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Computer Networks

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A computer network is defined as theinterconnection of 2 or more independent computersor/and peripherals.

Computer Network

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Network

Source Destination

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Need of Networks

Communicate and collaborate Share information

Share resources

Sharing computer files and disk space

Sharing high-quality printers

Access to common fax machines

Access to common modems

Multiple access to the Internet

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1. Local Area Networks (LANs) - a computernetwork covering a small geographic area, likea home, office, or group of buildings. Typicallywithin 5-mile radius.

2. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)- arelarge computer networks usually spanning acity. (within 30 miles)

3. Wide-Area Networks (WANs) - any network

whose communications links crossmetropolitan, regional, or national boundaries.

Classification of Networks

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The way in which the computers areinterconnected together is known asTOPOLOGY.

Network Topology

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Types of topologies

Physical topology

Logical topology

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Types of physical topologies

Bus/Linear

Star

Ring Tree

Mesh

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Linear or bus topology

Consists of a main cable, known asbackbone cable, with a terminator ateach end .

All nodes (file server, workstations,and peripherals) are connected to thecable.

Ethernetand LocalTalknetworks usebus topology.

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Advantages of Bus Topology

Easy to connect a computer or peripheralto a linear bus.

Requires less cable length.

Easy to extend.

If one node of the N/W is faulty, the N/W

can still remain working.

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Entire network shuts down if there is abreak in the main cable.

Terminators are required at both ends ofthe backbone cable.

Difficult to identify the problem if the entirenetwork shuts down.

Not meant to be used as a stand-alonesolution in a large building.

Disadvantages of BusTopology

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Star topology

A star topology is designed with each node (fileserver, workstations, and peripherals) connecteddirectly to a central network hub.

Data on a star network passes through the hubbefore continuing to its destination.

The hub manages and controls all functions ofthe network.

It also acts as a repeater for the data flow.

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Easy to install.

No disruptions to the network other thanconnecting or removing devices.

Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

Advantages of StarTopology

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Requires more cable length than a bustopology.

If the hub fails, nodes attached aredisabled.

More expensive than bus topologybecause of the cost of the hub.

Disadvantages of StarTopology

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Di d t f T

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Disadvantages of TreeTopology

Overall length of each segment is limitedby the type of cabling used.

If the backbone line breaks, the entiresegment goes down.

More difficult to configure than othertopologies.

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Ring topology

Is a type of computer network configurationwhere each network computer and device areconnect to each other forming A large circle.

Data is divided into packets when transmitted. Packet is sent around the ring until it reaches

its final destination.

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Advantages of ringtopology

Requires lesser amount of cable and there arenot much of installation problems

All stations have equal access
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Disadvantages of ringtopology

Failure of one computer may impact others

Data transfer is slow
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Mesh topology

It requires that every terminal should beattached to each other.

All the computers must have adequate

number of interfaces for the connections tobe made.

Because of this requirement the

installations is somewhat difficult. The length of cable required is quite higher

as compared to other topologies.
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Advantages of meshtopology

Ease of troubleshooting.

Data transfer is faster.

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Disadvantages of meshtopology

uses a lot of cabling.

Complex

Most expensive topology

Considerations When
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Considerations When

Choosing a Topology

Money. A linear bus network may be the leastexpensive way to install a network; you do nothave to purchase concentrators.

Length of cable needed. The linear bus

network uses shorter lengths of cable. Future growth. With a star topology, expanding

a network is easily done by adding anotherconcentrator.

Cable type. The most common cable in schoolsis unshielded twisted pair, which is most oftenused with star topologies.
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Two types of transmission technologies arethere:

1. Broadcast Network

Single communication channel is shared by allthe machines in the network.

Transmission Technology
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2. Point to Point Network

Data is routed directly from source machine todestination machine directly.

Transmission Technology

Dedicated link

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Routing

When data is to be transmitted between tworemote machines using intermediate machines,certain routing techniques have to be applied.

The intermediate machines may be:1. Gateway

2. Hub

3. Router4. Repeater

5. Bridge
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Hub

A common connection point for devices in anetwork.

Hubs are commonly used to connectsegments of a LAN.

A hub contains multiple ports.

When a packet arrives at one port, it is

copied to the other ports so that allsegments of the LAN can see all packets
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Router

A router is a device that forwards data packetsalong networks.

A router is connected to at least two networks.

Routers are located at gateways.

Routers use headers and forwarding tables todetermine the best path for forwarding thepackets.

They use protocols to communicate with eachother and configure the best route between anytwo hosts.
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Switch

In networks, a device that filters andforwards packets between LAN segments.

LANs that use switches to join segments arecalled switched LANs.
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Repeater

Repeaters are used in transmission systemsto regenerate signals distorted bytransmission loss.

Analog repeaters frequently can only amplifythe signal while digital repeaters canreconstruct a signal to near its originalquality.
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Network Protocols

Acommunication protocol is a set of rulesthat specify the format and meaning ofmessages exchanged between computersacross a network.

A set of related protocols that are designedfor compatibility are called protocol suite.

H d C t

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Human and ComputerProtocols

Hi

Hi

Got thetime?

2:00

time

Human Protocol Computer Protocol

Web client

Web server

open

connection

OK

send me data
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Protocol Architecture

Task of communication broken up into modules For example file transfer could use three

modules

File transfer application Communication service module

Network access module
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Layers

Layers are the different components thatneed to be designed/implemented whendesigning/implementing networks.

Each layer responsible for a set offunctions.

Top layer relies on services provided by

bottom layer.

Layer makes it service available to higherlayer through an interface.
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Layering

Building complex systems is hard!

Approach: Divide and conquer.

Split job into smaller jobs, or layers.

Analogy to other fields. Building a house: digging, foundation, framing, etc.

Car assembly line

Basic idea: each step dependent on the previousstep but does not need to be aware of how theprevious step was done.

A l Ai T l
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Analogy: Air Travel

The problem: air travel. Decomposed into series of steps:

Arrival at airport

Check-in

Boarding

Takeoff

Departure from airport

Baggage claim

Deplane

Landing

Traveling

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More on the air travel analogy

Arrival

Check-in

Boarding

Takeoff

D

epartinga

irport

Departure

Baggage claim

Deplane

Landing

Arrivinga

irport

Traveling

intermediate air traffic sites

Airplane routing Airplane routing
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