1 MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI NAȚIONALE ȘI CERCETĂRII ȘTIINȚIFICE UNIVERSITATEA TRANSILVANIA DIN BRAŞOV BRAŞOV, EROILOR NR. 29, 500036, TEL. 0040-268-413000, FAX 0040-268-410525 Universitatea Transilvania din Brașov Școala Doctorală Interdisciplinară Facultatea de Medicină Dr. Mădălina Gh. BANU (căsătorită COZMA) Sindromul de reperfuzie miocardică ineficientă, la pacienţii tineri cu infarct miocardic acut cu supradenivelare de segment ST şi revascularizare intervenţională primară Inefficient myocardial reperfusion syndrome in young patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and primary interventional revascularization Conducător ştiinţific Prof.univ.dr. Mariana RĂDOI BRAȘOV, 2017
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MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI NAȚIONALE ȘI CERCETĂRII ȘTIINȚIFICE UNIVERSITATEA TRANSILVANIA DIN BRAŞOV
BRAŞOV, EROILOR NR. 29, 500036, TEL. 0040-268-413000, FAX 0040-268-410525
Universitatea Transilvania din Brașov
Școala Doctorală Interdisciplinară
Facultatea de Medicină
Dr. Mădălina Gh. BANU (căsătorită COZMA)
Sindromul de reperfuzie miocardică ineficientă,
la pacienţii tineri cu infarct miocardic acut cu supradenivelare de
segment ST şi revascularizare intervenţională primară
Inefficient myocardial reperfusion syndrome in young patients with
acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and primary
interventional revascularization
Conducător ştiinţific
Prof.univ.dr. Mariana RĂDOI
BRAȘOV, 2017
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MINISTERUL EDUCAŢIEI NAȚIONALE ȘI CERCETĂRII ȘTIINȚIFICE
UNIVERSITATEA “TRANSILVANIA” DIN BRAŞOV BRAŞOV, B-DUL EROILOR NR. 29, 500036, TEL. 0040-268-413000, FAX 0040-268-410525
Numită prin ordinul Rectorului Universităţii Transilvania din Braşov Nr. 8437 din 9.01.2017
PREŞEDINTE: - Prof. univ. dr.med. Alina Mihaela PASCU
Prodecan Facultatea de Medicină
Universitatea Transilvania din Braşov
CONDUCĂTOR ŞTIINŢIFIC: - Prof. univ. dr.med. Mariana RĂDOI
Universitatea Transilvania din Braşov
REFERENŢI: - Prof . univ. dr. med. Tiberiu Ioan NANEA
Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie „Carol Davila”
Bucureşti
- Prof univ. dr. med. Minerva MURARU
Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie „Carol Davila”
Bucureşti
- Conf. univ. dr.med. Elena BOBESCU
Universitatea Transilvania din Braşov
Data, ora şi locul susţinerii publice a tezei de doctorat: 25.02.2017, ora 13:00, sala K.II.7. Eventualele aprecieri sau observaţii asupra conţinutului lucrării vă rugăm să le transmiteţi în timp util, pe adresa [email protected] Totodată vă invităm să luaţi parte la şedinţa publică de susţinere a tezei de doctorat.
Vă mulţumim.
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CUPRINS
Pg. Teza
Pg. Rezumat
LISTA DE NOTAŢII ŞI ABREVIERI .................................................................. 8 13
5.1. Caracteristicile pacienţilor pe subgrupurile de sex si vârstă ...................... 81 45
5.1.1. Caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricul de BCI.................................................................................... 81 45
5.1.2. Localizarea pe ECG a STEMI ……..................................................... 88 46
5.1.3. Localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii “culprit” .................................................................................. 90 47
5.1.4. Timpul mediu de la debutul simptomelor la PPCI şi trombaspiraţia pre PPCI .............................................................................................. 93 48
5.1.5. Aprecierea perfuziei miocardice microvasculare post PPCI şi evoluţia post PPCI cu apariţia undei Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS .. 94 48
5.1.6. Fenomenul ”no-reflow” apreciat prin gradele de Blush, rezoluția supradenivelării segmentului ST şi „pattern”-ul ecocardiografic transtoracic Doppler al fluxului în artera coronară implicată în STEMI ................................................................................................. 98 -
5.2. Relaţia dintre perfuzia miocardică microvasculară şicaracteristicile demografice, datele clinice, electrocardiografice, angiografice şi ecocardiografice, la întreg grupul de pacienți ............................................ 100 -
5.2.1. Perfuzia miocardică microvasculară în relație cu caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi antecedentele de boală 101 -
5.2.2. Perfuzia miocardică microvasculară în relație cu localizarea electrocardiografică a STEMI …….............................................................................. 103 -
5.2.3. Perfuzia miocardică microvasculară în relație cu localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii “culprit” .............................................................................................. 103 -
5.2.4. Perfuzia miocardică microvasculară în relație cu timpul de la debutul simptomelor la PPCI şi trombaspiraţia ……….................................. 105 -
5.2.5. Corelaţii ale aspectelor de Blush, STR, TTDE-C cu evoluţia cuundă Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS post PPCI .............................................. 106 -
5.2.6. Predictori independenţi pentru fenomenul “no-reflow” diagnosticat prin TTDE-C ……………..........................................................…..... 107 =
5.3. Relaţia dintre perfuzia miocardică microvasculară şi datele demografice, clinice, electrocardiografice, angiografice pe subgrupurile de vârstă şi sex .............................................................................................................. 108 49
5.3.1.1. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricul de boală cardiacă ischemică la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani ................................................................................... 108 49
5.3.1.2. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricul de boală cardiacă ischemică la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani ................................................................................ 110 50
5.3.1.3. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricul de boală cardiacă ischemică la femeile peste 40 de ani ........................…................................................… 111 52
5.3.2. Caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricului de boală coronariană în relaţie cu evoluţia cu şi fără FNR, apreciat TTDE-C, la subgrupurile de pacienţi .................................... 112 53
5.3.3.1. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu localizarea ECG a STEMI la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani .. 114 54
5.3.3.2. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu localizarea ECG a STEMI la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani . 115 54
5.3.3.3. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu localizarea ECG a STEMI femeile peste 40 de ani ..... 115 55
5.3.4. Caracteristicile localizării Ecg a STEMI în relaţie cu evoluţia cu şi fără FNR, apreciat TTDE-C, la subgrupurile de pacienţi …............... 116 56
5.3.5.1. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu timpul de la debutul simptomelor STEMI la PPCI şi 117 56
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trombaspiraţia pre PPCI la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani .......................................
5.3.5.2. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu timpul de la debutul simptomelor STEMI la PPCI şi trombaspiraţia pre PPCI la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani ................................... 118 57
5.3.5.3. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu timpul de la debutul simptomelor STEMI la PPCI şi trombaspiraţia pre PPCI la femeile peste 40 de ani ....................................... 119 58
5.3.6. Timpul de la debutul simptomelor STEMI la PPCI şi trombaspiratia pre-PPCI în relaţie cu evoluţia cu şi fără FNR, apreciat TTDE-C, la subgrupurile de pacienţi …………...................................................... 120 59
5.3.7.1. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii „culprit” la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani ........…...... 121 59
5.3.7.2. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii „culprit” la bărbaţii peste 4 0 de ani .................... 123 61
5.3.7.3. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii „culprit” la femeile peste 40 de ani .................. 124 62
5.3.8. Localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii “culprit” în relaţie cu evoluţia cu şi fără FNR, apreciat TTDE-C, la subgrupurile de pacienţi ….................… 125 63
5.3.9.1 Corelaţii ale aspectelor de Blush, STR, TTDE-C cu evoluţia post PPCI cu undă Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS evaluată prin 2D TTE la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani ................................................................... 127 64
5.3.9.2. Corelaţii ale aspectelor de Blush, STR, TTDE-C cu evoluţia post PPCI cu undă Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS evaluată prin 2D TTEla bărbaţii peste 40 de ani .................................................................................. 128 65
5.3.9.3. Corelaţii ale aspectelor de Blush, STR, TTDE-C cu evoluţia post PPCI cu undă Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS evaluată prin 2D TTEla femeile peste 40 de ani .............................................................................. 129 66
5.3.10. Evoluţia cu şi fără “pattern” FNR apreciat TTDE-C în relaţie cugradele de Blush, STR, evoluţia cu undă Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS evaluată prin 2D TTE ............................................................... 131 68
5.4. Predictori independenţi ai FNR .................................................................. 132 68
5.4.1. Predictori independenţi pentru FNR diagnosticat prin TTDE-C, la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani .......................………………………........…… 132 68
5.4.2. Predictori independenţi pentru FNR diagnosticat prin TTDE-C, la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani ………………………...…............................. 133 69
5.4.3. Predictori independenţi pentru FNR diagnosticat prin TTDE-C, la 134 69
5.1. Patient characteristics by age and sex subgroups ...................................... 81 45
5.1.1. Demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and history of IHD ................................................................................................ 81 45
5.1.2. ECG locating of STEMI ……............................................................. 88 45
5.1.3. Angiographic location of obstructive lesion and "culprit" lesion characteristics ..................................................................................... 90 47
5.1.4. The average time from onset of symptoms to PPCI and thromboaspiration before PPCI .......................................................... 93 48
5.1.5. Assessment of myocardial microvascular perfusion after PPCI and evolution after PPCI with Q wave on ECG and LVEF decrease ........ 94 48
5.1.6. "No-reflow" phenomenon appreciated by Blush degrees, ST segment elevation resolution and flow "pattern" at transthoracic echocardiography Doppler of coronary artery involved in STEMI .... 98 -
5.2. The relationship between myocardial microvascular perfusion and demographic characteristics, clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and angiographic data, at entire group of patients ..... 100 -
5.2.1. Myocardial microvascular perfusion in relation to demographics characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and history of coronary artery disease previously documented ................................................ 101 -
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5.2.2. Myocardial microvascular perfusion in relation to electrocardiographic localization of STEMI ..................................................................................................... 103 -
5.2.3. Myocardial microvascular perfusion in relation to angiographic location of obstructive lesion and characteristics of "culprit" lesion .. 103 -
5.2.4. Myocardial microvascular perfusion in relation to time from onset of symptoms to PPCI and thromboaspiration ......................................... 105 -
5.2.5. Correlations of Blush, STR, TTDE-C with evolution with Q wave on ECG and LVEF decrease after PPCI .................................... 106 -
5.2.6. Independent predictors for "no-reflow" phenomenon diagnosed by TTDE-C 107 -
5.3. The relationship between myocardial microvascular perfusion and demographics, clinical, electrocardiographic, angiographic data on age and gender subgroups ................................................................................ 108 49
5.3.1.1. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with demographics characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and history of ischemic heart disease in men under 40 years ............................................................................................... 108 49
