Unit i

A. Overview of Information and

Communication Technology

Computer literacy for all

Nature of computers

Uses of computers

Milestones in computer

architecture

B. Parts of Computer Systems

Six elements of computers and

communication systems.

C. Number systems and Data

Representation

Number Systems Conversion

What is computer?

A machine that can be programmed to accept data,

process it into useful information and store it for

safekeeping or reuse.

AWARENESS

KNOWLEDGE

INTERACTION

THREE MEASURE TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF COMPUTER LITERACY:

Speed Reliability

Storage Capability

II. Nature of Computer

Productivity

Decision-making

Cost-reduction

THREE CHARACTERISTICS:

III. Uses of computerGraphics better analysis can be achieved

Retailing determine prices and help manage inventory

Energy locate oil, coal, natural gas and uranium

Paperwork transaction printing is minimized

Transportation helps to run rapid transit systems, monitor traffic

Law Enforcement match traces from DNA and finger print to solve crime

Money allowing banks to offer credit cards or check book

Agriculture information about livestock breeding and performance

Government process immigrants, produce government security, collect taxes

Education acquire knowledge about computer literacy

Home keeps records, write letters, budgeting and connecting

Health and Medicine assist in diagnosis, monitors gravely ill and diseases

Robotics takes over works that are dangerous for humans

Sciences scientific researches and experiments

Connectivity allows communication even from far places

Human connection become productive and more capable

MecanicalGenearation(1642- 1945)

ZerothGeneration

VaccumTubes

(1945-1955)

First Generation

Transistors (1955-1965)

Second Generation

Integrated circuits

(1965-1980)

Third Generation

Very large scale

integration

(1980- ? )

Fourth Generation

IV. Milestone in Computer Architecture

Name Year Invention Functions

Blaise Pascal 1623-1662

Working Calculating Machine addition and subtraction

Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von_Leibniz 1646-17-16

Working

Calculating Machine multipplication and division

Charles Babbage 1792-1871 Difference Enginecompute tables of numbers for usefulnaval navigation

Analytical Engineread instructions from punced cards & carried it out

Ada lovelace (World's 1st computer programmer)

Analytical Engine Software

Vannevar Bush 1930'sDifferential Analyzer

It was an analog device. That is, it

could measure quantities that changed continuously, such as

temperature and air pressure. It used

vacuum tubes to switch electrical

signals that performed calculations.

Bush's machine could do 25 calculations in a few minutes.

Analytical engine

The engine had four components: the store (memory),

the mill (computational unit), the input section (punched card

reader) and the output section (punched and printed output).

This "engine" was completely mechanical and unfortunately

needed thousands of cogs, gears, and wheels for it to function.

Babbage was unable to produce most of these parts to the

degree of precision or tolerance needed due to the technology

of his time.

The store capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits used to hold variables and results.The mill could accept operands from the store, add, subtract, multiply or divide them, and return a result to the store.The engine could read instructions from punched cards and carry them out, at times combining a second set of input data and compiling the numbers in the mill, then sending the results back to the store. Instruction variables included being able to test a number for a

positive or negative value. By inputting a different set of punch cards, different computations could be archived.The results or "output" could be punched into a copper engraver's plate with a steel die, thus making hardcopy data available to the user.Unfortunately Babbage never saw his project finished, he soon ran out of personal funds and the Government sponsorship soon dried up as well.

Konrad Zuse 1930's

series of

automatic

calculating Machines electomagnetic relays

John Atanasoftbinary arithmetic and "Jogging the memory"

Sibbitz More primitive than Atanasoft's

Howard Aiken 1944 MARK Iit had 72 words & 23 decimal digits each

MARK II relay computers were obsolete

Name Year Invention Functions

Blaise Pascal

The Pascaline

Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von_Leibniz

Liebniz's Calculator

Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace

Vannevar Bush

Differential

Analyzer

Konrad Zuse John Atanasoft

Howard Aiken

Proposal was accepted in 1943

Proposal was on 1949

He went to Princeton Institute of Advance Studies to build his

own version of EDVAC.

It has 16-bit word and was designed for real

time control.

Evolution/Improvement of theFisrt Generation

MACHINE DISCOVERED BY: DATE/YEAR

ENIAC John Mauchley and

Jay Presper Eckert

1943

EDSAC Maurice Wilkes 1949

EDVAC Mauchley and Eckert

IAS Machine Von Neumann

Von Neumann

Machine

Von Neumann

M.I.T. Machine Jay Forrester

CPU Memory

Consol

e

Termina

l

Paper

Tape

I/O

Other

I/O

Name Year Invention Function

Robert Noyce 1958 Silicon Integrated

Circuit

Allowed dozens of trasistors to be put

on a single chip.

IBM 1964 System /360 Designed for both scientific and

commercial computing.

Multiprogramming /

360

Have several programs in memory at

once, so that when one is waiting for

input/output to complete , another

could compute

Features of 360

It was the first machine that can emulate (stimulate) the

other computers.

Solved the dilemma of binary-parallel versus serial

decimal with a compromise: the mechine had 32 bit

registers for binary arithmetic, but its memory was byte

oriented.

Huge address space of 2(24) bytes (16 megabytes)

Name Year Invention Functions

Garry Kildall 1980’s Cp/m oprating system I true floppy disk operating system, with a fil

system, and user commands typed in from

command

Steve Jobs and

Steve wozniak

Apple and Apple II

IBM (Philip Estridge) 1981 IBM personal

Computer

IBM

Become the dominant force in computer industry

Become personal computer business.

