UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY ... · GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) 2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) SPECIES

TEZĂ DE DOCTORAT/PhD THESIS

1

Investeşte în oameni!Proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013Axa prioritară: 1. „Educaţia şi formarea profesională în sprijinul creşterii economice şi dezvoltării societăţii bazate pecunoaştere”Domeniul major de intervenţie: 1.5 „Programe doctorale și post-doctorale în sprijinul cercetării”Titlul proiectului: „Programe doctorale şi postdoctorale pentru promovarea excelenţei în cercetare, dezvoltare şi inovare îndomeniile prioritare – agronomic şi medical veterinar, ale societăţii bazate pe cunoaştere”Beneficiar: UNIVERSITATEA DE ȘTIINȚE AGRICOLE ȘI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ CLUJ-NAPOCAID Proiect: 132765Cod contract: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132765

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARYMEDICINE OF CLUJ-NAPOCA

AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PHD SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING

RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF PAULOWNIA SPECIESGERMINATION PROCESS UNDERGOING THE PHYSICAL

FIELDS AND TRANSFER OF CS ISOTOPE

SUMMARY

PhD student

RADU (ȚENTER) ANCUȚA CRISTINA

Scientific coordinator:

PROF.UNIV. DR. HORIA RADU CRIVEANU

CLUJ-NAPOCA

2015


2

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………................5/8

CHAPTER I CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICS RESEARCH..................................................6/10

1.1 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD......................6/10

1.2 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN MAGNETIC FIELD..............................-/13

1.3 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD..6/14

1.4 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL WITH GAMMA RADIATION.................7/15

1.5 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL IN THE SUBTLE FIELD..........................7/16

1.6 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH BIOPHYSICAL WITH FTIR................................................7/17

1.7 CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH WITH CESIUM IZOTOPE...................................................7/19

CHAPTER II GENERAL DESCRIPTION SPECIES PAULOWNIA....................................................8/21

2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS PAULOWNIA SPECIES...........................................................8/21

2.2 SEEDS GERMINATION AND VIABILITY SEED OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES..........................-/23

2.3 INVASIVE PROPERTIES OF THE SPECIES PAULOWNIA..........................................................-/24

2.4 PAULOWNIA SPECIES RESISTANT TO NATURAL WEATHERING........................................-/.26

2.5 SPECIES PAULOWNIA IN THE WORLD AND ROMANIA.........................................................9/.29

2.6 THE USES AND ECONOMIC VALUE.........................................................................................10/31

CHAPTER III GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICAL FIELDS AND THE RADIOACTIVE

ELEMENTS............................................................................................................................................10/33

3.1 ELECTRIC FIELD, ELECTRICITY...............................................................................................11/33

3.2 MAGNETIC FIELD, MAGNETISM...............................................................................................11/36

3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD, ELECTROMAGNETISM...........................................................11/38

3.4 FIELD SUBTLE, BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.............................................................12/41

3.5 GAMMA RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE DECAY..............................................................13/43

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES....................................................................13/46

CHAPTER V RESEARCH METHODS..............................................................................................15/48

5.1 METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GERMINATION..........................................................15/48

5.2 PLANT MATERIAL USED...........................................................................................................15/50

5.3 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL THE ACTION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD....................17/52

5.4 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL THE ACTION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD..................18/56

5.5 LASER BEAM EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL..................................................................20/59

5.6 GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL....................................................21/63

5.7 APLICATION BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.......................................................................21/66

5.8 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR ANALYSIS FTIR (FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED)....22/67

5.9 THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR HIGHLIGHTING ISOTOPES CESIU IN PLANT

MATERIAL PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)............................................................................. 22/70


3

CHAPTER VI ANALYSIS OF DATA UNDER THE INFLUENCE PHYSICAL FIELD AND

RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS TO SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)...........................23/73

6.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC

FIELD A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)/73

6.1.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ONE

INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELD, AND SIX EXPOSURE TIME, A SEED GERMINATION

PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)...................................................23/74

6.1.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THREE

INTENSITY OF ELECTRIC FIELD AND TWO EXPOSURE TIME A SEED GERMINATION

PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).......................................................-/85

6.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC

FIELD A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD& ZUCC)/96

6.2.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ONE

INTENSITY OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND FOUR EXPOSURE TIME A SEED GERMINATION

PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).....................................................24/96

6.2.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FOUR

INTENSITY OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND ONE EXPOSURE TIME A SEED GERMINATION

PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).....................................................-/106

6.3 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LASER BEAM A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM

SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).................................................................................25/116

6.3.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION GREEN LASER BEAM A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS

FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).....................................................................25/116

6.3.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION RED LASER BEAM A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS

FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)......................................................................26/126

6.4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA

RADIATION A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD &

ZUCC.).................................................................................................................................................28/135

6.4.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA

RADIATION LOW DOSES A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA

(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)..........................................................................................................................28/136

6.4.2 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA

RADIATION HIGH DOSES A SEED GERMINATION PROCESS FROM SPECIES PAULOWNIA

(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.).........................................................................................................................29/144


4

6.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF ACTION TAKEN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIO-PHYTO-

MODULATOR A.D. A SEED GERMINATION EVOLUTION PROCESS FROM SPECIES

PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)..................................................................................................31/151

6.6 ANALYSIS TRANSFER FACTOR ISOTOPES ................................................................32/160

6.7 ANALYSIS FTIR RESULTS OBTAINED TREATED SEEDS OF SPECIES PAULOWNIA

(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)IN PHYSICAL FIELDS ..................................................................................33/162

6.8 GENERAL ANALYSIS OF DATA UNDER THE INFLUENCE PHYSICAL FIELD TO SPECIES

PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)..................................................................................................34/167

CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................36/173

REFERENCES.....................................................................................................................................38/178


5

INTRODUCTION

Contemporary scientific and technical revolution, triggered worldwide in all

fields, has important consequences for one of the essential problems of the millennium,

the necessary conditions for living.

After food requirement, one of the requirements of the development market is

wood. Massive deforestation in tropical forests of the Amazon, even the European ones,

led to a disruption of the ecological system, pulling a big warning about balanced use of

existing resources on Earth.

Worldwide, at the present moment, Paulownia cultures occupies a small area.

Research on implementation, protection and enhancement of timber has known an

important development lately.

A modern interdisciplinary research direction addressed to in this word is the use

of physical fields to stimulate the germination processes of Paulownia species seeds

(Siebold & Zucc.) and the transfer of Cs isotope in the plant.

Research and experiments have been conducted during three years of doctoral

studies.