5.3.1.2. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with demographics characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and history of ischemic heart disease in men over 40 years 110 50
5.3.1.3. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with demographics characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and history of ischemic heart disease in women over 40 years .............................................................................................. 111 52
5.3.2. Demographic characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors and history of coronary artery disease in relation to evolution with and without NRP, TTDE-C appreciated, at subgroups of patients .......................... 112 53
5.3.3.1. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with ECG locating of STEMI in men under 40 years .................................................... 114 54
5.3.3.2. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with ECG locating of STEMI in men over 40 years .. 115 54
5.3.3.3. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with ECG locating of STEMI in women over 40 years ............................................................................................... 115 55
5.3.4. Characteristics of ECG locating of STEMI in relation to evolution with and without NRP, TTDE-C appreciated, at subgroups of patients ................................................................................................ 116 56
5.3.5.1. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with time from onset of symptoms to PPCI and thromboaspiration before PPCI in men under 40 years .................. 117 56
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5.3.5.2. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with time from onset of symptoms to PPCI and thromboaspiration before PPCI in men over 40 years .................... 118 57
5.3.5.3. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with time from onset of symptoms to PPCI and thromboaspiration before PPCI in women over 40 years ................ 119 58
5.3.6. Time from onset of symptoms to PPCI and tr thromboaspiration before PPCI in relation to evolution with and without NRP, TTDE-C appreciated, at subgroups of patients .................................................. 120 59
5.3.7.1. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with angiographic location of obstructive lesion and characteristics of "culprit" lesion in men under 40 years ............... 121 59
5.3.7.2. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with angiographic location of obstructive lesion and characteristics of "culprit" lesion in men over 40 years ................. 123 61
5.3.7.3. Correlations of ineffective myocardial perfusion diagnosis parameters with angiographic location of obstructive lesion and characteristics of "culprit" lesion in women over 40 years ............ 124 62
5.3.8. Angiographic location of obstructive lesion and characteristics of "culprit" lesion in relation to evolution with and without NRP, TTDE-C appreciated, at subgroups of patients .......................................................................................................... 125 63
5.3.9.1 Correlations of Blush, STR, TTDE-C with evolution after PPCI with Q wave on ECG and LVEF decrease by 2D TTE in men under 40 years .................................................................... 127 64
5.3.9.2. Correlations of Blush, STR, TTDE-C with evolution after PPCI with Q wave on ECG and LVEF decrease by 2D TTE in men over 40 years ...................................................................... 128 65
5.3.9.3. Correlations of issues of Blush, STR, TTDE-C with evolution after PPCI with Q wave on ECG and LVEF decrease by 2D TTE in women over 40 years ................................................................. 129 66
5.3.10. Evolution with and without NRP, TTDE-C appreciated, in relation with Blush degrees, STR, evolution with Q wave on ECG and LVEF decrease by 2D TTE ........................................................................... 131 68
5.4. Independent predictors of NRP .................................................................. 132 68
5.4.1. Independent predictors for NRP, diagnosed by TTDE-C, in men under 40 years ..................................................................................... 132 68
5.4.2. Independent predictors for NRP, diagnosed by TTDE-C, in men over 40 years ............................................................................................... 133 69
5.4.3. Independent predictors for NRP, diagnosed by TTDE-C, in women over 40 years ....................................................................................... 134 69
5. Curriculum vitae (romanian)............................................................................ 207 132
6. Curriculum vitae (english) .............................................................................. 209 134
7. Declaration of authenticity .............................................................................. 211 -
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LISTA DE NOTAŢII ŞI ABREVIERI 2D TTE = Ecocardiografie transtoracică bidimensională ACCF = American College of Cardiology Foundation ACD = Artera coronară dreaptă ACX = Artera coronară circumflexă ADA = Artera coronară descendentă anterioară ADPD = Artera descendentă posteroară dreaptă AHA = American Heart Association AP3C = apical 3 camere AP5C = apical 5 camere ATP = adenozintrifosfat AV = atrioventricular B = Bărbaţi BCI = Boala cardiacă ischemică BNP = natriuretic peptide B / peptid natriuretic B C.I. = interval de confidenţă CABG = Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting / Bypass aorto-coronarian CFR = Coronary flow reserve / Rezerva coronariană de flux CFVR = Coronary flow velocity reserve / Velocitatea rezervei coronariene de flux CK = Creatinkinaza Coef. = coeficient colab. = colaboratori Corel. = corelatie CT = Computer Tomography / Tomografie computerizată cTFC = corrected TIMI frame count / număr de cadre TIMI corectate cTnI = Troponina cardiacă I CV = cardiovascular CWP = coronary wedge pressure / presiunea de înfundare coronară DDT = Deceleration time of diastolic flow velocity / timp de decelerare diastolică Dr. = Doctor ECG = Electrocardiograma ESC = European Society of Cardiology / Societatea Europeană de Cardiologie ET = Endotelina et al. = şi alţii etc. = etcetera Exp(B) = OR,; OR = Odd ratio = raportul cotelor F = Femei FEVS = Fracţia de ejecție a ventriculului stâng FNR = Fenomen “no-reflow” G-CSF = factorul de stimulare a formării coloniilor de granulocite GE-IRM = gadolinium-enhanced IRM / Imagistica prin rezonanţă magnetică cu gadolinium GPI = inhibitori de glycoproteina IIb/IIIa HDL = high density lipoprotein / lipoproteina cu densitate înaltă HDL-c = colesterol HDL hs-cTnT = Troponina cardiacă T determinată prin tehnici de înaltă sensibilitate
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HTA = Hipertensiune arterială ic = intracoronarian IHD = ischaemic heart disease / boală cardiacă ichemică IM = Infarct miocardic IMA = Infarct miocardic acut IMC = index de masă corporală IRM = Imagistica prin rezonanţă magnetică IRMC = Imagistica prin rezonanţă magnetică cu contrast iv = intravenous IVUS = Ultrasonografia intravasculară LAD = Left Anterior Descending Artery / Artera descendentă anterioară LDL = low density lipoprotein / lipoproteina cu densitate joasă LDL-c = colesterol LDL Lp = lipoproteina LS = longitudinal strain / deformarea longitudinală LVEF = Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction / Fracția de ejecție a ventriculului stâng M = men / bărbați MBG = Myocardial Blush Grade = Gradul de perfuzie miocardică MCE = Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography / Ecocardiografia miocardică de contrast mod = modificate MPTP = Mitochondrial permeability transition pore / pori de permeabilitate mitocondrială MTHFR = Metilentetrahidrofolat reductaza MVO = Obstrucţie microvasculară Negat. = negative Nr. =număr NRP = “no-reflow” phenomenon / fenomen “no-reflow” ns. = nesemnificativ NSTEMI = Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction / Infarct miocardic acut fără supradenivelare de segment ST NYHA = New York Heart Association OCT = Optical coherence tomography / Tomografia de coherenţă optică p = valoare de semnificaţie statistică PAI = Plasminogen activator inhibitor / inhibitorul activatorului de plasminogen PCI = Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Intervenție coronariană percutană PET = Positron Emission Tomography / Tomografie cu emisie de pozitroni POI = Postconditionarea ischemică la distanţă Pozit. = pozitiva PPCI = Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Intervenţie coronariană percutana primară PMM = Perfuzie miocardică microvasculară Prof. = Profesor PSAXL = parasternal ax lung PSAXS = parasternal ax scurt PSV = peak systolic velocity / vârful velocităţii sistolice Pts. = pacienţi PW = Doppler pulsat RI = Ram coronar intermediar
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RISK= Reperfusion Injury Salvage Kinase / kinaze de salvare a injuriei de reperfuzie ROS = Reactive oxygen species / reactivi liberi de oxigen rPSGL-Ig = recombinant P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-immunoglobulin / Imunoglobulina ligand al glicoproteinei recombinate P-selectina SAPL = Sindromul anticorpilor antifosfolipidici SCJUBv = Spitalului Clinic Judeţean de Urgenţă Braşov SFR = Systolic flow reversal / revers de flux sistolic SPECT = Single-photon emission computed tomography / tomografie computerizată cu emisie de foton SRAA = Sistemul Renina Angiotensina-Aldosteron STEMI = ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction / Infarct miocardic acut cu supradenivelare de segment ST STR = rezoluţia supradenivelării segmentului ST SUB-AXL = subcostal ax lung SUB-AXS = subcostal ax scurt TA = Tensiune aeterială TC = Trunchiul arterei cornare stângi TIMI = The “Thrombolysis În Myocardial Infarction” / sistem de clasificare a fluxului coronarian TNFα = Factorul de necroză tumorală alpha TTDE = Ecocardiografie Doppler transtoracica TTDE-C = Ecocardiografie Doppler transtoracica a arterelor coronare TTE = Ecocardiografie transtoracica USA = United States of America VIRGO = Variation în Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI / Variația în recuperare: rolul genului asupra rezultatelor la tinerii cu infarct miocardic acut VS = Ventricul stâng vs=versus W = women WHF = World Heart Federation WMSI = Wall motion score index / indexul scor de mişcare al pereţilor
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PARTEA GENERALĂ
1. INTRODUCERE
Motivaţia alegerii temei de cercetare
Alegerea temei actuale de cercetare a avut la bază observaţia clinică a evoluţiei uneori
nefavorabile la pacienţii tineri cu infarct miocardic acut cu supradenivelare de segment ST
(STEMI), revascularizaţi în timp util, prin intervenţie coronariană percutană primară (PPCI),
conform protocoalelor şi ghidurilor actuale, înaintea instalării necrozei miocardice, care dezvoltă
post PPCI necroză ECG şi deteriorare a funcţiei miocardice, prin apariţia sindromului de
coronară implicată în infarct, caracteristicile coronarografice ale leziunii obstructive şi cu
evoluţia cu undă Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS la ecocardiografia transtoracică bidimensională
(2D TTE). S-au determinat corelaţiile între parametrii de diagnostic ai fenomenului “no-reflow”
evaluat precoce şi tardiv, respectiv alegradului de Blush 0/1 şi STR <30%cu ”pattern”-ul
caracteristic al fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată apreciat prinTTDE-C. S-au realizat
comparaţii pe subgrupurile de vârstă şi sex, între pacienţii ce au evoluat cu/fără fenomen “no-
reflow” şi s-au determinat parametrii independenţi ai evoluţiei cu fenomenul “no-reflow”. S-au
studiat corelaţiile între evoluţia cu Blush grad ≥2, STR 30–70% sau peste 70% şi modificările
“pattern”-ului fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată ce nu întrunesc criteriile de diagnostic
ale fenomenului “no-reflow”. S-au studiat corelaţiile modificărilor incomplete de “no-reflow”,
determinate prin ”pattern”-ul fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată apreciat TTDE-C, cu
caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular, localizarea electrocardiografică a
STEMI, artera coronară implicată în infarct, caracteristicile angiografice ale leziunii “culprit” la
întreg grupul de pacienţi şi la subgrupurile de vârstă sub şi peste 40 de ani si sex.
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Figura 1. TTDE-C - Flux Doppler Color ADA segment mediu-distal
Figura 2. TTDE-C –Doppler PW ADA – “pattern” “no-reflow”
3.5. Colectarea datelor
Datele clinice, paraclinice, cele cu privire la tratamentul, evoluţia şi complicaţiile
pacienţilor incluşi în studiu au fost colectate în mod prospectiv din foaia de observaţie şi au
constituit baza de date formată în programul IBM SPSS 20 din care s-au efectuat ulterior
analizele statistice.
