternate orientations (Homosexuality, Lesbianism, Bisexuality Paraphilias), Oral sex, Animal sex, Cyber sex, Child abuse, Prostitution, Sexual myths, Sexual hygiene. 4.Prenatal Diagnosis (3hrs) Different methods (invasive and non invasive). Female foeticide: Ethical issues and laws. (Mention Prenatal Diagnostic techniques – Prevention of misuse act – PNDT Act) 5.FertilityControl (4 hrs) Natural methods, Artificial methods, Contraceptive devices and medications, Abortion, Legal termination of pregnancy, Vasectomy, Tubectomy, Vaccines and hormones in fertility control. 6.Infertility and assisted reproductive technologie (5hrs) Physiological infertility, pathological infertility, causes and problems in male and female infertility. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) – IVF, ET, AI, GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, Embryo or oocyte donation, health hazards in ART, cryopreservation of blastocysts and ethics, designer baby and ethics. 7.Sexually transmitted infectious diseases (6hrs) Symptoms, mode of transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of AIDS, Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Herpes (genital), human papilloma virus and genital warts, hepatitis, gonococcal vulvo vaginitis, Trichomonal vaginitis. Mention the term venereal disease. Socio economic dimensions of STD. 8. Ethical aspects of sex (2 hrs) Introduction, Healthy relationship with opposite sex, Role of counseling, Gender discrimination in family and society, Sperm bank, Ovum bank,

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9.Common diagnostic techniques (6 hrs) Imaging techniques and purpose of imaging – Angiography, CT scanning, MRI, PET, and Ultra sound scanning. Techniques to monitor body vital functions – EEG, ECG, LFT. Laboratory diagnostic methods – ELISA, WESTERN BLOT. Therapeutic methods – Endoscopies, Laser microscopy, haemodialysis, byepass surgery, angioplasty. . Topics for Assignments and Seminars (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Sexual counseling 2. Marriage counseling 3. Population explosion and birth control 4. Functions of male and female hormones 5. Hormones of pregnancy

References 1. Prakash Kothari : Common sexual problems and solutions, UBS Publishers and Distributors Ltd. 2. Kinsey, sex and fraud, Judith, Edward W. Eichel, John H. Court and J. Gordon, Editors Lochinvar : Huntington House Publications. 3. Lynn L. Long, Judith A. Burnett, R. Valorie Thomas: Sexuality counseling An integrated approach , Pearson, Merril Prentice Hall. 4. Robert T. Francoeur: Becoming a sexual person, John Wiley and Sons. 5. Guyton & Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology 6. Churchill Livingstone : Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine. 7. Vander, Sherman and Luciano : Human Physiology, McGraw Hill. 8. Vijayakumaran Nair, K.and Paul, P.I: Animal Physiology and Biochemistry,

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FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory) ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE II

Code: ZO5D 02 NUTRITION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE (36 hours) (2 hours per week) (2 credits)

Section-A: NUTRITION (18 Hours)

1. Introduction 2. Components of food, classification of foodstuffs, Balanced diet. 3. Dietary recommendations to a normal adult, infant, pregnant woman and aged. 4. Malnutrition disorders. 5. Significance of breast feeding. 6. Importance of fibers in food. 7. Food toxins, food adulteration, food processing and preservation. 8. Defects of modern food habits, mention food additives 9. Nausea, Vomiting, diarrhea, Constipation, piles, anorexia, starvation, acidity, flatulence, ulcer 10. Fasting and its significance. 11. BMI and its significance. 12. Different feeding habits: vegetarians, non-vegetarians and vegans 13. Human digestive system.

Section-B: HEALTH and HYGIENE (18 Hours)

1. Physical health, psychological health, sociological health, Genetic influence on health. Three elements of health programmes: environment-education-surveillance. (1 hrs) 2. Fitness-body conditioning, principles of exercise programmes, sports, use of leisure time. (1 hr) 3. Alcoholism: Alcoholic beverages, physiological effects of alcohol, abuse of alcohol, treatment of chronic abuse of alcohol; Smoking: rights of non smokers, composition and effects of tobacco smoke, the smoking habits (active and passive smoking). (2 hrs) 4. Familiarization of various diseases and disorders of human body. a. Communicable and non-communicable diseases (brief account): Bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan, helminth. (2 hrs) b. Parasites and their diseases (life cycle not expected): Mode of infection, pathogenecity, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of Entamoeba histolytica & Taenia solium (2hrs) c. Vector borne diseases and their control: Anopheles, Culex & Aedes. (1 hrs) d. Disorders of blood vascular system: Hypotension and hypertension, coronary thrombosis, stroke. (2 hrs) e. Cancer, hepatitis, jaundice, diabetes type Iand II, insulinoma, Hyperinsulinism,Aids(briefaccount) ( 2 hrs)

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f. Early intervention in autism, dyslexia and mental retardation. (1 hr) 5 .First aid-Snake bite (add a note on identification of poisonous and non poisonous snakes from the bite mark and observing the snake, mention Haemotoxic and neurotoxic venom, anti venom, poly venom (preparation); dog bite; Scorpion/ bee/ wasp sting; burns, road accidents, drowning. (2 hrs) 6 .Proper use of drugs-ill-effects of self medication. (1 hr) 7. Hygiene: Hygiene and health factors at home, personal hygiene, Oral hygiene and sexhygiene. (1 hr) Topics forAssignments and Seminars; (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Vitamins, hypovitaminosis, hypervitaminosis 2. Substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, resins, solvents, narcotics) 3. Blood pathology: anaemia, polycythemia, leucocytosis, leucopaenia, leukemia. 4. Genetic disorders, mental illness, rehabilitation. 5. Drug abuse in sports and athletics. References 1. Gibney, Public Health Nutrition, Blackwell. 2. Gibney, Clinical Nutrition, Blackwell. 99 3. Sarada Subramanyam and K. Madhavankutty, Textbook of Human Physiology. 4. Churchill Livingstone, Davidson's Principles of Practice of Medicine. 5. Guyton & Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology.

.

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FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory) ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- I

Code: ZO5D 03 APPLIED ZOOLOGY

(36 ours) (2 hours per week) (2 credits)

Section- A: ENTOMOLOGY 1. Introduction: ( 1hr) Mention Agricultural entomology, Forest entomology, Veterinary entomology Medical entomology , Forensic entomology, Industrial entomology, Nutritional entomology, Cultural entomology. 2. Agricultural Pests (6 hrs) Definition of pest, Kinds of insect pests , Nature of damage caused and control measures of the following pests: (a). Pests of paddy 1. Spodoptera mauritia (Rice swarming caterpillar) 2. Leptocorisa acuta (Rice bug) (b). Pests of coconut 1. Oryctes rhinoceros (Rhinoceros beetle) 2. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Red palm weevil) (c). Pests of stored products 1. Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil) 2. Callasobruchus chinensis (Pulse beetle) 3. Productive Insects (6 hrs) (a). Apiculture 1. Brief description of common species of Apis 2. Honey bee products : bee wax and its uses, chemical composition of honey and uses (b). Sericulture 1. Brief description of Bombyx mori (Mulberry silk moth), Antheraea paphia (tassar silkworm) 2. Sericulture and extraction of silk 3. Types of silk: Tasar, Muga and Eri Silk 4. Insect Pest Management (5 hrs) 1. Cultural control 2 Mechanical controls 3. Biological control 4. Chemical control 5. Integrated pest management (IPM)

Section- B: AQUACULTURE (4hrs) 1. Brief account on Pisciculture, Prawn culture, Mussel culture and Pearl Culture (with examples).

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Section- C: POULTRY SCIENCE (4hrs) 1. Introduction, Importance of egg production, Nutritive value of eggs. 2. Breeds of fowl: a) Exotic breeds: Rhode Island Red, Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire. b) Indigenous breeds: Chittagong, Gangus

Section –D: ANIMAL HUSBANDRY (6 hrs) 1. Introduction. 2. Breeds of cattle 3. Artifical insemination 4. Storage of semen 5. Embryo transfer technology 6. Common diseases :(a) Anthrax (b) Foot and mouth diseases (c) Rinderpest

Section –E: PARASITOLOGY (4hrs) 1. Introduction 2. Human Parasites: Mention the habits, habitat, life cycle, mode of infection, control measures of the following parasites: Entamoeba hystolytica, Plasmodium vivax & Taenia solium. . 3. Insect Vectors of human diseases: Anopheles, Culex & Aedes (Mention habits, structure, disease caused and control). References Nayar, M.R.G.K. A Monograph on Crop pests of Kerala and their control. 1989 , Published KAU, Vellanikkara. Sobti Medical Zoology Shoban Lal & Co. Boraiah, G., Lecturers on Sericulture 2e. 1994, SBS Pub. Bangalore. Cherian & Ramachandran Bee keeping in South Indian Govt. Press, Madras. Dileep de Sarkar: The Silkworm Biology Genetics and breeding. FAO. manual of silkworm rearing. a manual of mulberry cultivation. A manual of silk feeling. Gupta, K.C. Romance of Scientific Bee keeping - Khadi Pratisthan. Calicut. Mahadevappa, D. et al. Mulberry Silk reeling Technology. Mishra, R.C. Perspectives in Indian. Apiculture 2002. Agro Bios.Phillips, E.F., Bee Keeping 2003. Agro Bios. Sarda Singh: Bee Keeping in India, ICAR. Sreerama Reddy G. Silkworm Breeding Sulochana Chetty & Ganga: Sericulture.

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Tamaki. Y.: Sericology: Central Silk Board, 95-B, Marine Drive, Bombay-2. Ullal, S.R. & Narasimhanna. M.N.: HB of Practical Sericulture, Central Silk Board, Bombay. Alikunhi, K.M. : Fish Culture in India Cutting, C.L. Fish Processing and preservation. 2002, Agro. Day, F.: The Fishes of India. Vols. 1 & 11, 1971. Today and Tomorrow Book Agency Jhingran. V.C.: Fish and Fisheries of India. Hindustan Pub. Corpn. Kurian, C.V. & Sebastian. C.V.: Prawn and Prawn Fisheries of India Hindustan Pub. Corporation of India. Pillai, T.P.: Aquaculture Principles and Practices of Fishing, New Books. Rajendra Kumar Nath, R.: Freshwater Aquaculture, Scientific Pubs., Jodhpur. Samuel, C.T.: Marine Fisheries in India, Cochin University. Shammi, O. Applied Fisheries, 2002, Agro Bios. Sinu, V.R.P. & Ramachandran, V. Reshwater Fish Culture. ICAR. Srivastava, C.B.L. Fishery Science and Indian Fisheries, 2e. 2002, Kitab Mahal. Allahabad Winton. A. L.: Fish and Fish Products, 2000. Agro. Banerjee, G.C.: ATB of Animal Husbandry. 8e. 1998. Oxford & IBH. Banerjee, G.C.: Poultry, Oxford & IBH. Campbell, J.R. & Lasley, J.R: The Science of Animals that serve Mankind. TMH. Eckles, C.R. Combs, W.B. & Macy, H.: Milk & Milk Products. Tata MGH. ICARD: Handbook of Animal Husbandry, 1990/97, ICAR, Pusa, N.d. Jull, M.A.: Poultry Husbandry, 3e, TMH. Lasley, J.F.: Genetics of Livestock Improvement. 1987, Prentice Hall Eaglewood. Linter & Sunk: Poultry Science, Lippincot & Co. N.Y. Sastry, N.S.R. Thomas, C.K. & Singh R.A.: Poultry Production. Sastry, N.S.R. Farm Animal Management & Poultry Prodcution. Sastry N.S.R.: Farm Animal Management & Poultry Production. Vikas. Singh H & Mossa: Livestock & Poultry Production, PHI. Thomas, C.K. & Sastry, N.S.R.: Dairy Bovine Production, 1991, Kalyani.

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SYLLABUS ELECTIVE COURSES ZO6B 15(E) 01,02&03

SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME-(Theory) ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE COURSE- III

Code: ZO6B 15(E) 01T HUMAN GENETICS

(54 hours) (3 hours per week) (3 Credits) 1. Introduction: Scope and Significance (1 hr) 2. Identification of human chromosomes (a) History and nomenclature of human chromosomes – various conferences and their contributions: Denver, Chicago, Paris and Stockholm Conferences. (3 hr) (b) Characteristics of human chromosomes by non-banding techniques: A to G groups, various banding techniques, G-banding, Q-banding, R-banding, C-banding, Y-banding ,NOR banding and fluorescent in-situ hybridization( FISH). (4hr) (c)Non -disjunction of chromosomes- Meiotic non-disjunction, mitotic non-disjunction, non-disjunction of autosomes, non- disjunction of sex chromosomes and mosaicism (3 hr) 3. Human Pedigrees Pedigree construction, data collection, analysis and pedigree charts of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant and recessive gene mutation disorders. (4hr) 4. Autosomal dominant inheritance Familial hyper cholesterolemia, metabolic and genetic control of cholesterol, Huntington’s disease, Marfan’s syndrome (Arachnodactyly), osteogenesis-imperfecta (brittle bone disease), Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (Rubber man or the Elastic Woman) (4hr) 5. Autosomal recessive inheritance, cystic fibrosis, CF gene and protein, Detection of CF homozygotes and carriers, hereditary microphaly, retino blastoma,craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (progeria), Thalasemia and Hereditary hemolytic anemia. (4hr) 6. X-linked dominant and recessive inheritance: Duchene's muscular dystrophy, identification of the DMD gene, carriers and hemizygotes, Hypophosphatemia, Von willebrand’s disease, SCID & Albright’s heridictory osteodystrophy (4hr) 7. Multifactorial inheritance Congenital heart diseases(ASD&VSD), Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia, intelligence, stature, blood pressure, refractive index of the Eye & dermatoglyphic ridge count. (4hr)

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8. Chromosomosome structural modification and the human phenotype Ring chromosome, Iso chromosomes, Philadelphia chromosome, chri-du-chat syndrome (5p-

syndrome) Prader willi syndrome, Fragile X- Syndrome(Martin Bell syndrome), Burkitt’s

lymphoma (14q+ syndrome) (4hr) 9. Reproduction and Development (a) Prenatal development: genes and hormones. Errors in sexual development: Defects of androgen target cells – deficiency Of 5 alpha reductase, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and sex reversal. (b) Genetics of embryonic development Maternal effect genes , segmentation and pattern formation genes, adhesion molecules and genes: programmed cell death (apoptosis). (5hr) 10. Genomic imprinting, inbreeding in isolates, consanguinous marriages, twin studies, biology of twinning, analysis of twin data. (4hr) 11. Prenatal diagnosis and genetic services Amniocentesis, chorionic villi biopsy, foetoscopy, ultrasound sonography, Alpha foeto protein screening, Prenatal sexing, test tube babies, Karyotyping. (4hr) 12. Genetic counselling: Procedures and ethical concern, history of counselling, methods of genetic counselling, marraiage counselling, directive and non directive reason for seeking counselling, psychodynamics of genetic counselling. (5 hrs) 13.Pharmacogenetics , Ecogenetics and the Phenocopy.

(3hr) Topics for Seminars / Assignment / Discussion (Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal assessments only, and can be subdivided among students) 1. Human genome project: Pros and cons in new era. 2. Role of genetics in modern reproductive techniques. 3. Gene therapy 4. Inborn errors of metabolism 5. Y-linked genes 6. XYY syndrome &XXX Females. 7. Triplet repeat disorders ( syndromes) 8. The effect of chromosome aneuploidy on the human phenotype Books for Reference

1. Basic Human Genetics: Elaine Johansen Mange & Arthur P. Mange, Rastogi Publications, Shivaji Road, Meerut.

2. Fundamentals of Genetics, John Ringo; - Cambridge University press 3. Genetics in Medicine: Thomson & Thomson, W.B. Saunders 4. Human Genetics: Gangane S.D., Bichurlev, New Delhi. 5. Human Genetics: Mc: Kursick, V.A. 6. Principles of Human Genetics: Curtstein Euresia Publishing House. 7. The New Human Genetics-Jerald.J. Stine (University North Florida) Wm. C. Brown

Publishers, Dubuque. Lowa.

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CORE COURSE XVII: ELECTIVE COURSE PRACTICALS III*D

Human Genetics 1. Problems on (a) autosomal dominant and recessive (b) polygenic traits (skin colour), (c) Sex linkage (X-linked genes and Y-linked genes). 2. Study of identical and fraternal twins. 3. Dermatoglyphics: Identification of arch, loop and whorl patterns; total ridge count in male and female; Tri- radii, importance of atd angle, simian line. 4. Ischiara chart(to detect red-green colour blindness) . 5. Seminars on genetics in cardiology, oncology and genetic counselling, Pre-natal sexing, amniocentesis, importance of genetic screening. 6. Examination of Barr bodies. 7. Pedigree studies and identification of the nature of inheritance from pedigree chart (any one trait). 8. Identification of human karyotypes (Down's, Turner's, Klinefelter's) from idiogram.

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SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME (Theory) ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE COURSE

Code: ZO6B 15(E)02T AQUACULTURE, ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & POULTRY SCIENCE

(54 hours) (2 hours per week) (3 credits) A. AQUACULTURE 1. Introduction, its scope in India and Kerala, Export potential, Different types of cultures. (2 hrs) 2. Mariculture (3 hrs) (a) Prawn culture: Important culture varieties, Pokkali culture, breeding spawning, control breeding, induced maturation, eye stalk ablation, culture methods, freezing, curing and canning. (b) Mussel culture: Perna indica, Perna viridis, Seed collection, artificial seed production, induced spawning, rearing, raft culture, harvesting. 3. Pisci culture (a) Egg collection, induced spawning, construction, preparation and maintenance of ponds, manuring, feeding and harvesting, cryo preservation of fish germplasm, semen bank and preservation media. (4 hrs) (b) Biology and culture of Indian major carps – Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala. (2 hrs) (c) Biology and culture of Exotic carps. Eg: Hypophthal michthys molitris – (Silver carp). (1 hr) (d) Inland fishes and Fisheries – eg: Channa, Clarius - Rivers, Paddy fields, Utilisation of sewage in fish culture. (e) Genral account and fishery aspect of sardine, shark, tuna. (3 hrs) (f) Ornamental fisheries – common aquarium fishes, aquarium management and identification of sex. eg: Carassius auratus (Gold fish), Peterophyllum sps., Astronotus ocellatus (Guppy) – Lebister reticulatus. (2 hrs) 4. Plankton and Fishery production – Zoo and Phytoplankton – Vertical migration – Plankton and Productivity. (2 hrs) 5. Fishing Gears: Gill net / drift gill net, purse-seines, harpoon, Chinese dipnets, echo sounders, sonar, remote sensing. (3 hrs) 6. Fish Spoilage and Preservation – Biochemical changes, spoilage, use of ice, freezing, canning, dehydration, salting, smoking. 7. Fish utilisation (4 hrs) Nutritive value, bye products, liver oil, body oil, fish meal, fish flour, Isin glass, glue, skin, fin soup, lime, chitin, chitosan. 8. Diseaes and parasites of Fish – Fungal infection – by – Saproleginia – Bacterial – Fin & tail rot disease, Dropsy. (2 hrs) 9. Mud banks of Kerala coast (1 hr)

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B. POULTRY SCIENCE: Introduction and Scope (a) Egg production, cable bird production, nutritive value, bye products. (6 hrs) (b) Different breeds – Exotic – 3 examples. Indigenous – 2 examples. (c) Poultry rearing : Selection of eggs, hatching, incubation, brooding, sexing, vaccination. Poultry housing: Free range system, Semi-intensive system (deep litter system and individual cage system). Equipments for feeding: Nutrients for starting, growing, laying hen. Common poultry feeds, food rations, and feed formulation. Common diseases of poultry (Ranikket, Pullorum, Fowl pox). C. ANIMAL HUSBANDARY (6 hrs) Introductin: history, origin, domestication. Breeds of cattle: Milk type : Sindhi, Gir Draft breed: Nagori & Kangayam Duel purpose: Ongole, Hariana Exotic breed : Jersey, Holstein – Friesian Native breeds: Conservation programmes, Vechur cow. Feeding: Common cattle feeds, fodder Common diseases : Anthrax, Foot & Mouth disease. Parasites. Meat hygiene: Slaughter and clean meat production – Zoonotic diseases. D. DAIRY SCIENCE (4 hrs) Role of dairy development in rural economy employment opportunities, white revolution. Dairy processes: Staining, Filteration, Cooling, Chilling, Clarification, Pasteurisation, Freezing, Recombined milk, Soft curd milk, Skimmed and tonned milk. Artificial milk, Milk – adulteration. Topics for Seminar / Assignment / Discussion 1. Role of physical and chemical factors in aquaculture. 2. Fish weed organism: Sea weed culture. eg: Grassilaria, Sargassum. 3. Dairy products, manufacture and nutritive value. References: 1. Banerji, G.C. : A text book of Animal husbandry, 1998. Oxford & IBH. 2. Banerji, G.C. Poultry, Oxford & IBH. 3. P.R. Venkitaraman: Economic Zoology. 4. V. Sudheeran: Economic Zoology. 5. Kurian C.V., Sebastian C.V. : Prawn and Prawn fisheries in India, Hindustan Publication Corporation of India. 6. Alikunhi, K.R. : Fish culture in India, KAV, ICAR.

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ELECTIVE COURSE PRACTICALS- XVII

ELECTIVE COURSE PRACTICAL- III*D

36 Hours 2 Hours per week Aquaculture, Animal husbandary and Poultry Science 1. Culture of fish food organisms: protozons, rotifers and crustaceans. 2. Maintenance of spawn and its transportation to hatching or rearing tanks. 3. Identification of major food fishes (fresh water, estuarine and marine). 4. Study of different crafts and gears. 5. Study of aquarium and aquarium fishes / ornamental fishes. 6. Breeding techniques: preparation of hormone extracts and injection of hormones to fishes; eyestalk ablation in prawns. 7. Study of fish products and byeproducts. 8. Identification of larval forms of prawn, pearl oyster, mussel, lobster and carb. 9. Identification of major edible crustaceans and mollusks. 10. Identification of edible sea weeds.

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SIXTH SEMESTER B.Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME(Theory) ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE COURSE- I

Code: ZO6B 15(E) 03T APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY

(54 hours) (3 hours per week) (3 credits)

A. Agricultural Entomology 1. Introduction to Entomology (5 Hrs) Mention Agricultural entomology, Forest entomology, Veterinary entomology, Medical entomology, Forensic entomology, Industrial entomology, Nutritional entomology, Cultural entomology. Classificaiton of Class Insecta down to orders, General organization of an insect. 2. Insects in Service of Man (2 hrs) Useful products, Useful body, Galls, Pollinators, Destroyers of insect pests, Serve as food for animals and even man, Destroyers of weeds, Improve soil fertility, Act as scavengers, Aid in scientific research, Aesthetic and entertainment value, Use in medicine, Pollution indicators, Arrow poisons, Cold light, Insects in forensic science, Utility of insect pheromones and hormones (very brief account). 3. Insects as enemies of Man: (23 hrs) Definition of pests, kinds of insect pests, causes of pest out break, pests injurious to plants and animals, pests as vectors of diseases, (a) Pests of Paddy: (Life history , damage and control measures) 1 . Spodoptera mauritia ( Rice swarming caterpillar) 2. Leptocorisa acuta ( Rice bug) 3. Dicladispa armigera (Rice hispa) (b) Pests of coconut: (Life history, damage and control measures) 1. Oryctes rhinoceros (Rhinoceros beetle) 2. Opisina arenosella ( Black headed caterpillar) 3. Aceria guerrerornis (Coconut mite) (c) Pests of sugar cane (damage and control measures) 1. Chilo infuscatellus ( Sugarcane shoot borer) 2. Scirpophaga nivella ( Sugarcane top shoot borer) 3. Sacchariococcus sacchari (Cane mealy bug) (d) Pests of plantation crops: Coffee, rubber, tea, pepper and cardamom. (Two examples for each , Damage, control measures) Coffee: 1. Xylotrechus quadripes ( Coffee white stem borer) 2. Coccus virids (Coffee green bug) Tea : 1. Helopeltis antonii (Tea mosquito bug) 2. Toxoptera aurantii (Tea aphid) Rubber: 1. Aspidiotus destructor (Scale insect) 2. Comocrits pieria (Bark caterpillar) Pepper: 1. Longitarsus nigripennis (Pollu beetle) 2. Laspeyresia hemidoxa (Shoot borer) Cardamom: 1. Sciothrips cardamomi (Cardamom thrips)

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2. Eupterote canarica(Cardamom hairy caterpillar) (c) Pests of fruits and vegetables (Banana, mango, cashew, lady's finger, chilly, pulses, etc.) Two examples for each, Damage and control measures. Pests of fruit plants: Banana : 1. Cosmopolites sordidus (Banana weevil) 2. Pentalonia nigronervosa (Banana aphid) Mango : 1. Batocera rufomaculata (Mango stem borer) 2. Dacus dorsalis (Fruit fly) Cashew : 1. Plocoederus ferrugineus (Cashew stem borer). 2. Helopeltis antonii (Cashew mirid). Pests of vegetables: Lady's finger: 1. Platyedra gossypiella (Pink ball worm) 2. Earias vitella (Spotted ball worm) Brinjal : 1. Leucinodes orbonalis (Shoot and fruit borer) 2. Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Epilachna beetle) Cucurbits : 1. Dacus cucurbitae (Melon fly) 2 Raphidopalpa foveicollis (Pumpkin beetle) (d) Pests of stored products. ( damage and control measures). 1. Tribolium castaneum (Rust red flour beetle) 2.Callasobruchus chinensis (Pulse beetle) (e) Pests of domestic animals: 3 examples. 1. Domestic fowl: Menopon gallinae (Shaft louse) 2. Goat : Oestrus ovis 3. Cattle : Tabanus striatus (Horse fly) 4. Insect Pest Control: (12 hrs) (a) Natural control (b) Applied control or Artificial control: Prophylactic and Curative methods [cultural, mechanical, legal methods (brief account), biological and chemical methods]. Biological control : History; Ecological, biological and economic dimensions of biological pest control methods , Mention any 3 important biological control project undertaken in India. Merits and demerits. Chemical control: Classification, Insecticides of plant origin; Insecticides, Mention insecticide residue, resistance and resurgence of insect pests; Pesticide appliances (Hand compression sprayer, Knapsack sprayer and Rocker sprayer); Precautions in handling insecticides (brief account). Modern methods of Pest control: Autocidal and Pheromonal control (brief account) Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Features, advantages (brief account).