The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter presents the research in

biophysics, which aims at physical fields actions on plant material.

The second chapter presents de general description of Paulownia species ( Siebold

&Zucc.).

The physical fields studied are presented in the third chapter with a description of

the most important features.

The fourth chapter presents the purpose and objectives of this research thesis.

Chapter five describes the method of determining the germination of the plant

material used, the experimental protocols used, the equipment used, application rates, the

experimental protocol for highlighting the Cs isotope inside theplant, mathematical and

statistical methods.

Chapter six presents the results analysis obtained under the influence of the

physical fields and radioactive elements of the Paulownia species (Siebold & Zucc.).

Chapter Seven summarizes the conclusions drawn from experimental research.


6

To achieve the scientific research that led to the completion of this thesis I

benefited from financial support through POSDRU 159 / 1.5 / S / 132 765 "Doctoral and

Postdoctoral to promote excellence in research, development and innovation in priority

areas - agronomic and medical veterinary knowledge-based society ", financed by the

European Social Fund through the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human

Resources Development 2007-2013.

CHAPTER I

CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICS RESEARCH

1.1 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH IN THE ELECTRIC FIELD

Biophysical research focused on the use of the electric field due to known impact

on living matter.

An improvement in the standard conditions of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by

80%, were presented by data about sorting and stimulating seed germination using

electric field. The electric field has a positive influence on the dynamics of low seed

germination, it accelerates the process with 2-3 days (Pozeliene and Lynikiene, 2009).

1.3 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH IN THE

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

The discovery laser discovery was very important by its application in various

fields such as medicine, biology, chemistry, physics and agriculture. Among its

applications in agriculture we can mention its use as a bio-stimulator device. The action

of the laser, of low intensity, causes biostimulation when used on seeds, seedlings and

plants (Aladjadjiyan, 2007; Chen et al., 2005; Dziwulska, 2006; Govil et al., 1985;

Hernandez et al., 2007, 2008 ; Perveen et al., 2010).


7

1.4 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH WITH GAMMA

RADIATION

The effect of gamma irradiation of the seeds prepared for germination and the

effect on growth of Pinus kesiya and P. wallichiana Gord showed dose-response

difference applied according to species (Thapa 2004). It was found that significant

differences appear, even between closely related species in terms of sensitivity to gamma

radiation.

1.5 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH IN THE SUBTLE FIELD

When applying bio-phyto-modulators DEA and DIEE on the strain of

Pelargonium, following the study carried out by pursuing the process of photosynthesis, a

significant increase in dry weight in the leaves is obtained, due to the device action (Radu

et al., 2014) .

1.6 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH WITH FTIR

Using infrared spectrometry method it succeeded the isolation and characterization

of paulownioside, a new iridoid glucoside highly oxygenated Paulownia tomentosa.

Investigations were carried out with an etanolitic extract obtained from the leaves

Paulownia tomentosa. Following isolation of paulowniosida, spectral H and C links were

determined. (Adrian et al., 1981)

1.7 CURRENT STATE OF BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH WITH CESIUM ISOTOPE

Constantinescu and his collaborators (1988) measured the level of radioactivity of

vegetation in different places in Romania immediately after the Chernobyl accident (May

1986), and six months later (October 1986) and concluded that the uptake of

radionuclides by plants was carried out by depositions at the leaves surface, while

absorption was made by roots from soil (indirect deposition) and rain was not significant.


8

CHAPTER II

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES (SIEBOLD &

ZUCC.)

2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

SPECIES

Paulownia (Siebold & Zucc.), Known as the Princess tree is a deciduous tree,

native to eastern Asia, especially from China (Hu 1961). This is a medium sized tree,

known for its large heart-shaped leaves and fragrant purple flowers, clusters formed.

Paulownia blooms early in spring (HU 1961). The leaves reach one meter in length and

width. Paulownia is multiplied by sprouting seeds or seedlings upon large areas. (HU

1961 Carpenter and Smith 1981 Preston 1983).

The leaves are fluffy, dense, especially on the underside. Paulownia flowers are

perfect, and the fruit can be found in capsule form, egg-shaped, which open to release the

seeds in October. They can easily germinate under favorable conditions, or have an

induced hibernation until next year (Hu 1961 Carpenter et al, 1983, Young and Young

1992 Kuppinger et al., 2008, Innes 2009). The species is producing prolific seed, which

can be estimated at 2,000 small seeds per pod fruit, and tens of millions of seeds can be

produced by a mature tree, by season (Millsaps, 1936, Tang et al, 1980, Carpenter et al

1983 Kuppinger 2008).


9

2.6 PAULOWNIA SPECIES AROUND THE WORLD AND IN ROMANIA

Fig.2.1 Word Map with Paulownia crops

(http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Paulownia+tomentosa&guide=North_America

n_Invasives&cl=US/VA)

Paulownia was first introduced in the US in mid 1840 as an ornamental tree

planted in gardens, city parks and along the roads (Tang et al, 1980, Preston 1983).

Paulownia species in Romania is not yet well defined, it is still in early

development projects and implementation.

In Craiova, Paulownia species was planted in order to create green areas, research

conducted over 25 years at the Faculty of Horticulture, University of Craiova.

We can mention some towns, where there are Paulownia trees that are between

30-50 years: Baia Mare, Cluj-Napoca, Herculane, Timisoara, Arad, Bucharest, Buzau,

Horezu convent, Govora Spa, Caracal, Craiova, Minis, Slatina Tirgu Jiu, Vaslui (Simon,

2009).

Currently, in Romania, for several years, have grown some major projects with

financial support from the European Community for Paulownia plantations. There are

companies with developmental and implementation programs for these crops. Two


10

private cultures can be mentioned in Cluj County, in the village Mociu and in the village

Bogata.

2.7. THE USAGE AREAS AND ECONOMIC VALUE

Paulownia wood is very light and durable when it is processed, making it ideal for

various uses (HU 1961). In East Asia, Paulownia wood has been used for centuries as

temple material crafted furniture, musical instruments, toys and cabinets. It can be used

as material for doors, windows, partition walls, ceilings, beams because it doesn’t bend.

There are temples over 100 years in which the wooden beams are still in good condition.

Extracts from fruits, leaves and wood are used in adjuvant treatment for

bronchitis. Fruit extracts decrease the frequency of asthma attacks (Kyoung, 1994). An

aqueous extract of the fruit and leaves regenerates the hair and stimulates the scalp,

causing hair growth. The extracted oils are prepared in the form of solutions or tablets

(Duke, 1985). Fruits presents a hypotensive effect, and wood extractions are used to treat

certain bacterial infections (Wysokinska and Rozga, 1998).