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4. ANALIZA STATISTICĂ
Studiul efectuat a fost analitic, observaţional tip cohortă, prospectiv.Analiza statistică a
utilizat programul IBM SPSS Statistics 20. Variabilele continue, fără distribuţie normală, au fost
exprimate ca valori mediane şi notarea valorilor minim-maxim, iar variabilele categoriale şi de
tip ordinal au fost exprimate ca frecvenţe şi procente. Diferenţele dintre 2 grupuri au fost
apreciate prin testul non-parametric Mann-Whitney U iar între 3 sau mai multe grupuri prin
testul Kruskal-Wallis. Corelaţiile între fenomenul “no-reflow” şi diverşi parametrii s-au realizat
utilizând corelaţia bivariată Spearman. Predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului “no-reflow” au
fost determinaţi prin metoda regresiei logistice multivariate.Determinarea valorilor de prag,
sensibilitate şi specificitate au fost realizate utilizând curba ROC (Receiver Operating
Characteristics).Nivelul de semnificaţie statistică s-a stabilit pentru p ≤ 0,05.
5. REZULTATE
5.1. Caracteristicile pacientilor pe subgrupurile de sex si vârstă
5.1.1. Caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi
istoricul de BCI
S-au determinat diferenţele semnificative statistic între grupurile de pacienţi sub şi peste
40 ani indiferent de sex, ulterior între bărbaţii şi femeile sub 40 ani şi bărbaţii şi femeile peste 40
ani, în ceea ce priveşte profilul de risc cardiovascular şi al antecedentelor cunoscute de BCI
(Tabel 1).
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Roşu=diferenţă semnificativă statistic, Pts.=pacienţi, B=bărbaţi, F=femei, n=număr, HTA=hipertensiune arterială, BCI=Boala cardiacă ischemică anterior documentată, Nr.=număr, CV=cardiovascular; Datele sunt exprimate în frecvenţă absolută şi procentuală; mediană şi minim-maxim; Diferenţele dintre 2 grupuri au fost apreciate prin testul non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, p=valoare de semnificaţie statistică, ns=nesemnificativ
5.1.2. Localizarea pe ECG a STEMI
Localizarea ECG a STEMI pe peretele anterior al VS(ce a inclus STEMI anterior şi
antero-lateral) a fost semnificativ mai frecventă la pacienţii sub 40 ani (p=0,014) iar localizarea
STEMI pe peretele inferior al VS (ce a inclus STEMI inferior şi inferior şi de VD) la cei peste
40 ani (p=0,014), fără diferenţe statistic semnificative ale frecvenţei acestei localizări între
grupurile de paicenţi sub şi peste 40 de ani (Tabel 2).
Tabel 1. Caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricul de BCI
Pts.<40 ani
(n=38)
Pts.>40 ani
(n=93) p
B<40 ani
(n=31)
F<40 ani
(n=7) p
B>40 ani
(n=70)
F>40 ani
(n=23) p
Vârsta (ani) 36,36 (21-40)
54,82 (41-86)
<0,001 35,97 (21-40)
38,14 (32-40)
ns 50,57 (41-82)
67,78 (52-86)
<0,001
HTA 23 (61%)
68 (73%)
ns 22 (70%)
1 (14%)
0,006 48 (68%)
20 (86%)
ns
Diabet zaharat 2 (6%)
22 (24%)
0,014 2 (6%)
0 (0%)
ns 13 (18%)
9 (39%)
0,045
Dislipidemie 14 (37%) 58 (62%)
0,008 11 (35%)
3 (42%)
ns 41 (58%)
17 (73%)
ns
Fumat 16 (42%) 41 (44%)
ns 13 (41%)
3 (42%)
ns 33 (47%)
8 (34%)
ns
Obezitate 8 (21%)
20 (22%)
ns 7 (22%)
1 (14%)
ns 11 (15%)
9 (39%)
0,018
Comorbidităţi protrombotice
11 (29%)
21 (23%)
ns 6 (19%)
5 (71%)
0,007 9 (12%)
12 (52%)
<0,001
Nr. mediu de factori risc CV
1,7 (0-4)
2,6 (0-6)
0,001 1,8 (0-4)
1,2 (0-2)
ns 2,4 (0-5)
3,4 (1-6)
0,005
BCI 5 (13%)
37 (40%)
0,003 5 (16%)
0 (0%)
ns 21 (30%)
16 (69%)
0,001
47
Roşu=diferenţă semnificativă statistic, Pts..=pacienţi, B=bărbaţi, F=femei, n-numar, Ecg=Electrocardiogarma, BCI=Boala cardiacă ischemica anterior documentată., Nr.=număr; STEMI=infarct miocardic acut cu supradenivelare de ST, STEMI anterior cumulat=anterior + antero-lateral, STEMI inferior cumulat=inferior + inferior şi VD; Datele sunt exprimate în frecvenţă absolută şi procentuală; Diferenţele dintre 2 grupuri au fost apreciate prin testul non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, p=valoare de semnificaţie statistică, ns=nesemnificativ.
5.1.3. Localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi
caracteristicile leziunii “culprit”
Roşu=diferennţe semnificative statistic, Pts=pacienţi, B=bărbaţi, F=femei, n=număr, ADA=artera descendentă anterioară; ACX=artera circumflexă; ACD=artera coronară dreaptă; RI=ram intermediar; TC=trunchiul arterei coronare stângi; Datele sunt exprimate în frecvenţă absolută şi procentuală; mediană. Diferenţele dintre 2 grupuri au fost apreciate prin testul non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, p=valoare de semnificaţie statistică, ns=nesemnificativ.
Tabel 2. Localizarea ECG a STEMI
Pts.<40
ani (n=38)
Pts.>40 ani
(n=93) p
B<40 ani
(n=31)
F<40 ani
(n=7) p
B>40 ani
(n=70)
F>40 ani
(n=23) p
STEMI anterior (cumulat)
27 (71%)
44 (47%)
0,014 22 (71%)
5 (71%)
ns 31 (44%)
13 (56%)
ns
STEMI inferior (cumulat)
11 (29%)
49 (53%)
0,014 9 (29%)
2 (29%)
ns 39 (56%)
10 (44%)
ns
Tabel 3. Localizarea angiografică a leziunii obstructive şi caracteristicile leziunii „culprit”
5.1.4. Timpul mediu de la debutul simptomelor la PPCI şi
trombaspiraţia pre PPCI
Timpul de la debutul simptomelor sugestive de ischemie miocardică pană la PPCI a fost
semnificativ mai mare la pacienţii peste 40 de ani comparativ cu cei sub 40 ani (p<0,001), şi la
femeile faţă de bărbatii peste 40 de ani (p=0,002) (Tabel 4). Trombaspiraţia a fost efectuată la
peste jumatate din pacienţii ambelor grupe de vârstă, semnificativ mai frecvent la femeile faţă de
bărbatii peste 40 ani (p=0,048) (Tabel 4).
Roşu=diferenţe semnificative statistic, Pts=pacienţi, B=bărbaţi, F=femei, Nr.=număr, n=număr, PPCI= intervenţie coronariană percutană primară;Datele sunt exprimate în frecvenţă absolută şi procentuală; mediană şi minim-maxim; Diferenţele dintre 2 grupuri au fost apreciate prin testul non-parametric Mann-Whitney U, p=valoare de semnificaţie statistică, ns=nesemnificativ.
5.1.5. Aprecierea perfuziei miocardice microvasculare post PPCI şi
evoluţia post PPCI cu apariţia undei Q pe ECG şi scăderea FEVS
Gradele de Blush miocardic estimate angiografc, rezoluţia supradenivelării segmentului
ST pe ECG înregistrată la 90 min după PPCI, evoluţia ECG după PPCI cu apariţia undei Q de
necroza, “pattern”-ul sugestiv pentru ”no-reflow” la nivelul arterei coronare implicată în STEMI
evaluat prin ecocardiografie transtoracică Doppler la 5-7 zile după PPCI, scăderea peste 10% a
FEVS post PPCI, apreciată prin 2D TTE, la 5-7 zile după PPCI sunt redate în Tabelul 5.
Tabel 4. Timpul de la debutul simptomelor la PPCI şi trombaspiraţia prePPCI
Pts.<40
ani (n=38)
Pts.>40 ani
(n=93) p
B<40 ani
(n=31)
F<40 ani
(n=7) p
B>40 ani
(n=70)
F>40 ani
(n=23) p
Timp simptome
STEMI-PPCI
3,56
(1-15)
7,31
(1-72) <0,001
3,77
(1-15)
2,57
(2-3) ns
6,58
(1-25)
9,52
(2-72) 0,002
Trombaspiraţie
prePPCI
23
(61%)
48
(52%) ns
17
(55%)
6
(86%) ns
32
(46%)
16
(69%) 0,048
49
Roşu=diferenţe semnificative statistic, Pts=pacienţi, B=bărbaţi, F=femei, n=număr; TTE=Ecocardiografie transtoracica, STR=rezoluţia supradenivelării segmentului ST, Ecg= Electrocardiograma, PPCI=intervenţie coronariană percutană primară, FEVS=fracţie ejecţie ventricul stâng, FNR=fenomen „no-reflow”; TTDE-C=ecocardiografie transtoracică Doppler la nivelul arterei coronare; Datele sunt exprimate în frecvenţă absolută şi procentuală; p=valoare de semnificaţie statistică, ns=nesemnificativ Diferenţele dintre 2 grupuri au fost apreciate prin testul non-parametric Mann-Whitney U,
5.3. Relaţia dintre perfuzia miocardică microvasculară şi datele
demografice, clinice, electrocardiografice, angiografice pe subgrupurile de
vârstă şi sex
5.3.1.1. Corelaţiile parametrilor diagnostici ai perfuziei miocardice ineficiente cu
caracteristicile demografice, factorii de risc cardiovascular şi istoricul de boală cardiacă
ischemică la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani
La bărbaţii sub 40 de ani evoluţia post PPCI cu fenomen “no-reflow” evaluat prin Blush
1 s-a corelat semnificativ cu prezenţa hipertensiunii arteriale (p=0,015), asocierea
Sunt puţine studiile publicate în literatură care compară pe subgrupe de vârstă şi sex
predictorii clinici sau paraclinici ai fenomenului “no reflow”. Un studiu publicat anterior,
referitor la predictorii fenomenului “no reflow” la pacienţii tineri cu STEMI revascularizaţi prin
PPCI, a prezentat ca predictori independenţi ai acestui fenomen: sexul feminin, timpul prelungit
de la simptome la PPCI, încărcătura mare trombotică a leziunii ocluzive coronariene, absenţa
administrării de tirofiban, volum mediu ridicat al trombocitelor şi valoare crescută a raportului
dintre trombocite şi limfocite 130, în timp ce numărul de stenturi implantate, presiunea maximă
de inflație şi dilatările repetate cu balon nu par a influenţa apariţia fenomenului “no-reflow” 95.