Published the complete plans including all circuit

diagrams in a book to make possible for other

companies to make plu-ins boards for IBM-PC, ti increase

its flexibility and popularity.

IBM-PC

Equipped with MS-DOS operating system supplied by ten tiny Microsoft

corporation.

INTEL was able to produce increasingly powerful CPU’s.

Develop the successor to MS-DOS to OS/2, featuring a graphical user

interface.

Microsoft developed its own windows operating system that ran on top of

MS-DOS in case OS/2 did not catch on.

System- group of related

components

A. Six Elements Computer and

Communication system

1. People – Most important part and

beneficiaries of computer and

communication

2. Procedures – Step By Step / Guidelines

3. Data – Raw Materials

Information – Summarized data or

manipulated data

Characteristics of useful

information

1. Relevant

2. Timely

3. Accurate

4. Concise

5. Complete

Units of Measurement for Capacity

0’s - 1’s – Bits

Combined a group of 8 - Bytes

Kilobytes – 1000 bytes / 2^10 (1024)

Megabytes – 1 million bytes

Gigabytes – 1 billion bytes

Terabytes – 1 trillion bytes

Petabytes – 1 quadrillion bytes

Hardware

- Consist of all the machinery and equipment in a

computer system

A. Input Hardware

- Allow people to put data into the computer

1.Keyboard -

2.Mouse –

Heart of computer are two units

of great importance:

A. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

B. Control Unit (CU)

2. Primary Memory

- “Work Space” where data and

programs for immediate processing are

held.

C. Output Hardware

- Translate information processed bye the

computer into a form that human can

understand

1. Screen

2. Printer

3. Sound

D. Secondary Storage Hardware(External

Storage)

1 Diskette or Floppy Disk

2 Hard Disk

3. Magnetic Tape

4 Optical Disk or CD-ROM

E. Communication

Hardware

1 Wired Connection

2 Wireless Connection

1. Application Software

a. Customized Software

b. Packaged Software

2. System Software

Data Processing

C

o

n

t

e

n

t

s

• Three-part Functions

• Areas

• Cycle

• Three Primary Stage of

Application Development

• Classification of

Computer

• The provision of source

data by the staff as a

basis for computer

processing.

• The transformation of

data into information

for management.

• The management

information which is the

output of a date

processing operation.

1. Business Date Processing

2. Scientific Data Processing

1. Origination

2. Input

3. Processing

4. Output

5. Storage & Feedback

• Classifying

• Calculating

• Recording

• Summarizing

1. Batch Processing

2. On-line Processing

3. Distributed Processing

1. Purpose

a. General-purpose

b. Special-purpose

2. Type of Data

a. Analog Computers

b. Digital Computers

c. Hybrid Computers

Workstation:

- Compared to personal

computers, workstations are

capable of performing high

quality image processing,

etc. with high speed.

Major applications of these workstations are

listed below:

Major applications of these workstations are

listed below:Research development fields.

High speed processing of complex, scientific and engineering applications.

Product design/manufacturing fields.

Used in CAD (Computer Aided Design). CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing), etc. application.

Software development field

Use of CASE tools (Computer Aided Software Engineering tools), etc.

Communication network field.

Used as client machine or server machines in distributed processing systems.

General-Purpose Computers:

can be used for multiple purposes; they

are capable of performing office work

as well as scientific and engineering

calculations.

It is also called mainframe.

Super Computers :

Super computers process trillions of instructions per second.

Main Frames

Mainframes are capable of processing

data at very high speed millions of

instructions per second and have access

to billions of characters of data.

Microcomputers

small-sized computers into which a microprocessor is built.

The Commodore

64 was one of the most

popular

microcomputers of its

era, and is the best-

selling model ofhome

computer of all time.[1]

Minicomputers

these computers are next to

mainframe computers, in terms

of speed and storage

capacity.

Personal Computers

These desktop computers

are also known as

microcomputers or

sometimes home

computers.

Computers that were

developed for personal

use. Commonly called

PC’s for short

Based on external appearance, different types of

personal computers have multiplied.

They can be classified as follows:

Desk-top type

Lap-top type

Notebook type, the size of A4 or B5 papers,

thin and light

Palm-top type

Notebook Computers

It is wonderfully portable and functional, and

they are popular with travelers who need a

computer that can bring with them.

Somewhat large, heavier versions of these

computers are known as Laptop computers.

Smaller stiil: Personal Digital Assistants-

a handheid computer called a Personal

Digital Assistant (PDA)

can be used to keep

track of appointments and other business

information such as

computer names and

orders.

Decimal Number System

Binary Number System

Hexadecimal Number system

Number System Conversion

Decimal Number system

The method is also called Exponential Method

It applies when converting a number from any base

system to decimal system.

7 1 5

7 x 10 = 700 2

5 x 10 = 5 0

11 x 10 = 10 = 715

Binary Number system

Position’s Quantity

One (2 = 1)

Two (2 = 2)

Four (2 = 4)

Eight (2 = 8)3

1

2

0

The table of Decimal, Binary and Hexadecimal

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

0 0 0

1 1 1

2 10 2

3 11 3

4 100 4

5 101 5

6 110 6

7 111 7

8 1000 8

9 1001 9

10 1010 A

11 1011 B

12 1100 C

13 1101 D

14 1110 E

15 1111 F

16 10000 10