In recent decades around the world important projects have been initialized for the

production of biomass Paulownia wood, we can mention "Silva Tree" (2010) Energy

Fund "Investing in a biomass project in Panama reforestation".

CHAPTER III

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL FIELDS AND RADIOACTIVE

ELEMENTS

3.1 ELECTRIC FIELD, ELECTRICITY

Issac Newton, known as the one who put the fundamentals of mechanics, deepens

studies of electricity and magnetism. The basics of electricity being made and developed

by Charles Augustin de Coulomb, Michael Faraday and James Maxwell, give a new

interpretation of the concepts of classical physics, developing the ideas of physical fields.


11

The existence of the electric field is highlighted by simple experiments, it can be

perceived by human senses. It is evidenced by the interaction of electrical charges. All

demonstrations of physicists emphasize acceleration of electric charges in space, that

creates electric field (Purcell, 1982).

3.2 MAGNETIC FIELD, MAGNETISM

Geomagnetism history includes famous people and their works which required

long years of intense study. William Gilbert, reasoned that the Earth itself is magnetic.

Crucial connection between electricity and magnetism was discovered and then explored

the greatest physicists of the XIX century, including Hans Ørsted, André Marie Ampere,

Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell Michael.

Hans Christian Oersted’s studies related to electricity, published in 1820, show

that the needle is deflected by electric current. This magnetic field is due to electrical

charges or electricity (Berkeley, 1981).

Ampere published its own model of magnetism in 1825, in which the magnetism

is due to current flow loops instead of dipoles of magnetic loading, different from

Poisson model. (Feyman 1969, Halliday and Resnik, 1975).

3.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

The electromagnetic field can be seen as a combination of electric field and

magnetic field. If the electric field is produced by stationary tasks, and the magnetic field

by the movement of charged particles, namely electricity, than, the electromagnetic field

is created by the two fields. As mathematical description of Maxwell equations is played

during revolutionary electrodynamics. (Cook, 2002).


12

(http://www.dannex.se/theory/1.html )

Fig.3.3.1 Electromagnetic field

3.4 SUBTLE FIELD, BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.

Bio-Phyto-modulators, Ancu Dincă type, are devices for charging and energizing

and neutralizing harmful radiation, invented recently.

Bio-Phyto-modulators as operating principle are based on two types of effects,

which produce holographic radiation emitted by plants, the stimulus and the inhibition

effect.

Bio-Phyto-modulators DEA and DIEE are composed of crystals from 40 herbs,

crystals whose activation may shown in the presence of an electromagnetic field with

negative features (earth radiation or human biofield).

Fig.3.4.1 Bio-Phyto-modulators Ancu Dincă DEA and DIEE type


13

3.5 GAMMA RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION

The beginnings of nuclear physics are quite recent, we can approximate at the

beginning of our century. About the discovery of radioactivity (the term comes from the

chemical element radium)one can say to have been accidentaly discovered in 1896. The

history of radioactive discovery is regarded as one of the most important discoveries of

our century, with scientific implications. Radiation led to the discovery of the atomic

nucleus by Rutherford and Bohr's model thus emerged, which imposed quantification on

atomic level. The nucleus generated a huge area of research and the study of the nucleus

properties led to the discovery of nuclear fission, of fusion and nuclear energy (Cosma

1996).

CHAPTER IV

THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES

One of the daily problems in the entire world right now is climate change, energy,

water supply, the counterbalance of the deprived areas, the inequalities caused by major

differences in development, and not least, the population's demands on nutrition and

some necessary living conditions.

The purpose of this work is the research in biophysics regarding the influences of

subtle, magnetic, electric and electromagnetic field, as well as those of radioactive

elements of the type Co and Cs on the plant material Paulownia species. The work aims a

careful observation of each individual field influence on the germination process, as well

as the the optimal choice of the experimental parameters, field strenght and doses and

exposure time.

The objectives are:

The exposure of Paulownia seeds to the action of the electric field action at

different field strengths,

The optimal graduation of exposure time in the electric field for the purpose of

analysis through germination indicators,


14

The exposure of Paulownia seeds of low intensity magnetic field action,

The optimal graduation exposure time magnetic field analysis purposes by

indicators of germination,

The exposure of Paulownia seeds of green laser action to trace the evolution

process of germination and the establishment of indicators,

The irradiation of Paulownia seeds with low doses of gamma radiation, between

1Gy and 5Gy,

The irradiation of Paulownia seeds with high doses of gamma radiation, between 6

6Gy and 12Gy,

The exposure of Paulownia seeds to the subtle field through bio-phyto

modulators, tupe AD and type DEA and DIEE

Highlighting the changes occured by exposing the seeds to the physical and

radiation fields using FTIR spectrometry

The exposure of plant material – Paulownia cuttings – by planting in radioactive

infested soil with 137Cs isotope.

The pursuit of these objectives will be made through research methods chosen in

accordance with the literature and analyzing the germination process and germination

indicators: EG, IG, VG, TMG, and PFG, as well as statistical interpretation of the

results; comparing the influences of physical fields on germination by analyzing the

most relevant results, by optimizing field intensity and time exposure factors; the

spectrometric analysis of changes at the molecular level of Paulownia seeds

undergoing the physical fields, determining the transfer factor of radioisotope Cs

inside the Paulownia leaves.


15

CHAPTER V

RESEARCH METHODS

5.1 METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF GERMINATION

Germination is all morphological and physiological processes of transforming an

embryo into seed, from sleep to active growth state (Peterfi, 1972).

The whole process of germination was determined by five indicators, considered

the most representative and were calculated to evaluate their efficiency in data

interpretation (Anjum, and Bajwa, 2005).

The five selected indicators are:

Germination energy (EG)

Germination index (IG) (Marcu et al., 2013).

Germination speed (VG) (Ciapuso et al., 1997)( Marcu, 2013)

The medium germination time (TMG) (Sadeghi, 2011)

Germination capacity or final germination procent (PFG) is (Anjum and Bajwa,

2005).

These features are important not only in physiology and phytotechny, but also for

environmentalists because it is possible to predict the success of a species based on the

capacity of their seed harvesting by sprouting spontaneously in the natural (Ranal et al.,

2006) .

5.2 PLANT MATERIAL USED

Species Paulownia (Siebold & Zucc.) Was named in honor of Anna Paulowna,

daughter of Tsar Paul I of Russia. It is also called "princess tree" or "Empress Tree" for

the same reason.

