Unit I – An Industrial Nation Chapter 5 Section 3 – Life at the Turn of the Twentieth Century.

Unit I – An Industrial Unit I – An Industrial NationNation

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Section 3 – Life at the Turn of Section 3 – Life at the Turn of the Twentieth Centurythe Twentieth Century

New Immigrants – A Nation of ImmigrantsNew Immigrants – A Nation of Immigrants

• 1800-1880- more that 10 million immigrants- “Old 1800-1880- more that 10 million immigrants- “Old Immigrants”- from Northern and Western Europe.Immigrants”- from Northern and Western Europe.

• 1880-1910- some 18 million immigrants- “New 1880-1910- some 18 million immigrants- “New Comers”- from Southern and Eastern Europe, Comers”- from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Catholics, Orthodox and Jewish faiths.including Catholics, Orthodox and Jewish faiths.

• Severe immigration laws limited East Asia.Severe immigration laws limited East Asia.

• 1910- one out of every seven Americans was foreign 1910- one out of every seven Americans was foreign born.born.

Coming to AmericaComing to America• Reasons to immigrate- Political, Economic and ReligiousReasons to immigrate- Political, Economic and Religious

• Ellis Island, New York Harbor- in 62 years over 12 million came Ellis Island, New York Harbor- in 62 years over 12 million came throughthrough

• Angel Island, San Francisco Bay- newcomers from Asia.Angel Island, San Francisco Bay- newcomers from Asia.

• Hardships in America- crowded tenements, low paying unskilled Hardships in America- crowded tenements, low paying unskilled jobs, ghettos.jobs, ghettos.

• Ethnic neighborhoods tried to keep their cultures alive and build Ethnic neighborhoods tried to keep their cultures alive and build communities.communities.

• Prejudice- Prejudice- – Nativists- American Natives who blamed immigrants for increases Nativists- American Natives who blamed immigrants for increases

in crime and poverty. Stealing American jobs.in crime and poverty. Stealing American jobs.

– Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882- banned Chineses immigration for 10 Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882- banned Chineses immigration for 10 years.years.

– Some Nativists wanted literacy tests to determine the ability to Some Nativists wanted literacy tests to determine the ability to read. This Act was approved over President Wilson’s veto. read. This Act was approved over President Wilson’s veto.

Reasons and RealitiesReasons and RealitiesComing to AmericaComing to America

• All came for a better lifeAll came for a better life

– Jews in particular fled Jews in particular fled eastern Europe to escape eastern Europe to escape religious persecution.religious persecution.

– Southern and eastern Southern and eastern Europeans also fled from Europeans also fled from severe poverty.severe poverty.

• In 1892 the government In 1892 the government opened an immigration station opened an immigration station at Ellis Island in New York at Ellis Island in New York Harbor.Harbor.

– Over the years, some 12 Over the years, some 12 million people passed million people passed through Ellis Island. through Ellis Island. Doctors checked them for Doctors checked them for diseases or disabilities.diseases or disabilities.

• After 1910, Asians passed After 1910, Asians passed through Angel Island in San through Angel Island in San Francisco Bay, but many were Francisco Bay, but many were held like prisoners for weeks. held like prisoners for weeks.

Prejudice Against ImmigrantsPrejudice Against Immigrants

• Immigrants faced crowding Immigrants faced crowding and low pay, but settled near and low pay, but settled near others from their country and others from their country and started communities and started communities and organizations to help organizations to help themselves.themselves.

• Some native-born Americans, Some native-born Americans, known as nativists, saw known as nativists, saw immigrants as a threat to immigrants as a threat to their jobs and safe their jobs and safe communities.communities.

• On the West Coast, prejudice On the West Coast, prejudice was directed against Asians; was directed against Asians; Chinese immigrants were Chinese immigrants were restricted from jobs and restricted from jobs and neighborhoods, and neighborhoods, and immigration was halted by immigration was halted by Congress through the Chinese Congress through the Chinese Exclusion Act.Exclusion Act.

• Nativists wanted immigrants Nativists wanted immigrants to pass a literacy test, and to pass a literacy test, and Congress approved the billCongress approved the bill. .

