Unit One: Chapter Two Introduction of Psychology.

Unit One: Chapter TwoIntroduction of Psychology

Warm Up

•How do we come up with new scientific discoveries?

Conducting Research

•The scientific process•Forming a Research Question

▫Aimed at explaining behavior▫Something common that you are genuinely

interested in explaining•Forming a Hypothesis

▫Educated guess▫Usually “if-then” statements

Ex: “If you play in the street, then you’ll get hit by a car.”

Conducting Research

•Testing the Hypothesis▫Hypothesis cannot be considered a fact or

true unless it is tested ▫Usually done several times

•Analyzing the Results▫Look over the data collected from testing

hypothesis

Conducting Research

•Drawing Conclusions▫Does the data support your hypothesis▫Does the data not support your hypothesis

•Replication▫Study must be repeated▫If you get different results, the study is

probably invalid

Conducting Research

•New Questions▫Findings may lead to other things they

want to study.▫The process then repeats itself with new

research

Chapter Two Vocabulary• Hypothesis• Replicated• Survey• Target population• Sample• Random sample• Stratified sample• Bias• Case study• Longitudinal method• Controlled experiment• Placebo• Single-blind study• Ethics• Informed consent

• Cross-sectional method• Naturalistic observation• Laboratory observation• Correlation• Positive correlation• Negative correlation• Experiment• Variables• Independent variables• Dependent variables• Experimental group• Control group• Double-blind study• Standard deviation

Warm-up

•Have you ever filled out a survey?•What was the survey asking you about?

Surveys, Samples, and Populations

•Survey Method▫People respond to questions on a certain

topic▫Either through questionnaires or interviews▫People do not always tell the truth

Surveys, Samples, and Populations

•Populations and Samples▫The group of people you conduct the study

on is important▫Target populations – group you want to

study Relevant to the study Sample is part of target population

Surveys, Samples, and Populations

•Selecting Samples▫You want samples to accurately represent

your target population ▫Random sample – everyone in target

population has an equal chance of being chosen

▫Stratified sample – target pop. Proportionally represented.

Surveys, Samples, and Populations

•Volunteer Bias▫Researchers cannot control who

participates in their study▫People who volunteer might have a

different perspective than those who chose not to volunteer

Design your own experiment

•Design a psychological experiment using the scientific method.

•Include: ▫a description of each component of the

experimental method▫Problems that may arise▫What methods you would use to reduce

bias

Warm-up

•How do you think an observation would be different from a survey?

•Which one do you think is used the most often?

Methods of Observation

•Testing Method▫IQ, personality, and aptitude tests

•The Case-Study Method▫In depth investigation of a person or small

group of people▫Ex: the case of Genie (language

development)▫Problems with memories of people being

interviewed

Methods of Observation

•Longitudinal Methods▫Observing a group of people over a certain

length of time Usually years

▫Conduct interviews about once a year usually ▫Very time consuming

•Cross-Sectional Method▫Sample being studied vary in ages▫Generalizations because they don’t know

specifically the reason for the differences

Methods of Observation

•Laboratory-Observation ▫Behaviors or Mental Processes observed in

a controlled environment•Analyzing Observations

▫Correlations – how things are related Positive correlation - both go up Negative correlation – one goes up and the

other goes down Correlations are not causation

Activity

•Copy the chart on page 38 beneath your notes

•Then answer question #3 in the section review on page 40

Warm-up

•Has your mother (or anyone else) ever kissed a scrape to make it feel better? Or given you “a lucky charm”?

•What was the circumstance?•Did it make you feel better?

Experimental Method

•Variables▫Independent is changed▫Dependent is what changes as a result of

the independent variable•Groups

▫Experimental receives the treatment from the experiment

▫Control do not receive treatment Controlled experiment has a control group

Experimental Method

•Placebo Effect▫People are given treatments that is not

meant to be effective, but they still get better

▫It works because the person believed it would work

•Single-Blind Study▫The participant in the study does not know

if they are part of the control or the experimental group

Experimental Method

•Double-Blind Study▫Neither the participant or researcher

knows which group is the experimental or control group

•Central Tendency ▫Mean – all scores added up and divided by

the # of scores there were▫Median – middle score when #s arranged

lowest to highest▫Mode – most frequent score

Experimental Method

•Dispersion▫Range – lowest score subtracted from

highest score▫Standard deviation – how far away the

scores are from the mean The larger the standard deviation the more

spread out the scores were

Activity

•Mean, Median, Mode, and range worksheet

Warm-up

•How could a psychological be considered inethical?

Ethical Issues

•Ethics ▫Proper and responsible behavior

Ethical Issues

•Research with People▫Cannot do something that would harm

person they are studying▫Study those already under conditions they

are curious about Damage to part of the brain Other factors may be an influence

▫Records must be confidential

Ethical Issues

•Research with People▫Informed Consent

The people you are testing need to know what they will be doing in the study

▫Deception Placebo studies and other instances that

studies would not work if the participant knew what was going on

Is deceiving participants ok? Are there limits?

Ethical Issues

•Research with Animals▫Use of animals to avoid harming humans▫Has benefitted humans▫APA does have regulations

•Ethics in Using Data▫Bias in favor of your hypothesis

Must present all data even if it disproves hypothesis

Argumentative Essay

•Write an argumentative essay about the ethical standards of psychological research in regards to human and animal testing.

•Clearly state your opinion.•Provide evidence for your opinion.