Its leaves (Fig.5.2.1) are very large, with dimensions of about 15-25 cm, especially

young trees up to 50 cm, with long stalks of 10- 20 cm, edge evening (Booner, 2008).


16

Fig.5.2.1 Paulownia leaves

After the first 8 or 10 years of life the tree starts to produce seeds and becomes very

prolific.

Fig.5.2.2 Dry fruit with seeds of Paulownia (Anna Laurent-picture Collected at Arnold

Arboretum, Boston)

Dried fruit can be picked and opened by hand before they scatter the seed. Theseeds are flat, thin, with wings, are about 1.5 to 3 mm long, and can be easily spread bywind when capsules fall from the tree. A fruit may contain about 1400-2800 seeds.

Being light and winged may be scattered at great distances, kilometer long(Baskin, 2001).


17

Fig.5.2.3 Paulownia Seed

5.3 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL TO THE ACTION OF ELECTRIC FIELD

Experimental research necessary for plant material exposure, in this case the seeds

of Paulownia, were carried out in two stages, first in the Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-

Napoca, Faculty of Physics Laboratories of Electricity and Magnetism, the second stage

in the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of

Horticulture in the biophysics lab.

Research has focused on the influence of the electric field. Therefore, the seeds

used were from the same sources and the same batch.

The first stage consisted of sorting viable seeds in batches of 100 pieces each.

Then it started to create the necessary electric field.

In order to obtain a homogeneous electric field, it was used a capacitor whose

plates have a diameter of 26 cm, and the distance was set to d = 0.073 m, as the electric

field is uniform in the space between the plates.

The voltage applied was gradually U1 = 20 V, = 18 V U2, U3 and U4 = 9 V = 5.5

V in order to obtain the required parameters of the experiment, namely, electric field

intensities of values: E1 = 274V / m, E2 = 250V / m, E3 = 125V / m, E4 = 75V / m.

Following studies, and the results previously obtained (Radu and colab., 2015) the

chosen exposure values were: 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, 45


18

minutes, 60 minutes. Seed units of 100 pieces each, were exposed to different electric

field strengths, coupled with exposure time in the electric field. The chosen variant was

non-exposure, as the control variant, standard for comparison of variants of samples

exposed.

After conducting experimental scheme, the seed lots were placed between

capacitor fittings according to Fig.5.3.1 below.

Fig.5.3.1 Exposing Paulownia seeds to the electric field

5.4 EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL TO THE ACTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD

Experimental research needed were performed at the University of Agriculture andVeterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Horticulture, in Biophysics Laboratoryand at the Babes-Bolyai University, in Cluj Napoca, Faculty of Physics, Electricity andMagnetism laboratories.

Taking into account the technical characteristics of the machine used during theexperiments, through the intensity of the electrical power of I1 = 0.25, we haveestablished a value of magnetic field strength of 1.8 Gs, I2 = 0.34 for 2.2 Gs, I3 = 0,4Afor 2.8 Gs, and I4 = 0,6A for 4.8 Gs, folowing study literature. The compass was set tomake alignment with the earth's magnetic field lines (Fig.5.4.1)


19

Fig.5.4.1 Helmholtz coils and magnetic compass

Paulownia seeds were exposed to the magnetic field. Two different types ofexposure were carried out. The first variant has consisted of exposing the batches ofPaulownia seeds to a magnetic field of B = 2.2 Gs (Gauss) and four exposure time:10minutes, 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes. The variant with 0 minutes exposuretime was considered the control variant.

The batches of 100 Paulownia seeds each were placed in a special place asoutlined in Fig.5.4.2 below.

Fig.5.4.2 Exposing Paulownia seeds to the magnetic field

After exposing the Paulownia seeds to magnetic field, the batches were

germinated, including the control batch, in special Linhardt dishes, in four repetitions.


20

(Booner, 2008). It was created optimal humidity and temperature from -23 ℃ to 26 ℃.

(Fig.5.4.3)

5.5 LASER BEAM EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL

Germination indicators, when the plant material is exposed to the laser beam, were

determined following the specific procedures, in two steps. The first stage, held at the

National Institute of Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies

Cluj-Napoca, in the Department of Molecular and Biomolecular Physics. The second

stage in the University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of

Horticulture in biophysics lab. It was aimed the stimulation batches of 100 species of

Paulownia seeds, by two similar methods, but the difference was the power and

wavelength of the laser beam, because the wavelengths in the visible spectrum are

different.

Fig.5.5.2 Exposing Paulownia seeds to green laser beam


21

5.6 GAMMA RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PLANT MATERIAL

The experimental stage of plant material irradiation of the Paulownia seeds, took

place in the Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Faculty of Physics, in the laboratory

in the Department of Physics and Nuclear Isotopes. It was used a gamma camera

Chamber 900, using as source isotope (_ ^ 60) Co. This unit was brought to the

laboratory in 1962,from the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, India. (Fig.5.6.1)

At the time I started irradiating plant material, the dose rate for January was: 2013

D = 3,46Gy / h. From this value we started to calculate the exposure time required for

radiation doses suggested, as well as the flow variation related to time.

We considered low doses between 2 Gy 3 Gy, 4 Gy and 5 Gy and high doses

between 6 Gy, 10 Gy, 11 Gy and 12 Gy.

5.7 APLICATION OF BIO-PHYTO-MODULATORS A.D.

Applying bio-phyto modulators of type Ancu-Dinca and DIEE DEA was

performed after the randomly selection of 100 batches each, of seeds Paulownia, to four

repetitions each, as well as the control batch. On each envelope, with 100 seeds each,

was sealed bio-phyto-modulator DEA and similar to DIEE and separately were spaced

envelopes with control batches, allowing them to stand for 3days, germinated under

conditions of optimum light, temperature, and humidity.

Fig.5.7.1 Envelope with 100 Paulownia seeds to which was applied bio-phyto modulator

DIEE, DEA, and the envelope with control seeds


22

5.8 SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR FTIR ANALYSIS (FOURIER TRANSFORM

INFRARED)

Paulownia seeds, which were initially exposed to physical fields (electric,

magnetic, electromagnetic, gamma irradiation, subtle) were milled to give a powder as

fine as possible (fig.5.8.1) and subsequently weighed.

The obtained powders were weighed and placed in a mold and compressed by

hydraulic press to remove air with the help of the device SPECAC, 10,000 Kg force for

30 seconds. The required pellets were formed and a potassium bromide pellet was also

formed, because it was required to measure the baseline background. Potassium bromide

KBr does not have absorption in the IR range between 4000 -650 .. After obtaining

the pellets, the determination of spectra FT-IR spectrometer was made, with a Jasco FT-

IR-4100.