Reasons to Come to Reasons to Come to AmericaAmerica• 1830-18901830-1890

– The reason for immigration in the period from 1830-1890 is quite The reason for immigration in the period from 1830-1890 is quite clear. Land remained plentiful, and fairly cheap. Jobs were abundant, clear. Land remained plentiful, and fairly cheap. Jobs were abundant, and labor was scarce and relatively dear. A decline in the birthrate and labor was scarce and relatively dear. A decline in the birthrate as well as an increase in industry and urbanization reinforced this as well as an increase in industry and urbanization reinforced this situation. situation.

– The United States, in the 19th Century, remained a strong magnet to The United States, in the 19th Century, remained a strong magnet to immigrants, with offers of jobs and land for farms. Glowing reports immigrants, with offers of jobs and land for farms. Glowing reports from earlier arrivals who made good reinforced the notion that in from earlier arrivals who made good reinforced the notion that in America, the streets were, "paved with gold," as well as offerings of America, the streets were, "paved with gold," as well as offerings of religious and political freedom. religious and political freedom.

• 1890-19241890-1924• Jews came for religious freedom Jews came for religious freedom • Italians and Asians came for Work Italians and Asians came for Work • Russians came to escape persecution Russians came to escape persecution • America had jobs America had jobs • America had religious freedom America had religious freedom • America was hyped up in many countries as "Land of Opportunity“America was hyped up in many countries as "Land of Opportunity“

• 1968- Present1968- Present• The main reason why everybody wants to go to US is because if they The main reason why everybody wants to go to US is because if they

would go somewhere like France of Japan although they would get would go somewhere like France of Japan although they would get higher wages, there is a much greater chance of getting harassed, higher wages, there is a much greater chance of getting harassed, arrested or deported in those countries as opposed to US. arrested or deported in those countries as opposed to US.

Immigrants – 1:06

Irish Potato Famine and Immigration to America Irish Potato Famine and Immigration to America – 1:36– 1:36

Ellis Island

Angel Island

Middle Class

• Made up of corporate employees and professionals

• 1870s and 1880s: professional organizations begin to set standards for some occupations

Urban Life in AmericaUrban Life in America

Working Class• Poor, paid low

wages, faced housing shortages, lived in filthy, crowded tenements.

• Many women held jobs outside the home.

• Architects used steel frames and elevators to build tall buildings in cities. New urban planning specialists redesigned cities and built parks.

• Settlement houses helped immigrants overcome poverty. Reformers who believed in social gospel, or expressing faith through good works, volunteered in the settlement houses.

• Lifestyles varied dramatically for those of varied social status.

Wealthy

• Made their money in industry and business

• Showed off their wealth

• Built castle-like homes in places such as New York’s stylish Fifth Avenue

Local and National Political CorruptionLocal and National Political Corruption

LocalLocal• Urban problems such as crime and poor Urban problems such as crime and poor

sanitation led people to give control of local sanitation led people to give control of local governments to political machines, or governments to political machines, or organizations of professional politicians.organizations of professional politicians.

• Machine bosses were often corrupt, asking for Machine bosses were often corrupt, asking for votes in exchange for jobs and housing, taking votes in exchange for jobs and housing, taking bribes, and using fraud to win elections.bribes, and using fraud to win elections.

• William Marcy Tweed, or Boss Tweed, led a William Marcy Tweed, or Boss Tweed, led a political machine called Tammany Hall in New political machine called Tammany Hall in New York City and made himself and his friends very York City and made himself and his friends very rich.rich.

• Eight years later his corruption was made Eight years later his corruption was made public, when he was sent to prison for fraud.public, when he was sent to prison for fraud.

Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall – Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall – 1:351:35

Local and National Political CorruptionLocal and National Political Corruption

FederalFederalUlysses S. Grant’s presidency was caught up Ulysses S. Grant’s presidency was caught up

in scandals, such asin scandals, such as

– Crédit Mobilier, scheme to funnel Crédit Mobilier, scheme to funnel federal railroad money to stockholders.federal railroad money to stockholders.

• Attempts at reform split the republican Attempts at reform split the republican party.party.

