Universal Networking Language (UNL) by Pantha Kanti Nath (05IT6021) Under the Guidance of Prof. Debasis Samanta School of Information Technology Indian.

Universal Networking LanguageUniversal Networking Language(UNL)(UNL)

by

Pantha Kanti Nath

(05IT6021)

Under the Guidance ofUnder the Guidance of

Prof. Debasis SamantaProf. Debasis Samanta

School of Information TechnologySchool of Information Technology

Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.

Technical TermsTechnical Terms

UNL – Universal Networking UNL – Universal Networking Language Language IAS - Institute of Advanced Studies IAS - Institute of Advanced Studies UW – Universal WordsUW – Universal Words UNLKBUNLKB – – UNL Knowledge BaseUNL Knowledge Base UNLKCIC – UNL Key Concept in UNLKCIC – UNL Key Concept in ContextContext LSLS – – Language ServersLanguage Servers

ContentsContents

1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. Overview Of UNL SystemOverview Of UNL System

3.3. Mechanism of Conversion of UNL Mechanism of Conversion of UNL

4.4. System WorkingsSystem Workings

5.5. UNL ExpressionUNL Expression

6.6. UNL WordsUNL Words

7.7. RelationsRelations

8.8. Attribute LabelsAttribute Labels

9.9. Applications (Some Application of UNL)Applications (Some Application of UNL)

10.10. ConclusionConclusion

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What is UNL?What is UNL?

Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process information language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers. and knowledge across the language barriers.

It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication. natural languages in human communication.

It expresses information or knowledge in the form of It expresses information or knowledge in the form of semantic networks. semantic networks.

Unlike natural languages, UNL expressions are Unlike natural languages, UNL expressions are unambiguous. unambiguous.

Although the UNL is a language for computers, it has all the Although the UNL is a language for computers, it has all the components of a natural language.components of a natural language.

It is composed of UNL Expressions, Universal Words (UWs), It is composed of UNL Expressions, Universal Words (UWs), Relations, Attributes.Relations, Attributes.

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Overview Of UNL SystemOverview Of UNL System

It Consists OfIt Consists Of

Language Resources:Language Resources: UNLKB (Knowledge Base) – Linguistic Knowledge on concepts that UNLKB (Knowledge Base) – Linguistic Knowledge on concepts that

are common to every language.are common to every language.

Universal Word Dictionary, analysis and generation rules.Universal Word Dictionary, analysis and generation rules.

Language Servers:Language Servers: DeConverter - automatically deconverts UNL into native DeConverter - automatically deconverts UNL into native

languages. languages. EnConverters - automatically or interactively enconverts natural EnConverters - automatically or interactively enconverts natural

languages text into UNL. languages text into UNL.

Software tools: Software tools: UNL Editors - used to make UNL documents. UNL Editors - used to make UNL documents. UNL Explorers - used to view/manage UNL document by UNL Explorers - used to view/manage UNL document by

accessing UNL language servers, UNLKB & UNL Documents. accessing UNL language servers, UNLKB & UNL Documents.

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UNL Verifiers – verifies UNL expression for correctness. UNL Verifiers – verifies UNL expression for correctness. UNL Proxy servers – Provides communication with language UNL Proxy servers – Provides communication with language

servers.servers. Concept Definitions – Defines concepts in connection with Concept Definitions – Defines concepts in connection with

other concepts. other concepts. UNL Documents - the documents in which UNL expression is UNL Documents - the documents in which UNL expression is

described for each sentence of natural language.described for each sentence of natural language.

UNL SYSTEM

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Mechanism of Conversion of UNL Expressions Mechanism of Conversion of UNL Expressions ( Language Servers ) ( Language Servers )

Data Flow

Control Flow

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System WorkingsSystem Workings

People with access to the Internet can "enconvert" text People with access to the Internet can "enconvert" text written in their own language into UNL expressions using written in their own language into UNL expressions using UNL editor. And likewise, any UNL expressions can be UNL editor. And likewise, any UNL expressions can be "deconverted" into a variety of native languages using the "deconverted" into a variety of native languages using the UNL viewer (Explorer).UNL viewer (Explorer).

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System Workings Cont..System Workings Cont..

When developing home page in Arabic, the UNL Editor When developing home page in Arabic, the UNL Editor recognizes the contents as Arabic and sends a request to recognizes the contents as Arabic and sends a request to the Arabic Language Server to “EnConvert” the text. . Once the Arabic Language Server to “EnConvert” the text. . Once the Arabic text is “EnConverted” to UNL, the Arabic the Arabic text is “EnConverted” to UNL, the Arabic Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Editor.Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Editor.

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System Workings Cont..System Workings Cont..

Home page designer can now embed UNL into their pages.Home page designer can now embed UNL into their pages.