În studiul de registru ISACS-TC, ce a apreciat evoluţia cu fenomen “no reflow” a pacienţilor cu
sindroame coronariene acute, în analiza multivariată predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului “no
reflow” au fost vârsta înaintată, infarctul de tip STEMI, hipercolesterolemia şi afectarea
coronariană multivasculară 91. Acest studiu de registru reconfirmă prognosticul grav asociat
evoluţiei cu fenomen “no-reflow” postprocedural la pacienţii cu sindroame coronariene acute şi
revascularizare intervenţională, rata de deces în spital fiind semnificativ mai mare la pacienţii ce
au evoluat cu versus fără fenomen “no-reflow” (14,2% vs 4,2%) 91. Publicaţii anterioare au
arătat că comparând frecvenţa fenomenului “no-reflow” la pacienţii cu infarct miocardic acut şi
revascularizare intervenţională pe subgrupe de vârstă pacienţii cu vârsta 67.1±14.9 au avut
74
frecvenţă semnificativ mai mare a acestui fenomen95, vârsta peste 65 de ani fiind predictor
independent al fenomenului “no-reflow” 95.
În această lucrare, analizând întreg grupul de pacienţi, fenomenul “no-reflow” precoce
dignosticat la pacienţii cu STEMI şi PPCI, indiferent de metoda utilizată în diagnostic (Blush 1 şi
STR <30%) şi fenomenul „no-reflow” tardiv diagnosticat prin TTDE-C s-au corelat cu prezenţa
hipertensiunii arteriale, aspect inconstant precizat de alte studii. Tipul tratamentului
antihipertensiv administrat înaintea STEMI apare implicat în modularea intervenţiei
hipertensiunii arteriale în apariţia acestui fenomenului „no-reflow” 131.
Specific, fenomenul „no-reflow” precoce evaluat prin Blush 1 s-a corelat cu dislipidemia
şi cu numărul crescut al factorilor de risc cardiovascular (≥1,5) şi prin STR sub 30% cu vârsta
peste 40 de ani, iar fenomenul „no-reflow” tardiv surpins prin TTDE-C la 5-7 zile post PPCI s-a
coreleat semnificativ cu hipertensiunea arterială, diabetul zaharat, comorbiditățile protrombotice
şi numărul crescut al factorilor de risc CV (≥1,5). Datele din literatură implică diabetul zaharat
în relaţie cu hiperglicemia 132,133 în apariţia fenomenul „no-reflow”. Alţi factori incriminaţi
în patogenia fenomenului „no-reflow” la pacienţii cu diabet includ creştrea reactivităţii
plachetare 134, asocierea inflamaţiei şi caracteristicile plăcilor de aterom cu aspect „low
echoic” determinat de încărcătura lipidică şi tromboticitară, plăci prezente frecvent la pacienţii
diabetici şi care în studiile ce au utilizat ultrasonografia intracoronariană s-au dovedit a fi
asociate cu insuficienţa perfuziei microvasculare miocardice 134,135,136.
Dislipidemia considerată în prezenţa hipercolesterolemiei a fost raportată ca condiţie
predictivă a apariţiei fenomenului „no-reflow” pe modele animale experimentale de ocluzie-
repefuzie coronariană 137. În studiul nostru, la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani cu STEMI şi PPCI
dislipidemia s-a corelat cu apariţia fenomenului ‘no-reflow” precoce, apreciat prin Blush 1 cu
fenomenul “no-reflow” tardiv estimat prin TTDE-C.
În studiul de faţă, la întreg grupul de pacienţi, am găsit frecvenţă semnificativ mai mare a
HTA şi a istoricului de BCI şi frecvenţa mai mare, dar nesemnificativă statistic, a diabetului
zaharat, dislipidemiei, comorbiditatilor protrombotice şi numărului mai mare de factori de risc
cardiovascular în grupul pacienţilor ce au evoluat cu versus fără fenomen “no-reflow”. La
bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI,ineficienţa precoce a perfuziei microvasculare miocardice apreciată prin
75
Blush 1 sau tardiv prin TTDE-C apare semnificativ corelată cu prezenţa hipertensiunii arteriale şi
a comorbidităţior protrombotice ce au inclus: infecţiile acute concomitente, bolile inflamatorii
cronice (lupusul eritematos sistemic, poliartrita reumatoidă, bolile inflamatorii ale colonului),
bolile hematologice (trombocitemia). Comorbidităţile protrombotice, în principal bolile de ţesut
conjunctiv, sunt implicate în apariţia bolii coronariene la femeile tinere, dar relaţia cu evoluţia cu
fenomen “no reflow” nu apare studiată şi comunicată în literatura consultată. La bărbaţii peste
40 de ani şi STEMI, dislipidemia şi boala coronariană anterior diagnosticată s-a corelat statistic
semnificativ cu fenomenul “no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv evaluat prin Blush 1 şi respectiv prin
TTDE-C şi evaluat prin STR< 30% la 90 min post PPCI, s-a corelat semnificativ doar cu boala
coronariană ischemica anterior diagnosticată. La femeile peste 40 ani evoluţia după PPCI cu
perfuzie miocardică microvasculară ineficientă precoce, diagnosticată prin Blush grad 1 s-a
corelat semnificativ cu prezenţa hipertensiunii arteriale, diabetului zaharat, fumatului, numărului
mai mare de factori de risc carrdiovascular (≥2,5) şi diagnosticată prin STR sub 30% la 90 min
post PPCI cu prezenţa hipertensiunii arteriale şi istoricul de boală coronariană, iar fenomenul
“no-reflow” tardiv diagnosticat prin TTDE-C s-a corelat semnificativ cu istoricul de boală
coronariană. Apare evident faptul că, indiferent de metoda utilizată în acest studiu, fenomenul
“no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv post PPCI, s-a corelat la femeile peste 40 de ani semnificativ
statistic cu preexistența bolii cardiace ischemice iar absenţa hipertensiunii arteriale, a diabetului
şi un număr mai mic de factori de risc CV (<2,5) s-a corelat semnificativ cu perfuzia
microvasculară eficientă evaluată tardiv prin TTDE-C. Datele noastre sugerează că preexistenţa
bolii cardiace ischemice cornice nu oferă protecţiefaţă de evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow” post
STEMI, fenomen descris în literetură la pacienţii cu angină pectoral stabilă, şi explicat prin
precondiţionarea ischemică. Boala cardiacă ischemică cronică nu conferă întotdeauna protecţie
faţă de fenomenul “no-reflow”, vârsta înaintată şi diabetul zaharat anulând efectele
preconditionarii ischemice 110,138-142. În studiul efectuat, istoricul de boală coronariană la
femeile peste 40 ani s-a corelat cu fenomenul “no-reflow” indiferent de metoda de diagnostic
folosită, punând sub semnul întrebării rolul protecţiei preconditionarii ischemice la femeile peste
40 de ani. Date din literatură implică disfuncţia preexistentă la nivelul microcirculaţiei
coronariene 110 în apariţia fenomenului “no-reflow”, aspect ce ar putea explica anularea
efectului precondiţionării ischemice, posibil implicat prin preexistenţa bolii coronare, în
reducerea riscului evoluţiei cu fenomenul “no-reflow” la femeile de peste 40 de ani incluse în
76
studiul efectuat. Cumulul crescut de factori de risc cardiovasculari la femeile peste 40 ani
corelează cu fenomenul “no-reflow” precoce diagnosticat prin gradul 1 de Blush şi cu
modificările tardive parţiale/minime ale “pattern”–ului “no-reflow”, evaluat tardiv prin TTDE-C.
Înaintarea în vârstă la femeile peste 40 ani (≥55 ani şi ≥58 ani) se corelează cu modificări
incomplete ale fenomenului “no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv, exprimate prin STR între 30-70% şi
respective “pattern” incomplet de “no-reflow” al fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată în
evaluarea prin TTDE-C. Date contradictorii sunt prezentate de un studiu recent, efectuat la
pacienţii cu STEMI anterior în care fenomenul “no-reflow”, diagnosticat prin MCE si TTDE-C,
nu apare influenţat de factorii de risc cardiovascular ce au inclus vârsta, istoricul de diabet,
hipertensiune, dislipidemie şi fumat 126.
Date din literatură subliniază că fumatul, factor de risc implicat major în apariţia şi
progresia bolii aterosclerotice coronare 2,80,81,143,144, are influenţă contradictorie, fumătorii
comparativ cu nefumătorii revascularizaţi intervenţional în STEMI, fiind la risc egal sau mai mic
de evoluţie cu insuficienţă microcirculatorie miocardică 145,146. Acest fenomen este descris
ca “paradox al fumatului” 147. În studiul efectuat de noi, la pacienţii cu STEMI şi
PPCI,consideraţi per global, fumatul s-a corelat semnificativ negativ cu insuficiența perfuziei
miocardice microvasculare, apreciată precoce prin gradul 1 de Blush și STR <30% și tardiv prin
“pattern”-ul “no-reflow” apreciat prin TTDE-C la nivelul fluxului în artera coronară implicată în
STEMI şi revascularizată. Fumatul s-a asociat cu modificări minime ale perfuziei microvasculare
miocardice sugerate prin STR între 30-70%, iar în dinamică, s-a corelat semnificativ la întregul
grup şi la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani cu evoluţia fără modificări ale perfuziei microvasculare
apreciată pe “pattern”-ul fluxului arterei coronare revascularizate, evaluat prin TTDE-C,
susţinând “paradoxul” fumatului în evoluţia post STEMI. Absenţa fumatului s-a corelat la
bărbăţoii sub 40m de ani pozitiv cu evoluţia fără fenomen „no-reflow” diagnosticat prin TTDE-
C, iar fumatul s-a înregistrat, semnificativ mai frecvent la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani care nu au
evoluat cu fenomen “no-reflow”, aspect ce se înscrie în “paradoxul fumatului”, descris în studii
precedente 147.
Obezitatea este factor de risc major implicat în creşterea prevalenţei bolii cardiovasculare
la tineri 83,84, fiind întâlnită până la 78% din pacienţii tineri versus 35% din adulţii cu infarct
miocardic 7. Obezitatea nu apare semnalată între predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului „no-
77
reflow” 95,116,148,149, în studiul nostru obezitatea nefiind relaţionată cu fenomenului “no-
reflow” microvascular la nici una din subgrupele de vârstă, fiind însă semnificativ corelată cu
evoluţia cu parametrii normali ai perfuziei microvasculare miocardice evaluaţi prin TTDE-C,
fenomen pe care l-am putea defini ca paradox al obezităţii la pacienţii cu STEMI. Sindromul
metabolic, la pacienţii tineri cu STEMI, este raportat însă ca predictor al fenomenului “no
reflow” 150.
