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Topics (Textbook Module Numbers)
I. Sources of Pollution (41) IX. Solid Waste Disposal (51)
II. Human Impacts on Ecosystems (41) X. Waste Reduction Methods (52)
III. Endocrine Disruptors (42) XI. Sewage Treatment (41)
IV. Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves (43) XII. Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) (57)
V. Eutrophication (41) XIII. Dose Response Curve (57)
VI. Thermal Pollution (44) XIV. Pollution and Human Health (56)
VII. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (42) XV. Pathogens and Infectious Diseases (56)
VIII. Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification (42)
Vocabulary
• Acid deposition
• Algal bloom
• Bioaccumulation
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Biomagnification
• Boom
• Bubonic plague
• Cholera
• Composting
• Coral bleaching
• Dead zone
• Decomposition
• Dispersant
• Dose Response Curve
• E-waste
• Endocrine disruptors
• Eutrophication/ Cultural Eutrophication
• Fecal coliform bacteria
• Great Pacific Garbage Patch
• Hypoxic
• Incineration
• Indicator species
• Landfill mitigation
• LD50
• Leach field
• Leachate
• Malaria
• Mangroves
• Manure lagoon
• Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL)
• MERS
• Mesothelioma
• Methylmercury
• Nonpoint source
• Oligotrophic
• Oxygen sag curve
• Pathogen
• Perceived obsolescence
• Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
• Planned obsolescence
• Point source
• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
• Primary treatment
• Range of tolerance
• Recycling
• Runoff
• Safe Drinking Water Act
• Sanitary municipal landfill
• SARS
• Secondary treatment
• Sedimentation
• Septage
• Septic system
• Septic tank
• Sludge
• Tertiary treatment
• Thermal pollution
• Thermal pollution
• Thermal shock Clean Water Act
• Tuberculosis
• Wastewater
• Water pollution
• West Nile virus
• Wetland
• Zika virus
Unit 8: Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution
Name:
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GorqroigqM 21:17
1. Copy the sketches of the 5 stages of the materials economy
Extraction Production Distribution Consumption Disposal
2. How much of our natural resources have been trashed in the last few decades? 3. How many planets are needed to support current rates of consumption in the US and Australia? 4. How many trees are being lost in the Amazon each minute? 5. What is being added to the production system that is created dangerous waste products? 6. What food is at the top of the food chain and threatening the health of future generations? 7. What is meant by “externalising costs of production”? 8. Who is paying for the real cost of cheap electronic equipment (i.e. the $4.99 radio)? List three groups at least. 9a. How much material is still in the system after 6 months?____________%. 9b. Where have the remaining materials gone? 10. When did the modern consumer economy come into being? Why?
11. According to Annie Leonard, what are some of the social and community interests being neglected while we are busy consuming “stuff”? 12. What do these terms mean? Give an example of each.
13a. What is happening to the levels of measured happiness? 13b. What reasons are given?
14. Draw or summarize the steps in the treadmill. 15. One solution which many countries use to deal with increasing waste is to burn it. What problem is
associated with burning rubbish? 16. How does recycling help? 17. Why is recycling not enough? (Clue: How many rubbish bins are needed to produce one bin of recycled
materials?)
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I. Sources of Pollution
Waste should be viewed as a _____________ , just like other materials.
Supertanker crashed into a reef in Prince William Sound, AK 42 million liters (11 million gallons) Half a million birds and thousands of marine mammals killed
2. ____________________________________________
Exploration might yield up to 1.4 trillion L of oil and natural gas
Opponents: will harm pristine habitat and the human population as well
3. ____________________________________________
Explosion at a BP oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico
Released 780 million L (206 million gal)—87 days
6000 sea turtles, 26,000 marine mammals, 82,000
birds killed
BP Oil Spill Timeline (2:58) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiF-X-
Ez9Bs
BP Oil Spill 5 Years Later: Wildlife Still Suffering MSNBC (5:53) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcZ9MLDuIl0 Why were there so many birds on the neighboring barrier islands off the Lousiana coast at the time of the spill?
