Unit XIV: Drifting Towards Civil War. Long term causes of Civil War: (5) 1. Westward expansion 2. Economics 3. Tariffs 4. Interpretation of constitution.

Unit XIV: Drifting Towards Unit XIV: Drifting Towards Civil WarCivil War

Long term causes of Civil War: (5)Long term causes of Civil War: (5)

1.1. Westward expansion Westward expansion

2.2. Economics Economics

3.3. Tariffs Tariffs

4.4. Interpretation of constitutionInterpretation of constitution

5.5. Return of fugitive slaves Return of fugitive slaves

Once the acquisition of the Once the acquisition of the Mexican territory had taken Mexican territory had taken place Polk had simply wanted to place Polk had simply wanted to extend the Missouri extend the Missouri Compromise west to the Pacific Compromise west to the Pacific Ocean. Northerners though Ocean. Northerners though fearful of the "slavocracy" were fearful of the "slavocracy" were against this. against this.

David Wilmot of Pennsylvania David Wilmot of Pennsylvania introduced an amendment in August introduced an amendment in August of 1846 calling for the ban of slavery of 1846 calling for the ban of slavery in all territory gained from Mexico. in all territory gained from Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso twice passed the The Wilmot Proviso twice passed the House but never the Senate. House but never the Senate.

The North argued that Congress had The North argued that Congress had the right to ban slavery wherever its the right to ban slavery wherever its jurisdiction extended (freedom was jurisdiction extended (freedom was national not sectional).national not sectional).

The South countered with the The South countered with the argument that Congress did not argument that Congress did not have any right to prohibit slavery have any right to prohibit slavery in the territories and once in the territories and once established had a duty to protect established had a duty to protect it due to the 5th amendment. it due to the 5th amendment.

In the election of 1848 both political In the election of 1848 both political parties attempted to avoid the issue parties attempted to avoid the issue of slavery. The Democrats chose of slavery. The Democrats chose Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan, who had developed the concept of who had developed the concept of popular sovereignty and favored popular sovereignty and favored the south.the south.

Popular sovereignty would allow the Popular sovereignty would allow the people of a territory under the people of a territory under the principles of the Constitution to principles of the Constitution to determine slavery in a state. determine slavery in a state.

The party itself did not publicly The party itself did not publicly support his position. support his position.

The Whigs nominated Gen. The Whigs nominated Gen. Zachary Taylor who was a slave Zachary Taylor who was a slave owner and war hero. His Vice owner and war hero. His Vice Presidential candidate was Presidential candidate was Millard Fillmore of New York. Millard Fillmore of New York.

A third party, made up of northern A third party, made up of northern Democrats and Whigs, emerged Democrats and Whigs, emerged willing to discuss slavery on its willing to discuss slavery on its platform; the Free-Soil Party was platform; the Free-Soil Party was organized and nominated Van Buren. organized and nominated Van Buren. They organized around the slogan of They organized around the slogan of "Free soil, free speech, free labor, "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men." Taylor won the and free men." Taylor won the election largely through winning the election largely through winning the state of New York. state of New York.

Taylor was content to keep slavery Taylor was content to keep slavery issues on the back burner, in 1848 issues on the back burner, in 1848 it was brought directly to the it was brought directly to the forefront of politics. forefront of politics.

The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California caused the rush of in California caused the rush of thousands onto the Great Plains and thousands onto the Great Plains and into California. These miners were into California. These miners were against slavery fearing it slaves against slavery fearing it slaves would take their jobs.would take their jobs.

Most of the people never made a Most of the people never made a dime but settled California very dime but settled California very quickly. quickly.

As the population grew the citizens As the population grew the citizens drafted a constitution excluding drafted a constitution excluding slavery and then applied to Congress slavery and then applied to Congress for statehood. This would bypass the for statehood. This would bypass the territorial stage keeping southerners territorial stage keeping southerners from having a chance to establish from having a chance to establish slavery. Southerners were outraged slavery. Southerners were outraged because the balance of states would because the balance of states would be upset. be upset.