Corelaţiile fenomenului “no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv cu diverşii factori de risc
cardiovascular, arată în lucrarea noastră că persistenţa tardivă a acestuia poate fi relaţionată cu
prezenţa hipertensiunii în asociere cu diabetul zaharat şi comorbidităţile protrombotice, aspect
susţinut şi de relaţia semnificativă a apariţiei fenomenului “no-reflow” diagnosticat TTDE-C cu
numărul crescut de factori de risc (≥1,5). Datele din literatură au prezentat aspectele în dinamică
ale fenomenului “no-reflow” cu reversibilitatea sau persistenţa acestuia, relaţionată cu
prognosticul nefavorabil post infarct miocardic 37,39, fenomenul “no-reflow” fiind
actualmente considerat “călcâiul lui Achile” la pacienţii cu STEMI şi PPCI 151.
Discuţii asupra relaţiei FNR cu localizarea ECG a STEMI, artera
coronară implicată în infarct şi caracteristiceile leziunii obstructive
coronariene
La întreg grupul de pacienţi cu STEMI, în cercetarea actuală, localizarea anteriară a
STEMI s-a corelet semnificativ pozitiv cu evoluția post PPCI, indiferent de metoda de diagnostic
utilizată,cu fenomen “no-reflow” iar localizarea inferioară a STEMI s-a corelat semnificativ
negativ cu evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow”, indiferent de metoda de diagnostic utilizată şi
pozitiv cu evoluţia cu aspect normal al perfuziei miocardice microvasculare evaluată prin TTDE-
C.Studii clinice anterioare ce au folosit ecocardiografia miocardică de contrast au relevant faptul
că mărimea infarctului şi localizarea anterioară sunt predictori independenţi ai apariţiei
insuficienţei microcirculatorii la pacienţii cu STEMI şi terapie de revascularizare 138,
teritoriul anterior fiind de altfel prima relaţie descrisă în literatură în legătură cu fenomenul “no-
reflow” 152. Concordant cu datele anterior prezentate, datele publicate relevă că obstrucţia
78
ADA s-a corelat semnifictiv cu apariţia insuficientei microcirculatorii miocardice post PPCI la
pacienţii cu STEMI 138,148.
Obstrucţia ADA, în acest studiu, s-a corelat semnificativ cu evoluția cu fenomen “no-
reflow” indiferent de metoda de diagnostic folosită, conform şi altor publicaţii STEMI
138,148, implicarea ACX în STEMI s-a corelat semnificativ cu evoluția normală a perfuziei
miocardice microvasculare apreciată prin TTDE-C, iar implicarea ACD în STEMI s-a corelat
semnificativ cu evoluţia cu minime modificări ale perfuziei miocardice microvasculare,
exprimate prin STR între 30-70% şi modificări parţiale ale “pattern”-lui fluxului în artera
implicată în STEMI la examinarea prin TTDE-C.
Obstrucţia coronariană prin tromb, tromb pe placă aterosclerotică sau placă
aterosclerotică, ca pararmetru evaluat la întreg grupul de pacienţi cu STEMI şi PPCI, nu a
influențat apariția fenomenului “no-reflow”, aspect diferit faţă de evaluarea pe subgrupele de
vârstă şi sex unde în cazul barbatior sub 40 de ani apare corelaţie semnificativ pozitivă a
obstrucţiei coronariene prin tromb cu evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow”, evaluat atât precoce cât
şi tardiv. Datele din literatura relevă implicare fermă a leziunii trombotice în determinarea
fenomenului “no-reflow”, produs în această situaţie, predominant prin embolizari distale
23,36,153.
Afectarea multicoronară s-a corelat semnificativ cu modificările minime ale perfuziei
miocardice microvasculare expirmate prin STR între 30-70% şi “pattern” incomplet al
modificărilor fluxului pentru diagnosticul fenomenului “no-reflow” la nivelul arterei coronare
implicate în infarct la examinarea prin TTDE-C. Date din literatură implică în această situaţie
circulaţia colateală, ce dezvoltată în timp poate reduce mărimea teirtoriului infarctat, creând o
protecţie pentru apariţia fenomenului “no-reflow” 36.
La bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI, localizarea ECG a STEMI pe peretele anterior s-a corelat
semnificativ pozitiv iar localizarea pe peretele inferior al VS semnificativ negativ cu apariţia
fenomenului “no-reflow” diagnosticat prin TTDE-C la 5–7 zile post PPCI. La bărbaţii sub 40
localizarea anterioară a STEMI nu s-a corelat cu fenomenul “no-reflow” precoce diagnoticat prin
Blush 1 sau STR < 30%, aceşti pacienţi având aparent evoluţie favorabilă din acest punct de
vedere dar tardiv dezvolta fenomen“no-reflow”evidenţiat prin pattern characteristic al fluxului în
artera coronară implicată în STEMI prin TTDE-C efectuat la 5-7 zile postrevascularizare, fapt
79
ce atenţionează asupra nevoii de evaluare în dinamică a acestor pacienţi pentru diagnosticul
fenomenului de “no-reflow” tardiv. Implicarea ADA în STEMI a avut aceleaşi corelaţii ca şi
localizarea anterioară a STEMI pe electrocardiogramă, corelându-se cu fenomenul “no-reflow”
tardiv diagnosticat prin TTDE-C la 5-7 zile de la revascularizare, corelaţia cu fenomenul “no-
reflow” precoce diagnosticat prin Blush 1 şi STR < 30% fiind absentă. Evoluţia cu insuficienţă
microcirculatorie miocardică tardivă la pacienţii la care aceasta nu a fost diagnosticată precoce
prin criterii angiografice şi electrocardiografice este explicată de sensibilitatea redusă a acestor
metode de evaluare a deficitului precoce de la nivelul microcirculaţiei miocardice. Se apreciază
că acurateţea estimării angiografice prin gradele de Blush a deficitului precoce de perfuzie la
nivelul microcirculaţiei, este influenţată de timpul scurs de la reperfuzie la momentul evaluării
angiografice, dată fiind hiperemia microcirculatorie precoce descrisă la pacienţii cu infarct şi
revascularizare intervenţională 154. Interpretarea STR <70% ca modificare
electrocardiografică diagnostică pentru fenomenul precoce de “no-reflow”, este recomandat a
se face cu “precauţie” deoarece studiile ce au considerat modificarea că diagnostică pentru
insuficienţa microcirculaţiei miocardice post revascularizare în STEMI, au apreciat STR<70%
la variate intervale de timp post revascularizare, fiind puţine referiri în literatură la sensibilitatea
şi specificitatea acestei metode în raport cu celelalte metode diagnostice ale fenomenului
precoce de “no-reflow”, inclusiv cu TTDE-C 154. La bărbaţii sub 40 ani, implicarea ACX în
STEMI s-a corelat semnificativ cu absenţa fenomenului “no-reflow” evaluat prin toate cele trei
metode, iar implicarea ACD cu modificări parţiale ale “pattern”-ului fluxului, care nu întrunesc
toate criteiile de diagnostic pentru fenomenul “no-reflow” evaluat prin TTDE-C. Raportat la
datele din literatură, subliniem că un studiu recent publicat referitor la apariţia fenomenului
“no-reflow” la pacienţii tineri cu sindroame coronariene acute şi revascularizare intervenţională,
revascularizarea ACD a asociat evoluţie cu fenomen “no-reflow” 91.
Obstrucţia coronariană prin tromb la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani, în acest studiu, după
PPCI, s-a corelat semnificativ cu apariţia fenomenului “no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv diagnosticat
prin Blush 1, STR <30% şi respectiv “pattern”-ul fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată
evaluat prin TTDE-C. rezultate similar se regăsesc în numerose alte cercetări publicate ce nu fac
însă referiri specifice la vârsta şi sexul pacienţilor cu STEMI revascularizaţi intervenţional prin
PPCI 23,36,153. Bărbaţii sub 40 ani la care obstrucţia coronariană nu a implicat prezenţa
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semnificativă de tromb ci ocluzia realizată predominant prin placa aterosclerotică, au evoluat
după PPCI, la evaluarea prin TTDE-C cu modificări incomplete de ale “pattern”-ului de flux
diagnostice pentru fenomenul “no-reflow”. Microembolizările distale sunt implicate în obstrucţia
teritoriului distal microvascular fiind descrise cu cea mai mare frecvenţă la pacienţii cu STEMI
după revascularizarea coronariană prin stentare, când microembolizările au fost descrise cu o
frecvenţă de 3 ori mai mare decât după revascularizarea prin angioplastia cu balon sau terapie
fibrinolitică 155. Materialul ocluziv embolic este microtrombotic dar au fost descrise şi
obstrucţii determinate de microfragmente ale plăcilor ateromatoase. Studii realizate prin IUVS au
descris plăcile ocluzive cu risc înalt embolic ca având încărcătură trombotică mare, capsulă
fibroasă subţire şi miez lipidic bogat şi moale, acest tip de placă fiind predictive pentru apariţia
fenomenului “no-reflow” 156.
Afectarea multicoronară,la bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI, deşi precoce corelează cu absenţa
semnelor FNR apreciate prin Blush 1 şi STR <30%, tardiv nu mai corelează semnificativ cu
aspectul normal al fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată în evaluarea prin TTDE-C.
Aspectul sugerează o relaţie negativă a afectării multicoronare cu apariţia fenomenului “no-
reflow”.
La bărbaţii peste 40 de ani cu STEMI, indiferernt de metoda folosită în diagnosticul
fenomenului “no-reflow”, a existat corelaţie semnificativă a localizării anterioare a STEMI cu
prezenţa fenomenului “no-reflow” şi a localizării inferioare a STEMI cu absenţa acestuia şi
corelaţie semnificativă cu evoluţia fără FNR apreciată TTDE-C. ADA implicată în STEMI s-a
corelat semnificativ cu evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv diagnosticat prin Blush
1 şi STR <30% şi respectiv prin TTDE-C efectuat la 5-7 zilre după PPCI, iar implicarea ACX în
STEMI s-a corelat semnificativ cu absenţa evoluţiei cu fenomen “no-reflow” diagnosticat prin
TTDE-C. Implicarea în STEMI a ACD, RI şi a TC, la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani, nu a determinat
evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow”. La bărbaţii peste 40 de anicu STEMI, tipul ocluziei arterei
coronare, predominant trombotică, tromb pe placă aterosclerotică sau placă aterosclerotică,
nu a corelat semnificativ cu apariţia fenomen “no-reflow”, la aceşti pacienţi cea mai frecventă
leziune obstructivă coronariana fiind prin tromb pe placa aterosclerotica. Afectarea
multicoronară,s-a corelat semnificativ cu evoluţia cu Blush 1 dar în dinamică nu a mai corelat
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semnificativ cu fenomenul “no-reflow”apreciat prin STR <30% la 90 minute post PPCI sau
tardiv prin „pattern”-ul fluxului în artera coronră implicată în STEMI evaluat TTDE-C.