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B. Industrial Entomology (12 hrs) Productive Insects (a) Honey bee: Apiculture and its scope; Different species, Social organization, structure of worker bee, life history (brief account) and communication; Bee products: Honey and Bee wax, Composition and Uses, Bee diseases. (b) Silk moth: Different types of silkworms, life cycle (brief account); Sericulture (brief account), moriculture, Processing and extraction of silk (brief account), Diseases of silk worms, composition and uses of silk. (c) Lac insect: Different strainsof Lac insects; cultivation, inoculation and harvesting, propagation of lac ; composition and uses of lac, enemies of lac insects. Seminars / Assignment / Discussion 1. Biology of major insect vectors of human diseases, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Xenopsylla, Pediculus, Cimex, Phthirus. 2. Diseases and its control measures of Filariasis, Yellow fever, Dengue, Typhus fever, Plague and Kala-azar. 3. Collection and Preservation of Insects. 4. Insects as human food for the future. 5. Causes of success of insects. References 1. Atwal, A.S and Dhaliwa, G.S.(2008) Agricultural Pests of south Asia and their Management,6 e, Kalyani Publishers 2. Bhaskaran, K.K and Francy, C. F (2010) Elements of Applied Entomology, Manjusha Publications. 3. Dhaliwal, G.S. et al (2008) Essentials of Agricultural Entomology, Kalyani Publishers 4. Hill D.S. Agricultural Entomology 5. Metcalf, C.L. & Flint, W.P. (1973) Destructive and Useful Insects, USTMH, 6 Nalina Sundari, M.S and Santhi,R. Entomology, MJP Publishers 7. Nayar, K.K. et al. General and Applied Entomology, TMH 8. Nair, M.R.G.K. A Monograph on Crop pests of Kerala and their control. 3e. 1989 KAU Publ., Vellanikkara. 9. Nair. M.R.G.K. Insect & Mite Crops in India 10. Pedigo .Entomology & Pest Management 11. Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. Maras, 1963.Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India, 12 Srivastava,K. P. A Text book of Applied Entomology , Vol. I & Vol. II, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana, New Delhi, Noida (U.P.).

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ZOOLOGY ELECTIVE COURSE: XVII (PRACTICAL III* – D) APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY (36 hours) (2hours per week)

1. Identification and brief notes on the following pests: Any 2 pests each of paddy, coconut, banana, mango, cashew, coffee, tea, rubber, pepper , cardamom, and pests of vegetables. Pests of stored products (any 3) 2. Study of damage caused by pests: (damaged parts of plants, fruits and seeds, wood, pepper, etc. may be used). 3. Identification and study of insect pests / ectoparasites of man, domestic animals and wild animals: mosquitoes [different stages of life history], head louse, pubic louse, bird louse, rat flea, Tabanus, Hippobosca, a tick and a mite on dog / cat. 4. Identification and economic importance of the following: (a) Honey bees and bee products (b) Silkworm moth: life cycle stages, silk fibre (c) Lac insect and stick lac or shellac. 5. Preparation of: a) tobacco decoction, b) kerosene soap emulsion, c) neem kernel suspension. 6. Pesticide appliances: Dusters or sprayers a) Hand compression sprayer, b) Rocker sprayer, c) Knapsack sprayer / duster (d) Hand automizer (any 3).

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U.O.No. 9202/2019/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 12.07.2019

Biju George K

Assistant Registrar

Forwarded / By Order

Section Officer

File Ref.No.3129/GA - IV - J1/2013/CU

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Abstract

General and Academic - Faculty of Science - Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme under CBCSS UG Regulations 2019with effect from 2019 Admission onwards - Implemented- Orders Issued

G & A - IV - J

Read:-1) U.O No. 4368/2019/Admn dated 23.03.20192) Item No.1 in the minutes of the meeting of the Board of Studies in Zoology UG heldon 25.06.20193) Item No. I.12 in the minutes of the meeting of Faculty of Science held on 27.06.2019

ORDER

The Regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for Under Graduate (UG)Curriculum-2019 (CBCSS UG Regulations 2019) for all UG Programmes under CBCSS-Regular andSDE/Private Registration w.e.f. 2019 admission has been implemented vide paper read first above. The meeting of Board of Studies in Zoology UG held on 25.06.2019 has approved the Scheeme andSyllabus of BSc Zoology Programme in tune with the new CBCSS UG Regulations with effect from2019 Admission onwards, vide paper read second above. The Faculty of Science at its meeting held on 27.06.2019 has approved the minutes of the meetingof the Board of Studies Zoology UG held on 25.06.2019, vide paper read third above. Under these circumstances, considering the urgency, the Vice Chancellor has accorded sanction toimplement the Scheme and Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme in accordance with the new CBCSSUG Regulations 2019, in the University with effect from 2019 Admission onwards, subject to ratificationby the Academic Council. The Scheme and Syllabus of BSc Zoology Programme in accordance with CBCSS UG Regulations2019 is therefore implemented in the University with effect from 2019 Admission onwards. Orders are issued accordingly. (Syllabus appended).

ToThe Principals of all Affiliated CollegesCopy to: PS to VC/PA to PVC/ PA to Registrar/PA to CE/JCE I/JCE IV/DoA/EX and EGSections/GA I F/CHMK Library/Information Centres/SF/DF/FC

Page 1 of 172

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

[CBCSS UG 2019]

SYLLABUS

Core Courses

Open Courses

Complementary Courses

&

Model Question Papers

EFFECTIVE FROM 2019 ADMISSION

Page 2 of 172

Members of Board of Studies in Zoology (UG)

(U.O.No.10961/2016/Admn. dated, Calicut University, P.O., 07.09.2016)

1. Dr. T.M. Benny (Chairman) email: [email protected]

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology Mob: 9495184280

St. Joseph’s College, Devagiri, Kozhikode

2. Dr. P. Haridasan email: [email protected]

Principal, Govt. Arts and Science College, Mob: 9496294026

Thrithala, Palakkad.

3. Dr. Francy K. Kakkassery

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

St. Thomas College, Thrissur.

4. Dr. I. P. Abdul Razak

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

Unity College, Manjeri.

5. Dr.Tomy Francis Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth, Thrissur.

6. Dr. Jeeja Tharakan

Associate Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth, Thrissur.

7. Dr. P. Shylaja Kumari

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

Govt. Arts and Science College,

Meenchanda, Kozhikode.

8. Mr. Abdul Riyas, K. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology, Govt. Arts and Science College,

Meenchanda, Kozhikode.

9. Dr. Santhosh Shreevihar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

Malabar Christian College, Calicut.

10. Dr. Anoop Das

Assistant Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

M.E.S.Mampad College, Mampad.

11. Dr. M. Nasser [Chairman, Board of Studies Zoology (PG)]

Professor, Dept. of Zoology,

University of Calicut.

Page 3 of 172

INDEX

Sl.

No. Content

Page

No.

1 B.Sc. Zoology programme: Introduction 1

2 Aims and objectives 2

3 An Overview 3

4 Credits and marks distribution of B.Sc. Zoology programme

(Course Structure).[Table 2] 7

5 Course wise mark distribution of B.Sc. Zoology programme [Table 3] 8

6 Semester wise distribution of credits and marks [Table 4] 9

7 B.Sc. Zoology (Core) programme

Structure of core, open and elective courses [Table 5] 11

8 B.Sc. Zoology Open course [for students of other streams]

Structure of open course [Table 6] 13

9 Outcomes and Outcome Based Education (OBE) 14

10 Programme Outcomes (POs) for general undergraduate programme 15

11 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs): B.Sc. Zoology program,

course outcomes 15

12 Core course: Scheme of instructions 16

13 Examinations 17

14 Evaluation and Grading 18

15 Ten point indirect grading system [Table 7] 19

16 Core course: Scheme of evaluation 19

17 A. Theory [core course]: Evaluation scheme 19

18 I. Internal evaluation 19

19 II. External evaluation 21

20 Pattern of question paper (theory) type 1 & 2 [Table 9 & 10] 22

21 B. Practical [core course]: Evaluation scheme 22

22 I. Internal evaluation 22

23 II. External evaluation 23

24 Scheme of question papers for practical I, II & III [Table 12 & 13] 24

25 Project work & Field study (core course): Evaluation scheme 25

26 I. Internal evaluation 26

27 II. External evaluation 26

28 Open Course [Zoology] 27

29 Open Course : Scheme of Evaluation 27

30 I. Internal evaluation 27

31 II. External evaluation: Pattern of question paper [Table 20] 28

32 Internal Assessment : Precautions 28

Page 4 of 172

Sl. No.

Content Page No.

33 S1. Core course I [Theory]: Animal diversity: Non-chordata Part- I 31

34 S2. Core course II [Theory]: Animal diversity: Non-chordata Part- II 35

35 S3. Core course III [Theory]: Animal diversity: Chordata Part- I 39

36 S4. Core course IV [Theory]: Animal diversity: Chordata Part- II 43

37 S4. Core course Practical - I : [S1 I*A + S2 I*B + S3 I*C + S4 I*D] 47

38 S5. Core course V [Theory]: Cell Biology and Genetics 53

39 S5. Core course VI [Theory]: Biotechnology, Microbiology and Immunology

58

40 S5. Core course VII [Theory]: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

63

41 S5. Core course VIII [Theory]: Methodology in Science,

Biostatistics and Bioinformatics 68

42 S5. Core course Practical - II : [S5 II*A + S5 II*B] 72

43 S5. Open course: Zoology - 01[Theory]: Reproductive Health and Sex Education

77

44 S5. Open course: Zoology - 02[Theory]: Nutrition, Health and Hygiene

80

45 S5. Open course: Zoology - 03[Theory]: Applied Zoology 83

46 S6. Core course IX [Theory]: Physiology and Endocrinology 86

47 S6. Core course X [Theory]: Reproductive and Developmental Biology

89

48 S6. Core course XI [Theory]: Environmental and Conservation Biology

93

49 S6. Core course XII [Theory]: Ethology, Evolution and Zoogeography

97

50 S6. Core Elective course XIII [Theory]: 01: Human Genetics 101

51 S6. Core Elective course XIII [Theory]: 02: Aquaculture, Animal

Husbandry and Poultry Science

104

52 S6. Core Elective course XIII [Theory]: 03: Applied Entomology 107

53 S6.Core course Practical - III : [S6 III*A + S6 III*B] 111

54 B.Sc. Zoology Complementary Programme 117

55 Complementary Course: Introduction 117

56 Complementary Course: Scheme of instruction 117

57 Complementary Course: Structure of complementary course 118

58 Complementary Course: Scheme of evaluation 119

59 A. Theory [Complementary course]: Evaluation scheme 119

60 i. Internal evaluation 119

61 ii. External evaluation 120

Page 5 of 172

Sl. No.

Content Page No.

62 B. Practical [Complementary course]: Evaluation scheme 121

63 i. Internal Evaluation 121

64 ii. External Evaluation 122

65 Scheme of question paper for Complementary Practical 122

66 S1. Compl. course I [Theory]: Animal Diversity and Wildlife Conservation

123

67 S2. Compl. course II [Theory]: Economic Zoology 126

68 S3. Compl. course III [Theory]: Physiology and Ethology 128

69 S4. Compl. course IV [Theory]: Genetics and Immunology 131

70 S4. Complementary course Practical-I:[S1 I*A+S2 I*B+S3 I*C+S4 I*D] 134

71 Model question papers [Core courses] (S1-S5) 139

72 Model question papers [Open courses] 147

73 Model question papers [Core courses] (S6) 150

74 Model question papers [Core Elective courses] 154

75 Model question papers [Complementary courses] 157

76 Model question paper [Core Practical I] 161

77 Model question paper [Core Practical II & III] 162

78 Model question paper [Complementary Practical] 166

Page 6 of 172

0 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

INTRODUCTION,

GUIDELINES

AND

GENERAL INFORMATION

Page 7 of 172

1 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

INTRODUCTION

The Higher Education Programme in Kerala has been witnessing a drastic change

from 2009 admission onwards with the introduction of Semesterisation and

Grading at the undergraduate level. As a continuation of this trend, UGC has

recognized the importance of Outcome Based Education (OBE) to be incorporated

in the Choice Based Credit and Semester System (CBCSS) for UG curriculum. A

course in General Higher Education Programme in India needs to be designed and

conducted to facilitate the students to meet the identified Course Outcomes (COs).

The course outcomes address a subset of Programme Outcomes (POs) identified by

the university or the autonomous institutions that offer the programme. Also, the

course outcomes address the Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs) identified by

the Branch/Department. Keeping in view of the implementation of OBE-CBCSS of

UGC, Kerala State Higher Education Council conducted three days workshop

during 12 -14 February 2019 with the title “Redesigning of Courses for Outcome

Based Education (OBE)” for the Board of Studies in UG Programme under Faculty

of Science at Tagore Nikethan, University of Calicut.

Vide U.O No. GA I/J2/3601/08 (Vol. II) dated 19.06.2009, regulations for

CBCSS for UG curriculum was implemented from 2009 admission onwards under

the University of Calicut, as per the directions of Kerala State Higher Education

Council. The regulations of CBCSS for UG curriculum was also modified [U.O. No.

3797/2013/CU dated 07.09.2013] and implemented from 2014 admission onwards

under the University of Calicut, as per the recommendations of Hridayakumari

Committee appointed by the Govt. of Kerala. The Academic Council in its special

meeting held on 28.02.2019 has approved the CBCSS UG regulations 2019 [U.O

No. 4368/2019/Admn dated, 23.03.2019] and has, therefore, been accorded to

implement the regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for Under

Graduate curriculum-2019 (CBCSS UG Regulations 2019) for all UG Programme

under CBCSS regular and SDE/Private registration in the university of calicut,

w.e.f. 2019 admission.

Board of Studies in Zoology (U.G.) of University of Calicut [constituted as per

U.O.No.10961/2016/Admn. Dated 07.09.2016] reviewed and meticulously

analyzed the existing and continuing syllabi of B.Sc. Zoology Programme. BoS

received many requests and suggestions regarding the course structure, content

and credit distribution that are to be incorporated in to the existing syllabus. BoS

also discussed the details of the syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology programme in the

context of outcome based education and the regulations of CBCSS UG curriculum

2019. Accordingly, BoS has framed the curriculum, course structure, course

content, instructional hours, scheme of instruction, scheme of evaluation, credits,

mark distribution, duration of examination and model question papers of B.Sc.

Zoology Programme [CBCSS UG] with the present requirements of the teaching and

learning process.

In addition, the semester-end examinations (total 6 semesters) to be

conducted by the university, a system of continuous evaluation through Internal

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2 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Assessment by the faculty members of the Department of Zoology of the respective

institutions must be adopted for Zoology Core, Open and Complementary courses.

The distribution of marks is 80% for external evaluation and 20% for internal

assessment.

The syllabus for the six semesters of B.Sc. Degree Programme with Zoology

as Core course of study which contain provision for both theory and practical

components in all six semesters and complementary courses also contain both

theory and practical components in four semesters.

Some changes are also made in the combination of core course content in

the fifth and sixth semesters in order to complete the teaching process in time

especially in the tight schedule of the semesters. Further, some pertinent topics are

suggested for seminar/ assignment for theory courses with a view to enrich the UG

Programme.

The practical courses offered are designed in such a way that they support

the theory topics and also impart the basic skills and techniques required of them.

In addition to the items for practical, a Project work forms an integral part of the

curriculum during the sixth semester. Field study/study tour to the research

institution/museum and places of biological/zoological importance/ecological

interest is a compulsory element of the curriculum. Requirement to visit places of

importance of elective subject area is also a compulsory element. Attempts have

also been made to update the syllabus, considering the needs of the time and

conforming to the work load prescribed by the university.

Accordingly, the BoS meeting held on 12.04.2019 at Calicut University took

the decision to implement the revised syllabus w.e.f. 2019 B.Sc. Zoology

admission.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The Board of Studies in Zoology (UG) recognizes that curriculum, course content

and assessment of scholastic achievement play complementary roles in shaping

education. The revised Outcome Based Education- Choice Based Credit and

Semester System for Under Graduate (UG) Curriculum for B.Sc. Zoology

Programme envisages undergraduate education as a combination of general and

specialized education with outcome based, simultaneously introducing the

concepts of breadth and depth in learning. Besides recalling information, the

learning process is aimed to acquire the ability for problem solving, and critical and

creative thinking in students. The present attempt is to prepare the students for

lifelong learning by drawing attention to the vast world of knowledge of animals and

introducing them to the methodology of systematic academic enquiry. The crew of

the syllabus ensures firm footing in fundamental aspects of Zoology and wide

exposure to modern branches of Zoology to the students.

The expected outcome of the syllabus:

To know the scope and importance of Zoology.

To develop scientific temper among students.

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3 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

To inculcate interest in nature and living forms and their conservation.

To make the students eco-friendly by creating a sense of environmental

awareness in them.

To give better exposure to the diversity of life forms.

To give awareness about natural resources and their importance in

sustainable development.

To study different ecological sites for animals in their natural habitats by

field study.

To provide opportunities for the application of the acquired knowledge in

day- to - day life.

To develop skills in doing experiments, familiarizing equipments and

biological specimens.

To undertake scientific projects which help to develop research aptitude in

students.

To expose students to various fields in biological sciences and to develop

interest in related disciplines.

To attain interdisciplinary approach to understand the application of the

subject in daily life.

To familiarize the emerging areas of Zoology and their applications in various

spheres of biological sciences and to appraise the students of its relevance in

future studies.

AN OVERVIEW

Definitions and Structure

Title shall be called “Regulations for Choice Based Credit and Semester System for

Under Graduate Curriculum 2019” (CBCSS UG 2019). Programme means the

entire course of study and examinations lead to the award of a degree. Duration of

programme means period of time required for the conduct of undergraduate

programme i.e. six semesters distributed in a period of 3 years. The odd semesters

(1, 3 and 5) shall be from June to October and the even semesters (2, 4 and 6) shall

be from November to March. Academic week is a unit of five working days in

which distribution of work is organised from Monday to Friday with five contact

hours of one hour duration on each day. A sequence of 18 such academic weeks

constitutes a semester. Semester constitute minimum of 18 weeks (16

instructional weeks and 2 weeks for examination).

Course means a segment of subject matter to be covered in a semester. The

graduate programme includes five types of courses, viz., common, core,

complementary, open, audit /ability enhancement and improvement courses.

Common course means a course that comes under the category of courses for

English and additional language, a selection of both is compulsory for all students

undergoing undergraduate programme. Every undergraduate student shall

undergo 10 common courses [6 English courses and 4 additional language courses]

for completing the programme. Core courses are major (core) courses in a subject

related to a particular degree programme. Core courses are offered by the parent

department. There are 17 core courses including a project work and field study.

Page 10 of 172

4 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Complementary course means a course which is generally related to the core

subject. It covers two disciplines in B.Sc. degree programme that are distributed

in the first four semesters. There shall be one Open course in the 5th semester.

This is a course outside the field of specialisation of the student, which can be

opted by his/her choice. Audit course/Ability Enhancement course is a course

which is mandatory. There shall be one Audit course each in the first four

semesters. These courses are not meant for class room study. The credits of

audited courses are not counted for SGPA or CGPA. [Improvement course is a

course registered by a student for improving his/her performance.]

Course code of each course shall have a unique alphanumeric code number,

which includes abbreviation of the subject in three letters, the semester number (1

to 6) in which the course is offered, the code of the course (A to E) and serial

number of the course (01,02. ….). (A: Common course, B: Core course, B (E): Core

Elective course, C: Complementary course and D: Open course, E: Audit course)

For example: ZOL5B06 represents a core course of serial number 06 offered in 5th

semester in B.Sc. Zoology programme.

Each course shall have certain credits. Credit is a unit of academic input

measured in terms of weekly contact hours/course content assigned to a course.

Extra Credit is the mandatory additional credit awarded to a student over and

above the minimum credits required in a programme, for participating in co-

curricular activities and social activities outside the regular class hours, like NCC,

NSS and Swatch Bharath. Those students who could not join in any of the above

activities have to undergo Calicut University Social Service Programme (CUSSP).

Extra credits are not counted for SGPA or CGPA.

Grade in a course is a letter symbol (O, A+, A, B+, B, C, P, F, I and Ab). Grade shall

mean the prescribed alphabetical grade awarded to a student based on his/her

performance in various examinations. Each letter grade is assigned a ‘Grade point

(G) which is an integer indicating the numerical equivalent of the broad level of

performance of a student in a course. Grade Point means point given to a letter

grade on 10 point scale. Strike off the roll: A student who is continuously absent

for 14 days without sufficient reason and proper intimation to the Principal of the

college shall be removed from the roll.

Department means any teaching department in a college offering a course of study

approved by the university as per the Statutes and Act of the University.

Department Co-ordinator is a teacher nominated by a Dept. Council to co-

ordinate all the works related to CBCSS UG undertaken in that department

including continuous evaluation. Department Council means the body of all

teachers of a department in a college. Parent Department means the Department

which offers a particular degree programme. Course teacher: A teacher nominated

by the Head of the Department shall be in charge of a particular course.

College Co-ordinator is a teacher nominated by the college council to co-ordinate

the effective running of the process of CBCSS including internal evaluation

undertaken by various departments within the college. She/he shall be the

convener for the college level monitoring committee. College level monitoring

committee: A monitoring Committee is to be constituted for CBCSS UG at the

Page 11 of 172

5 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

college level with Principal as Chairperson, college co-ordinator as convener and

department co-ordinators as members. The elected college union chairperson shall

be a member of this committee. Faculty Adviser means a teacher from the parent

department nominated by the Department Council, who will advise the student in

the academic matters and in the choice of open courses.

Project work & Field study: Every student of a UG programme shall have to work

on a project under the supervision of a faculty member. A field study/study tour

for 5 days is compulsory during the tenure of the B.Sc. Zoology programme.

Grace Marks: Grace marks may be awarded to a student for meritorious

achievements in co-curricular activities (in Sports/Arts/NSS/NCC/Student

Entrepreneurship) carried out besides the regular hours. Such a benefit is

applicable and limited to a maximum of 8 courses in an academic year spreading

over two semesters. In addition, maximum of 6 marks per semester can be awarded

to the students of UG Programme, for participating in the College Fitness

Education Programme (COFE).

Attendance: A student shall be permitted to appear for the semester examination,

only if he/she secures not less than 75% attendance in each semester. Attendance

shall be maintained by the Department concerned.

A student is required to acquire a minimum of 140 credits for passing the

degree programme, of which 120 credits are to be acquired from class room study

and shall only be counted for SGPA and CGPA.

Common courses: 38 credits (22 for English courses +

16 for Additional languages).

Core courses: 55 credits (including 2 credits for project work & 1 for

field study).

Open course: 3 credits

Complementary courses: 24 credits (12 credits each for Chemistry and Botany)

Audit courses: 16 credits (4 credits per course in first 4 semesters)

Extra credits: 4 credits (4 credits in first 4 semesters)

If more Extra credit activities are done by a student that may be mentioned in the

Grade card. The credits of audited courses or extra credits are not counted for SGPA

or CGPA. The successful completion of all the courses (common, core,

complementary and open courses) prescribed for the degree programme with 'P'

grade shall be the minimum requirement for the award of degree.

CALICUT UNIVERSITY SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAMME (CUSSP)

In this programme, a student has to complete 12 days of social service. This has to

be completed in the first four semesters; 3 days in each semester. For the regular

programme the student has to work in a Panchayath or Local body or in a

hospital/ poor home or old age home or in a Pain & palliative centre or any social

work assigned by the College authorities. Students who engaged in College Union

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6 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

activities and participate in sports and cultural activities in Zonal level have to

undergo only 6 days of CUSSP during the entire programme. The whole documents

regarding the student should be kept in the college and the Principal should give a

certificate for the same. The list of students (successfully completed the

programme) must be sent to the university before the commencement of the fifth

semester examinations. A college level co-ordinator and a department level co-

ordinator shall be appointed for the smooth conduct of the programme.

