Unit 7

UNIT 7CAPITALISM AND IMPERIALISM

Material de apoyo para los alumnos de 4ºESO de la Sección Bilingüe

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• After the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, there were no wars between the European powers.

• However, relationships between these nations were characterised by increasing tension.

• At the same time, many countries were increasing their production of arms and military equipment.

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE 1871 - 1914 THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WARThe German unification process made Germany the most powerful country in Europe.

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

Second French Empire opposed the German expansion through Europe and declared the war to the Kingdom of Prussia, aided by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member.

Prussia won the war and it brought about changes in Europe. France had to surrender the region of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.

Napoleon III's Empire finished during the war, and the Third Republic was established in France.

1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War

POLITICAL TENSION IN EUROPE AT THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY: THE WAY TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR

• German Confederation became a political union as well after the war, as Bismarck wished.

• Bismark then established the Second Reich, or German Empire, with Wilhem I as its kaiser.

King Wilhelm I

Chancellor Bismarck

GERMANY´S FOREIGN POLICY• Germany´s foreign policy became especially important during

this period in two phases:

The Bismarkian system

The policies of Wilhem II

THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEMGerman Chancellor Otto von Bismark established a system of alliances with Austria, Russia and Italy in order to reach to objectives:

The isolation of France.

The balance in the Balcans.

Part of the Austrian Empire Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, part of present-day Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, part of Ukraine

Part of the Russian Empire Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, part of Ukraine

Part of the Ottoman Empire Turkey

Independent countries Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Serbia, Spain, Swithzerland.

THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEMThe isolation of France

• France´s main objective during this period was to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine, which it had lost to Germany in 1871.

• Bismark used his alliances to prevent conflict in Europe, including a possible war with France over Alsace-Lorraine.

THE BISMARKIAN SYSTEM

• Bismark knew that Austria and Russia wanted to control the Balcans and that these tensions could be the origin of a European conflict.

The balance in the Balcans

THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II• Kaiser Wilhlem I died and Wilhelm II took the throne.

THE POLICIES OF WILHELM II• Wilhelm II wanted a more agressive foreign policy in Europe,

so in 1890 he dismissed Bismark and abandoned his system of alliances.

• Then, Wilhem II began a policy of expansionism known as Weltpolitik (world politics).• This policy created tension between Germany and other European countries, especially in unstable regions such as Morocco and the Balkan Peninsula.

• Do exercise 3 on pager 141.

FINANCE CAPITALISM

FINANCE CAPITALISM

Industrial capitalism

Industrial production had been the most

important economic activity.

Finance capitalismLate-19th-century Europe

Activities related to the movement and

management of money became the most important

source of business profit.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• Why did the finance capitalism emerge in Europe?

Finance capitalism

Technological innovations

Industrial innovations

Financial innovations

Organisational innovations

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• ENERGY• New sources of energy were discovered that supplemented

and even replaced coal and gas.

New sources of energy

ELECTRICITY OIL

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• 1867: Bergès designed a hidroelectric generator to produce

electricity for factories.

• Video hidroelectric power plant

This led to the construction of large hydroelectric power plants and the installation of electric cables to provide homes and factories with electricity.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• 1879: Edison invented the electric light bulb, which soon

replaced gas lights in factories, streets and people´s homes.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• OIL• New processes were discovered to refine oil and produce new fuels => kerosene and petrol.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• TECHNOLOGY• Improved versions of the Bessemer converter

• This made it cheaper to produce steel for railways, cars, industrial machinery and very tall buildings known as skyscrapers.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• TECHNOLOGY• Stainless steel

• It is used to make precision instruments.

• New types of fibres, such as artificial silk.• It revolutionated the textile industry.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• NEW INDUSTRIES

• Electrical technology became an important industry, dedicated to the production of equipment such as generators, engines, wires, lamps and light bulbs.

• Some German companies were established during this period.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• NEW INDUSTRIES

• New food industries, which preserved perishable food in metal tins, also developed.

• The chemical industry started producing a variety of goods, such as:

• Perfume• Medicines• Dynamite

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• FINANCE AND INVESTMENT

• Business owners needed enormous amounts of capital to establish, maintain and expand their industrial operations.

How

did

they

obt

ain

finan

ce?

Request a loan from a bank, in exchange for interest.

Banks made direct investments in industry.

Businessmen could form a companyu and sell shares to investors, who received a part of the profits.

Investors could buy and sell shares in different companies at the stock exchange.

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• NEW BUSINESS STRUCTURES• Objective: to reduce competition

New business structures

Cartels Trusts Holding companies

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS

CHANGES AND INNOVATIONS• NEW BUSINESS STRUCTURES

• Some companies aquired monopolies over certain products or services by elimitating their competition.

• In some cases, governments gave monopolies to companies in return for money or a share of the company´s profits.

•Homework•Page 145•Exercises 8, 9, 10, 11.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• CONSUMERISM

• A new culture of consumerism developed, as people demanded more manufactured goods.

• Businesses also started to use advertising to increase sales and profits.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• ECONOMIC INSTABILITY

• In periods of economic crisis, there was less demand for goods.

