Unit sub-topics development agenda Nature of Conflict in ... · involves regulatory and market mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board,

Unit sub-topics

The Nature of conflict and evolving development agenda

Nature of Conflict in Africa

Action at Global level to promote peace & development

Global and Good Governance

Principle of Corporate Governance

Mass Migration

Unit Outcome/objectives

Explain the nature of most violent conflicts taking place worldwide today

Analyse the role of statutory and non-statutory security agencies with specific focus on Africa

Explain current measures taken by the international community to promote peace and development

Identify and analyse the similarities and differences between global and good governance

Analyse the nature and meaning of corporate governance

Explain the pattern of mass migration in Africa

What is the Root causes of conflict in Africa? (Class discussion) Why conflict and Development are interconnected (Class

discussion) What is the difference between conflicts and peace. Indeed, throughout the existence of mankind efforts have been

made to prevent conflicts and build a more secure, peaceful and prosperous world. However, this did not follow a straight upward path; there have been many setbacks and disappointments. You may recall many examples of devastating wars and conflicts between states and nations over the years.

Even in our country, many of our brothers and sisters lost their lives during the war of liberation.

The nature of Conflict and evolving development agenda

Since the start of the post-Cold War period there have been many deadly conflicts which have most often necessitated the United Nations to conduct peacekeeping operations to normalise the situation. Once the situation has improved, reconstruction operations are undertaken to provide an insight into the broader relationship between conflicts and development.


Conflict is inherited in all societies because of interest and opinions between different groups

Conflict can resolved in a non-violent ways or through violence

During post cold war period there have been deadly conflict

UN has to act in peace keeping The cold war from 1947-1991 refers to the political

and military tension between the western world led by the united states and the communist world led by the soviet union (Read more on this NB* for your test.


Interstate conflict appear to have become fewer since the end of the cold war

Intrastate have gone up drastically E.g. SADC Region Zimbabwe, DRC and Madagascar

One of the reasons concerning the interstate conflicts is that during cold war, the superpowers instigated allies to provoke other countries in order to expand their spheres of interest

Intrastate conflict have increased could lead to issues such as poverty and underdevelopment


In the intrastate we increase public spending on armed military expenditures and sideline health and education

Large numbers of refugees and international crime

UN and International communities spend more money on conflict resolutions

A study conducted in 1997, on 1994 Genocide of Rwanda 800 000 people were killed

And 1.5 million people were internally displaced


2. Nature of Conflict in Africa 2.1 Definition of key concept Peace

& Security


& Security Peace is when people are able to resolve their conflicts without violence and can work together to improve the quality of their lives. Peace is when: 1. everyone lives in safety, without fear or threat of violence, and no

form of violence is tolerated in law or in practice 2. everyone is equal before the law, the systems for justice are trusted,

and fair and effective laws protect people’s rights 3. everyone is able to participate in shaping political decisions and the

government is accountable to the people 4. everyone has fair and equal access to the basic needs for their

wellbeing – such as food, clean water, shelter, education, healthcare and a decent living environment

5. everyone has an equal opportunity to work and make a living, regardless of gender, ethnicity or any other aspect of identity


& Security Peace refers to the state of harmony

It characterized by the lack of violent conflict and the freedom from fear of violence

Peace education must confront the need to abolish the institution of war

We must teach to peace and not about peace

Define negative and positive peace

Negative peace may lead to future violence


& Security Peace refers to the state of harmony

It characterized by the lack of violent conflict and the freedom from fear of violence

Peace education must confront the need to abolish the institution of war

We must teach to peace and not about peace

Define negative and positive peace

Negative peace may lead to future violence

Positive peace is a pattern of cooperation and integration between major groups interacting in cooperative ways

It is about social organizations of diverse individuals who willingly choose to cooperate for the benefit of all humankind


& Security


& Security


& Security Africa is Unable to monitor, interdict and prosecute predatory actors in their sovereign territories, many African countries face localized security challenges that hold the potential for global reach.

Violent extremist organizations (VEOs)—such as al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb, Ansar Dine, and the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (all in northern Mali), al-Shabaab in Somalia, and Boko Haram in Nigeria—jeopardize human security and threaten to ignite communal violence.


& Security The growing capabilities of African countries to

respond to regional security challenges are an asset to the United States/UN. Globally, African nations account for 10 out of the top 20 contributors to United Nations peacekeeping missions.