AUDIT COURSES/ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COURSES

These are courses which are mandatory for a programme but not counted for the

calculation of SGPA or CGPA. There shall be one Audit course each in the first four

semesters. These courses are not meant for class room study. The students can

attain only pass (Grade P) for these courses. At the end of each semester, there

shall be examination conducted by the college from a pool of questions (Question

Bank) set by the University. The Question paper shall be of 100 marks of 3 hour

duration. The students can also attain these credits through online courses like

SWAYAM, MOOC etc (optional). The list of passed students must be sent to the

University from the colleges at least before the fifth semester examination. The lists

of courses in each semester with credits are given below.

Table 1. AUDIT COURSES

Sl.No. Semesters Courses

Credits Marks

Duration

of Exam

1 I Environmental studies 4

100 3 hrs

2 II Disaster Management 4

100 3 hrs

3 III *Human Rights/Intellectual Property Rights/ Consumer

Protection 4 100 3 hrs

4 IV *Gender studies/Gerontology 4

100 3 hrs

Total 16

400

*College can opt any one of the courses.

Page 13 of 172

7 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 2. CREDITS AND MARKS DISTRIBUTION OF B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

[Course Structure]

Sem

este

rs

Common course: Credits

Core

Cours

e

Zoolo

gy:

Cre

dit

s

Open

Cours

e:

Cre

dit

s

Complementary course: Credits

Tota

l C

redit

s

Audit

cours

e:

Cre

dit

s

Extr

a

Cre

dit

s

En

gli

sh

Addl

Language

Chem

istr

y

Bota

ny

I 3+3 4 2 -- 2 2 16 4

II 4+4 4 2 -- 2 2 18 4

III 4 4 3 -- 2 2 15 4 4

IV 4 4 3+4* -- 2+4* 2+4* 27 4

V -- -- 4+4+4+4 3 -- -- 19 --

VI -- -- 3+3+3+3+

2+4*+4*+

2**+1**

-- -- -- 25 --

Total

22

Credits

(550

Marks)

16

Credit

s

(400

Marks)

55

Credits

(1450

Marks)

3

Credits

(75

Marks)

12

Credits

(400

Marks)

12

Credits

(400

Marks)

120

Credits

(3275

Marks)

16

Credits

(400

Marks)

4

Credits

(100

Marks

38 Credits

(950 Marks)

82 Credits

(2325 Marks)

120 Credits

(3275 Marks)

#16 Credits

(400 Marks)

#4 Credits

(100 Marks)

Grand Total: 3775 Marks; 140 Credits (Minimum)

*Practical (12 Credits) **Project work – 2 credits; **Field study – 1 credit.

Credits acquired from class room study and counted for SGPA and CGPA: 120

Total 140 credits [120+16+4] are required for completing UG programme.

#Credits of audit course (16) and extra credits (4) are mandatory and not counted for SGPA or CGPA calculation.

Page 14 of 172

8 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 3. COURSE-WISE MARK DISTRIBUTION OF B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

Courses

No. of Courses

Marks per Course

Total Marks

Grand Total Marks

Common Courses

English Theory 6 75 x 2 = 150

100 x 4 = 400 550

550

Additional Language

Theory 4 100 400 400

Core Courses

Zoology

Theory 13 75 x 9 = 675

100 x 4 = 400 1075

1450

Practical 3 100 300

Project work and Field study

1 60+15 = 75 75

Open course Zoology/Other

streams Theory 1 75

75

75

Complementary courses

Chemistry

Theory 4 75 x 4 = 300 300

400

Practical 1 100 100

Botany

Theory 4 75 x 4 = 300 300

400

Practical 1 100 100

Total Marks

3275

Audit courses

Theory 4 400 400 400

Extra credits

4

100 100

Total Marks

500

Grand Total: 3775 Marks (3275+500); 140 Credits (Minimum)

Page 15 of 172

9 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 4. SEMESTER WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CREDITS AND MARKS B.Sc. Zoology Programme

Total Credits: 140; Total Marks: 3775

Sem

este

r

Course

Cred

its

Ma

rk

s

I

Common course: English 3 75

Common course: English 3 75

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course I: Animal Diversity: Non-chordata Part-I 2 75

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75

Complementary course: Botany 2 75

Audit Course: Environmental studies 4 100

Total 20 575

II

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course II: Animal Diversity: Non-chordata Part-II 2 75

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75

Complementary course: Botany 2 75

Audit Course: Disaster Management 4 100

Total 22 625

III

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core Course III: Animal Diversity: Chordata Part-I 3 75

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75

Complementary course: Botany 2 75

Audit Course: Human Rights/Intellectual Property Rights/

Consumer Protection 4 100

Total 19 525

IV

Common course: English 4 100

Common course: Additional Language 4 100

Core course IV: Animal Diversity: Chordata Part-II 3 75

Core course V: Zoology Core Practical – I [Practical I*A +I*B+

I*C+ I*D] 4 100

Complementary course: Chemistry 2 75

Complementary course: Chemistry Practical 4 100

Complementary course: Botany 2 75

Complementary course: Botany Practical 4 100

Audit Course: Gender studies/Gerontology 4 100

Extra credits (Maximum) 4 100

Total 35 925

Page 16 of 172

10 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Sem

este

rs

Course

Cred

its

Ma

rk

s

V

Core Course VI: Cell Biology and Genetics 4 100

Core Course VII: Biotechnology, Microbiology and

Immunology 4 100

Core Course VIII: Biochemistry and Molecular

Biology 4 100

Core Course IX: Methodology in Science,

Biostatistics and Bioinformatics 4 100

Open course: Any other streams 3 75

Total 19 475

VI

Core Course X: Physiology and Endocrinology 3 75

Core Course XI: Reproductive and Developmental

Biology 3 75

Core Course XII: Environmental and Conservation

Biology 3 75

Core Course XIII: Ethology, Evolution and

Zoogeography 3 75

Core Course XIV: Elective course (Any one below)

[01] Human Genetics

[02] Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry & Poultry science

[03] Applied Entomology

2 75

Core Course XV: Zoology Core Practical- II [Practical II*A +

II*B] 4 100

Core Course XVI: Zoology Core Practical- III [Practical III*A+

III*B] 4 100

Core Course XVII: Project Work and Field study 2+1 75

Total 25 650

Grand Total 140 3775

Page 17 of 172

11 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 5

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY (CORE) PROGRAMME STRUCTURE OF CORE, OPEN AND ELECTIVE COURSES

Course code, Title, Instructional hours, Credits, Marks and Examination duration in various semesters

Total Credits: 58 (w.e.f. 2019 Admission)

Semes

ter

Core/Open/ Elective courses

Code Course Title

Inst

ruct

ion

al h

ou

rs/w

eek

Inst

ruct

ion

al h

rs in

a

sem

este

r

Cre

dit

s

Ext

ern

al M

arks

Inte

rnal

mar

ks

To

tal m

arks

Du

rati

on

of

Exa

m (

hrs

)

I Theory I ZOL1B01T Animal Diversity : Nonchordata Part-I 2 36 2 60 15 75 2

Practical I*A -- Practical related to ZOL1B01T 2 36 * -- -- --

II Theory II ZOL2B02T Animal Diversity : Nonchordata Part-II 2 36 2 60 15 75 2

Practical I*B -- Practical related to ZOL2B02T 2 36 * -- -- --

III Theory III ZOL3B03T

Animal Diversity: Chordata

Part-I 3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Practical I*C -- Practical related to ZOL3B03T 2 36 * -- -- --

IV

Theory IV ZOL4B04T Animal Diversity: Chordata

Part-II 3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Practical I*D -- Practical related to ZOL4B04T 2 36 * -- -- --

Practical-I

{I*A +I*B+ I*C+ I*D}

ZOL4B05P

Zoology Core Practical I

(Practical related to ZOL1B01T,02T,03T and 04T)

8 144 4 80 20 100 4

V

Theory V ZOL5B06T Cell Biology and Genetics 3 54 4 80 20 100 2.5

Theory VI ZOL5B07T Biotechnology, Microbiology and Immunology

4 72 4 80 20 100 2.5

Practical II*A -- Practical related to ZOL5B06T & 07T 4 72 ** -- -- --

Theory VII ZOL5B08T Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 4 72 4 80 20 100 2.5

Theory VIII ZOL5B09T Methodology in Science, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

3 54 4 80 20 100 2.5

Practical II*B -- Practical related to ZOL5B08T, & 09T 4 72 ** -- -- --

#Open Course +++

(for other streams)

ZOL5D01T

ZOL5D02T

ZOL5D03T

Reproductive Health and Sex Education

Nutrition, Health & Hygiene

Applied Zoology

(Any one) #

3 54 3 60 15 75 2

VI

Theory IX ZOL6B10T Physiology and Endocrinology 3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Theory X ZOL6B11T Reproductive and Developmental Biology

3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Practical III*A -- Practical related to ZOL6B10T & 11T 4 72 ** -- -- --

Theory XI ZOL6B12T Environmental and Conservation Biology

3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Theory XII ZOL6B13T Ethology, Evolution and Zoogeography 3 54 3 60 15 75 2

Page 18 of 172

12 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Semes

ter

Core/Open/ Elective courses

Code Course Title

Inst

ruct

ion

al h

ou

rs/w

eek

Inst

ruct

ion

al h

rs in

a

sem

este

r

Cre

dit

s

Ext

ern

al M

arks

Inte

rnal

mar

ks

To

tal m

arks

Du

rati

on

of

Exa

m (

hrs

)

Theory XIII

Elective Course##

ZOL6B14(E)01T

ZOL6B14(E)02T

ZOL6B14(E)03T

Human Genetics

Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry & Poultry science

Applied Entomology

(Any one) ##

3

54

2

60

15

75

2

Practical III*B

-- Practical related to theory core course ZOL6B12T, 13T & ZOL6B14 (E)01T/ (E)02T/ (E)03T

4 72 ** -- -- --

Project work / Field study 2 32 *** -- -- --

Practical II (II*A +II*B)

ZOL6B15P Zoology Core Practical II (Practical related to ZOL5B06T, 07T, 08T, 09T)

8

144

4** 80 20 100 4

Practical III (III*A +III*B)

ZOL6B16P Zoology Core Practical III (Practical related to ZOL6B10T, 11T, 12T, 13T & 14T (E)01/(E)02/(E)03)

8 144 4** 80 20 100 4

ZOL6B17PF Project work & Field study --

-- 2+1 ***

60 15 75

Total

58 1220 305 1525

Core courses 1450 + Open course 75 = 1525 Marks

Scheme of evaluation: External 80 % +Internal 20 % * Practical examination for1st, 2 nd, 3rd and 4th semesters will be held at the end of IV

semester.

** Practical examination for 5th and 6th semesters will be held at the end of VI semester.

*** Project work – 2 credits; Field study – 1 credit. External evaluation of Project work

and Field study report will be conducted at the end semester VI after Practical III (External: 80% Marks + Internal: 20 % marks; Total: 75 Marks). (It includes a Viva-voce based on

report of Project work and field study).

Project: External 48 marks + Internal 12 marks = 60 marks

Field study report: External 12 marks +Internal 3 marks = 15 marks

# Open course of any one course (ZOL5D01T/ ZOL5D02T/ ZOL5D03T) opted by the dept.

is for other streams. Open course Theory: 80% marks for external and 20% marks for internal evaluation.

+++ See Appendix of Open course

## Elective course of any one course (ZOL6B14(E)01/ ZOL6B14(E)02/ ZOL6B14(E)03)

opted by the dept. is for Core course.

Page 19 of 172

13 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 6

+++Appendix

B.Sc. ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE [For students of other streams]

STRUCTURE OF OPEN COURSE Course code, Title, Instructional hours, Credits, Marks and

Duration of Examination

Total Credits: 3 (External 80% and Internal 20%) (w.e.f. 2019Admission)

Sem

este

r

Open Course

Code Course content

Instr

ucti

on

al h

rs/

week

Instr

ucti

on

al

hrs

in a

sem

este

r

Cre

dit

s

Exte

rnal M

ark

s

Inte

rnal m

ark

s

Tota

l m

ark

s

Dura

tion o

f E

xam

(hrs

)

V

Theory [Any one]

ZOL5D01T

Open Course 01 :

Reproductive Health and

Sex Education

3 54 3 60 15 75 2 ZOL5D02T

Open Course 02 : Nutrition, Health and

Hygiene

ZOL5D03T Open Course 03 :

Applied Zoology

TOTAL 3 54 3 60 15

75

2

Open course of any one course (ZOL5D01T/ ZOL5D02T/ ZOL5D03T) opted by the

dept. is for students of other streams.

There shall be one open course in core subjects in the fifth semester. The open

course shall be open to all the students in the institution except the students in the

parent department. The students can opt that course from any other department in

the institution. Each department can decide the open course from a pool of three

courses offered by the University. For open courses there shall be a minimum of 10

and maximum of 75 students per batch. Total credits allotted for open course is 3

and the hours allotted is 3. If there is only one programme in a college, they can

choose either language courses or physical education as open course.

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14 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

OUTCOMES AND OUTCOME BASED EDUCATION (OBE)

Outcomes are what the students are expected to be able to do at the end of a unit

of learning. The unit of learning is three year formal programme.

An Outcome:

Should unambiguously state what the student should be able to

do/perform.

What the students do or perform are observable and assessable?

Students should be able to understand what it means (comprehensible).

Should be able to provide guidance to students in planning their learning.

Outcome Based Education (OBE) was introduced by William Spady in early 1990s

for American school system and eventually adapted by higher education systems.

This is an approach to education in which decisions about the curriculum and

instructions are driven by the exit learning outcomes that the students should

display at the end of a programme or a course. OBE establish the conditions and

opportunities within the system that enable and encourage all students to achieve

those essential outcomes. A system based on outcomes gives top priority for

learning, accomplishments and results.

Advantages of OBE

Relevance: Outcome based education promotes fitness for practice and

education for capability.

Discourse: The process of identification of the outcomes within an institution

promotes discussion of fundamental questions.

Clarity: An explicit statement of what the educational process aims to

achieve clarifies the curriculum for both students and teachers, and

provides a focus for teaching and learning.

Provision of a Framework: OBE provides a robust framework for integration

of the curriculum.

Accountability: By providing an explicit statement of what the curriculum is

setting out to achieve, OBE emphasizes accountability.

Self Directed Learning: If students are clear about what they are trying to

achieve, they can take more responsibility for their own learning. OBE thus

promotes a student-centered approach to learning and teaching.

Flexibility: OBE does not specify educational strategies or teaching methods.

Guide for Assessment: The outcomes provide the framework for student

examinations.

Facilitates Curriculum Evaluation: The outcomes provide benchmarks against

which the curriculum can be judged.

Three levels of Outcomes:

Programme Outcomes (POs)

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Course Outcomes (COs)

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15 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Programme Outcomes (POs) indicate the generic knowledge, skills and attitudes

that every student graduating from a UG programme should attain. While every

course of the programmme can address only a subset of POs, all the core courses

together should be able to address all the POs.

1. Programme Outcomes (POs) for General Undergraduate Programme:

PO1. Critical Thinking: Take informed actions after identifying the assumptions

that frame our thinking and actions, checking out the degree to which these

assumptions are accurate and valid, and looking at our ideas and decisions

(intellectual, organizational, and personal) from different perspectives.

PO2. Problem Solving: Understand and solve the problems of relevance to society

to meet the specified needs using the knowledge, skills and attitudes

acquired from humanities/ sciences/mathematics/social sciences.

PO3. Effective Communication: Speak, read, write and listen clearly in person

and through electronic media in English and in one Indian language, and

make meaning of the world by connecting people, ideas, books, media and

technology.

PO4. Effective Citizenship: Demonstrate empathetic social concern and equity

centered national development, and the ability to act with an informed

awareness of issues and participate in civic life through volunteering.

PO5. Environment and Sustainability: Understand the issues of environmental

contexts and sustainable development.

PO6. Self-directed and Life-long Learning: Acquire the ability to engage in

independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of socio-

technological changes.

2. Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PSOs are specific to a programme and are to be attained at the time of

graduation from the programme. They are to be identified by a committee with

representation from all stakeholders.

B.Sc. Zoology Programme

PSOs Program Specific Outcomes

PSO1 Understand the biological diversity and grades of complexity of various animal forms through their systematic classification and process of organic evolution.

PSO2 Understand the roles of plants, animals and microbes in the sustainability of the environment and their interaction among themselves and deterioration of the environment due to anthropogenic activities.

PSO3

Understand the concepts and principles of biochemistry, immunology, physiology, ethology, endocrinology, developmental biology, cell biology, genetics, molecular biology and microbiology and develop technical skills in biotechnology, bioinformatics and biostatistics.

PSO4

Perform laboratory procedures as per standard protocols in the areas of animal diversity, systematics, cell biology, genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, microbiology, physiology, immunology, developmental biology, environmental biology, ethology, evolution and science methodology.

* PSOs related to elective courses are excluded since they are college specific.

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16 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

3. Course Outcomes (COs):

Course outcomes are statements that describe significant and essential learning

that the learners have achieved and can reliably demonstrate at the end of the

course. Course outcomes are what the student should be able to do at the end of

the course.

CORE COURSE: SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION

For B.Sc. Zoology Programme, Zoology is the core course. It is to be taught during

all the six semesters. Course code, title, instructional hours, distribution of credits

and marks, and other details of B.Sc. Zoology Programme are shown in Tables 2 to

5. The syllabus includes theory as well as practical components (see Table 5).

A. Theory

The total number of theory core courses is 13. One core course each is to be

studied during the first four semesters (2 credits each for theory courses in 1st &

2nd semesters, 3 credits each in 3rd & 4th semesters) with 2 hrs of examination.

Four courses each with 4 credits and 2.5 hrs of examination in 5th semester and 5

courses [4 with 3 credits each and one with 2 credits] with 2 hrs examination in

6th semesters of the programme. Towards achieving vocationalisation, 3 core

courses are prescribed under Elective course for 6th semester. An institution can

choose any one of the following.

Elective courses: 01. Human Genetics (Code: e.g., ZOL6B14(E)01T)

02. Aquaculture, Animal Husbandry and Poultry science

03. Applied Entomology

For developing learning, understanding and presentation skills of students, some

pertinent topics are suggested for Seminar/Assignments. Questions from topics

allotted for assignments/seminar are for internal assessment only.

B. Practical

Practical courses corresponding to each theory course will be conducted during the

corresponding semesters. A combined practical examination relating to the first

four core courses 01, 02, 03 and 04 will be held at the end of the fourth semester

and that will be designated as Practical I (Code: ZOL4B05P) with 4 credits.

Practical related to core courses 06 to 09 of the 5th semester form Practical II [4

credits; Code: ZOL6B15P] and 10 to 14 of 6th semester form Practical III [4 credits;

Code: ZOL6B16P]. Practical examinations II and III will be conducted at end of the

sixth semester.

Record: Any candidate, who turns up for a practical examination, must submit a

certified bonafide record/report of work done by him/her duly attested by the

teacher-in-charge and the Head of the Department at the time of practical

examinations. Record should contain hand-drawn specimens with classification

and notes/ mountings/dissections/sketches/experiments and results with

scientific accuracy. All practical examinations are of 4 hours duration.

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17 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

C. Project and Field study (ZOL6B17PF):

1. Project work

Students are assigned to undertake a project work during 6th semester on problems

pertaining to biological science. Scientific study on the topic selected is required to

be carried out under the supervision and guidance of faculty members. A group

consisting of not more than 12 students can undertake one research project. Each

student has to actively participate in the project work. The problem/topic chosen

by an earlier batch of students for their project work shall not be repeated by a

latter batch. A certificate to this effect has to be attached by the Head of the

department.

A well documented project report duly attested by the Supervising teacher

and the Head of department must be submitted by each candidate for evaluation

separately on the day of 3rd practical examination in the sixth semester. The project

must contain the following components.

1. Introduction with citations of

relevant literature

2. Objectives of the study

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Discussion

6. References

2. Field Study

A field study/study tour for 5 days is compulsory during the tenure of the B.Sc.

Zoology programme, preferably in the V or VI semester. A total of at least 4 days

should be kept apart for visiting research institution/museum, and places of

biological interest and ecological importance. One day trip should be associated

with Elective course chosen. A detailed tour report certified by the Teacher-in-

charge of the study tour and also by the Head of the Department, specifying the

places and institutions visited, date and time of visit, details of observations made

must be submitted by each student in "hand written" mode for evaluation during

the day of 3rd practical examination in the sixth semester. The field study/study

tour report is compulsory for each student appearing for practical examination.

EXAMINATIONS

There shall be university examinations at the end of each semester. A student

shall be permitted to appear for the semester examination, only if he/she

secures not less than 75% attendance in each semester. Practical examinations

shall be conducted by the university at the end of fourth and sixth semesters.

External evaluation of Project work and field study report shall be conducted on a

separate day after the completion of core course practical examination in the sixth

semester.

Page 24 of 172

19 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

EVALUATION AND GRADING

Mark system is followed instead of direct grading for each question. The evaluation

scheme for each course shall contain two parts: viz., Internal evaluation (20%

marks) and External evaluation (80% marks). The marks secured for internal

assessment only need to be sent to university by the college concerned. After

internal and external evaluation, marks are entered in the answer scripts. All other

calculations, including grading will be done by the university using the software.

For each course in the semester, letter grade and grade point are introduced in 10

point Indirect Grading System. Each course is evaluated by assigning marks with a

letter grade (O, A+, A, B+, B, C, P, F, I, Ab) to that course by the method of indirect

grading.

Table 7. TEN POINT INDIRECT GRADING SYSTEM

Percentage of

Marks (Both

Internal &

External put

together)

Grade Interpretation Grade Point

Average (G)

Range of

Grade

points

Class

95 and above O Outstanding 10 9.5 - 10 First Class with

Distinction 85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9 8.5 – 9.49 75 to below 85 A Very good 8 7.5 – 8.49 65 to below 75 B+ Good 7 6.5 – 7.49

First Class 55 to below 65 B Satisfactory 6 5.5 – 6.49 45 to below 55 C Average 5 4.5 – 5.49 Second Class 35 to below 45 P Pass 4 3.5 – 4.49 Third Class

Below 35 F Failure 0 0 Fail Incomplete I Incomplete 0 0 Fail

Absent Ab Absent 0 0 Fail

CORE COURSE: SCHEME OF EVALUATION

B.Sc. Zoology Programme comprises 13 theory courses (one each in first 4

semesters, four in 5th and five in 6th semesters), 3 practical courses, and 1 course of

project work & field study. The scheme of evaluation for core course theories,

practicals, project work & field study contain two parts: viz., internal evaluation

(20% marks) and external evaluation (80%marks).

A. THEORY [CORE COURSE]: EVALUATION SCHEME

The evaluation scheme for each course contains two parts; viz. internal evaluation

and external evaluation.

I. INTERNAL EVALUATION

The internal evaluation will be a continuous process. It will be done by the faculty

members of the department of Zoology of the institution where the candidate is

pursuing the study. The internal assessment shall be based on a transparent

system involving student’s performance in class tests, class room participation

based on attendance in theory courses, assignments and seminars in respect of

theory courses. For the test paper marks, at least one test paper should be

conducted. If more test papers are conducted, the marks of the best one should be

Page 25 of 172

20 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

taken. To ensure transparency of the evaluation process, the internal assessment

marks awarded to the students in each course in a semester shall be notified on

the notice board at least one week before the commencement of external

evaluation. There shall not be any chance for improvement for internal marks. The

course teacher(s) shall maintain the academic record of each student registered for

the course, which shall be forwarded to the university by the college Principal after

obtaining the signature of both course teacher and Head of the department.

For 2/3 credit courses the external examination is for 60 marks and 2 hours of

duration. Such courses have an internal component of 15 marks (60 external + 15

internal = 75 marks). 4/5 credit courses have an external examination of 80 marks

and 2.5 hours duration. The internal mark for such courses is 20 (external 80+

internal 20 = 100 marks). The distribution of internal marks shall be as follows:

Table 8. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Theory courses

Sl. No.

Criteria

Maximum

internal marks 15

(2/3 credit courses – Type 1)

Maximum

internal marks 20

(4/5 credit courses – Type 2)

1 Test paper (1) (40%) 6 8

2 Assignment (20%) 3 4

3 Seminar (20%) 3 4

4 Attendance (20%) 3 4

Total Marks 15 20

Table 8.1.Pattern of Test paper for Type 1 [2/3 credit courses]

Duration Pattern

Total number of

questions

Number of questions

can be

answered

Marks for each

question

Ceiling of

Marks

1 Hour

Short answer 6 6 2 10

Paragraph 3 3 5 10

Essay 2 1 10 10

Total marks 30

Table 8.2. Pattern of Test paper for Type 2 [4/5 credit courses]

Duration Pattern

Total

number of

questions

Number of

questions

can be answered

Marks for

each

question

Ceiling of

Marks

1.15 Hour

Short answer 6 6 2 10

Paragraph 5 5 5 20

Essay 2 1 10 10

Total marks 40

Table 8.a. Split up of internal marks for Test Paper [40%]

Sl. No. Range of Marks in test

paper

Out of 6 [Maximum internal

marks 15]

Out of 8 [Maximum internal

marks 20]

1 85 to 100% 6 8

2 65 to below 85% 5 6

3 55 to below 65% 4 4

4 45 to below 55% 3 3

5 35 to below 45% 2 2

6 Below 35% 1 1

Page 26 of 172

21 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 8.b. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Assignment [20%]

Sl. No. Criteria

Out of 3

[Maximum internal

marks 3]

Out of 4

[Maximum internal

marks 4]

1 Submission in time 1 1

2 Content 2 3

3 Total Marks 3 4

Table 8.c. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Seminar [20%]

Sl. No. Criteria

Out of 3

[Maximum internal

marks 3]

Out of 4

[Maximum internal

marks 4]

1 Excellent 3 4

2 Good 2 3

3 Average 1 1

4 *Total Marks 3 4

*Based on clarity, communication skills, use of AV aids and answer to questions.