– In 1880 the party chose a reformer, In 1880 the party chose a reformer, James A. Garfield, who was assassinated James A. Garfield, who was assassinated shortly after his inaugurationshortly after his inauguration

– His successor, Chester A. Arthur, His successor, Chester A. Arthur, supported reforms, and helped pass the supported reforms, and helped pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act, which Pendleton Civil Service Act, which required that promotions be based on required that promotions be based on merit, not politics.merit, not politics.

James A. Garfield (Republican)James A. Garfield (Republican)

1881- 20th President1881- 20th President

– Election of 1880- opponent- James G. Blaine “Plumed Knight” and Election of 1880- opponent- James G. Blaine “Plumed Knight” and a half breed republicans.a half breed republicans.

– AssassinationAssassination

• Charles Guiteau - crazed lawyer and disgruntled party loyalist Charles Guiteau - crazed lawyer and disgruntled party loyalist who failed to get a government job. who failed to get a government job.

Death of GarfieldDeath of Garfield• It is commonly believed that Guiteau's outrage was responsible for the Garfield's assassination. In actuality, it It is commonly believed that Guiteau's outrage was responsible for the Garfield's assassination. In actuality, it

only played a small role. only played a small role.

• Guiteau was a deeply religious man and believed that God had ordered him to kill the President. One bullet Guiteau was a deeply religious man and believed that God had ordered him to kill the President. One bullet grazed his arm but the other one had lodged itself somewhere inside the President's body. grazed his arm but the other one had lodged itself somewhere inside the President's body.

• Garfield was rushed to the White House, having never lost consciousness. For the next eighty days, sixteen doctors Garfield was rushed to the White House, having never lost consciousness. For the next eighty days, sixteen doctors were consulted regarding the President's condition. At least 3 surgeons probed the wound with unwashed fingers were consulted regarding the President's condition. At least 3 surgeons probed the wound with unwashed fingers and non sterile probes and could not find the bullet. A naval surgeon actually punctured the liver while probing and non sterile probes and could not find the bullet. A naval surgeon actually punctured the liver while probing and caused the damage the bullet did not. But, Garfield didn't die the next day. and caused the damage the bullet did not. But, Garfield didn't die the next day.

• His fever rose and he was put on a diet of milk spiked with brandy. And the surgeons continued to probe with His fever rose and he was put on a diet of milk spiked with brandy. And the surgeons continued to probe with unwashed fingers.unwashed fingers.

• Alexander Graham Bell rigged up a crude metal detector to help find the bullet. With Garfield's condition Alexander Graham Bell rigged up a crude metal detector to help find the bullet. With Garfield's condition growing steadily worse, doctors decided to cut him open to remove the slug. It was not found. What Bell had growing steadily worse, doctors decided to cut him open to remove the slug. It was not found. What Bell had actually located so deep in the body was the metal spring under the mattress! No wonder they couldn't find the actually located so deep in the body was the metal spring under the mattress! No wonder they couldn't find the bullet. bullet.

• In the end, they managed to take a 3 inch wound and turn it into a twenty inch canal that was heavily infected and In the end, they managed to take a 3 inch wound and turn it into a twenty inch canal that was heavily infected and oozed more and more pus with each passing day.oozed more and more pus with each passing day. The deep wound with its massive infection, coupled with possible The deep wound with its massive infection, coupled with possible blood poisoning from the bullet, caused the President's heart to weaken. Garfield had a massive heart attack blood poisoning from the bullet, caused the President's heart to weaken. Garfield had a massive heart attack several days later, but these well trained physicians botched this diagnosis also. They attributed it to the several days later, but these well trained physicians botched this diagnosis also. They attributed it to the rupturing of a blood vessel in his stomach! rupturing of a blood vessel in his stomach!

• At the autopsy, examiners determined that the bullet had lodged itself some four inches from the spine in a At the autopsy, examiners determined that the bullet had lodged itself some four inches from the spine in a protective cyst. Their conclusion -Garfield would have survived if the doctors had left him alone.protective cyst. Their conclusion -Garfield would have survived if the doctors had left him alone.

• The physicians had the nerve to submit a bill for their services of $85,000 to the Senate. The federal government The physicians had the nerve to submit a bill for their services of $85,000 to the Senate. The federal government paid $10,000 (a ripoff) and good old Doctor Bliss was forced to make a public apology. paid $10,000 (a ripoff) and good old Doctor Bliss was forced to make a public apology.