• This reduced business profits, resulting in:• factory closures• high unemployment • social conflict

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• INTERNATIONAL TRADE

• Improvements to transport systems:• New roads• New railways• Modern vehicles: cars, lorries

and steamships.• These developments facilitated

the expansion of international trade.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• TRADE IMBALANCES

• Industrialised countries bought raw materials in less developed countries and colonies at low prices.

• They used raw materials to make manufactured goods.

• Then, they sold these goods in less developed countries and colonies at high prices.

• This is the beginning of the wide development gap between developed and less developed countries.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• INCREASED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTIVITY

• Factories began to use the assembly-line system of production.

• This improved productivity and provided more of the new manufactured goods which consumers demanded.

Video of an example of assembly line.

THE CONSECUENCES OF FINANCE CAPITALISM• EXERCISES 12 and 14 on page 145

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• In the late 19th century, the process of industrialisation continued

in the European countries. It also spread to other countries around the world.

THE WORLD´S BIGGESTS INDUSTRIAL PRODUCERS

USA

JAPANGERMANY

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• GERMANY

• Europe´s leading industrial producer.• Iron and steel industry.• The electrical and chemical industries.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY

• THE UNITED STATES• Rapid industrialisation in the

second half of the 19th century.• Increased immigration from

Europe:• Provided work-force for

industry.• Westward expansion towards

the Pacific:• Construction of a

transcontinental railway system.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• JAPAN

• The Japanese government:• Built its own factories.• Established banks.• Introduced measures to increase the

country´s exports.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• What happened to Great Britain?

• Great Britain ceased to be the world´s leading industrial power because its factories were outdated and it did not invest in new industries.

THE TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY WORLD ECONOMY• What happened to Spain?

• The most industrialised areas continued to be:• Cataluña => textile industry.• País Vasco => the iron and steel

industry, and ship-building.• Foreign businessmen also continued to

control some industries, such as Rio Tinto mines in Huelva.

IMPERIALISM

IMPERIALISM

• What does Imperialism mean?• Domination of one

country or people by another, usually involving direct control; also known as colonialism.

Films related to Imperialism

IMPERIALISM

• PROCESS• During the late 19th and early 20th

centuries, a number of developed countries took control of other regions and lands all over the world.

• These lands became colonies and formed part of the various colonial empires.

Colony: a conquered territory occupied by a settlement from the ruling state.Ruling state: the country that conquers a territory.

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

COLO

NIA

L EM

PIRE

SEUROPEAN COUNTRIES

USA

JAPAN

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

COLO

NIS

ED A

REAS

AFRICA

ASIA

OCEANIA

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

COLO

NIS

ED A

REAS

AFRICA

ASIA

OCEANIA

THE COLONIAL EMPIRES

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

CAUSES OF IMPERIAL

EXPANSION

FINANCE CAPITALISM

RAPID INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF

THE COLONIAL POWERS

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

THE ROLE OF THE COLONIES

Colonies provided industrialised countries

with cheap RAW MATERIALS.

Colonies also provided NEW MARKETS where

industrialised countries could sell the

manufactured goods which they produced at home.

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

COLONIES Raw materials

IMPERIAL POWERSManufactured

products

COLONIES New markets

IMPERIAL POWERSSell the produts to

the colonies

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

Advantages por the imperial

powers.

A symbol of international

prestige.

More powerful in international

terms.

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION

• RESULT OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION:• The colonial

powers competed with one another for control of strategic locations around the world.

THE CAUSES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• THE IMPORTANCE OF THE COLONIES FOR THE

EUROPEAN POPULATION:• Colonies were an attractive destination for

European emigrants:• High population growth in Europe.• High unemployment due to machines in factories.

• Many working-class emigrated to the colonies to look for work and better living standards.

• Some governments encouraged emigration to reduce social conflict.

THE CONSECUENCES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• Colonies were controlled by a minority that imposed

European culture.• Native people had second-class status • Ratial segregation was common.

THE CONSECUENCES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• Rivalry between the imperial powers was one of the

causes of the First World War.

THE CONSECUENCES OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION• The world economy became extremely imbalanced

because the wealthy nations controlled industry and trade, and exploited less developed countries.

AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY

AN UNEQUAL SOCIETY

Upper and middle class Working class

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY• The consumer society was based on the acquisition of

manufactured goods.

Consumerism

Advertising New luxury items Tourism Cinemas

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY• ADVERTISING• Businesses used posters

and various types of printed advertisements in newspapers and magazines to inform customers about their products and increase their sales.

Date: 1890´s.Print shows a well dressed young woman, wearing hat, white gloves, and pearls, holding up a glass of Coca-Cola, seated at a table on which is a vase of roses, the "Drink Coca-Cola" sign, and a paper giving the location of the "Home Office [of the] Coca-Cola Co." as well as branch locations.

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY• NEW LUXURY ITEMS

• Members of the upper class demonstrated their wealth by buying expensive new luxury products, such as telephones and cars.

Model: three-boxer with Blake transmitterMade by: Charles WilliamsFrom: circa 1880

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY• TOURISM• Tourism became a new form of leisure.• Members of the upper class used their leisure time to

travel, go to spas at the weekends and visit the country or seaside in summer.