There were other issues that were There were other issues that were threatening to split the Union:threatening to split the Union:

1.1. Texans were claiming a large part of Texans were claiming a large part of the New Mexico territory, which had the New Mexico territory, which had applied as a non slave state. applied as a non slave state.

2.2. Northerners wanted to abolish Northerners wanted to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, slavery in the District of Columbia, which angered slaveholders. which angered slaveholders.

3.3. Southerners wanted a stringent Southerners wanted a stringent fugitive slave law because of the fugitive slave law because of the Underground Railroad. Underground Railroad.

With the Union on the brink of With the Union on the brink of secession Henry Clay, now 73 once secession Henry Clay, now 73 once again directed a compromise. Clay again directed a compromise. Clay was joined by Calhoun and Webster was joined by Calhoun and Webster who argue for the passage of the bill who argue for the passage of the bill to ensure unity of the country.to ensure unity of the country.

In July Congress defeats the In July Congress defeats the proposal, by this time though proposal, by this time though Calhoun is dead, Clay has gone Calhoun is dead, Clay has gone home and Webster has taken a home and Webster has taken a executive cabinet position. executive cabinet position.

Stephen Douglas argued for Stephen Douglas argued for compromise to promote his personal compromise to promote his personal goals while Jefferson Davis of goals while Jefferson Davis of Mississippi saw economics rather Mississippi saw economics rather than slavery as the main issue. The than slavery as the main issue. The Third Senator was William Seward Third Senator was William Seward N.Y who argued that the destruction N.Y who argued that the destruction of slavery was the main goal of the of slavery was the main goal of the Union regardless of how.Union regardless of how.

Clay’s Omnibus Bill was split into Clay’s Omnibus Bill was split into five parts each passed five parts each passed separately, following the death of separately, following the death of President Taylor on July 9th who President Taylor on July 9th who had been against the Omnibus had been against the Omnibus Bill, which became known as the Bill, which became known as the Compromise of 1850. Compromise of 1850.

1.1. California would enter as a free California would enter as a free state, Texas had entered as a state, Texas had entered as a slave state months before.slave state months before.

2.2. Texas would give up its claims to Texas would give up its claims to the New Mexico territory for $10 the New Mexico territory for $10 million and the New Mexico and million and the New Mexico and Utah territories would be open Utah territories would be open to popular sovereignty. to popular sovereignty.

3.3. The slave trade was abolished in The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia but not the District of Columbia but not slavery itself.slavery itself.

4.4. A strong fugitive slave law was A strong fugitive slave law was passed, denying fleeing slaves to passed, denying fleeing slaves to jury trials and they could not jury trials and they could not testify on their own behalf. If testify on their own behalf. If they were convicted of being a they were convicted of being a runaway the judge would receive runaway the judge would receive $10 and $5 if not. Northerners $10 and $5 if not. Northerners were horrified and anti-slavery were horrified and anti-slavery groups swelled in membership. groups swelled in membership.

The Underground Railroad became The Underground Railroad became packed with slaves being led out by packed with slaves being led out by abolitionists. Northern states passed abolitionists. Northern states passed laws keeping federal officials from laws keeping federal officials from use local jails to house runaways. use local jails to house runaways. Southerners were angered because Southerners were angered because northern states would not return northern states would not return slaves. slaves.

In the 1852 Presidential election the In the 1852 Presidential election the Democrats nominated Franklin Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce, who frankly no one knew Pierce, who frankly no one knew anything about; he was a pro-anything about; he was a pro-southern northerner and was a major southern northerner and was a major supporter of the Compromise, supporter of the Compromise, including the Fugitive Slave Law.including the Fugitive Slave Law.

His Whig opponent was Winfield His Whig opponent was Winfield Scott. The Whig party though was Scott. The Whig party though was split on the choice and many of its split on the choice and many of its greatest figures had died. greatest figures had died.

The Whig party would be gone within The Whig party would be gone within a few years. a few years.

A strong third party the Free Soil A strong third party the Free Soil Party was created by northern Whigs Party was created by northern Whigs and Democrats who opposed the and Democrats who opposed the expansion of slavery arguing that it expansion of slavery arguing that it was dangerous to whites. As slavery was dangerous to whites. As slavery kept the aristocracy in control of the kept the aristocracy in control of the South preventing common whites South preventing common whites from owning property and preventing from owning property and preventing them from advancement. them from advancement.

