Unit IV Part 6 Andrew Jackson The and the Second BUS The Whigs.

Unit IVUnit IVPart 6Part 6

Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

The and the Second BUSThe and the Second BUS

The WhigsThe Whigs

RememberRemember Jackson hated BanksJackson hated Banks He distrusted paper moneyHe distrusted paper money He opposed the Second BUS because it put He opposed the Second BUS because it put

power into the hands of his enemiespower into the hands of his enemies

The Second BUS was not popular with The Second BUS was not popular with farmersfarmers

Ruthless foreclosuresRuthless foreclosures

Jackson was elected in 1832Jackson was elected in 1832The BUS charter was up for renewal in 1836The BUS charter was up for renewal in 1836Who would be President in 1836?Who would be President in 1836?

Friends of the BUS Friends of the BUS

Were worried that even if congress Were worried that even if congress passed a BUS renewal, Jackson passed a BUS renewal, Jackson would veto itwould veto it

Nicholas Biddle was President of the Nicholas Biddle was President of the Second BUS…he ran it very well Second BUS…he ran it very well

Biddle was worried tooBiddle was worried too

Daniel Webster had a Daniel Webster had a planplan

To save the Second BUSTo save the Second BUS

He told Biddle to apply EARLY for a recharterHe told Biddle to apply EARLY for a recharter

He believed that Jackson would not dare to He believed that Jackson would not dare to veto a bank bill before the election of 1832veto a bank bill before the election of 1832

Belief that if Jackson DID veto the BUS Belief that if Jackson DID veto the BUS recharter, he would LOSE the election recharter, he would LOSE the election

Biddle asked for an early Biddle asked for an early re-charterre-charter

Congress passed the Second BUS recharter Congress passed the Second BUS recharter billbill

Jackson vetoed itJackson vetoed it

NOTE: the Second BUS would still operate NOTE: the Second BUS would still operate until 1836until 1836

Biddle made lots of low-interest loans to Biddle made lots of low-interest loans to those opposed to Jackson during the those opposed to Jackson during the election election

BUT THENBUT THEN Jackson was re-elected!Jackson was re-elected! Still two factions of one party:Still two factions of one party:

Democratic RepublicansDemocratic Republicans: :

Jackson (VP Van Buren) (219)Jackson (VP Van Buren) (219) National RepublicansNational Republicans::

Henry Clay (49): first to have a Henry Clay (49): first to have a national platformnational platform

Anti-MasonicsAnti-Masonics (Third Party) (Third Party) Wirt (0): first to have a National Wirt (0): first to have a National

ConventionConvention

JacksonJackson Believed his election was a sign from Believed his election was a sign from

the people that they wanted him to the people that they wanted him to destroy the Bank even before the destroy the Bank even before the charter ran outcharter ran out

So he asked his Secretary of the So he asked his Secretary of the Treasury to remove all of the federal $ Treasury to remove all of the federal $ from the Bank…he refused and was from the Bank…he refused and was firedfired

The next Sec. of the Treasury…the sameThe next Sec. of the Treasury…the same They both believed it would be really They both believed it would be really

bad for the economybad for the economy

Roger Taney (Attorney Roger Taney (Attorney General)General)

Was made the new Sec. of the TreasuryWas made the new Sec. of the Treasury HE removed the federal $ from the HE removed the federal $ from the

Second BUSSecond BUS

The $ was re-deposited into several The $ was re-deposited into several “PET” banks owned by Jackson lovers“PET” banks owned by Jackson lovers

Was this more democratic?Was this more democratic? Yes…before the government $ could Yes…before the government $ could

only be used by one bank, now…manyonly be used by one bank, now…many

The Federal MoneyThe Federal Money

Was used by more banks = more Was used by more banks = more economic opportunities for more economic opportunities for more peoplepeople

Marshall died! 1834Marshall died! 1834

Jackson named Taney as new Supreme Jackson named Taney as new Supreme Court Chief Justice (a reward?)Court Chief Justice (a reward?)

In the meantime…Nicholas Biddle was In the meantime…Nicholas Biddle was forced to call in loans early to keep the forced to call in loans early to keep the bank afloatbank afloat

More farmers lost landMore farmers lost land Businesses failed, factories closed, lost Businesses failed, factories closed, lost

jobsjobs Depression for several yearsDepression for several years

The Specie Circular The Specie Circular 18361836

A Jackson idea passed by congressA Jackson idea passed by congress Required buyers to buy land with Required buyers to buy land with

specie!specie! Made economy even worseMade economy even worse Contributed to the Panic of 1837Contributed to the Panic of 1837

Panic will be blamed on Van Buren Panic will be blamed on Van Buren because he will be the president to because he will be the president to inherit itinherit it

Taney’s CourtTaney’s Court

Modified some of Marshall’s Modified some of Marshall’s decisions:decisions:

Charles River Bridge v Warren Charles River Bridge v Warren BridgeBridge 1837: Taney said that a state 1837: Taney said that a state MAY amend a contract if it would MAY amend a contract if it would benefit that state’s citizensbenefit that state’s citizens

The Rise of the WhigsThe Rise of the Whigs Jackson made many enemies due to his Jackson made many enemies due to his

actions during the Nullification Crisis actions during the Nullification Crisis and his war with the Second BUSand his war with the Second BUS

During his second term, the Whig Party During his second term, the Whig Party was formedwas formed

It was a combination of National It was a combination of National Republicans and Jackson Haters (who did Republicans and Jackson Haters (who did not necessarily agree with the ideology not necessarily agree with the ideology of the National Republicans)of the National Republicans)