& Security

Statutory

These are formal security agencies

E.g., Armed forces, territorial defense, police, intelligence, Judiciary, Penal system

Non Statutory Security Providers

These are informal security agencies

E.g., Rebel, Guerilla groups, Pro government militias

2. Nature of Conflict in Africa 2.2 Statutory and Non Statutory

Security Providers

2. Nature of Conflict in Africa 2.2 The security Sector

Whereas the traditional and narrow concept regards the security sector as largely comprising the armed forces and intelligence agencies

National & International agencies

3. ACTIONS AT GOBAL LEVEL TO PROMOTE PEACE AND

DEVELOPMENT

At Global level UN established the Peace Building PBC 2006 to assist with peace & security

Through this body it has assisted the UN to engage with financial institutions, Civil Society organisation and private sectors

Why is it Important for the U.S.?

One of the cornerstones of U.S. military engagement in Africa entails assisting African countries in the management of their own security challenges through partner capacity building. In an era of declining defense budgets, working with African countries in addressing security challenges on the continent is an effort to prevent conflict and share the cost of global security. In principle, this cooperation ultimately enhances the United States’ ability to ensure its own national security.

3. ACTIONS AT GOBAL LEVEL TO PROMOTE PEACE AND

DEVELOPMENT

4.GLOBAL GOVERNANCE & GOOD GOVERNANCE

GLOBAL GOVERNACE

Global governance refers principally to the system of informal diplomatic rules and practices that regulate inter-state interactions

Exchange of ambassadors

UN, World Bank

Efficiency, Effectiveness, Transparency, fairness, democracy & Accountability

GOOD GOVERNACE Full Human Rights - All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed

with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood

- Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. - No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be

prohibited in all their forms. - No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or

punishment. - Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law. - All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal

protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

- Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family.


GOOD GOVERNACE

Full Human Rights - Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race,

nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family.

- Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.

- Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

- Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

- Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.


GOOD GOVERNACE

Full Human Rights - Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health

and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.

- Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

- Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible


GOOD GOVERNACE

The rule of law - The government and its officials and agents as well as individuals and private

entities are accountable under the law

- The laws are clear, publicized, stable, and just; are applied evenly; and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property and certain core human rights.

- The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, fair, and efficient.

- Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve.



GOOD GOVERNACE

Effective participation

Political Pluralism

Transparent and accountable process

Information and education

Political empowerment of people


Linkages between Good Governance and Human Rights

Democratic institutions

Service Delivery

Rule of law

Anti-corruption


Corporate governance is the system by which public companies/institutions are directed and controlled. It involves regulatory and market mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders, and the goals for which the corporation is governed.

In contemporary business corporations, the main external stakeholder groups are shareholders, debt holders, trade creditors, suppliers, customers and communities affected by the corporation's activities. Internal stakeholders are the board of directors, executives, and other employees.

5. CORPORATE GOVERANCE

Principles of corporate governance The principles of corporate governance include the following: Integrity and ethical behaviour: Integrity should be a fundamental requirement in choosing corporate officers and board members. Organisations should develop a code of conduct for their directors and executives that promotes ethical and responsible decision making. Disclosure and transparency: Organisations should clarify and make publicly known the roles and responsibilities of board and management to provide stakeholders with a level of accountability. Role and responsibilities of the board: The board needs sufficient relevant skills and understanding to review and challenge management performance. It also needs adequate size and appropriate levels of independence and commitment


What are the benefits of good corporate governance?

Companies/institutions with good corporate governance have a better access to external finance as well as the lower costs of capital with regards to interest rates on loans repayments. It’s further imperative to note that effective corporate governance ensures firms sustainability through as a result of improved performance which leads to higher firm valuation and share performance and consequently reduces the risk of corporate crisis and scandals.


The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX)

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (often shortened to SOX) is legislation passed by the U.S. Congress to protect shareholders and the general public from accounting errors and fraudulent practices in the enterprise, as well as improve the accuracy of corporate disclosures.

Is an act passed by U.S. Congress in 2002 to protect investors from the possibility of fraudulent accounting activities by corporations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) mandated strict reforms to improve financial disclosures from corporations and prevent accounting fraud.


The King Report The King Report on Corporate Governance is a ground-breaking code of corporate governance in South Africa issued by the King Committee on Corporate Governance. Three reports were issued in 1994 (King I), 2002 (King II), and 2009 (King III). Compliance with the King Reports is a requirement for companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The King Report on Corporate Governance has been cited as "the most effective summary of the best international practices in corporate governance.