Pierce was an expansionist as was Pierce was an expansionist as was his cabinet. They created a “Young his cabinet. They created a “Young America” argument that favored the America” argument that favored the expansion of America. They had expansion of America. They had visions of a canal built in Latin visions of a canal built in Latin America because of the gold rush America because of the gold rush and to the Caribbean Islands, Cuba in and to the Caribbean Islands, Cuba in particular. particular.

In 1850 the U.S and Britain signed In 1850 the U.S and Britain signed the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty stipulating the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty stipulating that neither would fortify nor take that neither would fortify nor take complete control over a canal.complete control over a canal.

Ninety miles of the coast of Ninety miles of the coast of Florida lay Cuba, which Florida lay Cuba, which southerners took great interest southerners took great interest in. America had offered Spain in. America had offered Spain $100 million for the island but $100 million for the island but was rejected. was rejected.

In secret meetings in Ostend, In secret meetings in Ostend, Belgium the American ambassadors Belgium the American ambassadors to Spain, England and France drew to Spain, England and France drew up at a manifesto urging the up at a manifesto urging the President to offer $120 million for President to offer $120 million for Spain. If they refused to sell Cuba Spain. If they refused to sell Cuba the U.S would be justified in taking the U.S would be justified in taking it. Northerners were outraged and it. Northerners were outraged and Pierce was forced to drop his ideas Pierce was forced to drop his ideas of taking Cuba. of taking Cuba.

With the concept of manifest destiny With the concept of manifest destiny fulfilled by the Mexican-American fulfilled by the Mexican-American War the U.S had to deal with the War the U.S had to deal with the problem of transportation to the problem of transportation to the pacific coast. pacific coast.

The only feasible idea was to The only feasible idea was to construct a transcontinental railroad. construct a transcontinental railroad. Cost estimates for the project were Cost estimates for the project were extremely high and companies extremely high and companies decided there could only be one line decided there could only be one line but would the line be built in the but would the line be built in the north or the south. north or the south.

The area in which the line would The area in which the line would be built would receive great be built would receive great financial rewards. The best route financial rewards. The best route was in the south because of the was in the south because of the flatter terrain. flatter terrain.

To get across the Rocky Mountains To get across the Rocky Mountains the best route was just south of the the best route was just south of the Mexican border. In 1853 James Mexican border. In 1853 James Gadsen negotiated a deal with Gen. Gadsen negotiated a deal with Gen. Santa Anna to buy the area in Santa Anna to buy the area in present day Arizona for $10 million. present day Arizona for $10 million.

Southern railroad companies also Southern railroad companies also argued that the route was safer argued that the route was safer because New Mexico was an because New Mexico was an established territory with federal established territory with federal troops. troops.

This made the northern This made the northern companies feel if an organized companies feel if an organized territory would get them the territory would get them the railroad then Nebraska should be railroad then Nebraska should be an organized territory. Efforts to an organized territory. Efforts to organize the territory were met organize the territory were met with bitter hostility by southern with bitter hostility by southern legislators. legislators.

Stephen Douglas in 1854 proposed Stephen Douglas in 1854 proposed legislation to organize the territory legislation to organize the territory and benefit himself and Illinois as and benefit himself and Illinois as well. Douglas wanted to organize the well. Douglas wanted to organize the Nebraska territory to build the Nebraska territory to build the railroad through it because he owned railroad through it because he owned railroad stack and Chicago would be railroad stack and Chicago would be the eastern terminal for the the eastern terminal for the proposed railroad. proposed railroad.

He proposed splitting the He proposed splitting the Nebraska territory into the Nebraska territory into the Nebraska territory and the Nebraska territory and the Kansas territory. Popular Kansas territory. Popular sovereignty would decide sovereignty would decide whether the territories would be whether the territories would be free or slave. He felt that Kansas free or slave. He felt that Kansas would become a slave state while would become a slave state while Nebraska would become a free Nebraska would become a free state. state.