Settlement House MovementSettlement House Movement

• Settlement House-Settlement House- volunteers offer volunteers offer immigrants services- language instruction, immigrants services- language instruction, job training, social activities, clubs and job training, social activities, clubs and sports.sports.

• Over 400 settlement house in America by Over 400 settlement house in America by 19101910

• Social Gospel-Social Gospel- faith is expressed through faith is expressed through good works. Churches had moral duty to good works. Churches had moral duty to help solve social problems.help solve social problems.

Jane AddamsJane AddamsThere is an old There is an old

saying that says, saying that says, “Behind every “Behind every good man there good man there stands a good stands a good woman.” But woman.” But throughout history, throughout history, was that man just was that man just standing in the way standing in the way of the woman?of the woman?

Jane AddamsJane Addams Birth: 1860, Cedarville, Illinois

Death: 1935, Chicago, Illinois

Founder of the Settlement House Movement.

She and her friend Ellen Starr founded Hull House in the slums of Chicago in 1889.

She wrote 11 books, numerous articles and headed various organizations.

She participated in the International Congress of Women at the Hague in 1915

First American Woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize

Hull House, founded 1889Hull House, founded 1889By 1893, Hull-House had By 1893, Hull-House had

become a center for a wide variety become a center for a wide variety of clubs, functions, classes and of clubs, functions, classes and activities for the neighborhood. activities for the neighborhood. Addams and her associates Addams and her associates championed the protection of championed the protection of immigrants, child labor laws and immigrants, child labor laws and recreation facilities for children, recreation facilities for children, industrial safety, juvenile courts, industrial safety, juvenile courts, recognition of labor unions, woman recognition of labor unions, woman suffrage, and world peace. suffrage, and world peace.

Addams never drew a Addams never drew a salary from Hull-House, but instead salary from Hull-House, but instead used her inheritance and the used her inheritance and the proceeds from her many books and proceeds from her many books and articles to live on as well as to articles to live on as well as to underwrite these causes.underwrite these causes.

Hull House- National Hull House- National Historic LandmarkHistoric Landmark

Around Hull-House, immigrants to Around Hull-House, immigrants to Chicago crowded into a residential and Chicago crowded into a residential and industrial neighborhood. Italians, Russian industrial neighborhood. Italians, Russian and Polish Jews, Irish, Germans, Greeks and Polish Jews, Irish, Germans, Greeks and Bohemians predominated. Hull and Bohemians predominated. Hull House provided services for the House provided services for the neighborhood, such as kindergarten and neighborhood, such as kindergarten and daycare facilities for children of working daycare facilities for children of working mothers, an employment bureau, an art mothers, an employment bureau, an art gallery, libraries, and music and art gallery, libraries, and music and art classes. By 1900 the Jane Club (a classes. By 1900 the Jane Club (a cooperative residence for working cooperative residence for working women), the first Little Theater in women), the first Little Theater in America, a Labor Museum and a meeting America, a Labor Museum and a meeting place for trade union groups.place for trade union groups.

The original Hull mansion remains, The original Hull mansion remains, a national historic landmark in June of a national historic landmark in June of 19671967

Farmers Reform MovementFarmers Reform Movement

• The Farmer’s Alliance wanted government to print more paper money, thinking they could charge more for farm goods if more money were circulating.

• In 1873 paper money was placed on the gold standard, reducing the amount of money in circulation. Farmers wanted money to be backed by silver.

• In the late 1800s crop prices were falling and farmers began to organize into groups to protect themselves financially.

• The Order of Patrons of Husbandry, or the National Grange, wanted the state to regulate railroad rates.

• The Supreme Court ruled that only the federal government could regulate.

• Congress then passed the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887, marking the first time federal government regulated industry.

• The Farmer’s Alliance started the Populist Party, calling for bank regulation, government-owned railroads and free coinage of silver.

• Their stand against powerful interests influenced later politicians.

Farmers OrganizeFarmers Organize• Patrons of Husbandry 1867Patrons of Husbandry 1867

– Organized as a social and education societyOrganized as a social and education society

– Lodges called “Granges”Lodges called “Granges”

– Farmers could discuss problems- absentee landlords, interest, Farmers could discuss problems- absentee landlords, interest, railroads, elevator rates, etc.railroads, elevator rates, etc.

