UNIT I – Introduction to Management UNIT 2 – International Management and Diversity UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics and Social Responsibility UNIT 4 – Planning.
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Definition
• Motivation = a force which impels one to put forth effort
• Managers must assure that the force directs subordinate’s efforts toward organizational purposes
- Internally derived? - simply hire motivated people
- Externally imposed? - becomes a process of one person influencing another
• Manipulation = external force which directs behavior toward manager’s goals against individual’s will
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Nature of Motivation
Motivation– The psychological forces that determine
the direction of a person’s behavior in an organization, a person’s level of effort, and a person’s level of persistence
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Nature of Motivation
• Direction—possible behaviors the individual could engage in
• Effort—how hard the individual will work
• Persistence—whether the individual will keep trying or give up
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Effort and Performance
• Job performance– how well someone performs the job
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Contemporary Approaches
• Content theories stress the analysis of human needs
• Process theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior
• Reinforcement theories focus on employee learning desired work behaviors.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Need Theories
• Need – A requirement for survival and well-
being.
• Need Theories– Theories of motivation that focus on
what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs.
– Basic premise is that people are motivated to obtain outcomes at work to satisfy their needs.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Table 9.1
Self-actualization
Self-actualization
Realize one’s full potential
Realize one’s full potential
Use abilities to the fullest
Use abilities to the fullest
EsteemEsteem Feel good about oneself
Feel good about oneself
Promotions and recognition
Promotions and recognition
BelongingnessBelongingness Social interaction, love
Social interaction, love
Interpersonal relations, parties
Interpersonal relations, parties
SafetySafety Security, stabilitySecurity, stability Job security, health insurance
Job security, health insurance
PhysiologicalPhysiological Food, water, shelter
Food, water, shelter
Basic pay level to buy items
Basic pay level to buy items
Needs Description
Examples
Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
McClelland’s Needs for Achievement,Affiliation, and Power
Need for Achievement– A strong desire to perform challenging
tasks well and meet personal standards for excellence
Need for Affiliation– Extent to which an individual is concerned about
establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him get along with each other
Need for Power– Extent to which an individual desires to control or
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Need Satisfaction to the Model
PerformancePerformance
EffortEffort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
UnsatisfiedUnsatisfiedneedneed TensionTension Energized toEnergized to
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Answer These Questions:
Describe a time when you were extremely dissatisfied or turned off by your job
Describe a time when you were extremely satisfied or turned on by your job.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
The Nature of Motivation
• Extrinsically Motivated Behavior– Behavior that is performed to acquire
material or social rewards or to avoid punishment.
• Intrinsically Motivated Behavior– Behavior that is performed for its own
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Rewards
• Extrinsic Rewards are given by another person, often a manager. – tangible and visible to others– given contingent on performance
• Intrinsic Rewards are received as a direct consequence of a person's actions– natural rewards– associated with performing the task
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory
Focuses on outcomes that lead to higher motivation and job satisfaction, and those outcomes that can prevent dissatisfaction.– Motivator needs relate to the nature of the
work itself and how challenging it is– Hygiene needs are related to the physical
and psychological context in which the work is performed
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Herzberg’s Two Factors
Hygiene FactorsCompany policy and
administrationSupervision Interpersonal
relationshipsWorking conditionsSalaryJob status and
security.
Motivating Factors Achievement Recognition Work itself Responsibility Advancement Growth.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Rewards to the Model
EffortEffort
• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
UnsatisfiedUnsatisfiedneedneed TensionTension Energized toEnergized to
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with the Basics
Ask people what their needs are
Satisfy lower-order needs first
Expect people’s needs to change
Satisfy higher order needs by looking for ways to allow employees to experience intrinsic rewards
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Process Theories
Explain the steps and procedures employees use to select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine if their choices were successful.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Equity Theory
• Focuses on people’s perceptions of the fairness (or lack of fairness) of their work outcomes in proportion to their work inputs.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Inequity• When a person’s O/I ratio differs
from their referent’s O/I ratio• Underreward
– referent’s O/I ratio is greater than yours
– experience anger or frustration
• Overreward– referent’s O/I ratio is less than yours– experience guilt
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Equity Theory to the Model EffortEffort• Initiation• Direction• Persistence
UnsatisfiedUnsatisfiedneedneed TensionTension Energized toEnergized to
take actiontake action
PerformancePerformanceSatisfactionSatisfaction
ExtrinsicExtrinsicRewardsRewards
IntrinsicIntrinsicRewardsRewards
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Perceived Equity/Inequity
Restoring Equity• Decrease inputs• Increase outcomes• Rationalize inputs or
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with Equity Theory
Look for and correct major inequities Reduce employees’ inputs Make sure decision-making processes
are fair– distributive justice– procedural justice
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
E P means effort leads to performance (Expectancy)
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
E P means effort leads to performance (Expectancy)
P O means performance leads to outcomes (Instrumentality)
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
M = (E P) x (P O) x V
M = Motivation (force to put forth effort)
E P means effort leads to performance (Expectancy)
P O means performance leads to outcomes (Instrumentality)
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Adding Expectancy Theory to the Model
Restoring Equity• Decrease inputs• Increase outcomes• Rationalize inputs or
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Expectancy Theory
Motivation will be high when workers believe:– High levels of effort will lead to high
performance.