His plan though called for the His plan though called for the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, repeal of the Missouri Compromise, which would not easily be done. which would not easily be done. Arguments erupted in Congress Arguments erupted in Congress teetering on violence. Douglas's teetering on violence. Douglas's motives seem to be based on the motives seem to be based on the fact that he cared little whether fact that he cared little whether slavery was allowed in the slavery was allowed in the territories or not, but the majority of territories or not, but the majority of the north did. the north did.

In May of 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska In May of 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act passed repealing the Act passed repealing the compromises of 1820 and 1850.compromises of 1820 and 1850.

Once the territories opened for Once the territories opened for settlement abolitionists began settlement abolitionists began flowing into Nebraska as planned but flowing into Nebraska as planned but they also moved into Kansas they also moved into Kansas infuriating southerners that had infuriating southerners that had understood Kansas would be a slave understood Kansas would be a slave territory.territory.

In 1855 when voting for the In 1855 when voting for the territorial legislature of Kansas began territorial legislature of Kansas began thousands of people from Missouri thousands of people from Missouri poured across the lines to vote for a poured across the lines to vote for a pro-slavery legislature. pro-slavery legislature.

They then established a government They then established a government at Shawnee, free-soilers responded at Shawnee, free-soilers responded by establishing their own by establishing their own government at Topeka. Neither government at Topeka. Neither government was established legally.government was established legally.

Tensions worsened in 1856 when Tensions worsened in 1856 when a pro-slavery posse raided a pro-slavery posse raided Lawrence and burned the town. Lawrence and burned the town. "Bleeding Kansas" soon became "Bleeding Kansas" soon became the name of the territory. the name of the territory.

The free-soilers led by John The free-soilers led by John Brown, a crazed abolitionist, Brown, a crazed abolitionist, gathered family members and gathered family members and other supporters and led an other supporters and led an attack on the pro-slavery attack on the pro-slavery settlement of Pottawatomie settlement of Pottawatomie Creek in May 1856. Five men Creek in May 1856. Five men were brutally murdered creating were brutally murdered creating a civil war in Kansas. a civil war in Kansas.

On May 22, 1856 Charles Sumner of On May 22, 1856 Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was attacked on the Massachusetts was attacked on the Senate floor by Sen. Preston Brooks Senate floor by Sen. Preston Brooks of South Carolina who was angry of South Carolina who was angry over Sumner’s personal attacks of over Sumner’s personal attacks of his uncle Sen. A.P Butler. Brooks saw his uncle Sen. A.P Butler. Brooks saw his popularity in the South increase, his popularity in the South increase, and the attack foreshadowed the and the attack foreshadowed the coming violence. coming violence.

Strangely enough Kansas continued Strangely enough Kansas continued to grow and by 1857 had enough to grow and by 1857 had enough people to apply for statehood. The people to apply for statehood. The pro-slavery government wrote the pro-slavery government wrote the Lecompton Constitution, allowing Lecompton Constitution, allowing voter to vote on the constitution with voter to vote on the constitution with slavery or without. Even if they voted slavery or without. Even if they voted for no slavery the constitution for no slavery the constitution contained a provision for the contained a provision for the protection of already established protection of already established slave owners. The constitution was slave owners. The constitution was approved with slavery in late 1857. approved with slavery in late 1857.

In Washington President Buchanan In Washington President Buchanan who had succeeded Pierce who had succeeded Pierce supported the Lecompton supported the Lecompton constitution. Douglas though constitution. Douglas though managed to have the entire managed to have the entire constitution voted on and free-constitution voted on and free-soilers easily voted it down. soilers easily voted it down.

The split between Douglas and The split between Douglas and Buchanan caused the collapse of Buchanan caused the collapse of the Democratic Party for almost the Democratic Party for almost three decades. three decades.

The Whig party was also severely The Whig party was also severely weakened during the 1850s, which weakened during the 1850s, which brought the Republican Party to brought the Republican Party to prominence. prominence.

The fact that Kansas was denied The fact that Kansas was denied admission yet Minnesota and Oregon admission yet Minnesota and Oregon entered the Union destroyed any entered the Union destroyed any hopes of re-establishing the Senate’s hopes of re-establishing the Senate’s balance of power. balance of power.