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System Workings Cont..System Workings Cont..

When Spanish read this page, the UNL Viewer recognizes When Spanish read this page, the UNL Viewer recognizes the contents as UNL and sends a request to the Spanish the contents as UNL and sends a request to the Spanish Language Server to “DeConvert” the UNL.Language Server to “DeConvert” the UNL.

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System Workings Cont..System Workings Cont..

Once UNL is “DeConverted” to Spanish, the Spanish Once UNL is “DeConverted” to Spanish, the Spanish Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Viewer.Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Viewer.

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System Workings Cont..System Workings Cont..

If UNL is embedded in a home page, it can be read in variety If UNL is embedded in a home page, it can be read in variety ofof

languages. languages.

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UNL ExpressionUNL Expression

John is reading a novel.John is reading a novel. UNL HypergraphUNL Hypergraph

read(icl>do)

John(iof>person) novel(icl>book)

@entry.@present.@progress

agt obj

UNL ExpressionUNL Expression

[UNL][UNL]agt(read(icl>do) agt(read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress, , John(iof>person))John(iof>person))obj(read(icl>do) obj(read(icl>do) @entry.@present.@progress, , novel(icl>book))novel(icl>book))[/UNL]

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Universal Words (UWs)Universal Words (UWs)

A UW represents simple or compound concepts. There are A UW represents simple or compound concepts. There are two classes of UWs:two classes of UWs: Labels defined to express unit concepts, called UWs Labels defined to express unit concepts, called UWs

(Universal Words) (Universal Words) compound structures of a set of binary relations grouped compound structures of a set of binary relations grouped

together ( indicated with Compound UW-Ids)together ( indicated with Compound UW-Ids) A UW is made up of a character string (an English-language A UW is made up of a character string (an English-language

word) followed by a list of constraints.word) followed by a list of constraints. <UW>::=<Head Word>[<Constraint List>]<UW>::=<Head Word>[<Constraint List>]

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Types of UWTypes of UW  

Basic UWsBasic UWs TheyThey are bare Head Words with no Constraint List. are bare Head Words with no Constraint List. TheyThey are character strings that correspond to an English are character strings that correspond to an English

word. word. A basic UW denotes all the concepts that may A basic UW denotes all the concepts that may

correspond to those in English.correspond to those in English. for example:for example:

gogo taketake househouse

Restricted UWsRestricted UWs They are Head Words with a Constraint List.They are Head Words with a Constraint List. Each Restricted UW represents a more specific concept, Each Restricted UW represents a more specific concept,

or subset of concepts. or subset of concepts.

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The Constraint List restricts the range of the concept The Constraint List restricts the range of the concept that a Basic UW represents.that a Basic UW represents.

for example:for example: state(icl>express)state(icl>express) state(icl>country)state(icl>country) state(icl>abstract thing)state(icl>abstract thing) state(icl>government)state(icl>government)

Extra UWsExtra UWs They are a special type of Restricted UW.They are a special type of Restricted UW. Extra UWs denote concepts that are not found in Extra UWs denote concepts that are not found in

English.English. Foreign-language words are used as Head Words using Foreign-language words are used as Head Words using

English (Alphabetical) characters.English (Alphabetical) characters. for example:for example: ikebana (icl>flower arrangement)ikebana (icl>flower arrangement) kathak (icl>dance)kathak (icl>dance)

Types of UW Types of UW continued..continued..

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ConstraintsConstraints

Some examplesSome examples

UW ‘drink(agt>thing,obj>thing)’UW ‘drink(agt>thing,obj>thing)’

denotes the subset of these concepts that include “putting denotes the subset of these concepts that include “putting liquid liquid

in the mouth”, which in turn corresponds to verbs (drink, in the mouth”, which in turn corresponds to verbs (drink, gulp and gulp and

slurp) slurp)

UW ‘provide(icl>give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing))’UW ‘provide(icl>give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing))’

Is defined as a subset concept ofIs defined as a subset concept of

‘ ‘give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing)’give(agt>thing,gol>thing,obj>thing)’

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A relation label is represented as strings of 3 characters A relation label is represented as strings of 3 characters or less.or less.

The relations between UWs are binary.The relations between UWs are binary. rel (UW1, UW2)rel (UW1, UW2)

They have different labels according to the different They have different labels according to the different roles they play. roles they play.

At present, there are 41 relations in UNLAt present, there are 41 relations in UNL For example, For example, agt (agent), ins (instrument), pur agt (agent), ins (instrument), pur

(purpose), etc.(purpose), etc.

RelationsRelations

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Attribute LabelsAttribute Labels

Attribute labels express additional information about the Attribute labels express additional information about the Universal Words that appear in a sentence.Universal Words that appear in a sentence.