– Farmers organized cooperatives- mills and elevators.Farmers organized cooperatives- mills and elevators.– Granger laws, setting or authorizing maximum railroad rates Granger laws, setting or authorizing maximum railroad rates

and establishing state railroad commissions for administering and establishing state railroad commissions for administering the new legislation. “Munn v. Illinois” (later to be overturned)the new legislation. “Munn v. Illinois” (later to be overturned)

• Production soared- more farmland under cultivation, more Production soared- more farmland under cultivation, more machinery, and better yield. Farmers had to compete on an machinery, and better yield. Farmers had to compete on an international level. This caused the prices to go down international level. This caused the prices to go down farther due to surplus.farther due to surplus.

Farmers’ reform movementsFarmers’ reform movements

• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887-Interstate Commerce Act of 1887-

– Banned Rebates. Banned Rebates.

– Rates must be proportional to distance Rates must be proportional to distance traveled. traveled.

– Rate schedules must be public and open to Rate schedules must be public and open to inspection.inspection.

Sherman Silver Purchase Sherman Silver Purchase Act- 1890Act- 1890

• Required the U.S. government to purchase Required the U.S. government to purchase nearly twice as much silver as before, but also nearly twice as much silver as before, but also added substantially to the amount of money added substantially to the amount of money already in circulation.already in circulation.

– The Treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces (or The Treasury would purchase 4.5 million ounces (or 281,250 pounds) of silver each month at market 281,250 pounds) of silver each month at market rates rates

– The Treasury would issue notes redeemable in The Treasury would issue notes redeemable in either gold or silver.either gold or silver.

• However, the increased supply of silver drove However, the increased supply of silver drove down the price. Many mine operators in the down the price. Many mine operators in the West tried to reduce expenses by cutting the West tried to reduce expenses by cutting the miners' wages. Labor unrest and sporadic miners' wages. Labor unrest and sporadic violence followed.violence followed.

• As the price of silver continued to decline, As the price of silver continued to decline, holders of the government notes holders of the government notes understandably redeemed them for gold rather understandably redeemed them for gold rather than silver-Leading to the Panic of 1893.than silver-Leading to the Panic of 1893.

The 1896 ElectionThe 1896 Election• After the election of 1892, a major railroad company failed,

triggering the Panic of 1893.

• Stock prices fell and millions lost their jobs. President Cleveland blamed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required the government to buy silver with paper money redeemable in either gold or silver.

• Silver was still an issue in the 1896 election, when Republicans nominated William McKinley, who favored the gold standard and Democrats chose William Jennings Bryan, who defended silver.

• Bryan made a dramatic speech saying using the gold standard was like crucifying mankind on a “cross of gold.”

• This speech won Bryan Populist support, but terrified business leaders gave money to the Republicans, and McKinley won the election.

GrangeGrange• From the start, the grange organization was thought of as a From the start, the grange organization was thought of as a

secret society, much like the Masons. Membership was secret society, much like the Masons. Membership was supposed to be open to only farmers and their families, supposed to be open to only farmers and their families, although at one point, lawyers, businessmen and politicians although at one point, lawyers, businessmen and politicians joined.joined.

• There was a time in the not-too-distant past when the local There was a time in the not-too-distant past when the local Grange Hall was the center of community life in many small Grange Hall was the center of community life in many small towns. It was a place of social gathering, a political rallying towns. It was a place of social gathering, a political rallying point, an economic cooperative, a fraternal order, a service point, an economic cooperative, a fraternal order, a service organization and an agricultural forum. It instilled love of organization and an agricultural forum. It instilled love of God, family and country. It helped farmers band together to God, family and country. It helped farmers band together to protect their mutual interests. And, more than any other protect their mutual interests. And, more than any other institution it embodied an American way of life.institution it embodied an American way of life.

