UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA EFFECT OF CHROMIUM CARBIDE (Cr 23 C 6 ) FORMATION ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION PASSIVITY BEHAVIOR OF AISI 304 STAINLESS STEEL This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering (Engineering Materials) with Honours. By SITI FAIZAH BINTI MAD ASASAARI FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING 2010
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UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
EFFECT OF CHROMIUM CARBIDE (Cr23C6) FORMATION ON
MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION PASSIVITY
BEHAVIOR OF AISI 304 STAINLESS STEEL
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering
(Engineering Materials) with Honours.
By
SITI FAIZAH BINTI MAD ASASAARI
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
2010
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
TAJUK: EFFECT OF CHROMIUM CARBIDE (Cr23C6) FORMATION ON
MICROSTRUCTURE AND CORROSION PASSIVITY BEHAVIOR OF AISI 304 STAINLESS STEEL
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya SITI F AIZAH BINTI MAD ASASAARI mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka . 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (-1)
D SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi /badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
Disa;Jleh: (SIT I FAIZAH MAD ASASAARI) (DR. MOHD WARIKH B. ABD RASHID)
Alamat Tetap: B3, Kompleks Niaga Parit Raja, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor.
Tarikh: 20 May 2010
OR. MOHO WARIKH BIN ABO. JlltASHI Cop Rasmi 7imNlan De/can (Penvelidik:fn & Pengajlan Siswa ah)
Fakultf KeJuruteraan Pembuatan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Tarikh:
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi ljazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM) ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Effect of Chromium Carbide (Cr23C6)
Formation on Microstructure and Corrosion Passivity Behavior of AISI 304 Stainless
Steel” is the results of my own research except as cited in references.
Signature :
Author’s Name : SITI FAIZAH BINTI MAD ASASAARI
Date : 16th
April 2010
APPROVAL
This report is submitted to the Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering of UTeM as a
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing
Engineering (Engineering Materials) with Honours. The member of the supervisory
committee is as follow:
………………..………………………………
(DR. MOHD WARIKH BIN ABD. RASHID)
i
ABSTRACT
This project aimed to study the effect of chromium carbide, Cr23C6 formation on the
microstructure and corrosion resistance behavior of AISI 304 stainless steels in 3.5 %
NaCl solution. Five specimens of AISI 304, 15 mm x 15 mm x 2 mm each size with
various heating time, 5 seconds, 10 seconds, 20 seconds, 40 seconds, and 60 seconds
respectively are used. All specimens are immersed in 3.5 % NaCl solution, for cyclic
potentiodynamic polarization technique with a scan rate of 0.5 mV/s, then, the
corrosion behavior of AISI 304 was analyzed. The Cr23C6 formation on the
microstructure of AISI 304 to resist pitting corrosion is studied by exposed the
specimens to the heating time and five different pH solutions which is pH 3, pH 5,
pH 7, pH 9, and pH 12. The number of Cr23C6 formation is high at 60 s of heating
time by observing on the optical microscope. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is
used to study the Cr23C6 formation that presence on the structure of AISI 304. The
increase in number and size of Cr23C6 performed in the structure of AISI 304, the
corrosion resistance of the specimens decrease. At high heating time and more acidic
solution, the pitting corrosion attack is increased. Based on the cyclic polarization
scan, it is clear that at 60 s, the value of high potential stress is 0.325 V, decreases
from 0.420 V as performed by 5 s heating time. While for the effect of pH solution,
specimen immersed in pH 3 shows the lowest potential, 0.32 V as performed by
specimen number one.
ii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pembentukan kromium karbida,
Cr23C6 terhadap mikrostruktur dan perilaku rintangan pengaratan bagi keluli tahan
karat AISI 304 dalam larutan 3.5 % NaCl. Lima spesimen AISI 304 bersaiz 15 mm x
15 mm x 2 mm dipanaskan pada pelbagai masa pemanasan iaitu 5 saat, 10 saat, 20
saat, 40 saat, dan 60 saat. Kesemua spesimen telah direndam dalam larutan 3.5 %
NaCl dengan kadar imbasan sebanyak 0.5 mV/s bagi teknik kitaran potentiodinamik
polarisasi. Dengan itu, perilaku pengaratan bagi AISI 304 dianalisis. Pembentukan
Cr23C6 pada mikrostruktur AISI 304 dipelajari untuk menangani pengaratan bopeng
yang terdedah pada spesimen apabila didedahkan dengan masa pemanasan yang
berbeza dan lima larutan pH yang berbeza iaitu pH 3, pH 5, pH 7, pH 9 dan pH
12. Jumlah pembentukan Cr23C6 adalah tinggi pada masa 60 saat dengan mengamati
pembentukannya pada mikroskop optik. Analisis pembelauan X-ray (XRD)
digunakan untuk mengkaji pembentukan Cr23C6 yang hadir pada struktur AISI 304.
Peningkatan jumlah dan saiz Cr23C6 pada struktur AISI 304 menunjukkan rintangan
pengaratan semakin menurun. Pada masa pemanasan yang tinggi dan keadaan
berasid, serangan pengaratan bopeng meningkat. Berdasarkan imbasan kitaran
polarisasi, jelas menunjukkan bahawa pada masa pemanasan 60 saat, nilai potensi
stres menurun sebanyak 0.325 V dari 0.420 V iaitu ketika 5 saat masa
pemanasan. Manakala, untuk pengaruh larutan pH, spesimen yang direndam pada pH
3 menunjukkan potensi terendah iaitu 0.32 V untuk spesimen nombor satu.
iii
DEDICATION
Dedicated to my beloved family and friend
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, thank to Allah for giving me a chance to complete this report with
successfully.
First and foremost I offer my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Mohd Warikh
Bin Abd Rashid, who has supported me throughout my final year project and report
writing with his patience and knowledge that he give to me in this research. Thank
you to the other lecturers, technicians, and staff that help me in fulfilling this final
year project and conducted me during the experimental process in the laboratory.
My colleagues from Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing in Engineering Materials,
Mohd Ashaari Omar, Nur Farizan Ayoob, Nikmah Abd. Muin, Nurhashima Shafiee,
Nur Rifhan Rosli, and Nurul Aina Abd Talib to help me in giving a lot of idea and
information about this research.
I would also like to say thanks to my beloved parent for supporting me and providing
a space for me in which to complete my writing up.
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
i
Abstrak
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table of Content
v
List of Tables
ix
List of Figures
x
List of Abbreviations
xii
List of Symbol
xiii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background of Study
1
1.2 Problem Statement
2
1.3 Objectives
2
1.4 Scope of Study
3
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Stainless Steel 4
2.1.1 AISI 304 Stainless Steel 5
2.1.1.1 Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Properties of
AISI 304
5
2.1.1.2 Effect of Alloying Compositions
6
vi
2.2
Passivity 8
2.2.1 Corrosion Phenomena on Passivated Metal Surfaces 9
2.2.2 Passivity Breakdown 9
2.3
Corrosion Behavior 9
2.4
Optical Microscope 10
2.4.1 Chemical and Microstructure Analysis 10
2.5
Previous Study on Corrosion Behavior of AISI 304 11