Table 8.d. Split up of internal marks for Classroom Participation (CRP)

(Attendance) [20%]

Sl. No. Range of CRP

(Attendence)

Out of 3

[Maximum internal

marks 15]

Out of 4

[Maximum internal

marks 20]

1 85 and above 3 4

2 75 to below 85% 2 2

3 50 to below 75% 1 1

4 below 50% 0 0

II. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

Theory examinations will be conducted at the end of each semester. External

evaluation carries 80% of marks. All question papers shall be set by the University.

The external question papers may be of uniform pattern with 80/60 marks. The

courses with 2/3 credits will have an external examination of 2 hours duration

with 60 marks and courses with 4/5 credits will have an external examination of

2.5 hours duration with 80 marks. The external examination in theory courses is to

be conducted by the university with question papers set by external experts.

Scheme of Examination (2/3 credit course)

The external question papers are of 60 marks and duration of external examination

is 2 hrs. The pattern of question paper for external examination is as given below.

The students can answer all the questions in Sections A & B. But there shall be

ceiling (maximum marks that can be scored) in each section.

Page 27 of 172

22 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 9. Pattern of Question Paper for Theory - Type 1 [60 Marks]

Duration Pattern

Total

number of

questions

Number

of

questions can be

answered

Marks

for each

question

Ceiling of Marks

2 Hours

Section A: Short answer 12 12 2 20

Section B: Paragraph 7 7 5 30

Section C: Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks 60

Scheme of Examination (4/5 credit course):

The external question papers are of 80 marks and duration of each external

examination is 2.5 hours. The pattern of question papers for external examination

is as given below. The students can answer all the questions in Sections A & B. But

there shall be ceiling (maximum marks that can be scored) in each section.

Table 10. Pattern of Question Paper for Theory - Type 2 [80 Marks]

Duration Pattern Total

number of

questions

Number of

questions can be

answered

Marks

for each

question

Ceiling of Marks

2.5 Hours

Section A: Short answer 15 15 2 25

Section B: Paragraph 8 8 5 35

Section C: Essay 4 2 10 20

Total Marks 80

B. PRACTICAL [CORE COURSE]: EVALUATION SCHEME

Practical corresponding to each core course will be conducted during the

corresponding semesters. Internal evaluation of core course Practical I will be

conducted at 4th semester and Practical II & III at 6th semester. Internal evaluation

carries 20% of the total marks in each practical.

I. INTERNAL EVALUATION

Table 11. Criteria of Internal Evaluation for Practical I, II and III [20 marks for each practical]

Sl. No. Criteria Marks

1 Attendance 4

2 Lab involvement,

Performance & punctuality

4

3 Class test (1 No.) 8

4 Record 4

Total Marks 20

Table 11a. Attendance

Sl. No. Attendance (%) Marks

1 85 and above 4

2 75 to below 85% 2

3 50 to below 75% 1

4 below 50% 0

Page 28 of 172

23 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 11.b. Lab involvement, Performance & Punctuality

Sl. No. Criteria Marks

1 Excellent 4

2 Very Good 3

3 Good 2

4 Average 1

5 Below Average 0

Table 11.c. Class Test [1]

Sl. No. Criteria Marks

1 85 to 100% 8

2 65 to below 85% 6

3 55 to below 65% 4

4 45 to below 55% 3

5 35 to below 45% 2

6 Below 35% 1

Table 11.d. Record

Sl. No. Criteria Marks

1 Punctuality in submission 1

2 Contents 2

3 Scientific accuracy and neatness 1

Total Marks 4

III. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

Practical corresponding to each core theory course will be conducted during the

corresponding semesters. External evaluation will be done by a team consisting of

one internal examiner and one external examiner.

A combined University practical examination related to the first four core

theory courses (Practical I*A, I*B, I*C and I*D) will be conducted at the end of

fourth semester and that will be designated as Practical I (ZOL4B05P). Practical

related to V semester core theory courses (Practical II*A and II*B) form Practical II

(ZOL6B15P) and Practical related to VI semester core theory courses, (Practical

III*A, and III*B) form Practical III (ZOL6B16P). Practical II and III examinations will

be conducted at the end of 6th semester. Credits for Practical I, II & III are 4 each.

All external practical examinations are of 4 hours duration.

Any candidate, who turns up for a practical examination, must submit a

certified and bonafide record/ report of work done by him/ her duly attested by the

Teacher- in -charge and the Head of the Department at the time of practical

examinations.

For external evaluation of the record of Practical - I, One mark may be given

to the local biodiversity report done by the students on Nonchordate group of

animals during I or II semester and also one mark for local biodiversity report on

Chordate groups during III or IV semester (1+1+14= Total 16 marks).

All practical examinations will have a viva voce, during which the examiner

may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/concepts of the

experiments performed during the practical examinations (3 marks).

Page 29 of 172

24 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 12. Scheme of question paper for Practical I

Question

Nos. Nature of questions

Tota

l no.

of

questi

ons

Mark

s f

or

each

questi

on

Mark

s

Dura

tion

I : Q 1-6

Spotters: Identification and classification

(up to order in the case of chordates and up to class in the case of non-chordates);

habits/habitat/sketches/ descriptions/

peculiarities/reasons/ significance etc.

6

3

18

4 hours II: Q 7 Minor : Mountings/dissections/ display/

Sketches

1

9 9

III: Q 8 Minor : Mountings/ dissections/

display/sketches

1 12 12

IV: Q 9 Major : Mountings/dissections

1 22 22

Viva-voce 3#

V:Record - - - 16*

Total Marks 80

* For external evaluation of the Practical Record I, One mark may be given to the local

biodiversity report done by the students on Nonchordate group of animals during I or II semester and also one mark for local biodiversity report on Chordate groups during III or IV

semester (1+1+14= Total 16 marks).

# viva- voce: Examiner may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/ concepts

of the experiments performed during the practical examinations.

Table 13. Scheme of question paper for Practical II and III

Question

Nos. Nature of questions

Tota

l no. of

questi

ons

Mark

s f

or

each

questi

on

Mark

s

Dura

tion

I : Q 1-6

Spotters from various core courses:

slides/specimens/apparatus/experime

ntal set up etc.; Identification,

sketches/descriptions/ reasons importance/ significance etc.

6

3

18

4 hours II: Q 7

Minor expt. : from various sections -

results/explanation/ graphs/sketches

etc.

1

9

9

III: Q 8

Minor expt. : from various sections -

results/explanation/ graphs/ sketches

etc.

1

12

12

IV: Q 10

Major expt.: from various sections- results/ explanation/ sketches etc.

1

22

22

Viva-voce 3#

V:Record - - - 16

Total Marks 80

# Viva voce – Examiner may ask questions based on the principles/methodology/concepts

of the experiments performed during the practical examinations

Page 30 of 172

25 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

C. PROJECT WORK & FIELD STUDY [2+1 = 3 CREDITS]: EVALUATION SCHEME

a. Project work (2 credits)

A well documented project report duly attested by the Supervising teacher and the

Head of department must be submitted by each candidate for evaluation,

separately on the day of 3rd practical examination during semester VI. Report of the

project work has an internal and external evaluation.

Pass conditions

• Submission of the project report and presence of the student for viva are

compulsory for internal evaluation. No marks shall be awarded to a candidate if

she/ he fail to submit the Project Report for external evaluation.

• The student should get a minimum P Grade in aggregate of external and

internal.

• There shall be no improvement chance for the marks obtained in the project

report.

• In the extent of student failing to obtain a minimum of Pass Grade, the project

work may be re-done and a new internal mark may be submitted by the parent

department. External examination may be conducted along with the subsequent

batch.

b. Field Study (1 credit)

A detailed report of field study /study tour certified by the Teacher -in- charge and

also by the Head of the Department specifying the places and institutions visited,

date and time of visit, details of observations made etc. must be submitted by each

student in "hand written" mode for evaluation during the day of 3rd practical

examination in VI semester. The field study/study tour report is compulsory for

each student appearing for practical examination. Evaluation of the field study also

has both internal and external components.

Evaluation of the project report and field study report will be conducted after

Practical III examination in the VI semester on a separate day. Each student shall

appear for a viva- voce on the project work and field study before a team of two

external examiners. The questions will be based on project report and field study.

Marks shall be given according to their performance.

Table: 14. Evaluation of Project and Field study

Sl. No. Components External

Marks

Internal

Marks

Total

Marks

1 Project 48 12 60

2 Field study/

study tour

12 3 15

Total Marks 60 15 75

Page 31 of 172

26 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

I. INTERNAL EVALUATION (12+3=15 Marks)

The supervising teachers will assess the project report and field study report and

award internal marks.

Table 15: Criteria for Internal evaluation of Project [12 Marks; 20%] Sl. No. Components Marks

1 Originality 2

2 Methodology 2

3 Scheme/Organisation of Report 4

4 Viva-voce 4

Total Marks 12

Table 16: Criteria for Internal evaluation of Field study/Study tour report

[3 Marks; 20%] Sl.

No.

Components Marks

1 Content of field study report 2

2 Viva-voce related to field study 1

Total Marks 3

II. EXTERNAL EVALUATION (48+12 = 60)

Table 17: Project work & Field study: External Examination Scheme

Project work

Project

Total

Marks

(48)

Field study

Field

study

Total

Marks (12)

Grand

Total

(60)

Relevance

of the

topic,

statement of

objectives

10

Marks

Presentati

on, quality of

analysis/

use of

statistical

tools,

references

10

Marks

Finding

s and recomm

endatio

ns

14

Marks

Viva-

voce

14

Marks

Field

study related

to

elective

course

2

Marks

Visit to

places of general

biologica

l and

ecologic

al

interest

8

Marks

Viva-

voce related

to field

study

2

Marks

Page 32 of 172

27 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

DEGREE PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE

In the fifth semester, three open courses are prescribed in Zoology for

undergraduate programme for students from other streams. Department of the

Institution can choose any one of the following open course for students from

other streams. The open course is to be taught in 3 hrs per week with a total of 54

instructional hours in the 5th semester and with 3 credits (Table 6).

Table 18: Open courses in Zoology for undergraduate programme (For students from other streams)

Open courses Code Course content

Theory (Any one)

01 ZOL5D01T Reproductive Health and Sex

Education 02 ZOL5D02T Nutrition, Health and Hygiene

03 ZOL5D03T Applied Zoology

OPEN COURSE: SCHEME OF EVALUATION The evaluation scheme of the open course also has internal (20%) and external

(80%) components.

I. INTERNAL EVALUATION [15 marks]

Table 19. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Open course [15 marks]

Sl. No. Criteria Marks

1 Test paper (1) 6

2 Assignment 3

3 Seminar 3

4 Attendance (Classroom Participation) 3

Total Marks 15

Table 19.1.Pattern of Test paper [30 Marks]

Duration Pattern

Total

number of

questions

Number of

questions

can be

answered

Marks

for each

question

Ceiling

of

Marks

1 Hour

Short answer 6 6 2 10

Paragraph 3 3 5 10

Essay 2 1 10 10

Total marks 30

Table 19.a. Split up of internal marks for Test Paper [40%]

Sl. No. Range of Marks in test

paper

Out of 6

[Maximum internal

marks 15]

1 85 to 100% 6

2 65 to below 85% 5

3 55 to below 65% 4

4 45 to below 55% 3

5 35 to below 45% 2

6 Below 35% 1

Page 33 of 172

28 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Table 19.b. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Assignment [20%]

Sl. No. Criteria

Out of 3

[Maximum internal marks 3]

1 Submission in time 1

2 Content 2

3 Total Marks 3

Table 19.c. Criteria for Internal Evaluation of Seminar [20%]

Sl. No. Criteria

Out of 3

[Maximum internal marks 3]

1 Excellent 3

2 Good 2

3 Average 1

4 *Total Marks 3

*Based on way of presentation, content, answer to questions etc.

Table 19.d. Split up of internal marks for Classroom Participation (CRP) (Attendance) [20%]

Sl. No. Range of CRP

(Attendence)

Out of 3 [Maximum internal

marks 15]

1 85 and above 3

2 75 to below 85% 2

3 50 to below 75% 1

4 below 50% 0

II. EXTERNAL EVALUATION (60 Marks)

Table 20. Pattern of Question Paper for Open Course [Theory]

Duration Pattern

Total

number

of

questions

Number of

questions

can be

answered

Marks

for

each

question

Ceiling

of

Marks

2 Hours

Section A: Short answer 12 12 2 20

Section B: Paragraph 7 7 5 30

Section C: Essay 2 1 10 10

Total Marks 60

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT: PRECAUTIONS

The process of Internal Assessment must be transparent. There should not be any

chance for favoritism, victimization and discrimination. To avoid unpleasant

situations being created, the following precautions may be taken:

1. Assignments and answer scripts of class tests are to be returned after

evaluation. Grievances, if any, may be redressed forthwith. Then the papers

may be collected and kept in the Department for (at least 2 years) future

reference and shall be made available for verification by the university. The

responsibility of evaluating the internal assessment is vested on the teacher(s),

who teach the course.

Page 34 of 172

29 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

2. Tabulated statement of internal evaluation must be put up on the department

notice board prior to its despatch to the university.

3. A grievance redressal committee may be constituted at the department level to

supervise re-tests, seminars, evaluation of assignments etc. Every student has

the right to appeal against any injustice in the internal assessment/evaluation.

In order to address the grievance of students a three-level Grievance Redressal

mechanism is envisaged. A student can approach the upper level only if

grievance is not addressed at the lower level. This can be raised at three levels.

1. He/she may appeal against the injustice to the concerned teacher.

2. If not satisfied, he/she may plead to the Head of the Department, who

will then discuss the case with the faculty members of the Department

and come to a conclusion.

3. If the candidate again feels that justice has not been served at this level

too, he/she may bring the matter before the Principal for a final hearing.

The Principal will constitute a committee consisting of two senior

members of the college council [nominated by the Principal]; Head of the

Department of Zoology and the Principal (Chairman) himself / herself.

The decision taken by the committee shall be final and binding.

The Attendance and Progress Certificate in respect of all candidates, who

appear for the university examination, shall be sent to the university not later

than the closing date of the corresponding year.

Page 35 of 172

30 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

SYLLABUS

CORE COURSES

Page 36 of 172

31 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FIRST SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- I [Theory]

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART- I

Code: ZOL1B01T

[DIVERSITY, ADAPTATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROTOZOANS AND ACOELOMATE AND PSEUDOCOELOMATE NON-CHORDATES]

[36 hours] [2 hours per week] [2 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Describe the principles of classification and nomenclature (5 hrs)

CO2 Explain the five kingdom classification of living organisms (1 hr)

CO3 Understand the concepts of classification of animals (4 hrs)

CO4 Explain the classification with examples and characteristic features of kingdom Protista and describe the morphology and structural organization of Paramecium

(6 hrs)

CO5 Describe the characteristic features of subkingdom Mesozoa (1 hr)

CO6 Explain the classification of phylum Porifera and elucidate the salient features of

each class (3 hrs)

CO7 Describe the characteristic features of phylum Cnidaria and Ctenophora,

illustrate the classification of phylum Cnidaria down to classes and explain the structural organization of Obelia (8 hrs)

CO8 Explain the salient features of phylum Platyhelminthes and illustrate its

classification down to classes (3 hrs)

CO9 Explain the characteristic features and classification of super-phylum

Aschelminthes and phylum Nematoda (3 hrs)

CO10 Elucidate the characters of Pseudocoelomate minor phyla Rotifera and Gastrotricha (2 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination [Module 1-4: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks

Module 5-10: Short answer 7x2=14 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]

Section A. CONCEPTS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS

MODULE 1. Principles of classification and nomenclature (5 hrs)

Systematics: natural and classical. Nomenclature: Binomial and Trinomial

nomenclature; International rules of Zoological nomenclature (brief account);

Mention modern trends in systematics: Chemotaxonomy, Serotaxonomy,

Cytotaxonomy, Evolutionary taxonomy, Numerical taxonomy (Phenetics), Cladistics

(Phylogenetics), Molecular systematics, DNA barcoding.

[Short answers/paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2. Five kingdom classification of living organisms (1 hr)

Mention Cavalier-smith’s eight kingdom classification also.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3. Concepts of classification of animals (4 hrs)

Classification based on number of cells, tissue or organ system level of

organization, development of germ layers, development of symmetry, development

of coelom, segmentation, homology and analogy of organs and their origin,

development of mouth and digestive tract (brief account).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Page 37 of 172

32 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Section B. CLASSIFICATION OF KINGDOM PROTISTA

MODULE 4. Kingdom: PROTISTA (6 hrs)

Characteristic features and classification of Kingdom Protista down to phyla.

[Salient features of the major groups of protists given below with notes on the

examples cited]

Phylum: Rhizopoda e.g.Entamoeba

Phylum: Dinoflagellata e.g.Noctiluca

Phylum:Parabasilia e.g.Trichonympha

Phylum: Apicomplexa [=Sporozoa] e.g. Plasmodium

Phylum: Ciliophora e.g.Vorticella.

Type Paramecium: Morphology and structural organization [as revealed by

compound microscopy]; locomotion, nutrition, excretion, osmoregulation and

reproduction; conjugation in detail.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section C. KINGDOM: ANIMALIA

Salient features of the Major Phyla of animals and their diversity.

[Habits, habitat,morphology, functional anatomy and life history of representative types

(wherever specified) and classification of each phylum down to classes, except otherwise

mentioned, and examples thereof: Study of animal diversity with typical examples from each

class, with emphasis on ecological and adaptive features, economic importance and such

other points of biological interest expected. Only very brief account of each example is to be

studied.]

MODULE 5. Subkingdom: MESOZOA (1 hr)

A brief account of Dicyemid (=Rhombozoans) mesozoans [e.g. Dicyema] and

Orthonectid mesozoans [e.g. Rhopalura]

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 6. Subkingdom: PARAZOA (3 hrs)

Phylum: PORIFERA

Classification down to classes and salient features of each class.

Class Calcarea (=Calcispongiae) e.g.Leucosolenia

Class Demospongiae e.g.Spongilla

Class Hexactinellida (=Hyalospongiae) e.g.Euplectella

Give an account of canal system (Asconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid and Rhagonoid);

Mention amphiblastula, parenchymula and sponge gemmule.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 7. Subkingdom: METAZOA (8 hrs)

Phylum CNIDARIA [=COELENTERATA] (7 hrs)

Classification of the phylum down to classes and salient features of each class.

Class Hydrozoa e.g.Halistemma, Physalia

Class Scyphozoa e.g.Rhizostoma

Page 38 of 172

33 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Class Anthozoa e.g.Adamsia, Zoanthus, and Madrepora

Type Obelia: Morphology and life cycle.

Polymorphism in cnidarians with special reference to siphonophores.

Phylum CTENOPHORA [=ACNIDARIA] (1 hr)

Unique features as exemplified by Pleurobrachia; mention cidippid larva.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 8. ACOELOMATA (3 hrs)

Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES

Classification down to classes and salient features of the following classes.

ClassTurbellaria e.g.Bipalium

Class Trematoda e.g.Fasciola

Class Cestoda e.g.Taenia

Type Dugesia (Planaria):Structural organization, Digestive system, locomotion and

reproduction. [Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 9. PSEUDOCOELOMATA (3 hrs)

Super Phylum: ASCHELMINTHES

Classification down to phyla; highlight the heterogeneous nature of animals of this

group.

Phylum: NEMATODA

Characteristic features of Ascaris.

Examples: Ancylostoma, Enterobius, Wuchereria

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 10. PSEUDOCOELOMATE MINOR PHYLA (2 hrs)

Salient features of the following pseudocoelomate minor phyla:

Phylum Gastrotricha e.g.Chaetonotus

Phylum Rotifera e.g.Brachionus

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Nutrition in protozoans.

2. Reproduction in protozoans.

3. Parasitic protozoans of man.

4. Helminth parasites of man.

5. Reef building corals and coral reefs.

REFERENCES

Anderson, D. T. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. 2ndedition. University of Michigan, Oxford University Press (Indian Edition. 2006).

Barnes, R.D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology, 5thEdition. Holt Saunders International Edition.

Page 39 of 172

34 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P.P., Olive, P.J.W., Golding, D.W. & Spicer, J.I. (2009). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis, 3rd Edition. Wiley Blackwell Science, UK.

Bhatnagar, M.C. & Bansal, G. (2014). Non–chordata (Invertebrate Zoology). Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd., Meerut.

Brusca, R.C., Moore, W. & Shuster S.M. (2014). Invertebrates, 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates, OUP London.

Buchsbaum, R., Buchsbaum, M., Pearse, J. & Pearse V. (2013). Animals without Backbones: An Introduction to the Invertebrates. University of Chicago Press, USA.

Dhami, P. S. &Dhami, J. K.: Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985).A Manual of Zoology Vol. I [Part I & II], S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Madras.

Hooper, J. N.A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (2006). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Springer Publications.

Jordan, E. L. &Verma, P. S. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Company, New Delhi.

Kotpal, R. L. (2009).Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications, New Delhi.

Kozloff, E.N. (1990). Invertebrates. University of Michigan & Saunders College Publishing, 1990.

Mayr, E. & Ashlock, P. D. (1991). Principles of Systematic Zoology. 2nd edition, 1991, McGraw-Hill Publishing Inc., New York.

Mayr, E. (1980). Principles of Systematic Zoology. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi.

McClanahan, T. R., Sheppard, C. R. C. & Obura, D. O. (2000). Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, USA.

Meglitsch, P.A. & Schram, F.R. (1991). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press.

Moore, J. (2001). An Introduction to the Invertebrates. Cambridge University Press, London.

Pechenik, J. A. (2015).Biology of the Invertebrates.7th illustrated edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

Puranik, P. & Bhate, A. (2008). Animal Forms and Functions: Invertebrata. Sarup& Sons, New Delhi.

Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. 7thedition. Thomson-Brooks Cole, USA.

Sandhu, G.S. (2005). Textbook of Invertebrate Zoology, Volume I. University of California & Campus Books International, New Delhi.

Simpson, G. G. (1961). Principles of Animal Taxonomy. 1965/1990, Oxford &Columbia University Press, New York.

Verma, A. (2005). Invertebrates: Protozoa to Echinodermata. Alpha Science Intl., Oxford.

Page 40 of 172

35 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

SECOND SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- II (Theory)

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA PART – II

Code: ZOL2B02T

[DIVERSITY, ADAPTATIONS & FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF COELOMATE NON-CHORDATES] [36 hours] [2 hours per week] [2 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Explain the classification with examples and characteristic features of phylum Annelida and describe the morphology and structural organization of Neanthes (7 hrs)

CO2 Describe the distribution, peculiarities and affinities of phylum Onychophora (2 hrs)

CO3 Explain the classification of phylum Arthropoda;elucidate the salient features of each class and describe the morphology and structural organization of Penaeus(11 hrs)

CO4 Describe the characteristic features of phylum Mollusca, illustrate its classification down to classes and explain the structural organization of Pila globosa (8 hrs)

CO5 Explain the salient features of phylum Echinodermata and illustrate its classification

down to classes (4 hrs)

CO6 Understand the salient features and affinities of phylum Hemichordata (1 hr)

CO7 Elucidate the characters of coelomate minor phyla Phoronida, Ectoprocta and Echiura

(3 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-3: Short answer 7x2=14 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks

Module 4-7: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]

COELOMATA

MODULE 1. Phylum ANNELIDA (7 hrs)

Classification down to subclasses; salient features of the following classes and

subclasses:

1. Class Polychaeta e.g. Arenicola

2. Class Clitellata

Subclass Oligochaeta e.g. Megascolex

Subclass Hirudinea e.g. Hirudinaria, Haemadipsa

Type: Neanthes [Nereis]

[Morphology, body wall, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system,

excretory system, sense organs and reproductive system. Mention Heteronereis

stage and Trochophore larva.]

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2. Phylum ONYCHOPHORA (2 hrs)

Peripatus [distribution, peculiarities and affinities).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3. Phylum ARTHROPODA (11 hrs)

Classification down to classes (mention the five subphyla and 16 arthropod

classes); salient features of the following classes:

Page 41 of 172

36 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

1. Class Trilobita [brief account only]

2. Class Merostomata e.g. Limulus

3. Class Arachnida e.g. Heterometrus (Palamnaeus),Heteropoda

(Huntsman spider, Order Araneae).

Mention ticks and mites (Subclass Acari).

