Unit 7: Plants 7.0 Botany: The study of plants. 7.1 Characteristics of Plants -Multicellular -Nucleus with DNA -Photosynthesis -Cell Wall -Sessile (Do.

Unit 7: Plants7.0 Botany: The study of plants.

7.1 Characteristics of Plants

-Multicellular

-Nucleus with DNA

-Photosynthesis

-Cell Wall

-Sessile (Do not Move)

7.2 Plant tissue are organized into 3 main groups: Roots, Stems, and Leaves

7.3 Shoot System: includes the stems and leaves and is where photosynthesis, support, and storage occur.

7.4 Root System: is below the ground and holds the plant in place and lets a plant take up water and nutrients from the soil.

Roots7.5 Functions of Roots:

1. Anchors the plant.

2. Absorbs water and minerals.

3. Stores food that was produced in

the leaves.

7.6 Root Types:

1. Tap roots: deep growing, ideal for

absorbing deep water and storing food.

Examples: Carrots, Beets

2. Fibrous roots: shallow growing,

ideal for absorbing surface water and

preventing soil erosion. Example: Grass

7.7 The Stem: Holds plants upright and transports materials between the leaves and the roots.

7.8 The Leaves: Capture sunlight for the process of photosynthesis and exchange materials with the air.

7.9 Cork (bark): Protects the tree from weather, insects, and fires.

7.10 Cork Cambium: Produces new cork.

The Stem

7.11 Xylem: Transports water up from the roots to the leaves.

7.12 Phloem: Transports food down from the leaves to the roots.

7.13 Vein: A bundle of phloem and xylem vessels coming from the stem.

Plant Diagram

The Leaf

7.14 Cuticle: (waxy cuticle) prevents loss of water.

7.15 Epidermal Hairs: prevents loss of water by blowing winds.

7.16 Epidermis: outer layer that protects leaf.

Leaf Anatomy7.17 Palisade Layer: Most of the leaf’s

chloroplasts are in this layer.

7.18 Spongy Layer: This layer has large spaces between cells to allow water and gases to move through.

7.19 Stomata: Openings in the bottom of a leaf that allow air, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide to come in and out of the plant.

7.20 Guard Cells: They open and close the stomata.

7.21 Stomata can close to stop water loss. Therefore, during drought stomata close.

3 Types of Plant Tissue

7.22 Dermal Tissue: the tissue that covers a plant, like skin. This tissue helps protect the plant from injury or drying out.

7.23 Vascular Tissue: Carries water, nutrients, and sugars through a plant. (Xylem, Phloem)

7.24 Ground Tissue: the tissue in all parts of the plant, between the dermal and vascular tissue.

Plant Processes7.25 Photosynthesis: The process of

using sunlight to produce sugar.

7.26 Chlorophyll (inside Chloroplast):a light absorbing chemical that traps the energy from sunlight and converts it to sugar. (Reason plants are Green.)

7.27 Transpiration: The process of pulling water from the roots up to the leaves.

Flowers7.28 Flower: produces seeds for reproduction.

7.29 Sepal: protects the delicate petals before it opens up (blooms).

7.30 Petal: colors and patterns used to attract pollinators and protects the internal

parts of the flower

7.31 Stamen: (Male) produces pollen.

7.32 Pollen: is a dry structure that holds a sperm cell.

7.33 Pistil: (Female) produces eggs.

Flower Life Cycle

7.34 Pollination: when pollen is successfully transferred from an anther to a stigma.

7.35 Self Pollination: from anther to stigma on the same plant.

7.36 Cross Pollination: from the anther on one plant to the stigma on another plant.

7.37 Ways pollen can be transferred:

-Wind

-Animals…insects, spiders, birds

7.38 Fertilization: when a pollen tube transfers the genes into the egg.

7.39 Seeds: a structure that has 3 parts

1. Plant embryo 2. Food 3. Protective coat

7.40 Embryo: an immature form of an organism that can grow and develop.

7.41 Seed Dispersal:

1. Parachutes / Sails…carried by winds.

2. Hooks and Barbs…attach to animals passing by.

3. Fruits…animals eat fruit and seeds.

7.42 Fruits: is a mature plant ovary.Examples: Apple, Cherry, Nuts

7.43 Vegetables: are other plant parts.Examples: Carrots-Roots, Celery-Stems,

Lettuce- Leaves

7.44 Foods we often call vegetables are really fruits because they contain seeds inside.

7.45 Some plants do not have flowers.Examples: Mosses, Ferns, Some Trees

7.46 Mosses / Ferns: Reproduce by spores and need water. The sperm of these plants can only move through water to reach the eggs.

7.47 Trees: (Cone-Bearing Trees) Reproduce by means of pollen that is produced by a male cone and travels by wind to a female cone. The seeds then develop in the female cone.

Example: Pine Trees

7.48 Vegetative Propagation: is a form of asexual reproduction in which new plants grow from stems, leaves, roots, and other non-reproductive tissue.

7.49 Many plants reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Plant Adaptations

7.50 Plant Adaptations: help plants survive (live and grow) in different areas.

7.51 Adaptations: are special features that allow a plant to live in a particular place or habitat.

7.52 Stem Adaptation: Desert plants, such as cactus, often have thick stems that store water, an adaptation for dry environments.

7.53 Leaf Adaptation: Cactus have sharp spines that are modified leaves, the spines protect against water loss. This is an adaptation for a dry environment.

-Some plants modify leaves that can wrap around other plants or structures to help the plant grow upward.

(Example: Bougainvillea)

7.54 Root Adaptation: A cactus has shallow roots that help quickly absorb as much water as possible from a rain shower.

-Some plants grow on the trunks of tall trees in the rain forest and the roots never touch the soil.

Life Cycle of a Tree

1. Meiosis: Sperm and Egg are produced.

2. Pollination: Pollen reaches the pistil of a flower and creates a pollen tube.

3. Fertilization: The sperm cell reaches the

egg and fertilization occurs creating a seed

and an ovary.

4. Seeds and Fruits: Seed or Fruit fall to ground and can develop into a new tree.