What occurred with the land and mangroves? (positive feedback loop!)
→ more oxygen is required for the bacteria to decompose all the organic material
→ _______________ BOD = ___________ pollution
→ High BOD = Less ________________________________________ for other forms of life;
may cause ______________________________
BOD in the waters of North America has (increased/decreased) since 1976 because: BOD in the waters of Africa and Asia has (increased/decreased) since 1976 because:
Scientists Now Know Exactly How Lead Got Into Flint's Water –Smithsonian magazine What was the root cause of the crisis and what happened in 2014 that exacerbated it? What safety measures might have prevented the problem, but were not being followed by Flint? What has Flint done since 2014, and is it working for the long term?
Is Flint the only place this contamination could be a problem?
III. Endocrine Disruptors
_______________________________________________ : Mimic hormones causing overstimulation, or bind
to a receptor within a cell and block the real hormone, stopping response.
____________________ : a distinct ecosystem that is
flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where
anaerobic processes prevail
Ecological Services provided by Wetlands
1.
2.
3.
4.
• 5,000 species of plant life
• 1/3 of all species of birds
• 190 species of amphibians
• ALL of America's wild ducks and geese need wetlands to survive
___________________________ :
• ___________________________ that grow along tropical shorelines
• inhabit the _________________________________
• ______________________________________
substrate for inverts like corals, sponges, tunicates
shelter many species of juvenile fish
Threats to Mangroves and Wetlands
•
•
•
•
Objective:
• Describe wetlands and mangroves, and the ecological services they provide.
• Describe the impacts of human activity on wetlands and mangroves.
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→The Disappearing Wetlands in California’s Central Valley, High Country News 2/29/16 https://www.hcn.org/articles/the-disappearing-wetlands-in-californias-central-valley What are the natural and anthropogenic causes of the wetland loss in CA?
What are two ways that bird populations are impacted by shrinking wetlands?
What was a mitigation solution that conservationists came up with to preserve some habitat for migrating birds?
Why is that no longer a viable solution?
How does the Central Valley Project Improvement Act fit into the story?
V. Eutrophication
Excess nutrients in the water →
_________________________________________
(anthropogenic causes = ____________________
eutrophication)
→ especially _______________
→ _______________________
→ again leads to High BOD and dead zones
Waterways low in oxygen = ____________________________
_____________________________ waterways: low nutrients, stable algae populations, high DO
Objective: Explain the environmental effects of excessive use of fertilizers and detergents on aquatic ecosystems
• Define eutrophication and algal blooms.
• Discuss the characteristics of hypoxic, oligotrophic, and eutrophic waterways.
• Describe anthropogenic causes of eutrophication.
→ Article: High Level of Mercury Found in Pumas Linked to Coastal Fog https://www.worldatlas.com/news/high-level-of-mercury-found-in-pumas-linked-to-coastal-fog.html
Explain how a puma is a victim of BOTH bioaccumulation and biomagnification due to methylmercury in
the fog.
Objective:
• Define bioaccumulation and biomagnification and explain the difference between them.
• Describe harmful effects on ecosystems and humans that are a result of bioaccumulation and biomagnification.
• Identify examples of substances that are capable of bioaccumulating and having measurable negative environmental impact.
1. Which of the following groups is most susceptible to problems from DDT: primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, or tertiary consumers? Why?
2. What are some differences between the food chain of ospreys and the food chain of northern harriers? How might these differences in the diet of osprey and northern harriers result in exposure to different amounts of DDT?
3. a) Suppose an osprey eats 300 g of fish per day. The fish tissue consumed by the osprey has an average DDT concentration of 0.1 μg/g. How much DDT is the osprey consuming in one day?
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b) Now suppose a bald eagle also eats 300 g of food per day. But, the bald eagle eats seal carcasses that have washed up on the beach. The seal had eaten fish-eating fish with 1.0 μg/g DDT in their tissue. Much of the seal’s body is made of blubber (a fatty substance) and the DDT bioaccumulates in the seal. So, the seal has 2.0 μg/g DDT in its tissue. If the bald eagle eats 300 g of seal, how much DDT does the bald eagle consume in one day?