4. Class Chilopoda e.g. Scolopendra, Scutigera

5. Class Diplopoda e.g. Spirostreptus, Julus

6. Class Crustacea e.g. Sacculina, Eupagurus

7. Class Insecta e.g. Lepisma, Mantis, Tabanus, Troides

minos (Southern Birdwing butterfly), Papilio

buddha (Malabar Banded Peacock),Apis.

Type: Penaeus indicus [Prawn]

[Morphology, digestive system, respiratory system, blood vascular system, excretory

system, nervous system, sense organs (statocyst, compound eye in detail),

reproductive system and development] [Details of larval stages not expected].

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 4. Phylum MOLLUSCA (8 hrs)

Classification down to classes; Mention Nudibranchs and Nautilus. Salient features

of the following classes:

1. Class Aplacophora e.g. Chaetoderma

2. Class Polyplacophora (=Amphineura) e.g. Chiton

3. Class Monoplacophora e.g. Neopilina

4. Class Gastropoda e.g. Turbinella

5. Class Bivalvia (=Pelecypoda) e.g. Perna

6. Class Scaphopoda e.g. Dentalium

7. Class Cephalopoda (=Siphonopoda) e.g. Sepia

Type: Pila globosa [Apple Snail]

[Morphology, digestive system, respiratory system, blood vascular system, excretory

system, nervous system, sense organs (osphradium in detail) and reproductive

system].

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Phylum ECHINODERMATA (4 hrs)

Classification down to classes [of extant forms only]; salient features of the

following classes and brief account of examples:

1. Class Crinoidea e.g. Antedon

2. Class Asteroidea e.g. Astropecten

3. Class Ophiuroidea e.g. Ophiothrix

4. Class Holothuroidea e.g. Holothuria

5. Class Echinoidea e.g. Echinus

Structural peculiarities of Asterias (star fish); water vascular system in detail.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Page 42 of 172

37 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

MODULE 6. Phylum HEMICHORDATA (1 hr)

Balanoglossus: Salient features and affinities.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 7. COELOMATE MINOR PHYLA (3 hrs)

Salient features of the following coelomate minor phyla; mention examples specified

[structure and life history not required).

1. Phylum Phoronida e.g. Phoronis

2. Phylum Ectoprocta [Bryozoa] e.g. Bugula

3. Phylum Echiura e.g. Bonellia

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for Assignments/Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students).

1] Larval forms in Crustacea and their significance.

2] Metamorphosis in insects.

3] Social organization in insects.

4] Economic importance of molluscans.

5] Insect vectors of human diseases.

REFERENCES Anderson, D. T. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. 2ndedition. University of Michigan, Oxford

University Press (Indian Edition. 2006).

Apte, D. (2015). Sea Shells of India: An Illustrated Guide to Common Gastropods. Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Barnes, R.D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology, 5thEdition. Holt Saunders International Edition.

Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P.P., Olive, P.J.W., Golding, D.W. & Spicer, J.I. (2009). The Invertebrates: A Synthesis, 3rd Edition. Wiley Blackwell Science, UK.

Bhatnagar, M.C. & Bansal, G. (2014). Non–chordata (Invertebrate Zoology). Krishna Prakashan Media (P) Ltd., Meerut.

Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2002). Invertebrates, 2ndEdition. Sinauer Associates, OUP London.

Brusca, R.C., Moore, W. & Shuster S.M. (2014). Invertebrates, 3rd Edition. Sinauer Associates, OUP London.

Buchsbaum, R., Buchsbaum, M., Pearse, J. & Pearse V. (2013). Animals without Backbones: An Introduction to the Invertebrates. University of Chicago Press, USA.

Cotes, E, C. (2011). A Catalogue of the Moths of India. Nabu Press, India.

Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K.: Invertebrate Zoology. R. Chand & Co, New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of ZoologyVol. I [Part I & II]. S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Madras.

Emiliyamma, K. G. & Radhakrishnan, C. (2006). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Kerala. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2001). Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.

Kehimkar, I. (2016). Butterflies of India. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.

Kiran, C. G. & Raju, D. V. (2013). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Kerala: A Bilingual Pictorial Guide. Tropical Institute of Ecological Studies, Kottayam.

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38 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Kotpal, R. L. (2009). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Invertebrates. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Kozloff, E.N. (1990). Invertebrates. University of Michigan & Saunders College Publishing, 1990.

Kunte, K. (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad & Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.

Mandal, F.B. (2017). Biology of Non-chordates. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Meglitsch, P.A. & Schram, F.R. (1991). Invertebrate Zoology. Oxford University Press, New York.

Moore, J. (2001). An Introduction to the Invertebrates. Cambridge University Press, London.

Pechenik, J. A. (2015). Biology of the Invertebrates.7th illustrated edition. McGraw-Hill Education, 2015.

Puranik, P. & Bhate, A. (2008). Animal Forms and Functions: Invertebrata. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.

Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. (2004). Invertebrate Zoology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach. 7thedition. Thomson-Brooks Cole, USA.

Russel-Hunter, W. D. (1969). A Biology of Higher Invertebrates. Collier - Macmillan Ltd., London.

Sandhu, G.S. (2005). Textbook of Invertebrate Zoology, Volume I. University of California & Campus Books International, New Delhi.

Sebastian, P.A. & Peter, K. V. (2009). Spiders of India. Universities Press, Hyderabad.

Shubhalaxmi, V. & Kendrick, R. (2018). Field Guide to Indian Moths. Birdwing Publishers, Mumbai.

Silsby, J. (2001). Dragonflies of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Australia.

Singh, A. P. (2010). Butterflies of India. Om Books, New Delhi.

Smetacek, P. (2016). A Naturalist’s Guide to the Butterflies of India. Prakash Books India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India- A Field Guide. Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.

Verma, A. (2005). Invertebrates: Protozoa to Echinodermata. Alpha Science International, Oxford.

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39 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

THIRD SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE – III (Theory)

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA PART - I

CODE: ZOL3B03T

[TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL ANATOMY AND ADAPTATIONS OF CHORDATES] [54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES [COs] COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Explain the characteristics of chordates and outline classification of the phylum

Chordata (2 hrs)

CO2 Describe the salient features and affinities of subphylum Urochordata and its classification down to classes; elucidate the morphology and structural organization of Ascidia (5 hrs)

CO3 Explain the salient features and affinities of subphylum Cephalochordata with reference to Branchiostoma (4 hrs)

CO4 Describe the salient features of subphylum Vertebrata, illustrate its classification

down to classes and elucidate the characteristics of division Agnatha (3 hrs)

CO5 Enumerate the salient features of superclass Pisces and illustrate its classification down to orders and the morphology and structural organization of Mugil cephalus

(12 hrs)

CO6 Describe the salient features and affinities of class Amphibia and its classification up to orders; explain the morphology and organ systems of Hoplobatrachus tigerinus

(13 hrs)

CO7 Elucidate the characteristic features of the class Reptilia and its classification down to orders; describe the morphology and organ systems of Calotes versicolor (15 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-3: Short answer 4x2=8 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10

Module 4-7: Short answer 8x2=16 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks, Essay 2x10=20 marks]

MODULE 1. Introduction [2 hrs]

Chordate characters (fundamental, general and advanced); chordates versus non-

chordates; diversity of chordates; outline classification down to classes; salient

features of each subphylum.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

[Type studies with special emphasis on morphologyand various functional systems

such as integumentary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous and

reproductive systems. Also mention the evolutionary significance]

MODULE 2.Subphylum UROCHORDATA [Tunicata] [5 hrs]

Classification of the subphylum down to classes. Affinities of urochordates with

cephalochordates and vertebrates.

Class Ascidiacea e.g. Herdmania

Class Larvacea e.g. Oikopleura

Class Thaliacea e.g. Doliolum

Type: Ascidia [Morphology and retrogressive metamorphosis]; add a note on

neoteny and paedogenesis.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3.Subphylum CEPHALOCHORDATA [4 hrs]

Type: Branchiostoma [=Amphioxus]

Morphology and anatomical features; digestive system in detail; primitive,

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40 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

degenerate and specialized features [affinities and systematic position to be

emphasized).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 4. Subphylum VERTEBRATA [3 hrs]

Salient features of subphylum vertebrata and its outline classification down to

classes.

Division 1. AGNATHA

Characters, classificationdown to classes and examples: Myxine; Petromyzon

[mention Ammocoetes larva]

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Division 2. GNATHOSTOMATA

MODULE 5. Superclass PISCES [12 hrs]

Classification of Pisces down to orders; salient features of the following extant

groups:

Class Chondrichthyes [Cartilaginous fishes]

Subclass Selachii e.g.Scoliodon, Trygon

Subclass Holocephali e.g.Chimaera

Class Osteichthyes [Bony fishes]

Subclass Sarcopterygii

1. Order Crossopterygii [Coelacanths] e.g. Latimeria

2. Order Dipnoi [Lung fishes] e.g. Neoceratodus, Protopterus,

Lepidosiren (Add a note on the distribution

of lung fishes).

Subclass Actinopterygii

1. Superorder Chondrostei e.g. Acipenser

2. Superorder Holostei e.g. Amia, Lepidosteus

3. Superorder Teleostei [Spiny-rayed fishes] e.g. Sardinella, Rastrelliger

Type: Mugil cephalus (Grey Mullet)

[Morphology, body wall, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system,

excretory system, sense organs (neuromast organ in detail) and reproductive

system].

Sub-terranean fishes from Kerala: Aenigmachanna Gollum (Gollum Snakehead),

Kryptoglanis shajii, Horaglanis krishnai (Blind Catfish) & Monopterus digressus

(Blind cave eel). Mention recent addition to ornamental fish trade - Sahyadria

denisonii (Miss Kerala).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Super class TETRAPODA

MODULE 6. Class AMPHIBIA [13 hrs]

Classification of Amphibia down to orders with examples [of extant forms only].

Subclass Stegocephalia (extinct)

Subclass Lissamphibia

1. Order Apoda (=Gymnophiona) e.g.Ichthyophis, Uraeotyphlus

2. Order Caudata (=Urodela) e.g.Necturus, Ambystoma, mention Axolotl larva.

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41 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

3. Order Anura (=Salientia) e.g.Duttaphrynus, Rhacophorus

Type: Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Indian Bullfrog)

[Morphology, body wall, skeletal system,digestive system, respiratory system,

circulatory system, excretory system, sense organs and reproductive system].

Mention about the diversity of bush frogs, dancing frogs and night frogs in Western

Ghats and the discovery of Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis (Purple frog).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 7. Class REPTILIA [15 hrs]

Classification of class Reptilia down to orders and salient features of thefollowing

orders (only extant forms):

Subclass I - Anapsida

1. Order Cotylosauria [stem reptiles] e.g.Hylonomus

2. Order Chelonia [common turtles, tortoises etc.] e.g. Melanochelys, Chelone

SubclassII - Diapsida

1. Order Rhynchocephalia e.g. Sphenodon

2. Order Squamata

Suborder Lacertilia (Lizards) e.g. Chamaeleo, Hemidactylus

Suborder Ophidia (Snakes)

Common venomous and non-venomous snakes of Kerala: a] Python molurus b]Ptyas

mucosus c] Gongylophis (= Eryx) conicus d] Indotyphlops braminus e] Bungarus

caeruleus f] Naja naja g] Daboia russellii h] Ophiophagus hannah

Identification key for venomous and non-venomous snakes.

3. Order Crocodilia e.g. Crocodylus, Gavialis

[Mention the extinct subclasses Euryapsida, Parapsida and Synapsida (mammal-

like reptiles) and mention the origin of mammals from synapsids].

Type: Calotes versicolor (Garden Lizard)

[Morphology, body wall, skeletal system (exclude skull bones), digestive system,

respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, sense organs and

reproductive system].

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Topics for Assignments/Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Migration of fishes. 2. Parental care in fishes. 3. Parental care in amphibians. 4. Snake venom: nature; composition; antivenin; poly antivenins; prophylaxis. 5. Accessory respiratory organs in fishes. 6. Economic importance of fishes.

REFERENCES Areste, M. & Cebrian, R. (2003). Snakes of the World. Sterling Publishing Company, New

York.

Barbour, T. (1926). Reptiles and Amphibians-Their Habits and Adaptations. Houghton Mifflin Co., New York.

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Boulenger, G. A. (2016). Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Reptilia and Batrachia (illustrated reprint). Wentworth Press (Originally published by Taylor & Francis, New York, 1890).

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (2001). Animal. Dorling-Kindersley, London.

Chanda, S. K. (2002). Hand book – Indian Amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Colbert, E. H. (1980). Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals through Time, 3rd Edition. J. Wiley & Sons, Wiley – Interscience Publication, New Jersey.

Das, I. (2002). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India. Ralph Curtis Books, Florida.

Daniel, J. C. (2002). The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. Oxford University Press & Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.

Daniels, R. J. R. (2005). Amphibians of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences & Universities Press, Hyderabad.

Daniels, R. J. R. (2002). Freshwater Fishes of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences & Universities Press, Hyderabad.

Day, F. (1971). The Fishes of India: Being a Natural History of the Fishes Known to Inhabit the Seas and Fresh Waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Volume I & II.MJP Publishers, Chennai.

Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K. (2009).Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of Zoology. Volume II Part I& II. S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.

Harvey Pough, F., Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. (2009). Vertebrate Life. 8th illustrated edition. Benjamin Cummings Publishing (Pearson Education Inc., Indian Edition).

Jhingran, V. G. (1975). Fish and Fisheries of India. 2nd Edition. Hindustan Publishing Corporation (India), New Delhi.

Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2014). Chordate Zoology.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Kardong, K. V. (2014). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.

Kent, G. C. & Carr, R. K. (2001). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates, 9th Edition. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi.

Kotpal, R. L. (2007).Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Liem, K. F. (2001). Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, 3rd Edition. Harcourt College Publishers, USA.

Mehrtens, J. M. (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Colour. Sterling Publishing Company, New York.

Noble, G. K. (1954). The Biology of the Amphibia. Dover Publications Inc., New York.

Parker, J. J. & Haswell, W. A. (2012).Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. 7th Edition. AITBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

Romer, A. S. (1955). The Vertebrate Body. W.B. Saunders Publishing Co., Philadelphia.

Talwar, P. K. & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Volume 1 & 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Walter, H. E. & Sayles, L. P. (1949). Biology of the Vertebrates: A Comparative Study of Man and His Animal Allies. 3rd Edition. MacMillan & Company, New York.

Whitaker, R. (2006). Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. 2nd Edition. MacMillan & Co, India.

Whitaker, R. & Captain, A. (2016). Snakes of India: The Field Guide. Westland/ Draco Books.

Young, J. Z. & Nixon, M. (1981). Life of Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, New York.

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43 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FOURTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE-IV (Theory)

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA PART-II

Code: ZOL4B04T [TAXONOMY, DIVERSITY, STRUCTURAL ANATOMY AND ADAPTATIONS OF CHORDATES –

AVES AND MAMMALS] [54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Describe the classification of class Aves down to orders, salient features of each

order with suitable examples (11 hrs)

CO2 Describe the external characters and functional systems of Columba livia (14 hrs)

CO3 Enumerate the salient features and classification of class Mammalia down to

orders with suitable examples (11 hrs)

CO4 Elucidate the external characters and functional systems of Oryctolagus cuniculus

(14 hrs)

CO5 Compare the circulatory, excretory and nervous systems of vertebrates (4 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-2: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks

Module 3-4: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 3x5=15 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks

Module 5: Short answer 2x2=4 marks, Paragraph 1x5=5 marks]

CLASS: AVES [25 hrs]

MODULE 1. Classification of Aves [11 hrs]

Classification of class Aves down to the orders specified; mention at least one

example for each order.

Subclass Archaeornithes [2 hrs]

1. Order Archaeopterygiformes e.g. Archaeopteryx lithographica – a brief

account on its discovery and evolutionary

significance.

Subclass Neornithes [2 hrs]

Super order Palaeognathae [=Ratitae]

2. Order Casuariiformes e.g. Casuarius (Cassowary)

3. Order Dinornithiformes [=Apterygiformes] e.g. Apteryx (Kiwi)

4. Order Rheiformes e.g. Rhea

5. Order Struthioniformes e.g. Struthio (Ostrich)

Super order Neognathae [=Carinatae] [7 hrs]

6. Order Galliformes [pheasants, quail, turkeys, grouse] e.g. Pavo cristatus

7. Order Anseriformes [screamers, water fowls] e.g. Anas poecilorhyncha

8. Order Passeriformes [perching birds] e.g. Passer domesticus

9. Order Piciformes [woodpeckers, barbets, honeyguides] e.g. Dinopium

10. Order Coraciiformes [kingfishers & allies] e.g. Alcedo atthis

11. Order Apodiformes [swifts, humming birds] e.g. Apus nipalensis

12. Order Strigiformes [owls] e.g. Bubo

13. Order Cuculiformes [cuckoos, roadrunners, turacos] e.g. Eudynamys

14. Order Psittaciformes [parrots, lories, cockatoos] e.g. Psittacula krameri

15. Order Gruiformes [cranes, rails, coots, bustards] e.g. Ardeotis nigriceps

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16. Order Charadriiformes [plovers, gulls, terns, auks, sand pipers] e.g. Tringa

17. Order Columbiformes [pigeons, doves, dodoes, sand grouse] e.g. Columba

18. Order Falconiformes [diurnal birds of prey – falcons, hawks] e.g. Mylvus

19. Order Ciconiiformes [herons, storks, ibis, spoon bills] e.g. Ardeola grayii

20. Order Pelecaniformes [pelicans, cormorants] e.g. Pelecanus

21. Order Sphenisciformes [Impennae] e.g. Aptenodytes (penguin)

22. Order Phoenicopteriformes [flamingos] e.g. Phoenicopterus

Recent Extinctions: Passenger Pigeon [Ectopistes migratorius), Dodo [Raphus

cucullatus], Pink-headed Duck [Rhodonessa caryophyllacea], Elephant Bird

[Aepyornis].

Rediscovery of Jerdon’s Courser [Cursorius bitorquatus] & Forest Owlet [Athene

blewitti].

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2.Type: Columba livia (Rock Pigeon) [14 hrs]

[External characters, integumentary system (structure of feather in detail – exclude

development of feather), skeletal system (skull excluded), digestive system,

respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, sense organs and

reproductive system].

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

CLASS: MAMMALIA [25 hrs]

MODULE 3. Classification of Mammalia [11 hrs]

Classification of class Mammalia down to the orders cited with examples specified.

Subclass Prototheria [2 hr]

Infraclass Ornithodelphia [egg-laying mammals]

1. Order Monotremata e.g. Ornithorhynchus [Platypus],

Tachyglossus [= Echidna]

Subclass Theria [2 hr]

Infraclass Metatheria [marsupials]

2. Order Marsupialia e.g. Didelphis [Opossum], Macropus [Kangaroo]

Infraclass Eutheria [true placental mammals] [7 hrs]

3. Order Edentata e.g. Bradypus (Sloth), Dasypus (Armadillo)

Myrmecophaga (Spiny ant-eater)

4. Order Pholidota e.g. Manis (Pangolin/ Scaly ant-eater)

5. Order Lagomorpha [rabbits and hares] e.g. Lepus nigricollis(Indian Hare)

6. Order Rodentia e.g. Funambulus, Ratufa(Giant squirrel)

7. Order Soricimorpha [shrews, moles] e.g. Suncusmurinus, Crocidura

8. Order Erinaceomorpha e.g. Paraechinus micropus (Indian Hedgehog)

9. Order Chrysochloridea e.g. Golden mole of South Africa

10. Order Dermoptera [colugos] e.g.Cynocephalusvolans (flying lemur)

11. Order Chiroptera e.g. Pteropus, Pipistrellus, Kerivoula picta (Painted bat)

12. Order Primates e.g. Loris, Macaca, Gorilla, Pongo, Hylobates, Homo

13. Order Carnivora e.g. Phoca (Seal), Odobenus (Walrus), Panthera sp.,

Viverriculaindica (Civet), Lutrogale (Otter),

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45 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Cuon alpinus (Wild dog).

14. Order Cetacea e.g. Physeter (Sperm whale), Delphinus (Dolphins),

Phocaena (Porpoise), Balaenoptera (Baleen whale]

15. Order Artiodactyla e.g. Sus scrofa cristatus (Wild Boar), Bos gaurus

(Gaur), Giraffa (Giraffe), Hemitragus [Tahr], Rusa

(=Cervus) unicolor (Sambar deer), Axis axis (Spotted

deer), Moschiola (Mouse deer), Antilope cervicapra

(Blackbuck).

16. Order Perissodactyla e.g. Equus caballus (Horse), Rhinoceros

17. Order Sirenia e.g. Trichechus (Manatee), Dugong

18. Order Proboscidea e.g. Elephas maximus indicus [Indian elephant],

Elephas maximus borneensis [Borneo pigmy

elephant], Loxodonta africana [African savanna

elephant] and Loxodonta cyclotis [African forest

elephant].

19. Order Hyracoidea e.g. Hyrax (Coney)

20. Order Tubulidentata e.g. Aardvark

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 4. Type: Oryctolagus cuniculus (European Rabbit) [14 hrs]

[External features, integumentary system, skeletal system (dentition in detail –

skull excluded), digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system (exclude

arterial and venous systems), excretory system, sense organs and reproductive

system].

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Comparative Anatomy [4 hrs]

Compare the circulatory, excretory and nervous systems of vertebrates.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for Assignments/ Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Aquatic mammals and their adaptations

2. Dentition in mammals [adaptations related to food)

3. Endangered mammals of Kerala

4. Flying mammals

5. Migration in birds

6. Flight adaptations in birds

7. Flightless birds REFERENCES

Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E. (2001). Animal. Dorling-Kindersley, London.

Colbert, E. H. (1980). Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals through Time, 3rd Edition. J. Wiley & Sons, Wiley – Interscience Publication, New Jersey.

Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K. (2009). Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. & Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of Zoology. Volume II Part I & II. S. Viswanathan Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.

Grewal, B. (2000). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Local Colour Ltd, HK.

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46 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. 2nd Edition. Christopher Helm Publishers, London.

Groves, C. P. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institute, Washington D.C, USA.

Harvey Pough, F., Janis, C. M. & Heiser, J. B. (2009). Vertebrate Life. 8th illustrated edition. Benjamin Cummings (Pearson Education Inc., Indian Edition).

Induchoodan (2004). Keralathile Pakshikal (Birds of Kerala). Kerala Sahitya Academy, Trichur.

Johnsingh, A. J. T. & Manjrekar, N. (2012). Mammals of South Asia – Volume 1 & 2. Orient BlackSwan Publishing, Hyderabad.

Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2014). Chordate Zoology.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Kardong, K. V. (2014). Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, New York.

Kent, G. C. & Carr, R. K. (2001). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates, 9th Edition. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing, New Delhi.

Kotpal, R. L. (2007). Modern Textbook of Zoology: Vertebrates. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.

Liem, K. F. (2001). Functional Anatomy of the Vertebrates: An Evolutionary Perspective, 3rd Edition. Harcourt College Publishers, USA.

McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K. (1997). Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, USA.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette India, New Delhi.

Pande, S. (2003). Birds of Western Ghats, Kokan & Malabar: Including Birds of Goa. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.

Prater, S. H. (1971). The Book of Indian Animals. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai.

Salim Ali (1969). Birds of Kerala. 2ndEdition. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Salim Ali (1997). The Book of Indian Birds. 12th Edition. Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press.

Walter, H. E. & Sayles, L. P. (1949). Biology of the Vertebrates: A Comparative Study of Man and His Animal Allies. 3rd Edition. MacMillan & Company, New York.

Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Johns Hopkins University Press, USA.

Young, J. Z. & Nixon, M. (1981). Life of Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, New York.

Young, J. Z. (1958). Life of Mammals. Oxford University Press, New York.

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47 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME ZOOLOGY [CORE COURSE] PRACTICAL – I: ANIMAL DIVERSITY

Code: ZOL4B05P

[Practical I*A+ I*B+ I*C+ I*D]

[144 hours] [2 hrs per week] [Spread over first 4 semesters] [4 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Identify and describe specified protists and acoelomate & pseudocoelomate non-chordates and perform the culture of selected protists; understand the histological

features of coelenterate, platyhelminth and nematode. (36 hrs)

CO2 Identify and describe specified coelomate non-chordates and the transverse

sections of annelids; Perform mounting of the specified organs of selected non-

chordates. (36 hrs)

CO3 Identify and describe specified chordates and specified bones of chordates; Prepare

key for identification of venomous snakes; Perform mounting and dissection of

specified organ systems of chordates. (36 hrs)

CO4 Identify and describe selected vertebrates and specified bones of vertebrates.(36 hrs)

FIRST SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL- I*A

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NONCHORDATA Part - I [36 hours] [2 hrs per week]

[Students are expected to make sketches with notes, while they study the specimens in the laboratory/field itself. The record must carry sketches with notes of all specimens, mountings and dissections. Emphasis must be on scientific accuracy and not on beauty of sketches.]

MODULE 1. [36 hrs]

Section A. Study of the following Non-chordate specimens:

(Choose useful and harmful forms from different habitats. All animals intended for

type study are to be included. Slides / museum preparations are to be used; charts /

models may be used in exceptional cases. Students are expected to identify the

specimens by their generic names and assign them to the respective phyla and

classes).