The Dred Scott Case was a The Dred Scott Case was a Supreme Court decision that Supreme Court decision that horrified northerners and excited horrified northerners and excited southerners. The case was a southerners. The case was a simple property case in the simple property case in the minds of the Supreme Court minds of the Supreme Court Justices.Justices.

Dred Scott was a slave who had Dred Scott was a slave who had lived with his master in Illinois lived with his master in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for and the Wisconsin Territory for five years. five years.

Supported by abolitionists Scott sued Supported by abolitionists Scott sued for his freedom because of his time for his freedom because of his time on free soil in Missouri in 1846. on free soil in Missouri in 1846.

He won the case but the decision He won the case but the decision was reversed in State Supreme was reversed in State Supreme Court. The case was then appealed Court. The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court were the court to the Supreme Court were the court ruled that Scott was not a citizen and ruled that Scott was not a citizen and therefore could not sue in federal therefore could not sue in federal court. Scott also could sue in court. Scott also could sue in Missouri for something that Missouri for something that happened in Illinois. happened in Illinois.

The court went further because The court went further because northern justices prepared to northern justices prepared to dissenting opinions. The majority of dissenting opinions. The majority of the court agreed that since slaves the court agreed that since slaves were private property, they could were private property, they could be taken into any territory and be taken into any territory and being free soil did not a slave free. being free soil did not a slave free. They further ruled the Compromise They further ruled the Compromise of 1820 unconstitutional stating of 1820 unconstitutional stating that Congress could not ban slavery that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories according to the in the territories according to the 5th amendment. 5th amendment.

In 1854 a new political party In 1854 a new political party emerged from the anti-slavery emerged from the anti-slavery Whigs, northern Democrats and Whigs, northern Democrats and Free-Soilers. They rose to power Free-Soilers. They rose to power in the north quickly and gained in the north quickly and gained seats in Congress that same seats in Congress that same year. year.

In the election of 1856 John In the election of 1856 John Fremont became the first Fremont became the first Republican Presidential Republican Presidential candidate. candidate.

He won all of New England and He won all of New England and several of the mid-western states. several of the mid-western states.

The Republican Party platform The Republican Party platform wanted the exclusion of slavery in wanted the exclusion of slavery in the territories, new protective tariffs the territories, new protective tariffs and federal funding for internal and federal funding for internal improvement projects. They were improvement projects. They were strongly supportive of northern strongly supportive of northern industries and labor. industries and labor.

In 1858 the Republicans nominated In 1858 the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln to run against Abraham Lincoln to run against Stephen Douglas for an Illinois's Stephen Douglas for an Illinois's Senate seat. Lincoln had made his Senate seat. Lincoln had made his name in law and had never been name in law and had never been really successful in politics; he was really successful in politics; he was though a great orator. Lincoln though a great orator. Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of challenged Douglas to a series of debates, to which Douglas a great debates, to which Douglas a great speaker himself gladly accepted. speaker himself gladly accepted.

The most famous debate came at The most famous debate came at Freeport, Ill. The debate centered Freeport, Ill. The debate centered squarely on the issue of slavery squarely on the issue of slavery in the territories. in the territories.

Douglas argued that regardless Douglas argued that regardless of the Supreme Court's decision of the Supreme Court's decision the people living in the territory the people living in the territory would have the final say. would have the final say.

The Freeport doctrine stated that The Freeport doctrine stated that the people of a territory could the people of a territory could exclude slavery from the territory exclude slavery from the territory but not Congress. Douglas's but not Congress. Douglas's support of the doctrine won he support of the doctrine won he re-election but Lincoln gained re-election but Lincoln gained national prominence. national prominence.

In 1859 the actions of John Brown In 1859 the actions of John Brown once again brought the north and once again brought the north and south to the edge of war. Brown south to the edge of war. Brown planned to gather supporters and planned to gather supporters and invade the south freeing the slaves, invade the south freeing the slaves, arming them, and establishing a arming them, and establishing a free black state. free black state.

In October of 1859 Brown and his In October of 1859 Brown and his men invaded Virginia and seized men invaded Virginia and seized the federal arsenal at Harper's the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry. Ferry.