4. Taking all factors into account, rank the following for likelihood of bioaccumulation: bald eagles, osprey, seals, and northern harriers.
IX. Solid Waste Disposal
Objective:
• Define solid waste and how and where it is generated.
• Describe the negative impacts of improperly designed landfills.
• Define e-waste and discuss its recent prevalence.
• Describe the design of sanitary municipal landfills.
• Describe factors in landfill decomposition rates.
• Explain the pros and cons of incineration as an alternative.
• Identify items that cannot be accepted in landfills, such as rubber tires
• Discuss the prevalence and negative impacts of ocean dumping
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkfAnQtIUCw Where is the Biggest Garbage Dump on Earth? (4:03)
How has it formed? What is it composed of?
Landfills
→ Traditional landfills must confront two large environmental problems:
1.
2.
__________________ : Contaminated water that passes through MSW into the soil and waterways
___________________________________________ aim to contaminate the surrounding environment as
How much waste is produced by a nation has a direct correlation to that nation’s ______________.
_________________________________________: Refuse collected by municipalities from households, small
businesses, and institutions.
What caused the shift to the “throw-away society”?
How does our industrialization lead to developing countries’ increasing their MSW? Undercover in a Bangladesh clothing factory (CBS news) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1mvcFuiTts (4:39)
Objective: Describe changes to current practices that could reduce the amount of generated waste and their associated benefits and drawbacks
• Define recycling and discuss its pros and cons.
• Define composting and discuss its pros and cons.
• Discuss options for disposing of e-waste and the issues with improper disposal.
• Describe landfill mitigation strategies.
• Describe the option of methane recapture in landfills.
• Funds cleanup of non-operating hazardous waste sites
• Authorizes federal government to respond immediately to release of hazardous substances
→__________________________ : Newer federal program (1995) to clean up industrial sites that do not yet
have Superfund status
Important Case Study: ________________________
• Used to be a hazardous waste landfill
• Benzene, dioxin, and trichloroethylene (carcinogens) found in basements in 1978
• Residents evacuated in 1983 The Love Canal Disaster (11:02) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kjobz14i8kM Where did the chemicals come from originally, and when? What were some of the health problems people experienced? Why did residents protest against the EPA and the government? How many toxic sites has the Superfund Act remediated at the time of this video? _______ Was Love Canal remediated? What happened to it? Why did activists continue to protest when Love Canal was repopulated in 1998? Why is it so hard to identify and eliminate carcinogens around us?
____________________________________________ • Burning waste for energy and to reduce volume
___________________________ → __________________________ and _____________________
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IftsX9Z7vHI How a septic system works (2:09)
2. ___________________________________________ : centralized systems in large municipalities in
developed countries
* ___________________________________________ :
• Physical removal of large objects through the use of screens and grates
• Settling of waste at the bottom of the tank
* ___________________________________________ :
• Water _____________, _____________ added, promotes growth of aerobic bacteria
• Bacterial breakdown into CO2 and inorganic sludge
_________________________________________:
o __________________________ using chlorine, ozone, UV light
--Released to waterway
Heavy rain and flooding—plants can __________________________ raw sewage into bodies of water
__________________________________ : man-made outdoor earthen basin filled with animal waste that undergoes anaerobic respiration as part of a system designed to manage and treat refuse created by CAFOs. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/drone-factory-farm-pig-feces-lakes
Objective:
• Describe best practices in sewage treatment.
• Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment, and disinfection.
XII. Lethal Dose 50% (LD50) and XIII. Dose Response Curve (Hazards and Risk)
Five types of Hazards: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
________________________________: caused by non-living factors; does not spread
__________________________________: (also transmissible/contagious/communicable): caused by pathogens Look up 5 examples each of diseases caused by…. Add VA if there is a vaccine, add A if there is an antibiotic
Virus Bacterium Protist (Protozoan) Fungus
Objective:
• Identify the five major types of hazards.