1. Protists: Amoeba, Noctiluca, Ceratium, Entamoeba, Trichonympha, Paramecium

[any 4]

2. Poriferans: Leucosolenia/Scypha or Spongilla, Sponge gemmule, spicules

3. Cnidarians: Sedentary hydrozoans: Hydra, Obelia, Obelia medusa [any 2]

Pelagic hydrozoans: Physalia/Velella

Pelagic scyphozoan: Aurelia/ Rhizostoma

Common anthozoans: Adamsia, Edwardsia, Madrepora, Fungia, Tubipora

Gorgonia [any 3]

4. Platyhelminths: Free living flat worm: Bipalium Dugesia

Parasitic flat worms: Fasciola/Taenia solium

5. Aschelminths: Parasitic round worms: Ascaris/Ancylostoma/Wuchereria

6. Minor Phyla : Sipunculus/Bonellia or any other specimen

7. Local Biodiversity Record: Observe water samples from the locality for live

protists and make a field note.

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8. Demonstration of culture methods of Protists[Amoeba/Euglena/Paramecium].

Section B. Histology

Transverse sections of a coelenterate [Hydra], a platyhelminth [Dugesia] and a

nematode (Ascaris male & female).

SECOND SEMESTER B. Sc. DEGREE PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL– I*B

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: NON-CHORDATA Part– II

[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]

MODULE 2. [36 hrs]

Section A. Study of the following Coelomate Non-chordate specimens:

1. Annelids : Polychaetes: Aphrodite, Chaetopterus, Arenicola, Tomopteris [any 2]

Common earthworm: Megascolex / Pheretima

Leech: Hirudinaria, Heamadipsa, Branchellion [any 2]

2. Arthropods: Items of evolutionary / taxonomic importance - Limulus,

Streptocephalus [any 1]

Common fouling barnacle – Lepas / Balanus

Parasitic crustaceans– Sacculina, Cymothoa, Argulus [any 2]

Crustacean of the sandy shore– Emerita / Albunea

Symbiotic crustacean - Eupagurus

Economically important crustacean - Penaeus, Scylla [any 1]

Vectors – Cyclops, Aedes, Musca, Xenopsylla [any 2]

Insect pests – Lepisma, termite queen,

Pest of paddy, pest of coconut, pest of stored grains [any 5]

Aquatic insects – Belostoma, Nepa, Ranatra [any 2]

Predatory insect - Dragonfly, Ant-lion, Mantis [any 1]

Insect which camouflages - Carausius /Phyllium

Common myriapods – Scolopendra/Scutigera, Julus/

Spirostreptus/Jonespeltis [any 2]

Common arachnids – Palamnaeus/ Buthus,

Spider/ tick/mite [any 2]

3. Molluscs: Inter tidal mollusks – Chiton, Patella, Haliotis, Onchidium,

Aplysia [any 2]

Ornamental gastropods –Cypraea, Murex, Turbinella [any 2]

Poisonous gastropod – Conus

Pelecypods of economic importance – Perna, Pinctada,

Teredo, Ostrea [any 2]

Scaphopod - Dentalium

Cephalopods of economic/evolutionary importance

- Sepia, Loligo, Octopus, Nautilus [any 3]

4. Echinoderms: Antedon, Asterias, Ophiothrix, Cucumaria,

Echinus, cake urchin, hearturchin

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[any 3]

5. Hemichordate: Balanoglossus

6. Onychophoran: Peripatus (Evolutionary significance)

7. Local Biodiversity Record: Observation of butterflies/dragonflies or any other

Non-chordate group of the locality and prepare a field note.

Section B. Histology

Compare TS of any two annelids [Neanthes/ Earth worm/ Leech].

Section C. Mountings

1. Earthworm : Setae (a few loose setae) [Minor]

2. Neanthes: Parapodium [Minor]

3. Penaeus : Appendages [Minor]

4. Cockroach : Salivary apparatus [Major]

5. Honeybee/ plant bug: Mouth parts [Minor]

Section D. Dissections (Digital versions to be downloaded or procured as per

UGC guidelines)

1. Penaeus : Nervous system [Major]

2. Cockroach : Nervous system [Major]

THIRD SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL- I*C

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA Part - I

[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]

[Students are expected to make sketches with notes, while they study the specimens

in the laboratory and field. The record must carry notes of all specimens, mountings

and dissections. Emphasis must be on scientific aspects. The record sheets related to

part I and part II must be bound together to get a single Record.]

MODULE 3. [36 hrs]

Section A. Study of the following Chordate specimens:

(Students are expected to identify the specimens by their generic names and assign

them to the respective phyla /classes/ orders)

1. Urochordates : Ascidia, ascidian tadpole, Salpa, Doliolum [any 2]

2. Cephalochordates : Branchiostoma

3. Agnathans : Myxine, Petromyzon, Ammocoetes larva [any 1]

4. Fishes :

a. Common elasmobranchs - Chiloscyllium, Stegostoma,

Sphyrna, Pristis, Trygon, Narcine, Astrapes [any 3]

b. Common edible fishes (marine) - Sardinella, Rastrelliger,

Cynoglossus, Parastromateus, Trichiurus,Cybium, Thunnus [any 3]

c. Common edible fishes (Inland) - Etroplus, Mugil, Wallagonia,

Tilapia, Catla, Cirrhina, Labeo, Cyprinus [any 3]

d. Fishes with special adaptive features - Hippocampus, Belone,

Hemiramphus, Exocoetus, Tetraodon, Pterois, Ostracion,

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Heteropneustes, Clarias, Arius, Anabas, Channa, Echeneis,

Antennarius, Amphisile, Anguilla [any 5]

5. Amphibians: Common amphibians - Duttaphrynus, Euphlyctis,

Rhacophorus, Ambystoma, Axolotl larva,

Ichthyophis/Uraeotyphlus [any 3]

6. Reptiles :

a. Common lizard - Hemidactylus, Calotes, Mabuya (Eutropis) [any 1]

b. Lizards with special adaptations - Draco, Chamaeleo, Phrynosoma [any 2]

c. Non venomous snakes - Ptyas, Gongylophis, Lycodon, Indotyphlops [any 2]

d. Venomous snakes - Naja, Daboia, Bungarus, Echis [any 2]

e. Water snake – Hydrophis / Enhydris / Xenochrophis

f. Arboreal snake – Dendrelaphis / Python / Ahaetulla

7. Key for identification of venomous and non-venomous snakes.

8. Local Biodiversity Record: Observe fishes/amphibians or any other vertebrate

group (any one group) of the locality in their natural habitat and prepare a field

note.

Section B. Histology

1. Branchiostoma - T. S. through pharyngeal region

Section C. Mountings

1. Sardine: Cycloid scale [Minor]

2. Shark: Placoid scale [Minor]

3. Shark/Frog/Calotes: Brain [Minor] - Demonstration only.

Section D. Dissections (Digital versions to be downloaded or procured as per

UGC guidelines)

1. Mullet/ Sardine: Alimentary canal (Major)

2. Shark: IX and X cranial nerves on one side (Major) – Demonstration only.

3. Frog: V cranial nerve - branches, root and ganglion on one side (Major)

Demonstration only

5. Frog/Calotes: Arterial system on one side (demonstration only).

Section E. Osteology

1. Frog: Typical, 8th, 9th Vertebrae,

2. Frog: Pectoral & Pelvic girdles

3. Snake Vertebra [show zygosphene and zygandrum]

4. Carapace and plastron of turtle/tortoise.

FOURTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

CORE COURSE PRACTICAL- I*D

ANIMAL DIVERSITY: CHORDATA Part - II

[36 hours] [2 hrs per week]

MODULE 4. [36 hrs]

Section A. Study of the following Vertebrate specimens:

1. Birds:

a. Fossil bird - Archaeopteryx

b. Flightless bird - Rhea, Struthio [any 1]

c. Wetland birds - Jacana, Duck, Egret, Heron, Ibis, Stork [any 2]

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d. Shore birds – Gulls, Plovers, Terns [any 1]

e. Migratory birds - Pelican, Crane, Flamingo [any 1]

f. Birds of Prey – Falcon, Eagle, Kite, Shikra, Owl [any 2]

g. Features and adaptations of: duck, parrot, king fisher, owl, kite and

wood pecker [draw sketches of the beaks and feet of 4 birds)

2. Mammals:

a. Common insectivore – Suncus, Hedgehog [any 1]

b. Common rodent – Rattus, Bandicoota, Funambulus [any 1]

c. Common bat of Kerala – Pteropus, Megaderma, Pipistrellus [any 1]

d. Small Carnivore – Jungle Cat, Herpestes, Civet [any 1]

e. Primate – Loris or any other species

3. Local Biodiversity Record: Observe birds/mammals (any one group) of the

locality in their natural habitat and prepare a field note.

Section B. Osteology

a. Pigeon/ Domestic Fowl: Cervical vertebra, Pectoral girdle and Sternum,

Pelvic girdle with Synsacrum [mention the component bones].

b. Rabbit: Skull showing dentition, Atlas, axis, typical vertebra, scapula and

pelvic girdle.

REFERENCES

Apte, D. (2015). Sea Shells of India: An Illustrated Guide to Common Gastropods. Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press, New Delhi.

Arumugam, N., Nair, N.C., Leelavathy, S., Soundara Pandian, N., Murugan, T. & Jayasurya (2010).Practical Zoology Volume I. Invertebrata. Saras Publications, Tamil Nadu.

Chanda, S. K. (2002). Hand book – Indian Amphibians. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Daniels, R. J. R. (2005). Amphibians of Peninsular India. Indian Academy of Sciences & Universities Press, New Delhi.

Dhami, P. S. & Dhami, J. K. (2002). Chordate Zoology. R. Chand & Co.

Ekambaranatha Ayyar, M. &Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (1985). A Manual of Zoology. Vol. II Part I & II.

Ghose, K. C. & Manna, B. (2007). Practical Zoology. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd, New Delhi.

Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C. & Inskipp, T. (2011). Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. 2nd Edition. Christopher Helm Publishers, London.

Hooper, J. N.A. & van Soest, R. W. M. (2006). Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. Springer Publications.

Jordan, E. L. & Verma, P. S. (2007).Invertebrate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Publishing, New Delhi.

Jordan, E. L. &Verma, P. S. (2001). Chordate Zoology. S. Chand & Co. Publishers, New Delhi.

Kotpal, R. L. (2011). Modern Text Book of Zoology - Invertebrates; Rastogi Publications, India.

Kunte, K. (2000). Butterflies of Peninsular India. Universities Press, Hyderabad & Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.

Lal, S. S. (2009).Practical Zoology- Invertebrates. 11th Edition.Rajpal and Sons Publishing, New Delhi.

Mandal, F. B. (2012). Invertebrate Zoology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., India.

Menon, V. (2014). Indian Mammals: A Field Guide. Hachette India, New Delhi.

Page 57 of 172

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Sebastian, P.A. & Peter, K. V. (2009). Spiders of India. Universities Press, New Delhi.

Sleigh, M. A. (1989). Protozoa and other Protists. E. Arnold Publishers Ltd., UK.

Shubhalaxmi, V. & Kendrick, R. (2018). Field Guide to Indian Moths. Birdwing Publishers, Mumbai.

Subramanian, K. A. (2005). Dragonflies and Damselflies of Peninsular India- A Field Guide. Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore.

Talwar, P. K. & Jhingran, A. G. (1991). Inland Fishes of India and Adjacent Countries, Volume 1 & 2. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Venkataraman, K. (2003). Handbook on Hard Corals of India. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

Verma P. S. (2000). A Manual of Practical Zoology: Invertebrates. S. Chand Publishers, New Delhi.

Verma P. S. (2000). A Manual of Practical Zoology: Chordates. S. Chand Publishers, New Delhi.

Whitaker, R. & Captain, A. (2016). Snakes of India: The Field Guide. Westland/ Draco Books.

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53 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- V [Theory]

CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

Code: ZOL5B06T

[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [4 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

COs Course outcome Statements

CO1 Understand the principles and applications of various types of light microscopes,

electron, Scanning-tunnelling and Atomic force microscope and illustrate the

histological and histochemical processing of tissues (7 hrs)

CO2 Explain the basic structure of a eukaryotic cell and the structure and functions of

plasma membrane, mitochondria, lysosome, cytoskeletal elements and interphase

nucleus (12 hrs).

CO3 Illustrate the nucleosome organization of chromatin and higher order structures;

structure of chromosomes and giant chromosomes (2 hrs).

CO4 Enumerate eukaryotic cell cycle and cell division by amitosis, mitosis and meiosis (4

hrs)

CO5 Explain the causes of transformation, characteristics of transformed cells and the

role of protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in malignant transformation;

mechanism and significance of apoptosis (2 hrs)

CO6 Enumerate allelic and non-allelic gene interactions; supplementary, complementary,

polymeric, duplicate and modifying genes and polygenic inheritance (5 hrs).

CO7 Illustrate multiple allelism and solve problems related to blood group inheritance (4

hrs).

CO8 Explain characteristics of linkage groups and linkage map; crossing over and

calculation of recombination frequency; sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited

characters; sex differentiation and disorders of sexual development (8 hrs).

CO9 Describe the mechanisms of sex determination including chromosomal, genic,

haploid-diploid mechanisms; the hormonal and environmental influence on sex

determination and gynandromorphism (3 hrs).

CO10 Explain mutagenesis, mutagens and chromosomal and gene mutations (3 hrs).

CO11 Enumerate the classification and grouping of human chromosomes; numerical and

mutational human autosomal and sex chromosomal anomalies; polygenic human

traits and genetic counseling (4 hrs).

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-5 Short answer 7x2=14 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay2x10=20 marks;

Module 6-11 Short answer 8x2=16 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay2x10=20 marks]

Section A: CELL BIOLOGY (27 hrs)

MODULE 1. Techniques in Cell Biology (7 hrs)

Microscopy (4 hrs)

Light microscope: principles and uses; use of oil immersion objective. Types of light

Microscopes: Bright-field, Phase contrast and Fluorescence microscope. Camera

lucida: Principle and uses. Micrometry. Electron microscope: Principle,

applications; advantages and disadvantages. Principles and applications of -

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); Scanning-tunnelling microscope and Atomic

force microscope.

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Histological Techniques (2 hrs)

Preparation of materials for light microscopy (for temporary and permanent

mounts): Fixation: common fixatives: buffered formalin, ethanol, Bouin's solution

and Carnoy's fluid (mention composition). Processing of the fixed tissue: mention

dehydration, infiltration, and embedding. Sectioning: Rotatory microtome (brief

description), uses. Staining: Mention deparaffinization, hydration, staining,

dehydration and mounting. Histological stains: Haematoxylin and Eosin. Vital

stains: Neutral red and Janus green.

Histochemical Techniques (1 hr)

Mention the techniques for the demonstration of proteins (mercuric bromophenol

blue method),carbohydrates (PAS) and lipids (Sudan)

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 2. Structure of eukaryotic cell (12 hrs)

Plasma membrane (6 hrs)

Chemical composition and structure (unit membrane concept and fluid mosaic

model), membrane lipids and membrane fluidity; significance of membrane fluidity;

membrane proteins-integral proteins, peripheral proteins and lipid-anchored

proteins; membrane carbohydrates.

Interactions between cells and their environment – extracellular space, glycocalyx,

extracellular matrix - Mention basal lamina, collagen, fibronectin, proteoglycans

and laminins.

Interaction of cells with other cells – cell adhesion molecules, selectins,

immunoglobulins, integrins and cadherins. Modifications of the plasma membrane

– microvilli, desmosomes, nexuses, tight junction and gap junction.

Functions: trans-membrane transport mechanisms – diffusion, osmosis, active

transport, ion transport (channels), co-transport, bulk trans-membrane transport –

exocytosis, endocytosis. Membrane receptors: Mention insulin receptor.

Mitochondria (2 hrs)

Ultra-structure; mitochondrial membranes; functions of mitochondria; Biogenesis

of mitochondria.

Lysosomes (1 hr)

Structure and function; polymorphism in lysosomes, lysosomal enzymes. Concept

of GERL (Golgi body – Endoplasmic Reticulum – Lysosome complex).

Cytoskeleton (1 hr)

Location, ultrastructure, biochemical composition and functions of microfilaments,

intermediate filaments and microtubules.

Interphase nucleus (2 hrs)

General structure and functions; nucleo-cytoplasmic index; ultrastructure of

nuclear membrane and nuclear pore complex (NPC), functions of NPC;

Nucleoplasm - Composition and function; Nucleolus - Structure, composition,

nucleolar organizer, nucleolar cycle and functions of nucleolus. Chromatin:

Euchromatin and heterochromatin.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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55 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

MODULE 3. Structure of chromatin (2 hrs)

Nucleosome organization and higher order structures; Chromosome structure;

Giant chromosomes - Polytene chromosomes: structure, puffs and bands;

Endomitosis; significance. Lamp brush chromosomes: structure, loops and

significance.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 4. Cell Cycle & Cell division (4 hrs)

Cell Cycle: G1, S, G2 and M phases – Check points; G0 phase. Cell division:

Amitosis (brief account); Mitosis: description of all stages, cytokinesis and

significance; Meiosis: description of all stages and significance. Role of centriole in

animal cell division.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Cancer and Apoptosis (2 hrs)

Characteristics of cancer cells; causes of transformation; protooncogenes and

tumor suppressor genes and their role in transformation. Apoptosis, mechanism of

apoptosis and its significance.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Section B: GENETICS (27 hrs)

MODULE 6. Interaction of genes (5 hrs)

Allelic interactions: incomplete dominance and co-dominance with examples. Non-

allelic interactions: epistasis (inheritance of plumage colour in poultry), mention

dominant and recessive epistasis. Supplementary genes (example: inheritance of

comb pattern in poultry). Complementary genes, mention any one example.

Polymeric genes, mention one example. Duplicate genes, mention one example.

Modifying genes. Atavism, Penetrance and Expressivity. Polygenic (quantitative)

inheritance (example: skin colour in man).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 7. Multiple alleles (4 hrs)

Definition and characteristics; example: coat colour in rabbits. Blood group

genetics: ABO blood group system; MN blood group and Bombay phenotype.

Inheritance of Rh factor; mention erythroblastosis foetalis. Problems related to

blood group inheritance (5 problems). Isoalleles, mention any one example.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 8. Linkage and Recombination (8 hrs)

Definition and characteristics of linkage groups, Morgan's work on Drosophila.

Types of linkage: complete and incomplete - examples; Linkage groups.

Crossing over and recombination, Calculation of Recombination Frequency and

Percentage; Linkage map, Map Distance; Mitotic Recombination (brief).

Sex-Linked Characteristics: Types of sex-linkage - X linked characters - Colour

blindness and haemophilia in humans, holandric genes – hypertrichosis.

Dosage compensation – Barr body – Lyon hypothesis.

Sex-Influenced and Sex-Limited Characteristics.

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Sex Differentiation: Testis-determining factor (TDF), Müllerian inhibition factor.

Disorders of Sexual Development (short notes) - XX males and XY females, Point

mutations in the SRY gene and testicular feminization.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 9. Sex determination (3 hrs)

Chromosomal mechanism of Sex-Determination: Male heterogametic and female

heterogametic mechanism of sex determination. Genic Sex Determining Systems -

Genic balance (ratio) theory of Bridges. Haploid-diploid mechanism of sex

determination, honey bee as example.

Environmental Sex Determination: Example – Bonellia, Crocodile.

Hormonal influence on sex determination: Example - sex reversal in fowl and free

martin in cattle; Gynandromorphism – types and causes. Intersex (brief).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 10. Mutations (3 hrs)

Chromosome mutations: numerical (euploidy and aneupoloidy) and structural

changes (deletion, duplication, insertion, inversion, translocation).

Gene mutations: types- spontaneous, induced, somatic, gametic, forward and

reverse. Types of point mutations- deletion, insertion, substitution, transversion

and transition. Mutagenesis- Natural and artificial mutagenesis, Mutagenic agents:

a) UV radiation and ionising radiation b) Base analogues, alkylating and

intercalating agents.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 11. Human Genetics and Genetic counselling (4 hrs)

Classification and grouping of human chromosomes (Patau's scheme).

Chromosomal anomalies and disorders: Autosomal - (Down's, Patau's, Edward's

and Cri du Chat syndromes). Sex chromosomal - (Turner's and Klinefelter's

syndromes). Gene mutations: Autosomal mutation - albinism, PKU, alkaptonuria,

galactosemia, Tay-Sach's syndrome, Gaucher's disease, Sickle cell anaemia,

thalassemia and brachydactyly. Sex chromosomal mutations: haemophilia, Lesch–

Nyhan syndrome, dermal hypoplasia. Polygenic traits: cleft palate / lip, club foot

and hydrocephaly. Eugenics, Euthenics and Euphenics.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Ribosomes: structure and functions 2. Golgi bodies: structure and functions 3. Cytoplasmic or extra nuclear inheritance:

a) Shell coiling in Limnaea b) Endo-symbionts like kappa particle and sigma.

4. Mendel’s experiments on pea plants 5. Mendel’s laws of inheritance

REFERENCES

Module 1-5 (Cell Biology)

De Robertis EMF (2011): Cell and molecular biology; 8th Edition, ISBN- 9780781734936 0781734932, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 734 pages

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57 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Gerald Karp (2013): Cell Biology; 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1118318749, Wiley, 872 pages

Gupta, P. K.(2018): Cell and Molecular Biology, Revised 5th edition, ISBN, 978-93-5078-154-8, Rastogi Pubs.,1192 pages

Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish, V. M.(1995): Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0065004043 Harper Collins College Pubs, 809 pages

Niel O. Thorpe (1984): Cell Biology. ISBN-10: 0471805246, John Wiley & Sons, 752 pages

Philip Sheeler and Donald E. Bianchi (1983): Cell Biology – Structure, Biochemistry and Functions; 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0471889075, John Wiley & Sons, 688 pages

Sharma, A. K. & Sharma, A.(1980): Chromosome Techniques; 3rd Edition, ebook ISBN: 9781483100845, Butterworth, 724 pages

Verma, P.S. & Agarwal, V.K.(1999): Cytology. S., Chand & Co., 504 pages

Module 6-11 (Genetics)

Brooks, R. J. (2008): Genetics: Analysis and Principles.3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 0071287647, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 844 pages

Gardner, E. J., Michael J. Simmons and Peter Snustad (2006): Principles of Genetics. 8th Edition, ISBN-10: 8126510439, Wiley, 740 pages

Good Enough, U.(1979): Genetics. 2nd Revised edition, ISBN-10: 003050886X, Holt R&W

John Ringo (2004): Fundamental Genetics- Online ISBN 9780511807022 Cambridge University Press, 462 pages

Peter Snustad & Michael J. Simons (2011): Principles of Genetics;6th Edition, ISBN 1118129210, JW & S, 784 pages

Read Andrew and Dian Donnai (2015): New Clinical Genetics, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 0073525308, McGraw Hill, 480 pages

Ricki, L.(2011): Human Genetics: Concepts and Applications. 10th Edition, WCB MGH

Robert H. Tamarin (1998): Principles of Genetics, 6th Edition, ISBN-10: 0697354628 William C Brown Pub, 680 pages

Tom Strachan and Andrew Read (2018): Human Molecular Genetics,5th Edition, ISBN 9780815345893 JW & S, 770 pages

Page 63 of 172

58 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VI [Theory]

BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

Code: ZOL5B07T

[72 hours] [4 hours per week] [4 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

COs Course Outcome statements

CO1 Illustrate the steps in genetic engineering and animal cell culture (12 hrs)

CO2 Explain transfection methods, transgenic animals and ethical issues of

transgenic animals (5 hrs)

CO3 Enumerate the applications of biotechnology (7 hrs)

CO4 Understand the biological diversity of microbial forms and the various techniques for handling microbes in the laboratory (8 hrs)

CO5 Enumerate the basic structure and life cycle of bacteria and virus (8 hrs)

CO6 Understand the industrial and medical importance of microorganisms (8 hrs)

CO7 Describe different types of immunity and the cells and organs of the immune

system (6 hrs)

CO8 Explain antigen, antibody, immunity and major histocompatibility complex (9 hrs)

CO9 Enumerate autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases and immunology of

tumor and organ transplantation (9 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-3 Short answer 3x2=6 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay2x10=20 marks;

Module 4-6 Short answer 6x2=12 marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay1x10=10 marks

Module 7-9 Short answer 6x2=12 marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay 1x10=10 marks]

Section A: BIOTECHNOLOGY (24 hrs)

MODULE 1: Genetic Engineering and Animal cell culture (12 Hrs)

Genetic Engineering (10 hrs)

Concept and scope of biotechnology – Mention branches of biotechnology.

Introduction to the concept of Recombinant DNA Technology: Cloning vectors

(Plasmid, pBR322, Phages, Cosmids, Virus vectors, YAC vector and Bac vector).

Enzymes: Type II Restriction endonucleases, polynucleotide kinase, exonuclease,

terminal transferase, reverse transcriptase and DNA ligase.

Construction of Recombinant DNA: Preparation of vector and donor DNA, Joining

of vector DNA with the donor DNA, Introduction of recombinant DNA into the host

cell and selection of transformants (brief account).