La femeile peste 40 de ani cu STEMI localizarea electrocardiografică pe peretele
anterior a infarctului s-a corelat semnificativ cu evoluţia după PPCI cu perfuzie miocardică
microvasculară ineficientă, diagnosticată prin STR sub 30% şi prin “pattern”-ul caracteristic al
fluxului în arterea coronara revascularizată evaluat prin TTDE-C, fără să existe corelaţie
semnificativă a acestei localizări cu gradul 1 de Blush. Localizarea inferioară a STEMI s-a
corelat semnificativ negativ cu evoluţia cu fenomen „no-reflow” apreciat prin STR<30% şi
“pattern”-ul caracteristic al fluxului în coronara revascularizată evaluat prin TTDE-C. Subliniem
faptul că la bărbaţii sub 40 de ani şi la femeile peste 40 de ani cu STEMI revascularizat prin
PPCI, informaţiile din sala de angiografie referitoare la evoluţia fără fenomen „no-reflow”
precoce apreciat prin gradul 1 de Blush nu exclude evoluţia ulterioară cu fenomen „no-reflow”
tardiv, ce poate fi diagnosticat prin monitorizare dinamică utilizând caracteristicile diagnostice
ale “pattern”-ului fluxului coronarian la nivelul arterei revascularizate prin folosirea TTDE-C.
Obstrucţia la nivelul ADA la femeile peste 40 ani, s-a corelat semnificativ cu apariţia
fenomenului „no-reflow” precoce diagnosticate prin STR <30%, dar nu şi prin Blush 1, şi a
fenomenului „no-reflow” tardiv diagnosticat prin TTDE-C. Implicarea ACX în STEMI s-a
corelat negativ semnificativ cu fenomenul „no-reflow” diagnosticat prin toate cele trei metode :
Blush 1, STR <30% şi TTDE-C şi semnificativ pozitiv cu aspectul normal perfuziei
microvasculare miocardice evidenţiate prin TTDE-C. Obstrucţia coronariană prin tromb pe
placă aterosclerotică, preponderentă la femeile peste 40 ani, nu a prezentat corelaţii cu evoluţia
cu perfuzie microvasculară miocardică ineficienta indiferent de metoda de diagnostic utilizata.
Afectarea multicoronară, s-a corelat cu evoluţia cu modificări minime, nediagnostice pentru
fenomenul “no-reflow” precum STR între 30-70% şi modificări incomplete ale pattern-ului
fluxului la nivelul coronarei revascularizate, evaluat prin TTDE-C.
Discuţii asupra relaţiei FNR cu timpul simptome-PPCI şi
trombaspiraţia prestentare
Realizarea revascularizării intervenţionale sau farmacologice în cel mai scurt timp de la
debutul STEMI este un deziderat major în reducerea mortalităţii şi morbidităţii cardiovasculare a
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pacienţilor cu STEMI. Ghidurile de management a STEMI recomandă la pacienţii ce se prezintă
în centrele de cardiologie intervenţională în primele 12 ore de la debutul simptomelor evaluare
coronarografică şi PPCI în primele 120 min de la prezentare, iar pentru pacienţii în care accesul
la un astfel de centru nu este posibil, fibrinoliză şi transfer în 24 ore la centrul de cardiologie
intervenţională 1,151. Mortalitatea imediată, pe termen mediu şi lung post STEMI este
influeţată de factori multiplii ce includ mărimea infarcului, deteriorarea hemodinamică,
insuficienţa ventriculară stângă, complicaţiile mecanice şi aritmice post infarct, severitatea bolii
coronariene restante post revascularizare şi nu în ultimă instanţă de insuficienţa microcirculaţiei
miocardice ce complică frecvent evoluţia post revascularizare intervenţională şi farmacologică.
Beneficiul revascularizării, sporit în ultimii ani prin expertiza echipelor de cardiologi
intervenţionişti, progresele tehnice în domeniul “device”-urilor de stentare, abordarea
multivasculară a pacientului multicoronarian 157, terapia ntiagregantă şi anticoagulantă peri şi
post procedurală este diminuat de influenţa nefastă postprocedurală a deficitului microcirculaţiei
miocardice ce poate complică terapia de revascularizare într-o proporţie de până la 50% din
cazuri 24,158-161. Unul dintre factorii potenţial influenţabili ai reducerii riscului fenomenului
„no-reflow” este reducerea timpului de la apariţia simptomelor la efectuarea PPCI, printr–un
management mai bun prespital al acestor pacienţi.
Studii publicate în literatură au arătat că timpul între simptomele sugestive de STEMI şi PPCI
este predictor independent al fenomenului „no-reflow” 130,162,163. În analiză univariată şi
multivariată întârzirerea reperfuziei cu peste 4 ore de la debutul simptomelor 164 sau peste 223
min versus 192 minute asociază risc crescut de apariţie a fenomenului „no-reflow”, iar creşterea
acestui timp peste 360 minute apare ca predictor independent al fenomenului „no-reflow” 165.
Alţi factori de risc şi predicţie independentă a fenomenului „no-reflow” au inclus fluxul rezidual
din artera revascularizată, revascularizările anterioare, antecedentele de infarct, inflamaţia
sistemică şi nivelul proteinei C reactive 166. În studiul efectuat, la întreg grupul de pacienţi, la
care timpul mediu intre simptomele sugestive de ischemie miocardică şiPPCI a fost de 6,22 ore,
creşterea timpului între debutul simptomelor sugestive de ischemie miocardică şi PPCI >2,5 ore
apare asociat la limita semnificaţiei statistice cu fenomenul “no-reflow” evaluat prin STR
<30%. La bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI şi PPCI, timpul de la debutul simptomelor sugestive pentru
STEMI la efectuarea PPCI de 3,77 ore nu prezintă corelaţii semnificative cu evoluţia cu deficit al
microcirculaţiei miocardice, rezultatele noastre fiind concordante cu cele anterioare subliniind că
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realizarea PPCI la sub 4 ore de la debutul simptomelor favorizează evoluţia cu microcirculaţie
miocardică normală. În comparaţie, la bărbaţii peste 40 ani, cu timp mediu smnificativ crescut
intre debutul simptomelor sugestive de ischemie miocardică şi PPCI, de 6,58 ore, întârzierea
PPCI (≥2,5 ore respectiv ≥3,5) s-a corelat cu evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow” precoce apreciat
prin Blush 1 şi STR sub 30% iar la femeile peste 40 de ani, care se prezintă cel mai tardiv la
spital, cu timpul cel mai îndelungat până la efectuarea PPCI, cu o medie de 9,52 ore, durata
dintre debutul simptomelor sugestive de ischemie miocardică şi PPCI apare să nu mai
influenţeze negativ evoluţia PMM.
Tromboaspiraţia prestentare a fost evaluată pentru influenţa asupra riscului fenomenului
“no-reflow” plecând de la asocierea acestuia cu încărcătura trombotică mare a leziunilor
obstructive. Datele referitoare la efectele trombaspiratiei preprocedurale asupra evoluţiei cu
insuficienţă microcirculatorie miocardică sunt încă controversate 48,105-107. Primele
publicaţii, între care rezultatele studiului TAPAS, au apreciat că “tromboaspiraţia este o victorie
în războiul împotriva fenomenului “no-reflow” apreciat prin gradele de Blush, şi urmat de
reducerea ratei de deces şi reinfarctizare la 1 an post PPCI 167. Două trialuri ulterioare,
TASTE 107 şi TOTAL 106 care au inclus peste 10.000 de pacienţi cu STEMI nu au
confirmat reducerea mortalităţii la 1 lună şi 6 luni la pacienţii cu STEMI la care pre PPCI s-a
practicat tromboaspiraţie de rutină. În consecinţă Ghidul ESC referitor la revascularizarea
miocardică, publicat în 2014, face recomandarea tromboaspiraţiei cu indicaţie de tip IIb 168,
trombaspiratia fiind recomandată în ultima perioadă infarctelor ce implicată o regiune mare de
miocard la risc, prin situarea leziunilor “culprit” proximal, implicarea teritoriului anterior sau a
ventriculului drept 108,169. Discuţiile din literetură referitoare la rezultatle diferite ale celor
trei trailuri arată că în trialurile TASTE 107 şi TOTAL 106, tromboaspiraţia s-a făcut
neselectiv în raport cu aprecierea gradului de tromboză şi că peste 1/2 din pacienţi aveau leziuni
ocluzive. Rezultatele pozitive ale tromboaspiraţiei în circulaţia carotidiană, la pacienţii cu
accidente vasculare cerebrale ischemice, sugerează nevoia unei mai bune selecţii a pacienţilor
pentru tromboaspiraţia în teritoriul coronarian şi expertiză tehnică mai bună a cardiologilor
intervenţionişti 170.
În studiul nostru, tromboaspiraţia a fost efectuată atunci când cardiologul intervenţionist a
apreciat încărcătură trombotică mare participativă în obstrucţia coronariană. Efectuată astfel,
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tromboaspiraţia apreciată la întreg grupul de pacienţi, indiferent de vârstă sau sex, respectiv la
54% dintre pacienţi, a asociat semnificativ insuficienţă microcirculatorie precoce estimată prin
Blush 1 şi STR <30%, dar nu şi insuficienţă microcirculatorie coronariană tardivă estimată prin
profilul caracteristic al fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată în evaluarea TTDE-C. La
bărbaţii sub 40 ani, trombaspiraţia prestentare nu a influenţat semnificativ evoluţia PMM prin
nici o metodă utilizată care a apreciat-o. Trombaspiraţia pre stentare, la bărbaţii peste 40 ani s-
a corelat semnificativ precoce cu apariţia fenomenului „no-reflow” apreciat prin Blush 1 şi prin
STR sub 30% şi tardiv cu evoluţia PMM cu minime modificări apreciată prin TTDE-C şi nu cu
fenomenul “no-reflow” apreicat prin „pattern-ul” specific la nivelul arterei coronare
revasculaizate prin TTDE-C. Aspectul normal al perfuziei miocardice microvasculoare post
PPCI apreciat TTDE-C prin „pattern-ul” specific al fluxului în nartera coronara revascularizata s-
a corelat negativ semnificativ cu efectuarea trombaspiratiei înaintea stentarii coronariene.
Trombaspiraţia la femeile peste 40 de ani nu a influenţat statistic semnificativ evoluaţia cu sau
fără fenomen „no-reflow”, indiferent de metoda de apreciere a acestuia. La femeile peste 40 de
ani, cu cea mai ridicată frecvenţă a fenomenuli “no-reflow”, 43,4%, care prezintă cumulul cel
mai ridicat al factorilor de risc cardiovascular, timpul de revascularizare cel mai avansat şi
frecvenţa cea mai mare a efectuării trombaspiratiei prestentare comparativ cu bărbaţii sub şi
peste 40 ani, timpul simptome-PPCI şi trombaspiratia prestentare nu au mai influenţat per se
apariţia fenomenului “no-reflow”.
Comparând pacienţii cu şi fără FNR post PPCI, evaluat prin TTDE-C, timpul de la
debutul simptomelor sugestive de ischemie miocardică la PPCI şi trombaspiraţia pre stentare nu
par să înregistreze diferenţe semnificative între aceştia. Totuşi se remarca timpul mai îndelungat
până la PPCI în grupa pacienţilor cu FNR la bărbaţii sub şi peste 40 ani, paradoxal la femeile
peste 40 de ani care nu dezvolta FNR iar efectuarea trombaspiratiei mai frecventă la pacienţii cu
FNR din grupa bărbaţilor sub şi peste 40 de ani şi la femeile peste 40 de ani care nu dezvolta
FNR.
