United Nations Americans, p. 603; Alive!, p. 481 1945 Post-Pearl Harbor 50 nations originally, 193 of 195-6 belong today UDHR: 4 Essential Freedoms speech.

United NationsAmericans, p. 603; Alive!, p. 481

• 1945• Post-Pearl Harbor • 50 nations originally, 193

of 195-6 belong today• UDHR: 4 Essential Freedomsspeech

& expression, worship, from fear & want • peacekeeping

United Nations (UN) was the international peacekeeping organization to promote peace and economic development.

Super PowersAmericans, p. 602-603; 607 Alive!, p. 494• US & USSR• democracy & capitalism

versus communism• hegemonyinfluence• global competition:

space race, military (nukes!), allied nations• control

Cold War = political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1945 to 1990. It was a conflict between the Soviet Union and the U.S. without weapons being fired.

Iron CurtainAmericans, p. 605; Alive! 496-97

• barrier in Europe• communist “East”• capitalist &

democratic “West”• Former British Prime

Minister Winston Churchill • Berlin Wall marks

formal division

Iron curtain was a term first used by Winston Churchill to describe the line that separates communism from democracy.

satellite nationsAmericans, p.605; Alive!, p. 505

• communism• Eastern

Europe• USSR (Stalin)• Iron Curtain• containment

Satellite Nations Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Poland. Stalin took control and forced communist rule.

containmentAmericans, p. 605;737 ; Alive!, p. 494; 497, 508, 511• restriction of

communism• anti-expansion• Iron Curtain • US Diplomat in USSR George Kennan• Implemented by

President Harry S. Truman

Containment blocks other countries efforts to spread its influence of their type of government.

Truman and his DoctrineAmericans, p. 606; Alive!, p. 498 & 501

• military & economic aid• president’s policy• Turkey & Greece ($400 mil.)• containment of communism• pro-democracy

Truman Doctrine Economic and military aid to nations trying to avoid the threat of the spread of communism.

George Marshall & his PlanAmericans, p. 606; Alive!, p. 468; 499-500• Funds to rebuild

Post-WW II Europe• European

Recovery Act• hope & stability• Pro-democracy

(anti-communism)• Secretary of State,

WW II General

Marshall PlanEconomic aid provided by the U.S. to help rebuild nations after the war & contain communism (1947). Provided help from poverty, chaos, and desperation.

Post-WW II GermanyAmericans, p. 607; 677; Alive!, p. 504• aftermath = East

(communist) split from West (free)

• Allied occupation zones

• Berlin Blockade by USSR (June 1948)

• Berlin Airlift (June 1948-May 1949)

• Berlin Wall (1961-1989)

• Reunified into one Germany (1990)

Berlin Airlift Berlin divided between Allies and the Soviets. Americans airlifted food and supplies until Stalin got rid of the blockade.

NATOAmericans, p. 608; 624; Alive!, p.505

• defensive alliance• collective security against

possible Soviet attack• signed by 12 democratic

nations (1949)• Ended isolationism for US

(28 members today)• By 1955500, 000 troops,

plus thousands of planes, tanks, etc. in Europe

• Countered by Warsaw Pact

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Military support to all members if attacked. Started for the fear of Soviet aggression.

Warsaw PactAmericans, p. 624; Alive!, p. 505

• communist alliance (1955)• security agreement• united against NATO • West Germany rearmed &

joined NATO• USSR, plus 7 Eastern

European countries• Dissolved in 1991collapse

of the Soviet Union

Warsaw Pact-A pact between the Soviet Union and their satellite countries for military purposes

China’s Civil WarAmericans, p. 609-610 ; Alive!, p. 507-508 • China experienced a

revolution• NationalistsChiang-

Kai Shek (center) supported by US

• CommunistsMao Zedong (right) & Red Army supported by the Soviets

• People’s Republic of China (communists win in 1949)

• Taiwan (Republic of China) democratic/capitalist

Chiang Kai-Shek was a Nationalist ruled in southern and eastern China. Got aid from the U.S. Moved to Taiwan.Mao Zedong was the communist leader of Northern China. Financial aid from the Soviets. Peoples Republic of China.

Korean WarAmericans, p. 609-615; Alive!, p. 508-509

• Communists tried to reunify peninsula (June 25, 1950)

• United Nations intervenes (90% American forces)

• stalemate results in demilitarized zone (to present)

• truce line (38th parallel)

General MacArthur American troops led by MacArthur launched a counterattack taking back the 38th parallel. MacArthur wanted a war against China and Truman disagreed. He was fired.

blacklistAmericans, p. 618; Alive!, p.521

• 500 actors, writers, producers, & directors

• suspected communists & communist sympathizers

• fear & paranoia• Hollywood Ten• tarnished reputations• lost job opportunities

Blacklist It happened when 500 people in the movie industry were suspected of being under communist influence. They weren’t allowed to work.Hollywood Ten were witnesses called to testify, but they refused to cooperate regarding possible communist influence in the movie industry. Those witnesses were put in prison.