They killed several men and injured They killed several men and injured several others. The slaves failed to several others. The slaves failed to rise and Brown was captured by rise and Brown was captured by Marines under Robert E. Lee. Marines under Robert E. Lee.

Brown was quickly tried an executed. Brown was quickly tried an executed. His death quickly made him a martyr His death quickly made him a martyr in the north and a symbol of evil in in the north and a symbol of evil in the south. Church bells tolled in the south. Church bells tolled in morning in the north on the day of morning in the north on the day of his death. his death.

All of the events came to a head in All of the events came to a head in the election of 1860. The the election of 1860. The Republicans nominated Abraham Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, southerners responded by Lincoln, southerners responded by claiming that if Lincoln were elected claiming that if Lincoln were elected the Union would split. the Union would split.

The Democrats met in Charleston, The Democrats met in Charleston, South Carolina. The northern South Carolina. The northern Democrats supported Douglas Democrats supported Douglas during the debates but the southern during the debates but the southern delegates left the convention delegates left the convention causing the whole convention to causing the whole convention to dissolve.dissolve.

They met again in Baltimore but the They met again in Baltimore but the southern delegates again walked. southern delegates again walked.

Douglas gained the nomination while Douglas gained the nomination while southern Democrats organized their southern Democrats organized their own convention and nominated John own convention and nominated John Breckenridge. The split of the Breckenridge. The split of the Democratic Party would give Lincoln Democratic Party would give Lincoln an easy victory in the election. an easy victory in the election.

Four days after the election of Four days after the election of Lincoln South Carolina made good on Lincoln South Carolina made good on its threat to secede if Lincoln were its threat to secede if Lincoln were elected on December 20, 1860. Even elected on December 20, 1860. Even though Lincoln stated that: though Lincoln stated that:

"I have no purpose, directly or "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." inclination to do so."

South Carolina Secession South Carolina Secession OrdinanceOrdinance

““Those States have assumed the right of deciding upon the Those States have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the propriety of our domestic institutions; and have denied the rights of property established in fifteen of the States and rights of property established in fifteen of the States and recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as recognized by the Constitution; they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open sinful the institution of slavery; they have permitted open establishment among them of societies, whose avowed establishment among them of societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace and to steal the property of the object is to disturb the peace and to steal the property of the citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted citizens of other States. They have encouraged and assisted thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who thousands of our slaves to leave their homes; and those who remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures remain, have been incited by emissaries, books and pictures to servile insurrection.” to servile insurrection.”

Six other states soon followed. The met Six other states soon followed. The met in Montgomery, Alabama in February in Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861 and created the Confederate 1861 and created the Confederate States of America. They chose Jefferson States of America. They chose Jefferson Davis an established Congressmen and Davis an established Congressmen and former Sec. of War. The Confederate former Sec. of War. The Confederate constitution was patterned after the U.S constitution was patterned after the U.S Constitution. Constitution.

Minor differences did exist between the Minor differences did exist between the two. The Confederate constitution two. The Confederate constitution clearly recognized the independence of clearly recognized the independence of the states.the states.

Slavery was protected and the Slavery was protected and the foreign slave trade was foreign slave trade was prohibited. Protective tariffs were prohibited. Protective tariffs were prohibited. prohibited.

The government also made The government also made preparations for war and began preparations for war and began to send ambassadors to to send ambassadors to Washington and European Washington and European countries looking for recognition.countries looking for recognition.

The four month time period until The four month time period until Lincoln's inauguration Buchanan Lincoln's inauguration Buchanan was nothing but a lame duck. was nothing but a lame duck.

Senator John Crittenden proposed a Senator John Crittenden proposed a last minute compromise calling for last minute compromise calling for a constitutional amendment a constitutional amendment recognizing slavery south of the 36 recognizing slavery south of the 36 30 line. Congress flat refused 30 line. Congress flat refused though.though.

At Lincoln's inauguration he At Lincoln's inauguration he firmly stated that slavery firmly stated that slavery would not extend beyond its would not extend beyond its present boundaries and that present boundaries and that no state had the right to no state had the right to secede. secede.