5.9 THE EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL FOR HIGHLIGHTING CESIUM ISOTOPESIN PAULOWNIA PLANT MATERIAL

In the laboratory of Biophysics at the Faculty of Horticulture, University of

Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, there were carried out experiments to

assess the transfer of Cesium isotope ( ) from a quantity of contaminated soil ,in the

plant material, namely in the Paulownia leaves (Constantinescu et al., 1988, Clements et

al., 2002).

The Paulownia plants were isolated in laboratory conditions, and were provided

with optimal conditions of temperature T = 20 to 25 ℃, light and humidity. After a period

of 3 months, Paulownia leaves were sectioned and were taken 6 samples from six

different plants. The leaves were weighed, then dried in an oven at 105 ℃ for 8 hours to

remove water. Subsequently they were weighed, and were brought to the table of 100 g /

sample.

The gamma spectrometric measurements were performed In the Faculty of

Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gamma and Apha Spectrometry lab, the

Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca.


23

Fig.5.9.1 Analysis of samples with The HPGe detectors used within the Laboratory ofEnvironmental Radioactivity

CHAPTER VI

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF

PHYSICAL FIELDS AND RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS OF PAULOWNIA

SPECIES (SIEBOLD &ZUCC.)

6.1 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF

ELECTRIC FIELD OF SEED GERMINATION PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA

SPECIES (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

6.1.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of an electric field intensity and six

time exposure, of the germination process of Paulownia species (Siebold & Zucc.)

In this case, the evolution in the process of germination of Paulownia seeds under

the influence of the electric field, was followed, using a single intensity of electrical field,

namely E = 274V / m, six different types of samples and the standard control sample for

comparing results.

From day 3 of measurements, one can observe that the batch with 20 minutes, 30

minutes and at 40 minutes exposure time has a faster progress than the other batches, as

outlined in Fig.6.1.1.1 below.


24

Fig.6.1.1.1 The evolution of germination process of Paulownia seeds under influence of

electric field, one intensity, six time exposure.

Following this chart on the progress made during the 14-day germination records,

there is a rising trend above the evolution line of the control batch, of the six samples

used. Only in the early days there is overlap, but is insignificant.


MAGNETIC FIELD OF GERMINATION PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES

SEEDS (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

6.2.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of a magnetic field intensity and

four time exposure of germination process of Paulownia species seeds (Thunb.) Stend.

Germination energy, calculated on the fifth day gives us important information

about the viability of seeds, the percentage of seedlings that have emerged. In Fig.

6.2.1.2, the germination energy of the 10 minutes batch, doesn’t increase procentage

compared to the control batch.


25

Instead, when doubling the exposure time to 20 minutes, there is an increase of

14% compared to the control batch and again, when doubling the exposure time to 40

minutes, a percentage jump of 29%, which indicates us a stimulation of the seeds under

the influence of 2.2 Gs magnetic field action.

Instead, when doubling the time to 60 minutes, the process enters inhibition, but

still higher by 12% compared to control.

Fig. 6.2.1.2 Germination energy of Paulownia species seeds under the influence of

magnetic field, one intensity, four time exposure


ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LASER BEAM OF GERMINATION

PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

6.3.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of electromagnetic radiation green

laser beam of the germination process of Paulownia species seeds ((Siebold & Zucc.)

Germination index reaches its maximum value when exposing 5 minutes in the

second day, the first two days giving most units of germinated seeds (Fig. 6.3.1.3).


26

Germination index has a similar linearity for the five samples tested under the action of

laser radiation.

Fig. 6.3.1.3 Germination index of Paulownia species seeds under influence of green laser

beam, six time exposure, in fourtheen days

The best germination index is the one with 110.73 seed units / no. of days,

exposure time, 5 minutes, followed by a gradual decline correlated with degrees of five

minutes, as follows: 102.8 seed units seeds / no. of days at 10 minutes, 85.00 seed units /

no. of days at 15 minutes, 80.67 seed units / no. of days at 20 minutes, 67.22 seed units /

no. of days at 25 minutes, 62.98 units seeds / no. of days at 30 minutes, these values

being superior to the control version of of 47.37 seed units / no. of days.

6.3.2 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of electromagnetic radiation red

laser beam of the germination process from Paulownia species seeds (Siebold & Zucc.)

Statistical analysis of results of germination energy and germination capacity, in

the case of red laser radiation action over the seeds of Paulownia species, are shown in

the following Tables 6.3.2.1, through analysis of influencing exposure time factors.


27

The germination energy of Paulownia species was statistically assigned with very

significant positive differences from the average control on the red laser radiation

exposure, to all six time exposure, gradually every five minutes. The time factor has

influenced very significantly.

/Table6.3.2.1The influence of time exposure of Paulownia species seeds undergoing red laser

radiation on the germination energyNo. Variant Average

Germination EnergyMeanings

% Differencefrom control

1 Martor/control 20.00 0.00 Mt2 5 min. 44.00 24.00 ***3 10 min. 55.00 35.00 ***4 15 min. 52.00 32.00 ***5 20 min. 48.00 28.00 ***6 25 min. 31.00 11.00 ***7 30 min. 28.00 8.00 ***

DL(p 5%) 2.37DL(p 1%) 3.26DL(0.1%) 4.43

Table 6.3.2.2Comparisson between exposure time of Paulownia species seeds under red laser

radiation on germination energyClassification Variant Germination energy (%) Meaning

1 Martor/control 20.00 A2 30 min. 28.00 B3 25 min. 31.00 C4 5 min. 44.00 D5 20 min. 48.00 E6 15 min. 52.00 F7 10 min. 55.00 G

Average error Sx=0.80 (%)DS theoretical value : 2.37-2.69


28

6.4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GAMMA

RADIATION OF GERMINATION PROCESS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS

(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

6.4.1 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of low doses gamma radiation of

the germination process of Paulownia species seeds (Siebold & Zucc.)

The speed of germination analyzed presents an upward trend, with a peak in the

third day for 2 Gy,3 Gy and 4 Gy irradiation. The 5Gy lot speed germination rate is

superimposed with the control, on the top ascent. A period of descent until the end

follows, in its graphical form in Fig. 6.4.1.5 below.