HUAC & McCarthyismAmericans, p.620; Alive!, p. 522

• unsubstantiated attacks• anti-communist

investigations• suspected communist

sympathizers • infiltration • propaganda• Senator Joseph McCarthy

(R-Wisconsin)• House Un-American

Activities Committee• Congressional hearings• loyalty oaths• Produced “flimsy evidence”• unconstitutional

McCarthyism-People who were suspected of being communists although there was little or no evidence to support claims.House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) a committee that investigated communism in the movie industry.

Brinkmanship, H-Bomb, MADAmericans, p. 623 ; Alive!, p. 515

• push to the edge • “all-out-war”• powerful thermonuclear

weapons for US (1952) & USSR (1953)

• Hydrogen bomb = 1 million tons of TNT…67 times the power of A-bomb dropped on Hiroshima

• Mutually Assured Destruction

• world destruction threatened

• air raid drills & fallout shelters

Brinkmanship when a country threatens another country with massive military aggression. “Going to the brink of war”H-Bomb was more powerful than the atomic bomb. Race with the soviets to see who could develop the H-bomb first. By 1953 both had the bomb.By 1963 a hot line linked the White House to the Kremlin so that communication in a crisis could be made easier.

CIAAmericans, p. 623-624; 626; 674 Alive!, p. 498; 511-513• Central Intelligence Agency• Formed under Truman’s National Security Act

(1947)• international organization• covert (spy) operations• anti-USSR (pro-US interests)• overthrow unfriendly or leftist (communist)

governments• Iran, Guatemala, Dominican Republic• secret cameras, spy planes (U-2), satellite

technology• Eisenhower relied heavily on

reportsauthorized training of Cuban exiles (1960)

• Kennedy authorized Bay of Pigs invasion (April 17, 1961)

• 1,300-1,500 exiles attacked in a botched effort (ineffective airstrikes & strategies)

• Cuba under Fidel Castro had 25,000 soldiers and Soviet tanks and jets

• embarrassing & costly episode ($53 million ransom in food & medical supplies for release of commandos)

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gathered information about the enemies of the U.S. CIA gave millions of dollars to the Shah of Iran to return to his country so that the Soviets would not gain control of the oil fields. The Shah returned and gave control of fields to western companies.

Nikita KhruschevAmericans, p.626; Alive!, p. 630;632-633

• Soviet leader (Premier) from 1958 to 1964

• Responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the USSR (denounced Stalin's dictatorial rule & cult of personality)

• Helped make progress in early Soviet space program & liberalized Soviet domestic policy

Nikita Khruschev Leader of the soviet Union who believed that communism and democracy could coexist.

Space RaceAmericans, p. 626 ; Alive!, p. 629

• competition for international prestige (USSR vs. USA)

• Sputnik (October 4, 1957) was 1st artificial satellite

• US had “flopnik” & “kaputnik” at first

• 1st satellite success on January 31, 1958

• NASA: National Aeronautics & Space Administration (1958-Eisenhower)

• 1st cosmonaut in space (April 12, 1961) was Yuri Gagarin

• Alan Sheppard was first US astronaut in space (May 5, 1961-Freedom 7)

• Neil Armstrong was 1st man on the moon (July 20, 1969)

Space Race world’s first satellite was sent into space by the Soviets. A year later the U.S. launched its first satellite.

U-2 incidentAmericans, p. 627; Alive!, p. 502-502;511• US spy plane• Soviets shoot it down (May

1, 1960)• Francis Gary Powers (US

pilot) captured in Soviet territory

• Nikita Khruschev (USSR) demanded US apology

• Eisenhower refused• US-USSR summit cancelled• great tension between the

superpowers

U-2 American spy plane shot down in Soviet territory. Caused more tension between Soviet and U.S.

JFK & the Cuban Missile CrisisAmericans, p.674-676; Alive!, p. 632-633

• Soviets built missile launch sites on Cuba (1962)

• US president Kennedy calls for quarantine (blockade) of island

• Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev sent more ships to Cuba

• Grave nuclear danger for “14 days” in October 1962

• JFK relied on 12 most trusted advisors (ExCom = Executive Committee for National Security)

• Nikita Khruschev “blinked” and agreed to remove missiles (US pledged NOT to invade Cuba)

Cuban Missile Crisis US-Soviet confrontation of missile launch sites discovered by the US in communist Cuba in 1962. It was the closest the Cold War ever came to nuclear war.