• The Grange is the nation’s oldest and second largest farm The Grange is the nation’s oldest and second largest farm organization. It had its beginnings in Washington DC in organization. It had its beginnings in Washington DC in 1867, founded by a group of farmers for their mutual 1867, founded by a group of farmers for their mutual support and to foster civic, moral and political support and to foster civic, moral and political responsibility. Grange members joined in various group responsibility. Grange members joined in various group ventures: buying and selling goods; legislative lobbying on ventures: buying and selling goods; legislative lobbying on behalf of farmers; and eventually, in protecting themselves behalf of farmers; and eventually, in protecting themselves through insurance.through insurance.

The Populists – 2:48 min.The Populists – 2:48 min.

Populist PartyPopulist Party• Farmers as a group did not share in the general Farmers as a group did not share in the general

prosperity of the latter nineteenth century, and prosperity of the latter nineteenth century, and believed that they had been marked out as believed that they had been marked out as special victims of the new industrial systemspecial victims of the new industrial system

• Agricultural areas in the West and South had Agricultural areas in the West and South had been hit by been hit by economic depressioneconomic depression years before years before industrial areas. In the 1880s, as drought hit industrial areas. In the 1880s, as drought hit the wheat-growing areas of the Great Plains the wheat-growing areas of the Great Plains and prices for Southern cotton sunk to new and prices for Southern cotton sunk to new lows, many tenant farmers fell into deep debt. lows, many tenant farmers fell into deep debt. This exacerbated long-held grievances against This exacerbated long-held grievances against railroads, lenders, grain-elevator owners, and railroads, lenders, grain-elevator owners, and others with whom farmers did business. others with whom farmers did business.

• Party of the People- farmers and reformers- Party of the People- farmers and reformers- 18921892

• Governors, Senators and even a presidential Governors, Senators and even a presidential candidate- Gen. James B. Weaver.candidate- Gen. James B. Weaver.

Populist PartyPopulist Party- - The goal was not just The goal was not just to relieve economic pressure on agriculture, but also to to relieve economic pressure on agriculture, but also to restore democracy by eliminating what the Populists saw as restore democracy by eliminating what the Populists saw as the corrupt and corrupting alliance between business and the corrupt and corrupting alliance between business and government.government.

• Platform: Omaha 1892Platform: Omaha 1892– Support Labor UnionsSupport Labor Unions

– Wealth belongs to those who Wealth belongs to those who make itmake it

– Government ownership of Government ownership of Railroads, telephone and Railroads, telephone and telegraph.telegraph.

– Free SilverFree Silver

– Graduated Income TaxGraduated Income Tax

– Secret BallotSecret Ballot

– Shorten work hours.Shorten work hours.

– Initiative and ReferendumInitiative and Referendum

– Direct election of SenatorsDirect election of Senators

– Restriction of ImmigrationRestriction of Immigration

Mary Lease

William Jennings Bryan – William Jennings Bryan – 2:322:32

Wilson-Gorman Tariff- Wilson-Gorman Tariff- 18941894

• It added a number of items to the It added a number of items to the free list, including sugar, lumber, free list, including sugar, lumber, coal and wool. Further, the duties coal and wool. Further, the duties on imported manufactured goods on imported manufactured goods would be reduced while would be reduced while maintaining their protective maintaining their protective nature. nature.

• To compensate for the revenue To compensate for the revenue shortfall that tariff reform would shortfall that tariff reform would create, Wilson’s bill called for the create, Wilson’s bill called for the imposition of a two percent imposition of a two percent income tax, an idea recently income tax, an idea recently heralded by the Populists.heralded by the Populists.

• In the end it was not an example In the end it was not an example of tariff reform and most was of tariff reform and most was declared unconstitutionaldeclared unconstitutional

Labor DiscontentLabor Discontent

• Panic of 1893- Panic of 1893- Depression- 500 banks Depression- 500 banks and 16,000 businesses declared bankruptcyand 16,000 businesses declared bankruptcy, , millions out of work, winter brought suffering.millions out of work, winter brought suffering.

• Coxey’s Army- 1894- Coxey’s Army- 1894- 500 workers 500 workers (the Industrial Army) who marched from Ohio (the Industrial Army) who marched from Ohio to Washington to protest the plight of the to Washington to protest the plight of the poor unemployed workers. He favored poor unemployed workers. He favored federally funded community public works and federally funded community public works and building programs as a solution to the panic.building programs as a solution to the panic.