Fig. 6.4.1.5 Viteza de germinare VG a seminţelor de Paulownia sub influenţa radiațiilorgamma de doze joase, în cele paisprezece zile

Fig. 6.4.1.5 The germination speed-GS of Paulownia species seeds under influence oflow doses gamma radiation,in fourtheen days

Germination speed rate, if low-dose irradiation, has the lowest value when sample

is irradiated with 5Gy, namely 8.57 no. of seeds / no. of days, with a unit lower than the

control value of 9.74 no. of seeds / no. of days. During the germination speed rate

analysis, the highest value obtained was with 2 Gy irradiated sample. The values obtained


29

for 3 Gy and 4Gy irradiation are intermediary, upward over the control and under the

highest value of 2 Gy sample.

A significant difference was obtained for the samples with germination capacity of

5Gy 4Gy irradiation. Instead, it notes statistically significant differences at 3GY and very

significant at 2Gy.

Table6.4.1.3The influence of the low doses radioactivity field of Paulownia species seeds on

germination capacityNo. Variant Average Germination

capacityMeanings


1 Martor/control 47,50 0,00 Mt.2 2Gy 57,00 9,50 ***3 3Gy 54,00 6,50 **4 4Gy 50,00 2,50 -5 5Gy 47,00 -0,50 -

DL(p 5%) 3,67DL(p 1%) 5,15DL(0.1%) 7,27

6.4.2 Analysis of results obtained under the influence of high doses gamma radiation of

the germination process of Paulownia species seeds (Siebold & Zucc.)

The progress of germination, when treated with high doses of radiation applied to

Paulownia seeds under field action of radioactive isotope Cobalt was observed during the

fourteen days of monitoring. The results are shown in the graph of FIG. 6.4.2.1.

It can be seen that the variants of samples which have been irradiated with high

doses of 6 Gy, 10 Gy, 11Gy, and 12 Gy, have a line below the trend of development of

the control sample, which has not ben irradiated. Even if germination process start on

time, the effects can be noticed throughout the process. The progress of sprouting seeds

of Paulownia is negatively affected by high doses above the 6Gy level.


30

Fig. 6.4.2.1 Germination evolution process of Paulownia species seeds under the

influence of high doses gamma radiation

The germination capacity, considering the statistical results, indicates very

significant negative values compared to control in all three cases of irradiation, the values

of 10Gy, 11Gy and 12Gy. The 6Gy value germination capacity is only distinct negative

insignificant compared to the control.

Table6.4.2.3

The influence of the high doses radioactivity field of Paulownia species seeds on

germination capacity

No. Variant AverageGermination Energy

Meanings


1 Martor/control 49,00 - Mt.2 6Gy 47,00 -2,00 003 10Gy 44,75 -4,25 0004 11Gy 37,00 -12,00 0005 12Gy 35,50 -13,50 000

DL(p 5%) 1,32DL(p 1%) 1,85DL(0.1%) 2,62


31

6.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF BIO-

PHYTO-MODULATOR A.D. OF GERMINATION EVOLUTION PROCESS FROM

PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

Following the analysis, the fifth day of the EG- germination energy measurements,

highlighted in Figure 6.5.2, we can see that the seeds which were energized with DEA

device, to energize water, leads to the best results, with a percentage 65%, a significant

increase by 45% higher compared to the control, which records the value of 20%.

Charging and energizing device produced an approximately 58% germination

energy, higher value in this case by 38% percent compared to the control.

When applying the combination of the two bi-phyto-modulators, we can see that

the result is also higher by 60% compared to control, with 30% percent, but its value is

not greater than in the case of single devices.

In FIG. 6.5.2 beneficial effects of bio-phyto-modulators influence on germination

energy may be noted.

Fig. 6.5.2 The germination energy of Paulownia species seeds under the influence ofbio-phyto-modulators A.D.


32

6.6 TRANSFER FACTOR ANALYSIS OF ISOTOPES

Soil contamination with radioactive elements is one of the most important

environmental problems worldwide, as these items are not biodegradable and will

accumulate in the biological human, animal and vegetable system,and will cause toxicity

of the whole ecosystem. Because the Paulownia species has the characteristics of rapid

growth and development, a high biomass production, has the potential for accumulation

of heavy elements (Doumet et al., 2008, Clements et al., 2002).

It was taken into account the proportions used in the combination of soil needed

for planting and the necessary correction of proportionality was made:

The plants have shown phytotechnical symptoms as discoloration, yellowing

leaves, pigmentation, or any halting in the development of the whole plant,before

harvesting the leaves for analysis.

Highlighting rating (_ ^ 137) Cs in the leaves of the Paulownia species through

the mass of evidence, fotopicul intensity under 661, cesium of 7Kev and radiocesium

activity according to Table 6.6.1 below.

Table 6.6.1

Sample Radiocesium ActivitySampleNumber

Weight Intensitysample

ackgroundIntensity

Differencebetweensampleintensity andstandard

Differencebetweenstandardintensity andbackground

Activity/sample

(g) (imp/s) (imp/s) (imp/s) (imp/s) (Bq )

1 5,67 0,00107

0,0002

0,00087

0,26290

9,34

2 5,10 0,00124 0,00102 11,88

3 5,30 0,00141 0,00121 13,56

4 5,42 0,00136 0,00116 12,68

5 5,72 0,00112 0,00092 10,31


33

The average isotope cesium activity will be: 11,55+/- 1,72 Bq .

The transfer factor (FT):

FT= =0,06895 Paulownia leaves.

Radiocesium contamination in the leaves of Paulownia is evident in these

experimental conditions throgh the value of the transfer factor obtained.

Comparing the date, it notes that the Paulownia species presents a transfer factor

for isotope Cs, with a value very close to crop plants that grow annually and can be easily

removed afterwards. Paulownia species presents such features required for

bioremediation of soils contaminated with radioactive elements. At the same time, an

experimentation under natural conditions it is also necessary,because it may have

different transfer factor, which also depends on the soil conditions.

6.8 FTIR RESULTS ANALYSIS OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES SEEDS TREATED

(SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)IN PHYSICAL FIELDS

Following laboratory tests, the spectrometry results are shown in the charts below

comparing with the control.

0 2000 4000

0

1

2

3

4

abso

rban

tã

num ãr de undã cm -1

proba m artor proba câm p electric proba câm p m agnetic

2924

2924

2924

3012

3012

3012

1754

1754

1754

1030

1030

1157

1157

1157

3305

3305 33733432

32953373

32953569

3569

2847

2857

2857

1646

1646

Fig.6.7.1The FTIR chart of samples exposed to a magnetic, electric and control field


34

Narrow bands can be identified in the 1157 cm-1-1250 cm-1 zone, specif to the

Hologen groups, in this case, the linkage CF.

The absorption band shown for samples under the electric and magnetic field action

appears at 1646cm-1, vibrations due to the C = N double bond valence specific to imines.