THE CONSUMER SOCIETY• CINEMAS• The invention of cinematographic technology led to the

establishment of cinemas in cities around the world.

Video: The first film in History

SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

• 1880-1914• Many workers participated in protests and

strikes.• The number of workers´associations and trade

unions increased during this period.• New Socialist and Communist parties were

founded to defend workers´rights in the political sphere.

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• In Spain, the enormous differences in wealth between the upper and lower classes also led to the establishment of political parties that defended workers´ rights and trade unions.

PSOE, 1879 FTRE, 1881 UGT, 1888 CNT, 1910

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• After the Disaster of `98, a new movement known as Regenerationism was promoted by intellectuals, such as Joaquín Costa.

• They wanted to renew Spanish society and improve the lives of working-class people.

THE SPANISH SOCIETY

• Rural credit unions were created to help farmers buy seeds, fertilizer and farm equipment.

• Catholic workingmen´s associations helped factory workers to provide for their families.

THE SPANISH SOCIETY• The Anarchist movement

found support among workers on the large agricultural estates in Andalucía and industrial workers in Cataluña.

• Anarchists used violent tactics.

• The government repressed their organisations. Atentado anarquista en el Liceo de

Barcelona. 1893.

ART: MODERNISM ARCHITECTURE

MODERNISM• Modernism or Art Nouveau• It was an artistic response to industrial objects and

industrial architecture, which Modernists found unattractive.

Casa Milá by Gaudí. Barcelona.

Art Nouveau in Vienna.

Art Nouveau in Paris.

Art Nouveau in British cities.

MODERNISM• Modernist architectures

designed all the elements of their buildings, including the interior decoration and furniture.

MODERNISM• Modernist decoration was inspired by

natural forms, with curved lines and motifs that included leaves and flowers.

Tessel House in Brussels, by Victor Horta.

Majolikahaus, by Otto Wagner. Vienna.

A main entrance of a house in Paris.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1

MODERNISM IN SPAIN• In Spain, the most important Modernist architec was

Antoni Gaudí.

Video: Some of the best Gaudí´s works in Barcelona

MODERNISM IN SPAIN• Gaudí´s projects typically featured undulating shapes

built with concrete and covered with hexagonal tiles in a variety of colours.

El Capricho de Gaudí. Comillas (Cantabria)

HOMEWORK• EXERCISES 27 and 28 on page 155.• EXERCISE 11 on page 157.

• Museo de Art Nouveau y Art Deco en la Casa Lis de Salamanca:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vM308sRipQE

ART: IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM• What is Impressionism?

• 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists.

• Impressionism is considered to be the beginning of modern art:• Impressionists artists rejected and moved away from classical models.

Video about the Impressionist

IMPRESSIONISM• It was an experimental style:

• Artists tried to create an «impression» in the minds of people who saw their work.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionist painters were

interested in depicting light and the ways in which it illuminated different objects.

• They usually worked outside to take advantage of natural light.

Study of a Figure Outdoors: Woman with a Parasol, facing left. By Claude Monet.

IMPRESSIONISM• Some artists painted the same scene at different times

of day.

Rouen Cathedral was performed by Claude Monet between 1892 and 1894. It is a series of 31 paintings that show the facade of gothic cathedral of Rouen during the day and in different weather conditions.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionists typically used pure, unmixed colours.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionists applied paint in thick, overlapping layers

with fast, loose brush-strokes.

IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionists paintings usually featured:

• Landscapes• Scenes of everyday life, susch as people dancing or walking on

the beach.

Apple Blossoms, Eragny - Camille Pissarro. Le Moulin de la Galette. Renoir.

IMPRESSIONISM

Impression: sunrise (Claude Monet. 1872)

IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM

IMPRESSIONISM

RodinRodin was a sculptor who abandoned classical proportionality and emphasised the depiction of emotion.

The Kiss

The thinker

IMPRESSIONISM• Rodin

The burghers of Calais

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Impressionism was followed by Post-

Impressionism.• Artists experimented more freely to create their

won personal styles.• They were more inclined to emphasize geometric

forms, to distort form for expressive effect, and to use unnatural or arbitrary colour.

• The most famous painters were: Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cezánne, Toulouse-Lautrec, Seurat and Signac.

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Paul Cezanne• He began using geometric shapes such as cubes and cylinders to

represent objects.

POST-IMPRESSIONISMVan GoghHe was a Dutch post-Impressionist painter whose work, notable for its rough beauty, emotional honesty and bold color, had a far-reaching influence on 20th-century art.

Starring nightThe Sunflowers

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Van Gogh

POST-IMPRESSIONISM• Paul Gaugin

POINTILLISM• Pointillism is a technique of painting in which small,

distinct dots of pure color are applied in patterns to form an image.

Detalle de La Parade (1889).

POINTILLISMSeurat

Bathers at Asnières

Prof. Isabel AguñaBilingual Project

• Fuentes:• Libro History 4ºESO. Oxford Education.• http://www.slideshare.net/rrobrady/unit-7-capitalism-and-imperialism-4-bil?from_search=1• Imágenes obtenidas de Google.