• Coxey wanted to increase the amount of Coxey wanted to increase the amount of currency in circulation, which would allow currency in circulation, which would allow more money to be spend on public works, more money to be spend on public works, thus providing jobs for the unemployed. He thus providing jobs for the unemployed. He and the other leaders were arrested in D.C. and the other leaders were arrested in D.C. for trespassing (police arrested him for for trespassing (police arrested him for walking on the grass.)walking on the grass.)

Election of 1892Election of 1892• Republicans- William Henry Republicans- William Henry

HarrisonHarrison

• Democrats- Grover Cleveland.Democrats- Grover Cleveland.

• Populists- Gen. James B. Weaver.Populists- Gen. James B. Weaver.

• Campaign- nation torn up by labor Campaign- nation torn up by labor strife. Homestead Strike, miners, strife. Homestead Strike, miners, and federal troopsand federal troops

• Outcome: Cleveland wins, Weaver Outcome: Cleveland wins, Weaver got 1 million votes and Populist got 1 million votes and Populist got 3 Senators and eleven got 3 Senators and eleven congressmen elected.congressmen elected.

• One of the goals of the Populists in One of the goals of the Populists in the South was to politically unite the South was to politically unite poor African Americans and poor poor African Americans and poor whites.whites.

Populist PartyPopulist Party• Election of 1896Election of 1896

– Republican William McKinley- Republican William McKinley- supports gold standardsupports gold standard

– Democrat/Populist William Democrat/Populist William Jennings Bryant- supports free Jennings Bryant- supports free coinage of silver. “Cross of coinage of silver. “Cross of Gold Speech” scared business Gold Speech” scared business leaders who helped McKinley leaders who helped McKinley win.win.

Segregation and Segregation and DiscriminationDiscrimination

• After Reconstruction, southern legislatures passed laws that restricted African Americans’ rights, but prejudice existed nationwide.

• Some white southerners tried to restrict African Americans’ right to vote by requiring voters to pay a poll tax and pass a literacy test.

• Southern legislatures passed the Jim Crow Laws to create and enforce segregation in public places.

• One law requiring separate railway cars for African Americans and whites was tested by Homer Plessy, an African American. His case went to the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson. They upheld segregation, saying “separate but equal” facilities didn’t violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

• In addition to legalized discrimination, strict rules governed social and business interactions between black and white Americans.

• The worst outcome of discrimination was lynching, or murder by a mob. Nearly 900 African Americans were murdered between 1882 and 1892 by lynch mobs.

Opposing DiscriminationOpposing Discrimination

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington

• Born into slaveryBorn into slavery

• Believed African Americans Believed African Americans had to accept segregation for had to accept segregation for the momentthe moment

• Believed they could improve Believed they could improve their condition by learning their condition by learning farming and vocational skillsfarming and vocational skills

• Founded the Tuskegee Institute Founded the Tuskegee Institute to teach African Americans to teach African Americans practical skillspractical skills

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois

• Believed that African Believed that African Americans should strive for Americans should strive for full rights immediatelyfull rights immediately

• Helped found the Niagara Helped found the Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight Movement in 1905 to fight for equal rightsfor equal rights

• Members of the Niagara Members of the Niagara Movement later founded the Movement later founded the National Association for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)People (NAACP)

• Two approaches to fighting racism emerged. Some advocated accepting segregation and learning skills to rise up, others believed African American should strive for full rights immediately.

• Two leaders represented these groups.

Hispanic Americans

• Most Mexican immigrants were farmers, but there weren’t enough farm jobs to go around.

• Spanish-speaking people often had to take menial jobs for low pay.

• Many were trapped by debt peonage, in which they couldn’t leave jobs until they paid debts to their employers.

Asian Americans

• In some areas, Asian immigrants lived in segregated neighborhoods.

• Many landlords wouldn’t rent to them.

• A law passed in 1900 prohibited marriages between whites and Asian Americans.

• Some laws limited Chinese immigration.

Other Groups Face Other Groups Face DiscriminationDiscrimination Native Americans

• Native Americans had to endure the government’s Americanization policy, which tried to stamp out their culture.

• Living on reservations gave Native Americans few opportunities.

• Many Native Americans did not have citizenship until the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924.