Discuţii asupra predictorilor independenţi ai fenomenul “no-reflow”
diagnosticat prin TTDE-C
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Predictorii independenţi ai apariţiei fenomenului “no-reflow”, la toţi pacienţi indiferent
de vârstă şi sex, au fost hipertensiunea arterială, diabetul zaharat şi implicarea ADA în STEMI
iar fumatul, paradoxal, s-a constituit în predictor semnificativ negativ al apariţiei fenomenului
“no-reflow”.
Predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului „no-reflow” la bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI şi
PPCI au fost: hipertensiunea arterială, diabetul zaharat, dislipidemia, la limita semnificaţiei
statistice, timpul mai îndelungat până la PPCI (≥2,5 ore), implicarea ADA în STEMI şi
obstrucţia coronariană realizată predominant prin tromb. Fumatul, obezitatea şi comorbidităţile
protrombotice nu au influenţat independent apariţia fenomenului „no-reflow” diagnosticat prin
TTDE-C, la bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI şi PPCI.
Predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului „no-reflow” la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani cu STEMI
şi PPCI, au fost: dislipidemia şi implicarea ADA în STEMI. La bărbaţii peste 40 de ani fumatul
a fost variabilă semnificativ predictiv negativă pentru apriţia fenomenului “no-reflow”.
Hipertensiunea, diabetul zaharat, obezitatea, comorbiditatile protrombotice nu au influenat
independent apariţia FNR la bărbaţii peste 40 ani.
Predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului „no-reflow” la femeile peste 40 de ani cu
STEMI şi PPCI au fost: diabetul zaharat şi implicarea ADA în STEMI.
Discuţii asupra relaţiei între aspecte ale Blush, STR, TTDE-C şi evoluţia
post PPCI cu undă Q pe ECG şi cu scăderea FEVS apreciată 2D TTE
Fenomenul “no reflow” precoce diagnosticat angiografic imediat după PPCI, prin Blush-
ul de grad 1 şi la 90 minute post PPCI prin STR <30% s-a corelat semnificativ cu fenomenul
“no reflow” tardiv diagnosticat prin „pattern”-ul caracteristic al fluxului Doppler în artera
coronară revascularizată apreciat prin TTDE-C efectuată la 5-7 zile post PPCI. Atât insuicienţa
în microcirculaţia miocardică apărută precoce cât şi cea tardivă s-au corelat semnificativ, la toţi
pacienţii indiferent de vârstă şi sex, cu apariţia pe ECG a undei Q de necroză şi cu scăderea cu
peste 10% a FEVS appreciată prin 2D TTE.
Raportat la literatură acestui domeniu, la pacienţii cu STEMI şi PPCI, evoluţia cu
insuficienţă microcirculatorie miocardică apare predictibilă pentru evoluţia cu extinderea
necrozei 171,172,173,175,176 fapt relevant în studiul nostru de apariţia undei Q pe ECG
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efectuată post PPCI. Extinderea necrozei, considerată ca “paradoxală” aşteptărilor de recuperare
funcţională a miocardului ischemic post PPCI, este expliată de disfuncţia/insuficienţa
microcirculaţiei miocardice, implicată astfel şi în remodelarea post STEMI a VS cu creşterea
diametrelor cavităţii VS şi scăderea FEVS 172,174,175,176. Acest tip de evoluţie se însoţeşte
de creşterea nivelului plasmatic al peptidului natriuretic B (BNP) şi de evoluţia cu insuficienţă
cardiacă 160,174, aritmii ventriculare şi risc crescut de deces 173. Deprecierea FEVS a fost
raportată ca predictor al evoluţiei cu deces sau reinfarctizare la 1 an post PPCI 69. În unele
studii, scăderea FEVS a fost mai frecventă la femei şi corelată cu prezentarea mai târzie la spital
a acestora 177.
În timpul acestui studiu am observat că unii pacienţi cu Blush de grad 2 sau 3 au evoluat
la 5-7 zile cu “pattern” de “no-reflow” al fluxului Doppler în artera revascularizată. Astfel,
până la 40% dintre pacienţii care au evoluat la 5-7 zile cu “pattern” de “no-reflow” al fluxului
Doppler în artera implicată în STEMI, prezentau Blush 2, aspect mai frecvent la femeile peste 40
de ani, şi până la 14% din pacienţi Blush 3, aspect întâlnit la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani. Se poate
specula că disfuncţia în microcirculaţia miocardică ce precede STEMI, frecventă la femei 178,
poate influenţa evoluţia cu fenomen “no-reflow” tardiv şi că în mod special la acest subgrup de
paciente supravegherea în dinamică cu TTDE-C apare necesară pentru diagnostic. Nici unul din
pacienţii care au avut rezoluţie a supradenivelarii de segment ST >70% la 90 minute după PPCI
nu au evoluat cu fenomen „no reflow” tardiv diagnosticat prin TTDE-C. Dintre pacienţii care au
evoluat cu aspect normal al fluxului coronarian evaluat tardiv prin TTDE-C a existat un număr
foarte mic, până la 4%, care iniţial prezentau perfuzie microvasculară ineficientă exprimată prin
Blush 1 şi STR <30 %.
„Pattern”-ul anormal al fluxului coronarian apreciat TTDE-C, care nu a întrunit toate
criteriile pentu diagnosticul fenomenului “no reflow”, considerat în acest studiu ca “pattern
incomplet” pentru diagnosticul deficitului de flux în microcirculaţia miocardică, s-a corelat
semnificativ cu Blush 2 şi STR intre 30-70% la bărbaţii sub şi peste 40 ani iar la femeile peste
40 ani doar cu STR intre 30-70% şi la toţi pacienţii, indiferent de vârstă şi sex cu absenţa
evoluţiei cu undă Q de necroză sau cu scăderea FEVS apreiată prin 2D TTE.
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„Pattern”-ul normal al fluxului coronarian evaluat TTDE-C, diagnostic pentru perfuzie
microvasculară miocardică eficientă, s-a corelat semnificativ cu Blush-ul de grad 3 şi STR >70%
şi cu evoluţia fără apariţia undei Q de necroza şi fără scăderea în dinamică a FEVS. Pacienţii cu
flux normal coronarian, apreciat TTDE-C, nu au prezentat în evoluţie scăderi ale FEVS şi foarte
puţini au evoluat cu undă Q de necroza pe EKG (5%).
7. CONCLUZII
1. Frecvenţa fenomenului “no-reflow” evaluat precoce prin Blush de grad 1 şi STR sub 30%
la 90 min post PPCI şi a fenomenului “no-reflow” evaluat tardiv prin TTDE-C la 5-7 zile post
PPCI nu a diferit statistic semnificativ la pacienţii cu STEMI şi PPCI sub şi peste 40 de ani,
fenomenul “no-reflow” evaluat tardiv prin TTDE-C fiind semnificativ mai frecvent la bărbaţii
tineri faţă de cei peste 40 de ani (38,7% vs 20%) şi la femeile faţa de bărbaţii peste 40 de ani
(43,4% vs 20%), aspect ce sugerează modularea prin vârstă şi sex a evoluţiei cu fenomen “no-
reflow” tardiv.
2. La întreg grupul de pacienți cu STEMI și PPCI, fenomenul “no-reflow” precoce şi tardiv
s-a corelat cu hipertensiunea arterială şi boala cardiacă ischemică anterior documentată, iar
fenomenul “no-reflow” tardiv cu diabetul zaharat, comorbiditățile protrombotice şi numărul
crescut al factorilor de risc CV (≥1,5). Fumatul s-a corelat cu absenţa insuficienței
microperfuziei miocardice şi similar cu obezitatea cu normalitatea la 5 - 7 zile post PPCI a
perfuziei microvasculare miocardice apreciată prin caracteristicile fluxului sanguin la nivelul
arterei coronare revascularizate.
3. Corelațiile fenomenului „no-reflow” cu factorii de risc cardiovascular apar influențate de
vârstă și sex. Astfel, la bărbații tineri cu STEMI și PPCI fenomenul „no-reflow” evaluat precoce
prin Blush 1 şi tardiv prin TTDE-C s-a corelat semnificativ cu hipertensiunea arterială şi
comorbiditatile protrombotice, iar la cei peste 40 de ani cu dislipidemia și boala coronariană
anterior documentată. La femeile peste 40 de ani, fenomenul „no-reflow” precoce evaluat prin
Blush 1 s-a corelat cu hipertensiunea arterială, diabetul zaharat, cumulul factorilor de risc
cardiovascular și boala coronariană anterior diagnosticată, iar fenomenul „no-reflow” tardiv
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apreciat prin TTDE-C cu boala coronariană anterior diagnosticată. Relația fumatului cu
fenomenul „no-reflow” apare de asemenea influențată de vârstă și sex. La bărbații tineri fumatul
s-a corelat cu modificări incomplete ale fenomenului „no-reflow” appreciate prin TTDE-C, la cei
peste 40 de ani cu evoluția fără fenomen „no-reflow”, iar la femeile peste 40 de ani cu fenomenul
„no-reflow” precoce diagnosticat prin Blush 1.
4. Obstrucția ADA și localizarea anterioară s-au corelat cu fenomenul „no-reflow” precoce
şi tardiv indiferent de metoda de diagnostic utilizată, la bărbații peste 40 de ani cu STEMI și
PPCI. La bărbaţii tineri și la femeile peste 40 de ani cu STEMI anterior, obstrucția ADA s-a
corelat cu fenomenul „no-reflow” tardiv evaluat TTDE-C și nu cu fenomenul „no-reflow”
precoce diagnosticat, aspect ce sugerează că Blush-ul și STR sub 30% nu sunt metodele optime
pentru diagnosticul fenomenului „no-reflow” sau că deficitului în microcirculația miocardică
post PPCI poate debuta tardiv postintervențional. Datele sugerează ca supravegherea fenomnului
„no-reflow” să fie făcută prin utilizarea în dinamică a TTDE-C.
5. Localizarea pe teritoriul inferior al STEMI, indiferent de vârsta pacienţilor, s-a corelat cu
absenţa fenomenului „no-reflow” tardiv post PPCI, iar obstrucția ACX cu aspectul normal al
fluxului sanguin în artera coronară revascularizată, apreciat TTDE-C.
6. Obstrucția ACD la bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI revascularizat prin PPCI, s-a corelat cu
modificările parțiale ale “pattern”-ului fluxului sanguin - nediagnostice pentru fenomenul „no-
reflow”, iar la bărbaţii peste 40 ani cu absenţa fenomenului „no-reflow”, evaluat TTDE-C.
7. Afectarea multicoronară, mai frecventă la pacienții peste 40 de ani s-a corelat cu STR 30 -
70% și cu modificări parțiale ale “pattern”-ului fluxului sanguin, nediagnostice pentru fenomenul
„no-reflow” prin TTDE-C.