They show what is said from the speaker’s point of view; how They show what is said from the speaker’s point of view; how the speaker views what is said. (time, reference, emphasis, the speaker views what is said. (time, reference, emphasis, attitude, etc)attitude, etc)

@entry (main UW of a sentence or a scope) , @present, @entry (main UW of a sentence or a scope) , @present, @progressive, @topic, etc.@progressive, @topic, etc.

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The boy who works here went to schoolThe boy who works here went to school

plt

agt

@ entry @ past

school(icl>institution)

go(icl>move)

boy(icl>person)

work(icl>do)

here

@ entry

agt

plc

:01

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The boy who works here went to schoolThe boy who works here went to school

UNL expression:UNL expression:

{UNL}{UNL}

agt(go(icl>move).@entry.@past, :01)agt(go(icl>move).@entry.@past, :01)

plt(go(icl>occur).@entry.@past, school(icl>institution))plt(go(icl>occur).@entry.@past, school(icl>institution))

agt:01(work(icl>do), boy(icl>person.@entry))agt:01(work(icl>do), boy(icl>person.@entry))

plc:01(work(icl>do),here)plc:01(work(icl>do),here)

{/UNL}{/UNL}

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Some UNL ApplicationSome UNL Application

Multilingual Search Engines Multilingual Search Engines

Agro Explorer – a project undertaken in Media Labs Asia Group, IIT Agro Explorer – a project undertaken in Media Labs Asia Group, IIT Bombay. Its goal is to create a meaning based search engine that Bombay. Its goal is to create a meaning based search engine that will allow farmers to query and receive information on agriculture will allow farmers to query and receive information on agriculture in there mother tongue.in there mother tongue.

The UNL may become a powerful instrument to promote The UNL may become a powerful instrument to promote networking around the world (thus alleviating the isolation of networking around the world (thus alleviating the isolation of scholars in developing countries). scholars in developing countries).

For the UN in general, for UNESCO and other multilateral For the UN in general, for UNESCO and other multilateral organizations, it has enormous potential as a tool to foster organizations, it has enormous potential as a tool to foster dialogue among nations and for the promotion of peace, culture, dialogue among nations and for the promotion of peace, culture, cooperation and development.cooperation and development.

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ReferencesReferences http://http://www.unu.eduwww.unu.edu//

United Nations UniversityUnited Nations University http://www.ias.unu.edu/http://www.ias.unu.edu/

United Nations University, Institute of Advanced StudiesUnited Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/

Universal Networking Language ProgrammeUniversal Networking Language Programme http://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/publications/gm/index.htmhttp://www.unl.ias.unu.edu/publications/gm/index.htm

Book of Universal Networking LanguageBook of Universal Networking Language http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-specs.htmlhttp://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-specs.html

Official UNL Specification (unicode version)Official UNL Specification (unicode version) http://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-iai.htmlhttp://www.iai.uni-sb.de/UNL/unl-iai.html

German UNL HomepageGerman UNL Homepage http://unl.ilc.pi.cnr.it/http://unl.ilc.pi.cnr.it/

Italian UNL HomepageItalian UNL Homepage http://www.vai.dia.fi.upm.es/projects/unl_in.htmlhttp://www.vai.dia.fi.upm.es/projects/unl_in.html

Spanish UNL HomepageSpanish UNL Homepage http://www.links.nectec.or.th/unl/UnuWeb/UNLP_Homepage.htmhttp://www.links.nectec.or.th/unl/UnuWeb/UNLP_Homepage.htm

Thai UNL HomepageThai UNL Homepage http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/http://www.unl.rss.gov.jo/

Arabic UNL HomepageArabic UNL Homepage http://www.ailab.lv/unl.htmhttp://www.ailab.lv/unl.htm

Latvian UNL HomepageLatvian UNL Homepage http://www.it.iitb.ac/ it632, 2005. http://www.it.iitb.ac/ it632, 2005.

Pushpak Bhattacharyya. Language Technology for the Web. Pushpak Bhattacharyya. Language Technology for the Web. http://www.iitb.ac.inhttp://www.iitb.ac.in Anupama Dutta. Anupama Dutta. Multilingual and meaning based search engines. Indian Multilingual and meaning based search engines. Indian

Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, November 2003.Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, November 2003.

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agt (agent)agt (agent)

agtagt defines a thing that initiates an action. defines a thing that initiates an action. An agent is defined as the relation between:An agent is defined as the relation between:

UW1 - do, andUW1 - do, and

UW2 - a thingUW2 - a thing where:where:

UW2 initiates UW1, orUW2 initiates UW1, or UW2 is thought of as having a direct role in making UW1 UW2 is thought of as having a direct role in making UW1

happen.happen.

agt (do, thing)agt (do, thing)

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Plc (place)Plc (place)

PlcPlc defines a place where an event occurs, or a defines a place where an event occurs, or a state that is true, or a thing that exists.state that is true, or a thing that exists.