The WhigsThe Whigs Founders: Daniel Webster and Henry Founders: Daniel Webster and Henry

ClayClay

Platform: Clay’s American SystemPlatform: Clay’s American System

Ideology: Stood for the same issues as Ideology: Stood for the same issues as the Federalist Party: High Tariff, the Federalist Party: High Tariff, Strong Central Government, a BUSStrong Central Government, a BUS

Remember: Webster was the last Remember: Webster was the last spokesman for the Federalist Party at spokesman for the Federalist Party at the Hartford Convention the Hartford Convention

Election of 1836Election of 1836 Democrats (Old Democratic-Republican Democrats (Old Democratic-Republican

Party)Party)

Van Buren (NY) (170)Van Buren (NY) (170)

VP Johnson (killed Tecumseh)VP Johnson (killed Tecumseh)

Three Whig Candidates:Three Whig Candidates:

W.H. Harrison (73)W.H. Harrison (73)

Hugh White (26)Hugh White (26)

Daniel Webster (14)Daniel Webster (14)

Independent: Magnum (11)Independent: Magnum (11)

Van BurenVan Buren

Will only serve one term because the Will only serve one term because the economy was so bad and it was all blamed economy was so bad and it was all blamed on himon him

Although Jackson was at fault: his war Although Jackson was at fault: his war with the Second BUS and the Specie with the Second BUS and the Specie CircularCircular

BUT Jackson was still President until BUT Jackson was still President until March of 1837March of 1837

African AmericansAfrican Americans

Free in the North but second class citizensFree in the North but second class citizens Often could not vote in Northern StatesOften could not vote in Northern States

1831 1831 Nat Turner’s RebellionNat Turner’s Rebellion: White family : White family killed while slaves attempted to escapekilled while slaves attempted to escape

Great fear by SouthernersGreat fear by Southerners Abolitionist societies disappeared in the Abolitionist societies disappeared in the

SouthSouth

The Gag RuleThe Gag Rule

The slavery issue was such a hot topic The slavery issue was such a hot topic that if it was introduced in Congress, that if it was introduced in Congress, no work was done…only fighting over no work was done…only fighting over slaveryslavery

SO…members of the House were SO…members of the House were subject to the Gag Rule…Members subject to the Gag Rule…Members were not supposed to bring up the topic were not supposed to bring up the topic of slavery so other work could get doneof slavery so other work could get done

The Gag RuleThe Gag Rule

John Quincy Adams (was elected to John Quincy Adams (was elected to the House after his presidency) tried the House after his presidency) tried to break the Gag Rule over 300 to break the Gag Rule over 300 timestimes

He continually tried to introduce He continually tried to introduce petition to end slavery.petition to end slavery.

Native AmericansNative Americans

Since Jefferson, the U.S. policy was Since Jefferson, the U.S. policy was removal to east of the Mississippiremoval to east of the Mississippi

Jackson’s Trail of TearsJackson’s Trail of Tears

1832 Black Hawk War in the 1832 Black Hawk War in the NorthwestNorthwest

1837-42 Seminole War in Florida1837-42 Seminole War in Florida

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs

The English finally opened up West The English finally opened up West Indies trade to the U.S.Indies trade to the U.S.

The French paid us compensation for The French paid us compensation for ships and cargo seized prior to the ships and cargo seized prior to the War of 1812 with the Convention of War of 1812 with the Convention of 18311831

Now…Mexico…Now…Mexico…

MexicoMexico

Had gained its independence from Had gained its independence from Spain in early 1820’sSpain in early 1820’s

Big U.S. migration to Mexico due the Big U.S. migration to Mexico due the the Empressario System (like the the Empressario System (like the Headright system: free land to Headright system: free land to settlers) settlers)

Stephen Austin one of the firstStephen Austin one of the first

Great MigrationGreat Migration

By 1830 there were 20,000 By 1830 there were 20,000 Americans in MexicoAmericans in Mexico

BUT they were not happy:BUT they were not happy: Did not like to pay a tariff on U.S. Did not like to pay a tariff on U.S.

goodsgoods Did not have self-governmentDid not have self-government 1829: Mexico outlawed slavery1829: Mexico outlawed slavery

MexicoMexico

Americans in Texas area formed a Americans in Texas area formed a provisional governmentprovisional government

Santa Ana (Mexican dictator) Led the Santa Ana (Mexican dictator) Led the Mexican army against the AmericansMexican army against the Americans

Americans in Texas (Mexico) Americans in Texas (Mexico) declared their independence in 1836declared their independence in 1836

The War for Texas The War for Texas IndependenceIndependence

1836: Battle of the Alamo (big win for 1836: Battle of the Alamo (big win for Mexico)Mexico)

1836: Battle of the Goliad (big win for 1836: Battle of the Goliad (big win for Mexico)Mexico)

1836: Battle of San Jacinto (Americans 1836: Battle of San Jacinto (Americans won their independence by capturing won their independence by capturing Santa Ana)Santa Ana)

Sam Houston: President of the Texas Sam Houston: President of the Texas Republic asked for U.S. annexationRepublic asked for U.S. annexation

TexasTexas

Jackson would not consider annexing Jackson would not consider annexing TexasTexas

Did not want to risk war with MexicoDid not want to risk war with Mexico Did not want to upset the Senate Did not want to upset the Senate

balance of free and slave states…balance of free and slave states…Texas would enter as a slave state.Texas would enter as a slave state.

Will be annexed by Tyler after Will be annexed by Tyler after election of Polk in 1844election of Polk in 1844