Animal Cell Culture (2 hrs)

Cell culture media (Natural and Defined), Preparation and Sterilization, Primary

cell culture, Cell Lines, Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cryopreservation of cultures.

Somatic cell fusion and HAT selection of hybrid clones – production of monoclonal

antibodies.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 2: Transgenic Organisms (5 hrs)

Transfection Methods: (Chemical treatment, Electroporation, Lipofection,

Microinjection, Retroviral vector method, Embryonic stem cell method and Shot

Gun Method). Transgenic Animals: (Fish, Pig, Sheep, Rabbit, Mice, Goat and

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59 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Insects), Knock Out Mice. Human Cloning and Ethical Issues of transgenic

Animals.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 3: Applications of Biotechnology (7hrs)

Molecular diagnosis of genetic diseases (Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s Disease and

Sickle Cell Anemia). Vaccines and Therapeutic agents, Recombinant DNA in

Medicines (Recombinant Insulin and Human Growth Hormone).

Human gene therapy (gene therapy for severe combined immune deficiency).

Enzymes in detergents and leather industries, Heterologous protein production,

Biofiltration, Bioremediation, Bioleaching, Molecular pharming and Bioreactors.

Molecular markers (brief account) RFLP, RAPD, VNTR, SNPs and their uses.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section B: MICROBIOLOGY (24 hrs)

MODULE 4: Introduction and Methods in Microbiology (8 hrs)

Introduction (1 hr)

Microbial Diversity: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Prochlorophyta, Algae, Fungi,

Protozoa, Viruses, Viroids, Prions, Mycoplasma and Rickettsias

Methods in Microbiology (7 hrs)

Sterilization: Physical and Chemical methods - Dry and Moist Heat, Pasteurization,

Radiation, Ultrasonication. Disinfection, Sanitization, Antiseptics, Sterilants and

Fumigation. Preparation of culture media: Selective, Enrichment and Differential

media. Plating techniques and Isolation of pure colonies. Staining: Simple staining,

Negative staining and Gram staining. Culture preservation techniques:

Refrigeration, Deep freezing, Freezing under liquid Nitrogen and Lyophilisation.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 5: Basic Concepts in Bacteriology and Virology (8 hrs)

Bacteria: Structure of a typical Bacterium, Different types of bacterial culture

(Batch, Synchronous, Arithmetic), Bacterial growth: Growth phases, Methods of

growth determination.

Basic Concepts of Virology: General characteristics and classification of viruses.

Bacteriophages: Diversity, lytic and lysogenic Phages (Lambda and P1 Phage),

Applications of bacteriophages. Oncogenic Viruses. Prevention and control of Viral

diseases: Antiviral compounds, Interferons and viral vaccines.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 6: Industrial and Medical Microbiology (8 hrs)

Industrial Microbiology (4 hrs)

Bioengineering of microorganisms for industrial purposes: Microbial production of

industrial products (micro-organisms involved, media, fermentation conditions,

downstream processing and uses) - citric acid, ethanol, wine, penicillin, glutamic

acid, riboflavin, enzymes (amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, glucose isomerase,

glucose oxidase). Bioinsecticides (Bt) and Steroid biotransformation.

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60 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

Medical Microbiology (4 hrs)

Normal microflora of the human body: skin, throat, gastrointestinal tract and

urogenital tract. Diseases caused by: (with reference to causative agent, symptoms

and mode of transmission).

a) Bacteria: anthrax, tuberculosis, typhoid, whooping cough, pneumonia, cholera,

gonorrhea, and syphilis.

b) Viruses: polio, chicken pox, herpes, hepatitis, rabies, dengue, AIDS and

chikungunya.

c) Protozoa: malaria, kala-azar and toxoplasmosis.

d) Fungi: dermatomycoses and opportunistic mycoses

Bacterial drug resistance.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Section C: IMMUNOLOGY (24 hrs)

MODULE 7: Cells and organs of immune system (6 hrs)

Introduction (1 hr)

Immunity: Natural and acquired, active and passive, immunization, vaccines,

mechanisms of innate immunity - barriers, inflammation, phagocytosis.

Cells of the immune system (3 hrs)

B- cells, T – cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils,

eosinophils, mast cells, and dendritic cells (APCs).

Organs of the immune system (2 hrs)

Lymphoid organs: Primary (thymus, bone marrow) and secondary (lymph nodes,

spleen).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 8: Antigens, antibodies, immunity and MHC (9 hrs)

Antigens (3 hrs)

Types, factors for immunogenecity, exogenous antigens, endogenous antigens,

adjuvant, haptens, epitopes, antigen-antibody reaction - precipitation reaction,

agglutination reaction, agglutination inhibition reaction.

Immunoglobulins (2 hrs)

Structure, classification and biological functions. Mention immunoglobulin gene

families – κ and λ light chain families and the heavy chain family.

Immunity (2 hrs)

Types of Immunity: humoral and cell mediated immunity, primary and secondary

response, generation of cytotoxic T- cells (CTLs), NK cell mediated cytotoxicity,

ADCC and cytokines (brief).

Major Histocompatability Complex (2 hr)

MHC, HLA, Class I MHC, Class II MHC molecules and structure. Mention Class III

MHC.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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61 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

MODULE 9: Autoimmune and Immunodeficiency diseases, Tumor and transplantation immunology (9 hrs)

Autoimmune diseases (2 hrs)

Auto immune diseases: Systemic (SLE, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid

arthritis). Organ specific-(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Grave’s disease, Myasthenia

gravis)

Immunodeficiency disease (3 hrs)

Primary (Bruton’s Disease, Di-George syndrome and SCID)

Secondary (AIDS) – Clinical course of HIV – acute infection, seroconversion, window

period, chronic latent phase - lymph adenopathy and crisis phase. Mention anti-

retroviral therapy (ART)

Tumor immunology (2 hrs)

Malignant transformation of cells, tumor antigens, immune response to tumor antigens.

Transplantation Immunology (2 hrs)

Transplantation Antigens, Various organ transplantation (liver, kidney, heart,

skin), Xenotransplantation

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Topics for assignments/seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Microbiological analysis of drinking water 2. Biogas plant 3. Social acceptance of biotechnology 4. Biofertilizers 5. DNA vaccines 6. Immunity and malnutrition

REFERENCES

Module 1-3 (Biotechnology)

Bernard R. Glick and Jack J. Pasternak (2002) Molecular Biotechnology-Principles and applications of recombinant DNA, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 1555812244, ASM press, 860 pages

Brown, T.A. (1998). Molecular biology Labfax II: Gene analysis, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 9780121361105, Academic Press, 255 pages

Butler, M. (2003) Animal cell culture and technology: The basics, 2nd Edition, ISBN 9781859960493, CRC Press, 256 pages

Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiasen (2012)Basic Biotechnology, 3rd Edition, online ISBN- 9780511802409, Cambridge University Press, 578 pages

Dominic W.C. Wong (2006) The ABCs of gene cloning, ISBN: 9780387286792, Springer International Edition.

Dubey, R.C.(2006) A text book of biotechnology, 4th Revised Edition, S. Chand & Co., 725 p.

James D. Watson, Gilman Michael, Jan Witkowski and Mark Zoller (1992), Recombinant DNA: A short Course; 2nd Edition, W.H. Freeman

Mahajan Ritu, Anita Dua (2012) Introduction to Basics of Biotechnology, ISBN 13-9789382174080, Vayu Education of India

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Mansi E.M.T, C. F. A. Bryce, Arnold L. Demain and A.R. Allman (2001) Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3rd Edition, eBook ISBN -9780429190629, Taylor and Francis, 555 pages

Watson, J.D., Myers, R.M., Caudy, A. and Witkowski, J.K. (2007). Recombinant DNA- genes and genomes- A short course. 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 0716728664, Freeman and Co., 474 pages

Module 4-6 (Microbiology)

Atlas RM. (1997) Principles of Microbiology, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0815108893 William T.Brown Publishers, 1298 pages

Chakraborty.P.A.(2009) Text Book of Microbiology, ISBN-10: 8173810818 New Central Book Agency, 1026 pages

Edward K. Wagner, Martinez J. Hewlett, David C. Bloom and David Camerini (2007) Basic Virology, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10:1405147156, Wiley Blackwell, 580 pages

Prescot L.M., Harley, J..P. and Klein. D.A.(2008) Microbiolgy, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill Inc., New York.

Rao, A.S. (1997) Introduction to microbiology, ISBN-10: 8120312171, Prentice Hall, 216 pages

Reddy SR and Reddy SM. (2005). Microbial Physiology, ISBN-10: 817233530X, Scientific Publishers India, 348 pages

Stolp H. (1998) Microbial Ecology Organisms Habitats Activities, Ist Edition, ISBN10:0521276365, Cambridge University Press, 324 pages

Subba Rao NS. (1999) Soil Microbiology 4th Edition, ISBN: 9788120413832 Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 424 pages

Wheelis, Mark (2010) Principles of Modern Microbiology, ISBN-10: 076371075X , Jones And Barlett Publishers, New York

Module 7-9 (Immunology)

Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman & Shiv Pillai (2017) Cellular & Molecular Immunology 8th Edtion, Paperback ISBN: 9780323479783, Elsevier, 608 pages

Andrew E Williams (2011) Immunology Mucosal and Body Surface Defenses, Ist Edition, ISBN: 0470090049, Wiley and Blackwell, 398 pages

David Male, Jonathan Brostoff, David Roth and Ivan Roitt (2013) Immunology, 8th Edition, ISBN: 9780323080583, Elsevier, 482 pages

Helen Chapel, Mansel Haeney, Siraj Misbah & Neil Snowden (2014) Essentials of Clinical Immunology 6th Edition, ISBN: 978-1-118-47295-8, Wiley Blackwell, 376 pages

Ian Todd, Gavin Spickett & Lucy Fairclough (2015) Immunology Lecture Notes 7th Edition, 1118451643, Wiley Blackwell, 248 pages

Jeffrey K. Actor (2011) Immunology & Microbiology, 2nd Edition, ISBN: 9780323074476, Elsevier, 192 pages

Kenneth Murphy, Paul Travers & Mark Walport (2009) Janeway’s Immunobiology, 7th Edition, ISBN I978‐0‐8153‐4123‐9, Garland Science, 865 pages

Lauren Sompayrac (2015) How the Immune System Works, 5th Edition, ISBN: 978-1-118-99781-9, Wiley Blackwell, 160 pages

Owen, Punt and Stanford (2013) Kuby’s Immunology, 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1464119910, W.H. Freeman, 692 pages

Peter J. Delves, Seamus J., Martin Dennis, Burton J. Ivan &M. Roitt (2012) Roitt’s Essential Immunology 12th Edition, ISBN: 978-1-444-39482-5, Wiley & Blackwell, 288 pages

Peter Parham (2014) The Immune System, 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0815345267, W.W.Norton & Co., 532 pages

Warren Levinson (2016) Review of Medical Microbiology & Immunology 14th Edition, ISBN-10: 0071845747, Mc Graw Hill Education, 832 pages

William E paul (2012) Fundamental Immunology 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 9781451117837, Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, 1312 pages

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63 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VII [Theory]

BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Code: ZOL5B08T

[72 hours] [4 hours per week] [4 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

COs Course Outcome statements

CO1 Understand the elements of biological importance and the non-covalent

interactions that stabilize biomolecules (1 hr).

CO2 Describe the classification, types, structure, reactions and biological roles of

carbohydrates, and diabetes Type I and II (6 hrs)

CO3 Enumerate the properties and classification of amino acids and their standard

abbreviations; hierarchial levels of protein structure, classification, separation,

purification and sequencing of proteins (7 hrs).

CO4 Explain the classification and functions of lipids and fatty acids; chemistry and

structure of nucleic acids and sequencing of DNA (7 hrs)

CO5 Understand the classification, nomenclature and properties of enzymes; enzyme

action, co-enzymes, cofactors, isozymes, ribozymes and allosteric enzymes (3 hrs)

CO6 Explain glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,

HMP pathway; amino acid and fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation

(12 hrs).

CO7 Describe the mechanism of DNA duplication and the role of enzymes (4 hrs).

CO8 Understand the concept of gene and gene expression; genetic code and wobble

hypothesis (6 hrs).

CO9 Explain the mechanism of transcription and post-transcriptional modification of

hnRNA (7 hrs).

CO10 Enumerate the processes of translation and post-translational modification and targeting of peptides (7 hrs).

CO11 Describe the regulation of trp operon, C-value, repetitive DNA, satellite DNA,

selfish DNA, overlapping genes, pseudogenes, cryptic genes, transposons and

retrotransposons (8 hrs).

CO12 Explain the structure and life cycle of bacteriophages and the gene transfer

mechanisms in bacteria (4 hrs).

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-6 Short answer 7x2=14 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay 2x10=20 marks;

Module 7-12 Short answer 8x2=16 marks; Paragraph 4x5=20 marks; Essay 2x10=20 marks]

BIOCHEMISTRY (36 hrs)

MODULE 1. Introduction (1 hr)

Elements of biological importance; non-covalent bonds that stabilize biomolecules –

Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and Van der Waals Interactions.

[Short answer questions]

MODULE 2. Carbohydrates (6 hrs)

Monosaccharides: Aldoses and ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses and hexoses;

glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, ribose, deoxyribose, ribulose, glucose and

fructose. Cyclization of pentoses and hexoses, optical activity and mutarotation,

inversion and invert sugar, monosaccharides as reducing agents, Osazones.

Disaccharides: Glycosidic bond, reducing and non-reducing disaccharides, maltose

and sucrose as examples.

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Polysaccharides: Starch and glycogen, amylose and amylopectin, homo and

heteropolysaccharides.

Biological functions of carbohydrates; Mention diabetes Type I and II.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3. Amino acids, peptides and protein (7 hrs)

Proteinogenic amino acids, abbreviations (three letter and single letter) of the

standard amino acids, structure and classification and general properties of amino

acids, isoelectric point, peptide bonds, nonstandard amino acids.

Peptides and proteins: Classification of proteins - simple, conjugated and derived.

Structure of proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.

Denaturation of proteins.

Separation and purification of proteins: Paper chromatography, column

chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography,

affinity chromatography and high - performance liquid chromatography (Brief

account only). Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis.

Sequencing of peptides: Sanger’s method, Edman degradation procedure and Mass

spectrometry (Brief account only)

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 4. Lipids and Nucleic acids (7 hrs)

Lipids (2 hrs)

Classification and functions (simple, compound, derived and miscellaneous lipids).

Fatty acids: saturated and unsaturated; triglycerides; mention phospholipids;

lecithins; cephalins; phosphoinositides; prostaglandins and cholesterol. Mention

the clinical significance of lipid profile estimation.

Nucleic acids (5 hrs)

Chemistry and structure of purines and pyrimidines, structure of nucleotides (ATP,

dATP and cAMP), Watson – Crick model of DNA, Different forms of DNA, secondary

and tertiary structure of tRNA. Sequencing of DNA by Sanger’s method. Mention

Maxam-Gilbert sequencing.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Enzymes and co-enzymes (3 hrs)

Classification, nomenclature and properties of enzymes; Active centre, mechanism

and theories of enzyme action, enzyme inhibition, co-enzymes (NAD, FAD) and

cofactors. Mention isozymes, ribozymes and allosteric enzymes.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 6. Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (12 hrs)

Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and HMP

pathway. Amino acid oxidation and production of urea. β-oxidation of fatty acids.

Brief account on redox reactions, redox potentials, electrochemical gradients,

electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, proton gradient and

chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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65 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (36 hrs)

MODULE 7. DNA Replication (4 hrs)

Semi-conservative and semi-discontinuous, priming of Okazaki fragments, primer

removal and joining of Okazaki fragments, Meselson and Stahl experiment.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 8. Gene and genetic code (6 hrs)

Gene concept (2 hrs)

Classical and modern concepts, housekeeping and luxury genes. Gene action: gene

expression and gene products; one gene one enzyme hypothesis; one gene one

polypeptide hypothesis. Central dogma of molecular biology, reverse transcription

and modified central dogma.

Genetic code (4 hrs)

Deciphering of genetic code, experiments of Nirenberg and Khorana, codon

assignments, properties of the genetic code and wobble hypothesis.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 9. Transcription (7 hrs)

RNA polymerases of eukaryotes and prokaryotes; promoters, terminators,

enhancers and silencers.

Transcription unit, mono and polycistronic transcription units; coupling of

transcription with translation in bacteria.

Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription (brief account).

Post transcriptional modification of the primary transcript – hnRNA, capping, poly

(A) tailing and splicing (brief account), spliceosomes.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 10. Translation (7 hrs)

Activation of amino acids and aminoacyl tRNA synthetases; role of tRNA as adaptor

molecules in translation. Role of ribosomes and active centres of ribosomes.

Initiation, elongation and termination of translation.

Post translational modification of the peptide chain: cleavage, formation of

disulfide-bridges, acetylation, glycosylation, myristoylation, sulphation,

hydroxylation, prenylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation.

Protein folding and role of molecular chaperones; Protein targeting (brief account)

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 11. Regulation of gene expression and organization of genome(8 hrs)

Regulation of gene expression (4 hrs)

Operon organization of bacterial transcription units; trp operon and its regulation.

Regulatory RNAs – ncRNAs, miRNAs, piRNAs, siRNAs and RNA interference.

Mention CRISPR–Cas9 and targeted genome editing.

Organization of genome (4 hrs)

Sequence components of eukaryotic genome – non-repetitive, moderately repetitive

and highly repetitive DNA; satellite DNA. Mention selfish DNA. C-value and C-value

paradox. Overlapping genes, pseudogenes, cryptic genes, transposons and

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66 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

retrotransposons. Human genome and human genome project (brief account).

Mitochondrial and chloroplast genome (brief account).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 12. Genetics of bacteria and phages (4 hrs)

Conjugation in bacteria. Transduction – generalized and specialized; sexduction.

Structure and life cycle of a bacteriophage; temperate and virulent phages;

lysogeny and lysis.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for assignments/seminar

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. B-Complex vitamins as co-enzymes

2. Different types of eukaryotic RNAs

3. Biological functions of steroids

4. Lac operon and its regulation

5. Role of enzymes in DNA replication

REFERENCES

Module 1-6 (Biochemistry)

David L. Nelson and Michael Cox (2012):– Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 6th Edition, ISBN-10: 1429234148, W.H. Freeman, 1328 pages

David L. Nelson and Michael Cox (2017): Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 1-4641-2611-9, W.H. Freeman, 1172 pages

David P. Plummer (2017)- Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 9780070994874, McGraw Hill Education, 498 pages

Donald Voet, Charlotte W. Pratt and Judith G. Voet (2001): Principles of Biochemistry 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 9780471417590, Wiley

Geoffrey L Zubay (1999): Biochemistry 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0697219003,Wm.C. Brown Publishers, 1104 pages

Gerald Michal and Dietmar Schomburg (2012): Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2nd Revised Edition, ISBN-10: 9780470146842, Wiley Blackwell, 416 pages

Jeremy M Berg, Lubert Stryer, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J Gatto (2015): Biochemistry 8th Edition, ISBN-10: 1464126100, W.H. Freeman, 1120 pages

Keith Wilson and John Walker (2010) Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 6th edition, ISBN-10: 9780521731676, Cambridge Low Price edition, 759 pages

Victor W., Ph.D. Rodwell, David A. Bender, Kathleen M., Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, P. Anthony and Weil(2018): Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry, 31st Edition, ISBN-10: 1259837939, McGraw-Hill, 800 pages

Module 7-12 (Molecular Biology)

Brooks, R. J. (2011): Genetics: Analysis and Principles.4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0073525286, Addison Wesley, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 864 pages

Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray Karen Hopkin and Alexander D. Johnson (2013) Essential Cell Biology, 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0853696470, Garland Publishing, 864 pages

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Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter (2019) Essential Cell Biology, 5th Edition, ISBN-10: 0393680371, Garland Science,

Burns, G. W. & Bottino, P. J.(1989): The Science of Genetics. 6th Edition, ISBN 0023174005, Macmillan, 491 pages

Gangane, S. D.(2008): Human Genetics 3rd Edition, ISBN 10: 8131211282, Elsevier Gardner, E. J., Michael J. Simmons and Peter Snustad (2006): Principles of Genetics. 8th

Edition, ISBN-10: 8126510439, Wiley, 740 pages Gerlad Karp (2015): Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts & Experiments, 8th Edition, ISBN:

978-1-118-88614-4, Wiley, 832 pages Gupta, P. K. (2015): Cell and Molecular Biology, 4th Revised Edition, ISBN-10: 9350780720,

Rastogi Pubs. Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berck, Kaiser & M. Krieger (2007): Molecular Cell Biology 6th

Edition, ISBN-10: 0716776014, Freeman, 973 pages James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, Alexander Gann, Michael Levine and

Richard Losick (2017): Molecular Biology of the Gene 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 9332585474, Pearson Publication, 912 pages

Jocelyn E Krebs, Elliot S. Goldstein and Stephen T. Kilpatrick (2017) Lewin,s GENES XII, ISBN-10: 1284104494, Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc, 838 pages

Kleinsmith, L. J. & Kish V. M (1995): Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology.2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0065004043, Harper Collins College Pubs, 809 pages

Leland H, Leroy Hood, Michael Goldberg, Ann E. Reynolds and Lee Silver (2010): Genetics-From genes to Genomes, ISBN-10: 007352526X, Mc GrawHill, 816 pages

Lynn Jorde John Carey Michael Bamshad (2015): Medical Genetics 5th Edition, ISBN: 9780323188357, Elsevier, 368 pages.

Nancy Craig, Rachel Green, Carol Greider, Gisela Storz, Cynthia Wolberger and Orna Cohen-Fix (2014): Molecular Biology-Principles of genome function 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 0198705972, Oxford, 936 pages.

Robert J Brooker (2011): Genetics-Analysis & Principles 4th Edition, ISBN-10: 0073525286, Mc Graw Hill, 864 pages

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68 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FIFTH SEMESTER B.Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY CORE COURSE- VIII [Theory]

METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

Code: ZOL5B09T

[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [4 Credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES (COs)

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Explain science, its importance, disciplines and the major steps in formulating

a hypothesis, various hypothesis models, theory, law and importance of animal

models, simulations and virtual testing (6 hrs)

CO2 Illustrate the principles and procedures in designing experiments and elaborate

the requirements for carrying out experiments (4 hrs)

CO3 Describe the ethical concerns in practicing science (5 hrs)

CO4 Understand the Scope and role of statistics; methods and procedures of

sampling; Construction of tables, charts and graphs (5 hrs)

CO5 Calculate central tendency and measures of dispersion and application of its

knowledge on hypothesis testing as well as in problem solving (10 hrs)

CO6 Enumerate major biological databases and database search engines (8 hrs)

CO7 Perform DNA and protein sequence analysis, including sequence alignment and

sequence similarity search using BLAST, FASTA, CLUSTAL W and CLUSTAL X

(4 hrs)

CO8 Understand molecular phylogenetics and tools and methods for construction of

phylogenetic trees (3 hrs)

CO9 Explain genome sequencing technologies, functional genomics, proteomic

technologies and molecular docking and drug design (9 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination

[Module 1-3: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10= 10 marks Module 4-5: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks; Module 6-9: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 4x5=20 marks, Essay 2x10 = 20 marks]

Section A: METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE (15 hrs)

MODULE 1. Science, Scientific Studies and Methods (6 hrs)

Science and Scientific Studies

Science as a human activity; scientific attitude; Empiricism; Science disciplines;

Interdisciplinary approach.

Scientific Methods

Major steps: Observation, Defining the problem, Collection of information,

Formulation of a hypothesis, Experimentation, Analysis of the results and

Conclusion based on interpretation of the results.

Methods in scientific enquiry: Inductive and deductive reasoning.

Hypothesis: Formulation of a hypothesis, different thought processes in developing

hypothesis (analogy, induction, deduction and intuition), hypothetico-deductive

model, testing hypothesis, auxiliary hypothesis, adhoc hypothesis.

Theories and laws in science; peer review; importance of models, simulations and

virtual testing (brief account).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 2. Experimentation (4 hrs)

Types of experiments; design of an experiment: principles and procedures;

necessity of units and dimensions; repeatability and replications; documentation of

experiments; Planning of Experiments: design, selection of controls, observational

and instrumental requirements; Test animals used in experiments.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 3. Ethics in Science and Animal Ethics (5 hrs)

Scientific information: Depositories of scientific information – primary, secondary

and digital sources; Sharing of knowledge: transparency and honesty, Publications,

Patents, Plagiarism.

Constitution of India Article 51A (g); Prevention of cruelty to animals Act of 1960 -

Section 17.1(d), Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of

experiments on animals (CPCSEA).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Section B: BIOSTATISTICS (15 Hrs)

MODULE 4. Introduction (5 hrs)

Definition; scope; role of statistics in life sciences; terminology and variables.

Sample and Sampling: Sample size, sampling errors, methods of sampling.

Collection/documentation of data of the experiments.

Classification of data; Presentation of data: Tabular, Graphical and Diagrammatic

(histogram, frequency polygon and frequency curve; line diagram, bar diagram and

pie diagram).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Analysis and Interpretation of data (10 hrs)

Measures of central tendency: (raw data, discrete series data, continuous series

data- problems are to be discussed)

a) Mean, b) Median and c) Mode.