Absorption goes to 1690cm-1 area. In this area bending vibrations occur due to C = C

double bonds of alkenes.

Starting at 3305cm-1 to 3569cm-1, the absorption bands are broad, have medium intensity,

for samples under the action of physical fields, but highlighted on the entire area specific

to proteins. This area confirms the presence of hydroxyl groups of amino alcohols and

amines or imines NH. The broad absorption band indicates the existence of hydrogen

bonds which are formed between hydroxyl groups, but also the amine groups.

Proteins are absorbed in varying amounts and different density, conformation and

orientation, depending on the chemical physical characteristics of the surface analyzed.

The absorption of protein is a complex process involving Van der Waals bonds,

hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Although surface

protein interactions are hard to prove and separate, their importance of this physical

surface interaction is proven.

Due to the complex structure of the organic seed, by spectrometric analysis of the

absorption bands, the action of the psysical electric, magnetic, electromagnetic fields,

gamma radiation have an influence on the changes of the physical links, particularly at

the molecular level.

6.8 GENERAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OBTAINED UNDER THE INFLUENCE

OF PHYSICAL FIELD ACTION OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.)

The results obtained from exposure of the Paulownia seeds to physical fields

action: electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, subtle and gamma irradiation, were analyzed

from the point of view of sprouting process development, and indicators as the most

significant, namely the germination capacity and speed germination, according to the

most significant results achieved under the influence of field intensity factor and time

exposure factor of Paulownia seeds.


35

The analysis of the process of sprouting seeds of Paulownia treated in physical

fields is highlighted during the fourteen days, by a comparison of results (Fig.6.8.1)

obtained at electric field intensity of 250 V / m and exposure time 20 minutes, magnetic

field intensity of 1,8Gs and exposure time of 40 minutes, subtle field through bio-phyto

modulators of type DEA AD, electromagnetic radiation using green laser exposure time

of 5 minutes and the red laser exposure time of 10 minutes, and low-dose gamma

irradiation of 2 Gy.

It is noted from the first day, the ability of Paulownia seeds to germinate in all

experimental batches. The control batch has a normal development, with a number of

germinated seeds which grows constantly during the monitored period. The development

line of the batch exposed to low-dose gamma radiation lies closest to the control line,

stimulation of seeds is very low. Influence of electric field on germination of Paulownia

seeds indicates stimulation throughout the fourteen days, with a stronger ascending line

until the fifth day, confirmed by the germination energy calculated with very significant

positive differences compared to control batch.

Fig. 6.8.1Germination evolution process of Paulownia species seeds under the

influence of physical fields


36

In the case of influencing the electromagnetic radiation by using green laser ,the

germination development is fast in the first five days, with a sight line upward, after

which the progress occurs relatively constant regarding the number of germinated seeds.

The action of electromagnetic radiation of red laser type offers an accelerated, fast

development, with very distinct significantly positive values until the tenth day, when the

trend in the number of germinating seeds is reduced.

Ascendancy line of evolution in the batch exposed to bio-phyto-Modulated AD is

constantly progressive until the seventh day, afterward entering the linearity, the process

is practically complete. The development of the batch exposed to the magnetic field is

gradual, steady, with high values, confirming the beneficial effects of stimulating the

germination process.

The chart analyzed in this case, shows that all the batches exposed to the chosen

physical fields develop with linearity above the line of evolution of the batch of

Paulownia seeds control batch, which has not been exposed to any physical field, or

other influence . The upper trend lines belong to the batches which went under the

influence of the magnetic field, subtle field through bio-phyto modulators of type DEA

AD and of theelectromagnetic field using red laser light.

CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

After analyzing the results and their interpretation, some conclusions of the electric

field influence on the Paulownia species seeds can be drawn, in the case of using a single

intensity, but with six different exposure times.

The intensity of the electric field of 274 V / m produces a positive stimulus

influence on the Paulownia seeds, in the case of the six time exposure.

Statistically, the outcomes achieved prove the beneficial effect of seeds

stimulation by electric field action

The conclusions in the case of using three electric field intensities, with two different

exposure times:


37

The optimal variant is achieved at a moderate intensity, intermediate of 125V / m,

with exposure time of 40 minutes for germination energy

Through the analysis of the electrical field intensity factor, stimulation is

beneficial, positively influencing the germination capacity values compared to the

control, which was not energy stimulated

Conclusions regarding the influence of the magnetic field:

Paulownia seeds exposure to magnetic field action has a stimulating effect:

The exposure time factor influencesn the process

Conclusions of magnetic field influence, in the case of using four intensities, but with

an exposure time:

The seeds of Paulownia have a positive sensitivity to magnetic field action

The germination rate is high in the early days of the germination process studied

After analyzing and interpreting their results, the conclusions on the influence of

electromagnetic field on Paulownia seeds, when using green laser and red laser radiation:

The results obtained statistically reflect the stimulating effects of the laser green

method action

Red laser action is, beneficial, stimulating, at low exposures, in terms of the

analyzed indicators

Conclusions of the influence of gamma radiation on Paulownia seeds, when using low

doses and high doses:

1 Gy low doses graduations stimulate very light effects, but only up to variant 4Gy

The whole process of germination is negatively affected by high radiation doses

Conclusions on the subtle field action on Paulownia seeds, when using bio-phyto-

modulators DEA and DIEE type AD:

The germination energy is beneficially stimulated in the case of action of these

devices, both in the single mode, and in combination

DEA is a special device for energizing water and is felt throughout the whole

germination process through stimulation, acting beneficial on water and liquids in

embryo sac of the seeds.

Following the analysis of FTIR spectra obtained by comparing them with the control

spectrum , one cand conclude:


38

The behavior of cells on a molecular level depends on physical field factor, acting

on the seed, and the answer is given by the appearance of the absorption bands

highlighting the vibration of deformation specific to single bonds CH and C = C

double and double bonds of the type C = O, C = N, and the appearance of the

hydroxyl and amine groups NH. Due to the complex structure of the seed, to the

organic nature by spectrometric analysis of the absorption bands, the action of

psysical, electric, magnetic, electromagnetic fields, as well as gamma radiation

have an influence on the changes of the physical links, particularly at the

molecular level.

In terms of the transfer factor of radioactive isotope Cs, Paulownia species presents

such features required for bioremediation of soils contamintate with radioactive elements.

At the same time an experimentation under natural conditions is necessary, because the

transfer factor may be different, which also depends upon the soil conditions. The

specialization literature notes differences between experimental behavior in laboratory

conditions and one in natural surroundings. Paulownia species has a rapid growth rate, so

it suitable in the mountainous areas, on fields whichcan not be used for rapid cereal crops

or other plants with rapid replacement.