– High performance will lead to the attainment of desired outcomes.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
• Systematically gather information to find out what employees want from their jobs
• Clearly link rewards to individual performance
• Empower employees to make decisions which enhance expectancy perceptions
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Goal Setting Theory
• Focuses on identifying the types of goals that are effective in producing high levels of motivation and explaining why goals have these effects.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Goal-Setting Theory• Goal Specificity
– the clarity of goals
• Goal Difficulty– how challenging goals are
• Goal Acceptance– how well goals are agreed to or
understood
• Performance Feedback– information on goal progress
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Learning Theories
Theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behaviors and the attainment of goals
Based on Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated; Behavior that is ignored or punished tends not to be repeated
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Learning Theories
Learning– A relatively permanent change in
person’s knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Operant Conditioning Theory
Operant Conditioning– People learn to perform behaviors
that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
S - R - O RelationshipS = StimulusR = ResponseO = Outcome
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Reinforcement Relationship between behavior and its
consequences Reinforcement = anything that increases
the relationship between a given stimulus and a particular response
Leads to the modification of employees' on-the-job behaviors through the appropriate use of immediate rewards and punishments.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Reinforcement Tools
Behavior modification = reinforcement techniques to modify behavior
Positive reinforcement = pleasant consequence following a desired behavior
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement - Schedule
reinforces every occurrence of the desired behavior.
Fixed-Interval Schedule - Rewards employees at specified time intervals. (regular paycheck).
Fixed-Ratio Schedule - Reinforcement occurs after a specified number of desired responses, such as after every fifth event. (piece-rate pay systems)
Variable-Interval Schedule - Reinforcement is administered at random times that cannot be predicted by the employee. (Random inspection followed by praise)
Variable-Ratio Schedule - Random number of desired behaviors rather than on variable time periods. (Slot machine)
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Motivating with Reinforcement Theory Identify, measure, analyze,
intervene, and evaluateDon’t reinforce the wrong behaviorCorrectly administer punishment at
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Pay and Motivation
Pay as a Motivator– Expectancy: Instrumentality, the association
between performance and outcomes, must be high for motivation to be high.
– Need Theory: pay is used to satisfy many needs.
– Equity Theory: pay is given in relation to inputs.
– Goal Setting Theory: pay is linked to attainment of goals.
– Learning Theory: outcomes (pay), is distributed upon performance of functional behaviors.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Social Learning Theory
A theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people’s thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people’s behavior.
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 11 – Leadership
UNIT 12 – Control
UNIT 13 - POM/MIS/DSS
FOUNDATIONS OF MANAGEMENTUNIT 10 - Motivation
Social Learning Theory
Vicarious Learning (Observational Learning)– Learning that occurs when a learner
is motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person perform and be reinforced for doing so
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories
UNIT 3 – Managerial Ethics andSocial Responsibility
UNIT 4 – Planning as aDecision-Making Activity
UNIT 5 – Domestic and International Issues in Planning
UNIT 6 – Organization – Design and Culture
UNIT 7 – Staffing
UNIT 8 – Communication
UNIT 9 – Direction - Teams and Group Processes
UNIT 10 – Motivation Definitions Content Theories Maslow’s Hierarchy Arndorfer’s Needs Theory McClelland’s Need Theory Hertzberg’s two-factor Theory Process Theories Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Learning Theories