A place is defined as the relation between:A place is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event, state, or thing, andUW1 – an event, state, or thing, and UW2 – a place or thing understood as a place.UW2 – a place or thing understood as a place.

plc (occur, thing)plc (occur, thing) plc (do, thing)plc (do, thing) plc (be, thing)plc (be, thing) plc (uw(aoj>thing), thing)plc (uw(aoj>thing), thing) plc (thing, thing)plc (thing, thing)

2727

Plt(final place)Plt(final place)

PltPlt defines a place where an event ends or a defines a place where an event ends or a state that becomes false.state that becomes false.

A final place is defined as the relation between:A final place is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event or state, andUW1 – an event or state, and UW2 – a place or thing defining a place, where:UW2 – a place or thing defining a place, where:

UW2 is the specific place where UW1 ended, orUW2 is the specific place where UW1 ended, or UW2 is the specific place where UW2 becomes false.UW2 is the specific place where UW2 becomes false.

   plt (occur, thing)plt (occur, thing) plt (do, thing)plt (do, thing) plt (uw(aoj>thing), thing)plt (uw(aoj>thing), thing)  

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Gol(final state)Gol(final state)

GolGol defines a final state of object or a thing defines a final state of object or a thing finally associated with the object of an event.finally associated with the object of an event.

A final state is defined as the relation between:A final state is defined as the relation between: UW1 – an event, andUW1 – an event, and UW2 – a state or thing, where:UW2 – a state or thing, where:

UW2 is the specific state describing the UW2 is the specific state describing the obj obj (of UW1) at the (of UW1) at the end of UW1, orend of UW1, or

UW2 is a thing that is associated with the UW2 is a thing that is associated with the obj obj (of UW1) and (of UW1) and the end of UW1.the end of UW1.

gol (occur(gol>thing), thing)gol (occur(gol>thing), thing) gol (do(gol>thing), thing)gol (do(gol>thing), thing)

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THE ENDTHE END

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Some ExamplesSome Examples

He liked the sweetness of the creamHe liked the sweetness of the cream

{unl}{unl}

obj(like:03.@entry.@past,obj(like:03.@entry.@past,sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def)sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def)

agt(like:03.@entry.@past,agt(like:03.@entry.@past, he:00)he:00)

mod(sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def,mod(sweetness(icl>taste):0D.@def,cream(icl>class):0U.@def)cream(icl>class):0U.@def)

{/unl}{/unl}

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He needs a lot of encouragementHe needs a lot of encouragement{unl}{unl}obj(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@preseobj(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@prese

nt,nt, encouragement(icl>aid):0I)encouragement(icl>aid):0I)agt(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@preseagt(need(icl>necessitate):03.@entry.@past.@prese

nt,nt, he:00)he:00)qua(encouragement(icl>aid):0I,qua(encouragement(icl>aid):0I,

lot(icl>quantity):0B.@indef)lot(icl>quantity):0B.@indef){/unl}{/unl}

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He is a kind of missionaryHe is a kind of missionary

{unl}{unl}

aoj(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present,aoj(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present,he:00)he:00)

mod(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present,mod(missionary(icl>teacher):0G.@entry.@present,kind(icl>-):08.@indef)kind(icl>-):08.@indef)

{/unl}{/unl}

3333

He rejected the claims of mismanagementHe rejected the claims of mismanagement

{unl}{unl}

obj(reject(icl>judge{>be}obj(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@entry.@past,(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@entry.@past,claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl)claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl)

agt(reject(icl>judge{>be}agt(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@entry.@past,(aoj>thing{,obj>thing})):03.@entry.@past,he:00)he:00)

mod(claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl,mod(claim(icl>title):0G.@def.@pl,mismanagement(icl>act):0Q)mismanagement(icl>act):0Q)

{/unl}{/unl}

3434

He took a sip of wine.He took a sip of wine.

{unl}{unl}

obj(take(icl>act{>do}obj(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03.@entry.@pa(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03.@entry.@past,st, wine(icl>drink):0H)wine(icl>drink):0H)

agt(take(icl>act{>do}agt(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03.@entry.@pa(agt>thing,gol>place,src>place)):03.@entry.@past,st, he:00)he:00)

qua(wine(icl>drink):0H,qua(wine(icl>drink):0H,sip(icl>quantity):0A.@indef)sip(icl>quantity):0A.@indef)

{/unl}{/unl}

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He was director of the AcademyHe was director of the Academy

{unl}{unl}

aoj(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past,aoj(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past,he:00)he:00)

mod(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past,mod(director(icl>administrator):07.@entry.@past,academy(icl>school):0N.@def)academy(icl>school):0N.@def)

{/unl}{/unl}