After analysing the results and conclusions presented in this work, the use of physical

fields is recommend , in order to improve the percentage indicators of germination of

Paulownia seeds, with careful selection of specific field intensity, as well as the choice

of optimal exposure time required.

BIBLIOGRAFIE/REFERENCES

1. Adriani, C., Bonini, C., Iavarone, C., & Trogolo, C., 1981, Isolation and

characterization of paulownioside, a new highly oxygenated iridoid glucoside from

Paulownia tomentosa. Journal of Natural Products, 44(6), 739-744.

2. Aladjadjiyan A., 2007, The use of physical methods for plant growing stimulation in

Bulgaria. J. Central Eur. Agric., 8, 3, 369-380.


39

3. Alikamanoğlu, S., Yaycılı, O., Atak, C., & Rzakoulieva, A., 2007, Effect of magnetic

field and gamma radiation on Paulowinia tomentosa tissue culture.Biotechnology &

Biotechnological Equipment, 21(1), 49-53.

4. Anjum, T., & Bajwa, R. , 2005, Importance of germination indices in interpretation of

allelochemical effects. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7(3), 1560-

8530.

5. Baskin,C.C., Baskin,J.M., 2001, Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of

Dormancy and Germination, Academic Press, San Diego, California,USA

6. Berkely,1981, Cursul de fizică vol.I, II si III, IV, Ed.Did. şi Ped., Bucureşti

7. Carpenter, S.B., Immel M.J., and Smith N.D., 1983, Effect of photoperiod on the

growth and photosynthetic capacity of Paulownia seedlings. Castanea. 48(1): 13-18.

8. Chen Y.P., Yue M., and Wang X.L., 2005, Influence of He-Ne laser irradiation on

seeds thermodynamic parameters and seedlings growth of Isatis indigotica. Plant

Sci., 168, 601-606

9. Chiapuso G., Sanchez A.M., Reigosa M.J., Gonzalez L., Pellissier F. ,1997, Do

germination indices adequately reflect allelochemical effects on the germination

process. J Chem Ecol 23:2445–2453

10. Constantinescu B, Galeriu D., Ivanov EA, Pascovici G., Plostinaru D., 1988,

Determination of 131I, 134Cs, 137Cs in plants and cheese after Chernobyl accident in

Romania, J Radioan Nucl Chem Letters 128(1): 15-21.

11. Cook D.M., 2002, The Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Mineola NY: Courier

Dover Publications

12. Dincă, A. , 2012, Eurigrama bio-fito-modulatorilor de tip Ancu Dincă, Revista

Congresului Naţional, Cercetări şi Efecte folosindModulatorii Bio-Fito-Dinamici

Ancu Dincă al Centrului de Studii şi Cercetări Biosinergetice Dincă Ancu, Editura

Tipoalex, Bucureşti

13. Dziwulska A., 2006, Effects of pre-sowing laser stimulation on sowing value of

lucerne seeds. Acta Sci. Pol.,Technica Agraria, 5, 27-36.

14. Govil S.R., Agrawal D.C., Rai K.P., and Thakur S.N., 1985, Growth responses of

Vigna radiata seeds to laser irradiation in the UV-A region. Physiol. Plant, 63, 133-

134.


40

15. Hernandez A.C.,Carballo C.A., Michtchenko A., and Lopez B.J., 2007, Pre-treatment

laser light on maize seed vigor. Int.

16. http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Paulownia+tomentosa&guide=North_A

merican_Invasives&cl=US/VA

17. Hu, S.Y., 1961, The economic botany of the Paulownias. Econ. Bot. 15:11-27.

18. Innes, R. J., 2009, USDOA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire

Sciences Laboratory. Fire Effects Information System: Paulownia tomentosa.

Available online at http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/; last accessed Apr. 21, 2015.

19. Kuppinger, D.M, 2008, Post-fire vegetation dynamics and the invasion of Paulownia

tomentosa in the southern Appalachians. PhD dissertation, Univ. of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC. 211 p.

20. Marcu, D., Cristea, V., & Daraban, L. ,2013, Dose-dependent effects of gamma

radiation on lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata) seedlings.International Journal of

Radiation Biology, 89(3), 219-223.

21. Marcu, Delia,2013, The effects of ionizing gamma radiation on physiological

processes, biochemical and genetic plant organisms, PHD

22. Millsaps, V. 1936. The structure and development of the seed Paulownia tomentosa.

J. Elisha Mitch. Sci. S. 52: 56-75.

23. Perveen R., Ali Q., Ashraf M., Al-Qurainy F., Jamil Y., and Ahmad M.R., 2010,

Effects of different doses of low power continuouswave He-Ne laser radiation on

some seed thermodynamic and germination parameters, and potential enzymes

involved in seed germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Photochem.

Photobiol., 86, 1050-1055.

24. Pozeliene, A., & Lynikiene, S.,2009, The treatment of rape (Brassica napus L.) seeds

with the help of electric field. Agron. Res, 7(1), 39-46.

25. Preston, D., 1983, Paulownia: a miracle tree or passing fancy? Am. Forests. 89(5):

15-19, 47-52.

26. RaduTenter,Ancuţa, Criveanu,H. Voevod,M.,2014, Influences Of Bio-Phyto-

Modulators Ancu-Dincă Type On The Accumulation Of Dry Mass By Photosynthesis

In Pelargonium Species, Agriculture - Science and Practice, no. 3- 4(91-92)/2014, p

97-102


41

27. Sadeghi, H., Khazaei, F., Yari, L., & Sheidaei, S., 2011, Effect of seed osmopriming

on seed germination behavior and vigor of soybean (Glycine max L.). ARPN Journal

of Agricultural and Biological Science, 6(1), 39-43.

28. Simion, O.F., 2009, Teză de doctorat, ”Cercetări privind producerea materialului

săditor și introducerea în spații verzi a speciiei Paulownia Tomentosa (Thunb.) Sieb.

Et.Zucc.,”Craiova

29. Tang, R.C., S.B. Carpenter, R.F. Wittwer, and D.H. Graves, 1980,Paulownia – a crop

tree for wood products and reclamation of surface-mined land. South. J. Appl. For.

4:19-24.

30. Young, J.A. and C.G. Young. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America.

Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon. 407 p.

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY ... · GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF PAULOWNIA SPECIES (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) 2.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PAULOWNIA (SIEBOLD & ZUCC.) SPECIES

Documents