The King Report Unlike other corporate governance codes such as Sarbanes-Oxley, the code is non-legislative and is based on principles and practices. It also espouses an apply or explain approach, unique to the Netherlands until King and now also found in the 2010 Combined Code from the United Kingdom. The philosophy of the code consists of the three key elements of leadership, sustainability and good corporate citizenship. It views good governance as essentially being effective, ethical leadership. King believes that leaders should direct the company to achieve sustainable economic, social and environmental performance. It views sustainability as the primary moral and economic imperative of this century; the code's view on corporate citizenship flows from a company's standing as a juristic person under the South African constitution and should operate in a sustainable manner.


Parties to corporate governance

The most influential parties involved in corporate governance include government agencies and authorities, stock exchanges, management (including the board of directors and its chair, the Chief Executive Officer or the equivalent, other executives and line management, shareholders and auditors). Corporate governance mechanisms include a system of controls intended to help align managers' incentives with those of shareholders.


The composition of the Board

What are the functions of the board of directors?

A board of directors is expected to play a key role in corporate governance. The board has the responsibility of endorsing the organization's strategy, developing directional policy, appointing, supervising and remunerating senior executives, and ensuring accountability of the organisation to its investors and authorities.


The composition of the Board All parties to corporate governance have an interest, whether direct or indirect in the financial performance of the corporation. Directors, workers and management receive salaries, benefits and reputation, while investors expect to receive financial returns. For lenders, it’s specified interest payments, while returns to equity investors arise from dividend distributions or capital gains on their stock. Customers are concerned with the certainty of the provision of goods and services of an appropriate quality; suppliers are concerned with compensation for their goods or services, and possible continued trading relationships. These parties provide value to the corporation in the form of financial, physical, human and other forms of capital. Many parties may also be concerned with corporate social performance


Mass migration refers to the movement of a large group of people from one geographical area to another. Mass migration is distinguished from individual or small scale migration; it’s also different from seasonal migration, which occurs on a regular basis. Occurrence of mass migration in human history Historians often identify an age of mass migration, occurring from 1850 to 1914 (sometimes 1940), in which long distance migration occurred at an unprecedented and exceptionally high rate. This was especially from Europe to North America. There were three factors that led to the 'age of mass migration' cost of migration decreased dramatically benefits of migration rose (returns on migration were higher in the US than in other countries) and open border regime .

6. Mass Migration

'Age of mass migration' usually refers to the voluntary transatlantic migration of European peasants and labourers to the Americas. Immigration from Europe accounted for about 40% of total U.S. population growth in late 19th century. However, it has been argued that the term should include other mass migrations that occurred in the same period, since similar large numbers of people migrated long distances within the continent of Asia, most notably during the Pakistan Movement. During open border regime, immigrants were attracted by falling costs of migration and higher wages in the United States. Migrant selection varies over time and across the sending country, depending on the relative wage premium in the U.S. for high/low skilled and cost of migration. Mass migration is not always voluntary; sometimes it includes forced migration, such as the Atlantic slave trade. Religious persecution can also cause mass migrations, such as the biblical Exodus and migration through the upper Himalayan route from the east by Purohits of Aryan and non Aryan descent (McKeown, Undated).

6. Mass Migration

in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean (McKeown, nd) Other forms of mass migrations are closely related to internment and deportation, for example, Japanese internment in the United States and imprisonment in Nazi concentration camps during World War II, the deportations to Gulag camps in the Soviet Union, and coolie-labour Although not of the mass migration magnitude, it’s worth noting that more than 800,000 people have crossed the Mediterranean to European Union territory. Refugees are entering mainly via Greece and Italy, after fleeing wars Middle East and North Africa to Europe through the Mediterranean Sea in which thousands lives have perished.

6. Mass Migration

Africa’s migration is a history of large population movements driven by a variety of reasons: notably, slave‐trade and colonialism, violent conflicts, poverty, ecological degradation, population pressure and a certain cultural propensity of some ethnic groups for out‐ward orientation. According to Adepoju (2003) et al. most of the 680 million Africans still live under conditions of extreme poverty and insecurity which prompt their movements. Such migrations manifest the reflection of its socio‐economic dynamics since the times of the slave trade. In the last decades the number of refugees from conflict regions in Africa increased dramatically. The insecurity, conflict, war and poverty are the cradles of migration from Africa mainly from; Egypt, Ethiopia, Eretria Libya, Somalia, Sudan and Tunisia.

6. Mass Migration

Pattern of Mass Migration

Unit sub-topics development agenda Nature of Conflict in ... · involves regulatory and market mechanisms, and the roles and relationships between a company’s management, its board,

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