8. Obstrucţia coronariană prin tromb, mai frecventă la bărbaţii tineri cu STEMI, s-a corelat la
aceştia cu apariția fenomenului „no-reflow” prccoce şi cu evoluția cu fenomen „no-reflow”
tardiv. Tipul de leziune obstructivă apreciată coronarografic ca placă aterosclerotică sau tromb
pe placă aterosclerotică nu a diferențiat evoluția cu sau fără fenomen „no-reflow” precoce și
tardiv la pacienţii peste 40 de ani cu STEMI și PPCI.
89
9. Predictorii independenţi ai fenomenului „no-reflow” apreciat TTDE-C, la întregul grup de
pacienți au fost hipertensiunea arterială, diabetul zaharat şi implicarea ADA în STEMI, la
bărbaţii sub 40 ani: timpul ≥2,5 ore de la debutul simptomelor la PPCI, implicarea ADA în
STEMI şi obstrucţia coronariană prin tromb, la bărbaţii peste 40 de ani: dislipidemia şi
implicarea ADA în STEMI, iar la femeile peste 40 de ani: diabetul zaharat şi implicarea ADA în
STEMI.
10. Indiferent de vârsta, sexul pacienților cu STEMI și de metoda de diagnostic, fenomenul
„no-reflow” s-a corelat semnificativ în evoluţia post PPCI cu apariţia undei Q de necroza pe
ECG şi cu scăderea FEVS peste 10%.
11. Trombaspiraţia, analizată la întreg grupul de pacienţi, s-a corelat cu absența evoluţiei cu
perfuzie miocardică microvasculară eficientă, apreciată tardiv prin fluxul în artera coronară
revascularizată, TTDE=C.
12. Fenomenul „no-reflow” la întreg grupul de pacienţi a avut corelaţii semnificative între
toate metodele de diagnostic utilizate, respectiv metodele precoce post PPCI: Blush 1, STR sub
30% şi metoda tardivă: aprecierea fluxului în artera coronară revascularizată, evaluată prin
TTDE-C.
13. „Pattern”-ul normal al fluxului sanguin în artera coronară revascularizată în STEMI şi
„pattern”-ul incomplet diagnosticului „no-reflow” evaluat prin TTDE-C s-au corelat semnificativ
cu Blush 3 şi STR peste 70% şi respectiv Blush 2 şi STR intre 30-70% .
14. Rezultatele studiului sugerează astfel că evaluarea sindromului de reperfuzie miocardică
ineficientă, poate fie efectuată precoce şi tardiv post STEMI, prin aprecierea “pattern”-ului
specific de “no-reflow” al fluxului coronarian evidenţiat prin TTDE-C la nivelul arterei coronare
revascularizate, metoda fiind disponibilă şi accesibilă în practica clinică.
90
8. LIMITELE ŞI PERSPECTIVELE CERCETĂRII
Limitele studiului sunt reprezentate de lotul mic al pacientelor sub 40 ani, absența
evaluării precoce post PPCI a deficienței perfuziei în circulația miocardică prin TTDE-C și a
corelației evoluţiei cu evenimente clinice a pacienților cu STEMI și PPCI. Studiul actual
generează nevoia continuării cercetării viitoare în direcţia corelării fenomenului “no-reflow”
apreciat TTDE-C, la pacienţii tinari comparativ cu pacienţii peste 40 de ani, cu STEMi şi PPCI,
cu evoluţia pe termen mediu şi lung dpdv al evenimentelor cardiovasculare.
MULŢUMIRI
Cercetarea actuală a fost posibilă cu sprijinul echipelor medicale ale Clinicilor de
Cardiologie şi Compartimentului de Cardiologie Intervenţională din Spitalul Clinic Judeţean de
Urgenţă Braşov şi ale Compartimentului de Cardiologie Intervenţională din Spitalul Clinicco
Braşov şi ghidată în mod ştiinţific către analiza finală a datelor sub îndrumarea D-nei Prof. Dr.
Mariana Rădoi, cărora li se mulţumeşte pe această cale.
91
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ANEXA 3:
REZUMAT Scop: analiza sindromului de reperfuzie miocardică ineficientă, respectiv a fenomenului
“no-reflow”, la pts. tineri sub 40 ani vs pts. peste 40 ani, cu STEMI şi PPCI, în relaţie cu factorii de risc cardiovascular (FRC), comorbidităţile protrombotice (CP), istoricul de BCI, artera coronară implicată în infarct, caracteristicile leziunii obstructive, trombaspirația prestentare, corelațiile metodelor de diagnostic ale FNR și evoluția FNR cu necroză ECG și deprecierea FEVS. Material şi metodă: studiu prospectiv, observaţional, în perioada 2010-2014, ce a inclus 131 pts. cu STEMI, flux TIMI3 după PPCI, care au fost evaluaţi pentru FNR diagnosticat prin Blush1, STR<30% şi TTDE-C, [31 bărbaţi(B)<40ani (24%); 7femei(F)<40ani (5%), neincluse în analiza statistică; 70B>40ani (53%) şi 23F>40ani (18%)]. Statistica: SPSS 20, p≤0,05 semnificativ statistic. Rezultate şi concluzii: FNR, diagnosticat cel mai frecvent prin TTDE-C, la 36pts (27%), semnificativ mai frecvent la B<40ani vs B>40ani, F>40ani vs B>40ani, s-a corelat semnificativ cu STEMI anterior şi ocluzia ADA la toţi pts., obstrucţia prin tromb la B<40ani, trombaspirația prestentare la B>40ani şi diferit, modulat de vârstă şi sex cu FRC, CP şi istoricul de BCI. Metodele de diagnostic ale FNR s-au corelat semnificativ dar TTDE-C, ce se poate efectua la distanță de PPCI, a diagnosticat în procentul cel mai înalt FNR, surpinzând și FNR cu debut tardiv. FNR s-a corelat semnificativ cu evoluția către necroză ECG și deprecierea FEVS.
phenomenon (NFR), in young pts. under 40 years vs pts. over 40 years with STEMI and PPCI in relation to cardiovascular risk factors (CRF), prothrombotic comorbidities (PC), IHD history, culprit coronary artery, obstructive lesion characteristics, thrombus aspiration before stenting, correlations between FNR diagnostic methods and FNR evolution with ECG necrosis and LVEF depreciation. Material and Methods: prospective and observational study, 2010-2014 period, which included 131 pts. with STEMI and TIMI3 flow after PPCI, which was evaluated for NFR diagnosed by Blush1, STR <30% and TTDE-C, [31 men(M)<40years (24%); 7women(W)<40years (5%) not included in the statistical analysis; 70M>40years (53%) and 23W 40years (18%)]. Statistics: SPSS 20, p≤0.05 statistically significant. Results and conclusions: NFR, the most frequent diagnosed by TTDE-C at 36pts (27%), significantly more frequent in M<40years vs M>40years, W> 40years vs M>40years, was significantly correlated with the anterior STEMI and LAD occlusion in all pts., obstruction by thrombus in M<40ani, thrombus aspiration before stenting in M>40ani and differently modulated by age and sex, with CRF, PC and IHD history. FNR diagnosic methods were significantly correlated but TTDE-C, which can can be done late after PPCI, diagnosed FNR in highest percentage, surprising late-onset FNR. FNR was significantly correlated with the evolution towards ECG necrosis and LVEF depreciation.
Sexul Feminin | Data naşterii 03/07/1975 | Naţionalitatea română
EXPERIENŢA
PROFESIONALĂ
EDUCAŢIE ŞI
FORMARE
2012–Prezent Medic Primar Cardiologie, Certificat de Medic Primar Cardiologie, Nr. 5992, Nr OMS 848/2012 Spitalul Clinic Județean de Urgență, Clinica de Cardiologie, Brașov (România) www.hospbv.ro
2007–2012 Medic Specialist Cardiologie, Certificat de Medic Specialist Cardiologie Nr. 2140 Spitalul Clinic Județean de Urgență, Clinica de Cardiologie, Brașov (România) http://www.hospbv.ro
2001–2005 Medic Rezident Cardiologie Institutul de Urgență pentru Boli Cardiovasculare "Prof. Dr. C.C. Iliescu, București (România) http://www.cardioiliescu.ro
2010–Prezent Studii doctorale - doctorand Universitatea „Transilvania” Brașov, Domeniul Medicină, Brașov (România) www.unitbv.ro
133
COMPETENŢE
PERSONALE
2010 Competență în Ecocardiografie Transesofagiană Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca (România) http://www.umfcluj.ro
2009 Competență în Ultrasonografie vasculară Universitatea de Medicina și Farmacie “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca (România) http://www.umfcluj.ro
2007 Competență în Ecocardiografie Institutul de Urgență pentru Boli Cardiovasculare "Prof. Dr. C.C. Iliescu", București (România) http://www.cardioiliescu.ro/
1993–1999 Medicină Generală, Diploma de licență: R0029622 Universitatea de Medicină și Farmacie “Iuliu Hațieganu”, Cluj-Napoca (România) http://www.umfcluj.ro
Limba(i) maternă(e) Română
Alte limbi străine cunoscute ÎNȚELEGERE VORBIRE SCRIERE
Ascultare Citire Participare la conversaţie
Discurs oral
Engleză B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
Niveluri: A1 și A2: Utilizator elementar - B1 și B2: Utilizator independent - C1 și C2: Utilizator experimentat Cadrul european comun de referinţă pentru limbi străine
Competenţă digitală AUTOEVALUARE
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probleme
Utilizator independent
Utilizator independent
Utilizator independent
Utilizator independent
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Competențele digitale - Grilă de auto-evaluare
Permis de conducere Permis conducere categoria A și B
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ANEXA 5:
CURRICULUM VITAE - LIMBA ENGLEZA
Curriculum vitae Europass
PERSONAL INFORMATION Banu Gh. Mădălina (married Cozma)
Săcele, Brașov County (Romania) (+40)268320022 (+40)745759151
2010–Present PhD in progress, Medicine field, Doctorate studies "Transilvania" University of Brașov, Faculty of Medicine, Brașov (Romania) www.unitbv.ro
2010 Competence in Transesophageal Echocardiography
135
PERSONAL SKILLS
“Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca (Romania) www.umfcluj.ro
2009 Competence in Vascular Ultrasonography “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca (Romania) www.umfcluj.ro
2007 Competence in Echocardiography “C.C.Iliescu” Emergency Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases, Bucharest (Romania) www.cardioiliescu.ro/
1993–1999 General Medicine, License Diploma No. R0029622 “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca (Romania) www.umfcluj.ro
Mother tongue(s) Romanian
Other language(s) UNDERSTANDING SPEAKING WRITING
Listening Reading Spoken interaction Spoken production
English B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 Levels: A1 and A2: Basic user – B1 and B2: Independent user – C1 and C2: Proficient user
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Digital competence SELF-ASSESSMENT
Information processing
Communication Content creation
Safety Problem solving
Independent user Independent user Independent user Independent user Independent user