• Differentiate between transmissible and non-transmissable diseases, with examples.
• Describe at least three emergent diseases and the pathogens that cause them.
• Discuss ways to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases, and the roadblocks.
• Identify important toxic substances.
• Describe their effects on the different physiological systems of the body.
• Define LD50 and compare the toxicity of different substances.
• Explain and evaluate dose response curves.
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Methods of transmission ________________________: regional large- scale outbreak
________________________: worldwide outbreak
Copy the 5 deadliest diseases in history, their pathogen, and method of transmission
International Transmission Pathogen Vaccine or antibiotic?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7xlGcLGTu8 1918 Pandemic: The Deadliest Flu in History (6:08)
the 1918 flu was also known as _________________________________
Why did many countries not report the flu?
What percent of the world was infected?
Flu viruses are categorized by two types of _______________________________________ H5N1 Virus = Bird Flu H1N1 Virus = Swine Flu (2009 pandemic)
Small mutations that your immune system can protect against: _________________________________
Large mutations that your body cannot protect against: ______________________________
Why did it especially affect 20-40 year olds? (2 reasons) 1.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySClB6-OH-Q The Past, Present and Future of the Bubonic Plague (4:12) Visit the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) website and the WHO (World Health Organization) website for information about current disease concerns in the US and internationally. Write down at least 5 of each, and put VI, B, P, or F for pathogen, and VA or AN for vaccine or antibiotic. https://www.cdc.gov/outbreaks/index.html CDC http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/en/ WHO
When there is substantial preliminary evidence that an activity/technology/chemical substance can harm humans or the environment, we should take precautionary measures to prevent/reduce harm, rather than wait for more conclusive scientific evidence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1SWkqZCD24 The Precautionary Principle Animation (1:43)
What are some other issues besides toxins to which we could/should be applying the Precautionary Principle?
_____________: probability of suffering harm (usually percentage or fraction)
____________________________________________: Use statistical methods to estimate risk
____________________________________________: Whether and how to reduce risk, and at what cost
Refer to Risk Survey Lab
Which of these do people consider to be riskier? What are the reasons behind these perceptions?
Being pushed out of an airplane with a parachute
Or
Sky-diving
Government chlorination of drinking water
Using a chemical water softener in your home
Hiking on an open cliffside trail
Living next to an oil refinery
Driving in a car Living near a nuclear reactor
Driving in a car Flying in a jet airplane
Using tobacco Using a product containing dioxin
Drinking tapwater in your house in Cupertino Drinking tapwater from a well in Senegal
Living near a factory that exports goods Living near a factory that sells goods you use
https://time.com/4982099/quackery-medicine-history/ (1:43) 3 Strange Treatments Doctors Used to Think Were Good for You https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57983/9-terrifying-medical-treatments-1900-and-their-safer-modern-versions
Difficult to establish ____________________________ between pollutants and human health issues
humans are exposed to a variety of chemicals and pollutants
Disease Cause
XV. Pathogens and Infectious Diseases
Pathogens ___________ to take advantage of new
opportunities to infect and spread through human
populations
Specific pathogens can occur in many environments
regardless of the appearance of sanitary conditions
_________________________ leads to pathogens and
associated diseases spreading into new areas
Poverty-stricken areas more often lack
_____________________________________________ and
have _________________________________
____________________________________
→ so they have a much _________ likelihood for spread of
infections disease
Objective:
• Explain the difficulty behind establishing cause and effect between pollutants and human health issues.
• Identify the probable pollution-related causes of human diseases such as dysentery, mesothelioma, asthma, and respiratory problems.
Objective: Explain human pathogens and their cycling through the environment.
• Discuss how and why pathogens may appear in certain locations.
• Explain how climate change is affecting the spread of pathogens.
• Explain why poverty-stricken regions are more in danger of the spread of infectious diseases.
• Define and explain the spread of plague, tuberculosis, malaria, West Nile virus, SARS, MERS, Zika, and cholera.