Unit III - Biochemistry

Unit III - BiochemistryUnit III - Biochemistry

Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

I. What is everything made of? Matter – anything that has mass and takes

up space Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of…

Protons – positive chargeNeutrons – no chargeElectrons – negative charge

a(an) – no/nottom – to cut

I. What is everything made of? Isotopes – atoms of same element, but

have different # of neutrons (some are heavier, but otherwise behave the same)

a(an) – no/nottom – to cut

a(an) – no/nottom – to cut

iso - equal

I. What is everything made of? Element – substance made up of only one

type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!)

sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)

I. What is everything made of? Compound – two or more atoms

chemically joined together

Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)

I. What is everything made of? Compounds are made through chemical

reactions…new substances are made

REACTANTS PRODUCTS

sodium (Na) + chlorine (Cl) sodium chloride (table salt)

I. What is everything made of?

Mixture – two or more compounds physically joined together

Solution – one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent)

Suspension – large particles settle at the bottom

I. What is everything made of?

Mixtures are not “new” substances…they are just rearranged physically

Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M

(element, compound, or mixture)

1. oil 2. wood 3. water 4. carbon 5. starch 6. shampoo 7. air 8. silicon 9. sugar 10. cookies 11. copper

Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M

(element, compound, or mixture)

1. oil - C 2. wood - M 3. water - C 4. carbon - E 5. starch - C 6. shampoo - M 7. air - M 8. silicon - E 9. sugar - C 10. cookies - M 11. copper - E

II. Water

A. Why is Water Important to Organisms? Bathes cells In cytoplasm Needed for chemical

reactions Used for transport Holds/transfers heat

II. Water

B. How does water’s structure relate to its function?

1. Water is polar

– slight positive & negative charge on opposite ends of molecule

II. Water 2. water’s charged sides attract to other molecules with charges

These are called hydrogen bondsAre weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up!water’s special traits due to these!

hydro- water

II. Water

Water has many special properties, most of which occur because of the hydrogen bonding

As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things:Definition of the propertyWhy the property happensWhy the property is important to organisms

II. Water

3. special properties:

a. surface tension – forms strong layer

b. cohesion – water sticks to self well

co - together

II. Water 3. special properties:

c. adhesion – water sticks to other stuff

d. capillarity – water “climbs” up thin tubes

II. Water

3. special properties:

e. good solvent – water dissolves many substances

~ water will dissolve things that have charges (polar & ionic compounds)

II. Water

3. special properties:

f. high specific heat –

- water holds its heat very well

- hard to change its temperature

II. Water 3. special properties:

g. high heat of vaporization –

- when water does change its temperature (higher) it “carries” heat with it

II. Water 3. special properties:

h. ice floats on water

- solid H2O takes up more space, so less dense

III. Acids & Bases

1. pH scale: 0-14

2. neutral = pH 7 3. acid = pH < 7 4. base = pH >7

* the closer to 7, the weaker it is

III. Acids & Bases

5. buffers – keep pH stableCells will be harmed

if pH too high or low

IV. Organic Compounds

Organic compounds come from organisms

All include very large molecules (polymers) that are built from smaller units called monomers

mono - onepoly - many

IV. Organic Compounds

There is a standard way of building polymers out of monomersTo join monomers together, water is removedCalled dehydration synthesis

hydr – water

syn - together

IV. Organic Compounds

There is a standard way of breaking polymers apart into their monomersTo break polymers apart, water is addedCalled hydrolysis

hydr – waterlys - burst

IV. Organic Compounds A. CarbohydratesA. Carbohydrates

1. examples Glucose (sugar) - cell energy Glycogen – how animals store extra glucose Starch – how plants store extra glucose Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber Chitin – makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons

IV. Organic Compounds A. CarbohydratesA. Carbohydrates

2. structure

monosaccharide: polysaccharide:

(monomer) (polymer)

mono- onepoly- manysacchar- sugar

IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids

1. examples – Triglycerides – fats, oils, waxesSteroids - hormonesPhospholipids – make up cell membrane

tri- threeglyc- sugar

IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids

2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water); monomer is the fatty acid chain

fats: steroids:

IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids

3. types saturated fats – hold as much H as possible; solid at room temp; animal fats

IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids

3. types unsaturated fats – missing H due to multiple bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils

IV. Organic Compounds B. LipidsB. Lipids

3. types –

phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane

IV. Organic Compounds C. Nucleic AcidsC. Nucleic Acids

1. examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material)

2. function – hereditary info 3. monomer is the nucleotide:

IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins

1. examples: numerous! (major structural unit of

body… muscles, skin, tendons, etc.)

2. functions–structure, enzymes, hormones,…

IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins

3. monomer is the amino acid:

IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins

3. structure – simple proteins: complex proteins:

ex: used to build ex: chemical reactions

IV. Organic Compounds D. ProteinsD. Proteins

4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster- every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme- missing enzyme = defect- high heat and extreme pH will “break” them

Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 1. An example of an element would be:1. An example of an element would be:

A. NeA. Ne B. CO2B. CO2 C. C6H12O6C. C6H12O6 D. H2OD. H2O

2. Which of the following is the weakest?2. Which of the following is the weakest?

A. ionic bondsA. ionic bonds C. hydrogen bondsC. hydrogen bonds

B. electrovalent bondsB. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bondsD. covalent bonds

Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 3. Most of water’s special properties are 3. Most of water’s special properties are

due to the fact that it is –due to the fact that it is –A. polarA. polar B. neutral C. covalent B. neutral C. covalent D. D. nonpolarnonpolar

4. Ringed lipids are called -4. Ringed lipids are called -A. triglyceridesA. triglycerides C. steroidsC. steroids

B. phospholipids.B. phospholipids. D. both B and C.D. both B and C.

Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 5. When your body has too much 5. When your body has too much

glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____.many ____.A. monomer…triglyceridesA. monomer…triglycerides

B. monomer…carbohydratesB. monomer…carbohydrates

C. polymer…proteinsC. polymer…proteins

D. polymer…nucleic acidsD. polymer…nucleic acids

Self-Quiz – ChemistrySelf-Quiz – Chemistry 6. 6. Unsaturated fats:Unsaturated fats:

A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can holdA. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold

B. contain only single bonds between carbon atomsB. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

C. are usually solids at room temperatureC. are usually solids at room temperature

D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atomsD. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms

The EndThe End