Measures of Dispersion: (raw data, discrete series data, continuous series data -

problems to be discussed)

a) Range, b) Mean deviation, c) Standard deviation, d) Standard error.

Hypothesis testing and Interpretation of results: (problems to be discussed)

a)‘t’ test, b) F- test - ANOVA

Significance of statistical tools in data interpretation; Statistics-based acceptance

or rejection of hypothesis.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

SECTION C: BIOINFORMATICS (24 hours)

MODULE 6. Introduction and Biological Databases (8 hrs)

Overview of bioinformatics, Scope and application of Bioinformatics.

Major Databases in Bioinformatics: Biological databases, Features of a good

database. Classification format of biological databases.

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Primary databases: Nucleotide sequence databases – Mention EMBL, DDBJ,

Genbank; Protein sequence databases – Mention Swiss Prot, PIR, MIPS.

Structure databases: PDB, NDB.

Special databases – PROSITE, Pfam, CATH, OWL, PubMed.

Secondary databases: Mention PROSITE, PRINTS. Databases of patterns, motifs

and profiles, EST databases, SNP databases.

Metabolite databases – Mention KEGG, EcoCyc.

Database Search Engines: Entrez at NCBI of USA, SRS at EBI of England, STAG at

DDBJ of Japan. Data retrieval with Entrez and SRS.

Sequence submission to NCBI.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 7. Sequence Analysis (4 hrs)

Web based and standalone tools for DNA and protein sequence analysis. Types of

sequence alignment, methods of sequence alignment. Sequence similarity search –

pair wise and multiple sequence alignments; BLAST, FASTA, CLUSTAL W,

CLUSTAL X.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 8. Molecular Phylogenetics (3 hrs)

Basics of Phylogenetics; molecular evolution and molecular phylogenetics,

cladistics and ontology. Gene Phylogeny versus species phylogeny. Phylogenetic

tree construction methods and programmes. Forms of Tree representation.

[Short answer/Paragraphs]

MODULE 9. Genomics and Proteomics (9 hrs)

Genome sequencing technologies; Sanger capillary sequencing, Roche 454

(pyrosequencing), Illumina/Solexa, SOLiD System, Single molecule sequencing.

Whole genome sequence assembly, annotation and analysis. Functional Genomics:

Microarrays, SAGE, ESTs; Transcriptomics; Metabolomics. Metagenomics: Concept

and applications.

Proteomics

Aims, strategies and challenges in proteomics. Brief account on proteomics

technologies: 2D-electrophoresis, iso-electric focusing, LC/MS-MS, MALDI-TOF

mass spectrometry, yeast 2-hybrid system. Protein-protein interactions:

experimental and computational methods; structural proteomics. Deriving function

from sequence databases.

Cheminformatics

Molecular docking and drug design; Structural Bioinformatics in drug discovery

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Topics for seminar/assignment

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Findings that changed the course of science.

2. Prepare a table showing the height of 20 students in a class. Calculate the mean

height.

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71 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

3. What are the mathematical properties of SD? How is it a better measure of

Dispersion than range? Calculate the arithmetic mean and the SD of the

frequency distribution obtained from a sample of data.

4. Report an experimental data in tabular / graphical form.

5. Viral genome database (ICTVdb, VirGen).

6. Bacterial Genomes database (Genomes OnLine Database –GOLD, Microbial

Genome Database-MBGD).

REFERENCES

Module 1-3 (Methodology in Science)

Gieryn, T. F.(1999) Cultural Boundaries of Science, ISBN 9780226292625, Chicago Press, 412.

Ruxton, G. D. and Colegrave, N.(2016) Experimental Design for the Life Sciences, 4th Edition, ISBN 9780198717355, Oxford University Press, 224 pages

Victoria, E. McMillan. (2006)Writing Papers in the Biological Sciences, 4th Edition ISBN 10: 0312440839, Bedford Books, Boston, 296 pages

Yadav, K. (2002)Teaching of Life Sciences, ISBN-10: 817041672, Anmol Pubns., Delhi, 290p.

Module 4-5 (Biostatistics)

Antonisamy B, Prasanna S. Premkumar and Solomon Christopher (2017) Principles and Practice of Biostatistics, ISBN-10: 8131248879, Elsevier, 390 pages

Bailey, N. T. J (1995): Statistical Methods in Biology, 3rd Edition, CUP, 272 pages

Green, R. H. (1979) Sampling design and Statistical Methods for Environmental Biologists. ISBN 978-0-471-03901-3, J.W. & S. 272 pages

Gupta, S. P. (2018) Statistical Methods. 45th Revised Edition, ISBN 978-93-5161-112-7 (506), Sultan Chand & Co.1440 pages

Wayne W. Daniel and Chad L. Cross (2014) Biostatistics: Basic Concepts and Methodology for the Health Sciences, 10th Edition, ISBN-10: 8126551895, Wiley, 954 pages

Module 6-9 (Bioinformatics)

Anna Tramontano (2006): Introduction to Bioinformatics, ISBN-10: 1584885696, Chapman & Hall, 192 pages.

Atwood and Parry-Smith (1999): Introduction to Bioinformatics. ISBN 9780582327887, Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi, 218 pages

Caroline St. Clair and Jonathan Visick (2013): Exploring Bioinformatics 2nd Edition, ISBN 10: 1284034240, Jones & Bartlett, 300 pages

Christoph W. Sensen (2007): Essentials of Genomics and Bioinformatics, ISBN 9783527305414, Wiley John & Sons, pages 405

Dan E. Krane and Michael L Raymer, (2003). Fundamental concepts of bioinformatics, ISBN: 0-8053-4633-3, Benjamin Cummings

Ghosh Z. and Bibekanand M. (2008) Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications. ISBN 10: 0195692306, Oxford University Press, 560 pages

Hooman Rashidi and Lukas K. Buehle (2005):Bioinformatics Basics, 2nd Edition, ISBN 9780849312830, Taylor & Francis, 360 pages

Jeffrey Augen (2004): Bioinformatics in the Post-Genomic Era: Genome, Transcriptome, Proteome, and Information-Based Medicine, ISBN-10: 0321173864, Addison-Wesley, 408p.

Jeremy Ramsden (2015): Bioinformatics - An Introduction 3rd Edition, ISBN 978-1-4471-6701-3, Springer, 308 pages

Jonathan Pevsner (2015): Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics 3rd Edition, ISBN: 978-1-118-58178-0, Wiley, 1160 pages

Malcom Campbell and Laurie J. Heyer (2006): Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, 2nd Edition, ISBN 10: 9780805382198, Pearson, 464 pages

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B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME ZOOLOGY [CORE COURSE] PRACTICAL – II

Code: ZOL6B15P

[Practical II*A + Practical II*B] [4 Credits]

PRACTICAL II*A: CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY AND

IMMUNOLOGY [72 hours] [4 hrs /week]

PRACTICAL II*B: BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, METHODOLOGY IN

SCIENCE, BIOSTATISTICS & BIOINFORMATICS[72 hours] [4 hrs/week]

COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Perform experiments in cell biology and genetics including demonstration of Barr

body in buccal epithelial cells of man, polytene chromosome in the salivary glands

of D. melanogaster larva, mitotic division in onion root tip cells, micrometry of

microscopic objects, prepare whole mounts of microscopic objects, and calculate

mitotic and metaphase index from slides.

CO2 Enumerate the inheritance of major human genetic traits, pedigree chart, normal

and abnormal human karyotypes, phenotypic differences of male and female

Drosophila and solve problems on Monohybrid, dihybrid crosses, blood groups and

sex-linked inheritance.

CO3 Understand electrophoresis, PCR, Northern blotting, Southern blotting and

Western blotting, DNA sequencing and fingerprinting and isolation of genomic

DNA.

CO4 Perform gram staining and preparation of culture media for bacteria and

demonstrate bacterial motility by standard laboratory protocols.

CO5 Understand the detection of human blood groups and organs of immune system

CO6 Perform standard biochemical tests for the detection of reducing and nonreducing

sugars, polysaccharides, proteins and lipids.

CO7 Understand the staining of mitochondria, tissue homogenization and isolation of

nuclei, effect of colchicines on cell division, extraction of DNA and polyacrylamide

and agaros egel electrophoresis

CO8 Solve basic problems in biostatistics and Bioinformatics

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

PRACTICAL II*A

CELL BIOLOGY, GENETICS, BIOTECHNOLOGY, MICROBIOLOGY &

IMMUNOLOGY [72 hrs] [4 hrs/week]

Section A: Cell Biology

1. Study of diversity of eukaryotic cells – methylene blue staining of buccal

epithelium and striated muscle cells (Minor).

2. Temporary mount of buccal epithelial cells to observe Barr body (Major).

3. Mitosis: stages in onion (Allium cepa) root meristem by squash preparation

(major).

4. Calculation of mitotic index and metaphase index in root meristem of Allium

cepa (Major).

5. Study of the polytene chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster using salivary

gland cells of 3rd instar larva (Demonstration only).

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6. Measurement of size of microscopic objects using ocular and stage micrometres

(Major).

7. Tissues (permanent slides of epithelial tissues, smooth muscle, cartilage, bone).

8. Preparation of permanent whole mount (Demonstration).

9. Study of different stages of meiosis in grass hopper testes (Demonstration).

10. Vital staining of mitochondria using insect flight muscle/cheek

epithelium/yeast (Minor)

Section B: Genetics

1. Scheme of Pedigree chart.

2. Study of inheritance of human traits: (use Pedigree charts). Blood groups, Eye

colour.

3. Genetic problems on Monohybrid, dihybrid crosses; blood groups; sex-linked

inheritance (minimum ten problems to be worked out).

4. Frequency of the following genetic traits in human: widow’s peak, attached ear

lobe, dimple in chin, hypertrichosis, colour blindness, PTC tasting.

5. Study through photographs of the Karyotype: Down's, Klinefelter's, Turner's

and Edward's Syndrome.

6. Study of phenotypic characters in male and female Drosophila

Section C: Biotechnology

1. Study of the principle and applications of Electrophoretic apparatus.

2. PCR-Principle and applications.

3. Study of transgenic animals.

4. Southern blotting (Principle and methodology - using flowcharts/diagrams/by

visiting a diagnostic Lab)

Section D: Microbiology

1. Gram staining for the identification of Gram positive and Gram negative

bacteria (Lactobacilius and Rhizobium) (Major).

2. Bacterial motility by hanging-drop method (Demonstration).

3. Preparation of culture media for bacteria (Synthetic Media, Natural Media,

Simple Media, Differential Media and Selective Media).

4. Methylene blue reduction test for assessing the quality of raw milk

(Demonstration).

5. Preparation of a fungal smear – Lactophenol cotton blue staining & mounting

(Minor)

Section E: Immunology

1. Identification of human blood groups (A B O and Rh).

2. Histological study of spleen, thymus and lymph nodes through

slides/photographs.

3. ELISA (methodology of detection of biomolecules using flowcharts/diagrams/by

visiting a diagnostic Lab)

4. Western blotting (methodology of detection of specific proteins using

flowcharts/diagrams/by visiting a diagnostic Lab)

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REFERENCES

Godkar P.B. (2005) Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology Vol 1&2, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 9789381496190, Bhalani Publishers, 1648 pages

Margaret J. Barch, Turid Knutsen and Jack L. Spurbeck (1997) The AGT Cytogenetics Laboratory Manual; ISBN-10: 0397516517, Lippincott

Mukesh Kumar (2018) Practical Microbiology for Undergraduates, 3rd Edition, ISBN-10: 8183602363, Jain Brothers

Panjarathinam R (2009) Practical Medical Microbiology; 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9350907348, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 192 pages

Pranab Dey (2014) Diagnostic cytology, 1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9351520668 Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, 544 pages

Shaw G. W. (1973) Laboratory Book: Cytology, Genetics and Evolution, ISBN-10: 0719527295.

Sundara S. Rajan: Practical Manual of Microbiology; ISBN-10: 8126110104, Anmol Publications, 166 pages

Susan Mahler Zneimer (2016) Cytogenetic Laboratory Management: Chromosomal, FISH and Microarray-Based Best Practices and Procedures;1st Edition, ISBN-10: 9781119069744, Wiley-Blackwell, 840 pages

PRACTICAL II*B

BIOCHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,

METHODOLOGY IN SCIENCE, BIOSTASTICS & BIOINFORMATICS

[(72 hrs) (4 hrs/week)]

Section A: Biochemistry

1. Detection of organic constituents (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids only) from

sample solutions (Major)

a) Detection of reducing sugar: Glucose/Fructose/Maltose [Fehling’s test,

Benedict’s test, Moore’s test, cupric sulphate test, rapid furfural test (any

three) (Major).

b) Detection of monosaccharides [Barfoed’s test]

c) Detection of non-reducing sugars: Sucrose [Hydrolysis test].

d) Identification of functional groups of carbohydrates [Selivanoff’s test]

e) Detection of polysaccharides: Starch [Lugol’s iodine test, confirmatory

heating & cooling test].

f) Detection of proteins: [Biuret test, Nitric acid test, Xanthoproteic test].

g) Detection of lipids: [Sudan III or IV test, Spot test].

2. Preparation of Normal, molar and standard solutions and serial dilutions.

3. Separation of amino acids (or any other compounds) from a mixture by using

paper chromatography (Demonstration).

4. Determination of concentration of unknown solutions using Photo electric

colorimeter (Demonstration).

Section B: Molecular Biology (Any four items)

1. Cell fractionation and isolation of nucleus (demonstration).

2. Study of the effects of Colchicine on mitosis in the root meristem of Allium cepa.

3. Differential staining for DNA and RNA in human cheek epithelial cells

(demonstration).

4. Poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (Demonstration).

5. Agarose gel electrophoresis (Demonstration).

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75 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

6. Isolation of DNA from animal tissues (Demonstration)

7. Isolation of RNA from animal tissues (Demonstration)

Section C: Methodology in Science, Biostatistics and Bionformatics

(Any 10 items of the following)

1. Design an experiment to prove a hypothesis by testing the specificity of the

enzyme salivary amylase on starch.

2. Measure the size of given leaves / any sample of data and calculate the mean,

median and mode (raw data, discrete series & continuous series).

3. Measure the size of given shells / any sample of data and represent it in a

graphical form and interpret it.

4. Calculate the standard deviation of the given set of data (raw data, discrete

series & continuous series). Enter the data in Excel, calculate SD and record

the screen shots of steps and results.

5. Census the avian fauna / any fauna of two different areas and present the data

in a suitable graphical form. Compare by t-test.

6. Construct a frequency curve with mean ± SD using suitable data. Draw the

same in Excel or using any free software and record it.

7. Prepare a frequency polygon with mean ± SD utilizing appropriate data.

8. Draw a bar diagram with mean ± SD employing suitable data.

9. Construct a histogram with mean ± SD utilizing suitable data. Do the same

with software

10. Draw a pie diagram using suitable data. Draw the same in Excel or using any

free software.

11. Formulate a hypothesis of any scientific observation made by you.

12. Sequence retrieval from databases (demonstration).

13. Sequence similarity search using BLAST.

14. Multiple sequence alignment.

15. Construction of phylogenetic tree (Demonstration).

16. Docking studies (Demonstration).

REFERENCES

Bansal M P(2015) Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: Basic Experimental Protocols The Energy and Resources Institute, TERI, 392 pages

Campbell A M and Heyer L J (2006)Discovering genomics, proteomics and Bioinformatics, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 9780805382198, Benjamin Cummings, 464 pages

Ghosh Z and Bibekanand M. (2008) Bioinformatics: Principles and application; ISBN: 9780195692303. Oxford University Press, 560 pages

Keith Wilson and John Walker (2010) Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 7th Edition, ISBN-10: 9780521731676, Cambridge University Press, 759.

Michael M Cox, Jennifer A. Doudna and Michael O. Donnel (2015) Molecular Biology Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 1464126143, W.H. Freeman, 944 pages

Pevsner J (2015) Bioinformatics and functional genomics, 3rd Edition; Wiley-Blackwell, 1160p.

Plummer D. T (2004) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, ISBN 10: 0070994870, Tata Mc Graw-Hill, 332 pages

Roy R. N. (2001) A Text Book of Biophysics, 2nd Revised Edition, ISBN 10: 8173811458, New Central Book Agency, 992 pages

Sawbney S. K. and Singh, R. (2001) Introductory Practical Biochemistry, ISBN-10: 8173193029, Narosa Publ, 470 pages

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76 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

SYLLABUS

OPEN COURSES [ZOOLOGY] 1 TO 3

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77 Syllabus of B.Sc. Zoology Programme: 2019 onwards University of Calicut

FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- I (Theory)

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND SEX EDUCATION

Code: ZOL5D01T

[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits] COURSE OUTCOMES [COs]

COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Understand the reproductive health, and importance of sex education for teen and youth. (2 hrs)

CO2 Explain the chromosomal mechanism of sex determination and sex chromosomal

anomalies. (3 hrs)

CO3 Describe the structural and functional features of human reproductive system,

fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, gestation, placenta, parturition and

lactation. (17 hrs)

CO4 Explain the scope of reproductive technologies in infertility management and the

assisted reproductive techniques. (10 hrs)

CO5 Understand the different methods of prenatal diagnosis and associated ethical

issues (4 hrs)

CO6 Describe the different methods of fertility control. (4 hrs)

CO7 Understand the symptoms, mode of transmission, diagnosis and treatment of

different sexually transmitted diseases and their socio economic dimensions. (7 hrs)

CO8 Describe sexual orientation, sexual abuse and myths (5 hrs)

CO9 Understand the ethical aspects of sex (2 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination [Module 1-3: Short answer 4x2 = 8marks; Paragraph 3x5=15 marks; Essay 1x10 = 10 marks

Module 4-6: Short answer 3x2 = 6 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks; Essay 1x10 = 10 marks Module 7-9: Short answer 5x2 =10 marks; Paragraph 2x5=10 marks.]

MODULE 1. Introduction (2 hrs)

Definition; Reproductive health - problems and strategies; reproductive rights;

importance of sex education for teen and youth.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 2. Sex determination and Chromosomal anomalies (3 hrs)

Chromosomal mechanism of sex determination; Barr body; twin studies; sex

reversal; Sex chromosomal anomalies: Turner’s syndrome and Klinefilter’s

syndrome.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 3. Human Reproduction (17 hrs)

Male reproductive system: Structure of testis, male accessory organs; Semen

production and composition; ejaculation. Spermatogenesis.

Female reproductive system: Structure of human ovary; development of primary

follicle; structure of graafian follicle; fallopian tubes; uterus; external genitalia;

mammary glands. Ogenesis.

Menstrual cycle and hormonal control; brief account of fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, gestation, placenta, parturition and lactation (Brief account on hormonal control of lactation).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 4. Infertility and Assisted reproductive technologies (10 hrs)

Infertility: Causes and problems in male and female. Infertility management: semen

collection, preservation and storage, artificial insemination, surrogacy.

Cryopreservation and embryo transfer: Collection, care and preservation of

embryos. In vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer: Major steps; Test tube

babies. Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART): GIFT, ZIFT, ICSI, oocyte donation

and embryo donation.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 5. Prenatal Diagnosis (4 hrs)

Different methods: Ultrasonography, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling and

alpha-foetoprotein estimation; female foeticide: ethical issues and laws (Mention–

PNDT Act).

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 6. Fertility Control (4 hrs)

Natural methods; artificial methods; chemical methods; hormonal methods;

contraceptive devices; surgical contraception; abortion, legal termination of

pregnancy.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 7. Sexually transmitted infectious diseases (7 hrs)

Symptoms, mode of transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of AIDS,

syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes (genital), human papilloma virus and genital warts,

hepatitis, gonococcal vulvo vaginitis, Trichomonal vaginitis. Mention the term

venereal disease. Socio economic dimensions of STD.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 8. Sexual orientation, sexual abuse and myths (5 hrs)

Homosexuality and bisexuality (mention LGBT), oral sex, animal sex, cyber sex,

sexual abuse, premarital and extramarital sex, sexual perversions, paraphilia, child

abuse, prostitution, sexual hygiene, protection of children from sexual offences

(POCSO) Act, 2012 (brief account only), sexual myths.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 9. Ethical aspects of sex (2 hrs)

Healthy relationship with opposite sex, role of counseling, gender discrimination in

family and society.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

Topics for Assignments/Seminars

(Topics allotted for assignments/ seminars should be considered for internal

assessments only, and can be subdivided among students)

1. Sexual counseling

2. Marriage counseling

3. Population explosion and birth control

4. Functions of male and female hormones

5. Hormones of pregnancy

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REFERENCES

Brian Walker Nicki R Colledge Stuart Ralston and Ian Penman (2014): Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine, 22nd edition; eBook ISBN: 9780702052248,Elsevier

John Hall (2015): Textbook of Medical Physiology; 13th Edition, ISBN: 9781455770052, Elsevier Health, 1168 pages

Lynn L. Long, Judith A. Burnett, R. Valorie Thomas (2005): Sexuality counseling an integrated approach, Ist Edition, ISBN-10: 0131710524, Pearson

Prakash Kothari (1995): Common sexual problems and solutions, 2nd Edition, ISBN-10: 8185674086, UBS Publ. and Distributors Ltd., 173 pages

Reisman, Judith A, Eichel, Edward W, Muir, J Gordon and Court, J H (John Hugh) (2001): Kinsey, sex, and fraud: the indoctrination of a people: an investigation into the human sexuality research, ISBN 10: 091031120X, Lochinvar-Huntington House

Robert T. Francoeur (1982): Becoming a sexual person, ISBN-10: 0471078484, John Wiley and Sons, 836 pages

Vander, Sherman and Luciano (2003): Human Physiology, 9th Edition, ISBN-10: 9780072437935, McGraw Hill, 864 pages http://www.biologydiscussion.com/essay/reproductive-health-in-human-problems-and-strategies/5167 http://stayteen.org/sex-ed/article/why-sex-education-important http://www.onlymyhealth.com/importance-sex-education-among-youth-1301382451 http://www.livestrong.com/article/246343-how-to-make-friends-with-the-opposite-sex/ http://stories.plancanada.ca/gender-discrimination-starts-at-home/

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FIFTH SEMESTER B. Sc. ZOOLOGY PROGRAMME

ZOOLOGY OPEN COURSE- II (Theory)

NUTRITION, HEALTH AND HYGIENE

Code: ZOL5D02T

[54 hours] [3 hours per week] [3 credits]

COURSE OUTCOMES [COs] COs Course Outcome Statements

CO1 Describe the basic concepts in nutrition (3 hrs)

CO2 Demonstrate the understanding of nutrients and energetics (19 hrs)

CO3 Enumerate the vitamins and minerals and their roles in human nutrition (5 hrs)

CO4 Explain balanced diet, RDA and factors that affect it and meal planning for various

categories of people (4 hrs)

CO5 Illustrate diet therapy and dietary management of various conditions (3 hrs)

CO6 Explain health, fitness and hygiene (5 hrs)

CO7 Describe the major communicable, non-communicable, congenital and sexually

transmitted human diseases (11 hrs)

CO8 Perform first aid management in emergency situations (4 hrs)

Question paper pattern for external examination [Module 1-5: Short answer 7x2=14 marks, Paragraph 5x5=25 marks; Essay 1x10=10 marks

Module 6-8: Short answer 5x2=10 marks, Paragraph 2x5=10 marks, Essay 1x10=10 marks]

Section A: NUTRITION (34 hours)

MODULE 1. Key concepts in Nutrition (3 hrs)

Basic Nutrition Concepts: Nutrition, Food energy - Kilocalories, Nutrients,

Nutrient Density. Nutritional needs of body, classification of foods.

Factors Influencing Food Selection: Flavor, Demographics, Culture and Religion,

Social and Emotional Influences, Health, Environmental Concerns, Food industry

and media (short notes only)

Nutrients and non-nutrients: Six classes of nutrients: Carbohydrates, Fats,

Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, Water; functions of these nutrients. Mention essential

nutrients.

[Short answers/Paragraphs]

MODULE 2. Nutrition and Energetics (19 hrs)

Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism (14 hrs)

Classification, Sources and nutritional significance of carbohydrates, proteins and

fats. Gastrointestinal tract, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins

and fats. Mention dietary fibers, essential and non essential amino acids,

saturated, unsaturated and essential fatty acids. Deficiency of Protein — Protein

energy malnutrition (PEM), Kwashiorkor, Marasmus.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

Energy Metabolism (5 hrs)

Energy value of macronutrients, factors affecting the caloric value of foods, PFV

(Physiological Fuel Value) of foods, low calorie modifications, Bomb calorimeter,

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), factors affecting BMR; Thermic effect of food and

thermogenesis. Energy balance and Body mass index (BMI).

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

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MODULE 3: Vitamins and Minerals (5 hrs)

Vitamins (4 hrs)

Fat soluble — A, D, E, K.; Water soluble vitamins — B Complex — Thiamine,

Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, Vitamin B 12, Biotin and

Pyridoxine, Vitamin C. Sources and effects of deficiency.

Macro and Micro Minerals (1 hr)

Physiological functions, sources and deficiency: Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron and

Iodine.

[Short answers/Paragraphs/Essays]

MODULE 4. Meal Planning (4 hrs)