UNIT 6 VITAMIN S
Dec 21, 2015
Learning Objectives2
Define vitamins
Classify vitamins according to their solubility
Explain the difference between fat soluble and water soluble vitamins
State the function of fat soluble vitamins
Learning Objectives3
State the function of water soluble vitamins
Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of fat soluble vitamins
Describe the sources, daily requirements, deficiency diseases and biochemical role of water soluble vitamins
What are Vitamins?4
Organic compoundFound in natural foodRequired in minute quantities for normal growth, maintenance & reproduction.
Vitamins: Supplied in the dietHormones: produced by the glands in the body
What are Vitamins?5
Directly & indirectly affects enzyme activity
Some vitamins are co-enzymes or prosthetic groups of enzymes in both plants and animals
What are Vitamins?6
Differ from organic foodstuffs in the ff. aspects:
Vitamins do not enter tissue cultures unlike proteins
Unlike CHO, CHON, COOH, vitamins do not undergo degradation for providing energy.
FAT SOLUBLE vs. WATER SOLUBLE
8
Sr.#
FAT SOLUBLE WATER SOLUBLE
1 Do not form coenzymes
Precursors for coenzymes
2 Are not excreted in the urine; toxic in excessive quantities
Are nontoxic; excess amounts are excreted in the urine
3 Are stored extensively
Not stored extensively except Vitamin B12
Fat Soluble Vitamins
9Name Sources Recommended
Daily AllowanceFunctions Deficiency
diseases
Vitamin A Fish liver oils, butter, milk, kidneys and muscle meat
Adult: 750ugChildren: 300ugLactating/pregnant mother: 1200ug
Helps vision, keeps skin healthy
XerophthalmiaNyctalopia
Vitamin DCholecalciferol “sunshine” vitamin
Eggs, butter, fatty fish, fish liver oils
Adult: 5ugChildren: 10ugPregnant / Lactation: 10ug
Needed for strong teeth and bones
RicketsOsteomalaciaOsteoporosis
Vitamin ETocopherol
Green leafy veg-spinach, cabbage, alfalfa, fish meal, liver, eggs and cheese
Male- 15IUFemale- 12IU
Keeps skin and RBC healthy; antioxidant prevents oxidation of Vit A and unsaturated fatty acids
Muscular weaknessCreatinuriaFragile RBCs
Fat Soluble Vitamins13
Name Sources Recommended Daily
Allowance
Functions Deficiency diseases
Vitamin KCoagulation vitamin
Green leafy veg- spinach, cabbage, fish meal, fish liver oils, liver, eggs and cheese
Adult: 50-100ugChildren: 1 ug/kg
Nedded for blood clotting.Essential for the synthesis of clotting factors including prothrombin by liver
Retarded / delayed blood clotting
Water Soluble Vitamins15
Name Sources Recommended Daily
Allowance
Functions Deficiency diseases
B COMPLEX VITAMINS
Thiamine (B1)
Lean meat, legumes and whole grains
1-1.5 mg per day
Needed for healthy nerves
Beriberi- a disorder of the NS with dependent edema involving trunk and extremities.
Riboflavin (B2)
Liver, dried yeast, egg, whole milk, milk powder, fish, whole cereals, legumes and green leafy veg
Adult: 1.5mgPregnancy / Lactation: 1.72 mg
Yellow crystalline compound helps cells use energy in foods.FMN and FAD are coenzymes (oxidation reaction in metabolism)
Inflammation and break down of tissue around the mouth, tongue and nose, wound healing is impaired.
Water Soluble Vitamins16
Name Sources Recommended Daily
Allowance
Functions Deficiency diseases
Niacin (B3) formerly known as Nicotinic acid
Liver, kidney, heart, yeasts, peanuts and wheat germ.Amino acid tryptophan can supply niacin (60 mg of T= 1 gm niacin)
Adult: 20mgPregnancy: 22 mgLactation: 25mg
Helps cells use energy in foods.
Pellagra (N.S with skin rashes and glossitis)
Folic Acid Liver, kidney and fresh leafy vegetables, cauliflower
Male: 200ugFemale: 180ug
Transfer of methyl groups as in the synthesis of hemoglobin, nucleic acids and methionine.
Megaloblastic anemiaGIT disturbances
Water Soluble Vitamins18
Name Sources Recommended Daily
Allowance
Functions Deficiency diseases
Biotin Liver, egg yolk, kidney, yeast and milk
200-300 ug As coenzyme for carboxylation reactions in the formation of fatty acids
Delay dermatitis Muscle painNauseaDepression
Pyridoxine
Yeast, liver, egg yolk and the germs of grains and seeds, less in milk and leafy vegetables
Male: 2 mgFemale: 1.6 mg
Pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine (coenzymes for decarboxylation of amino acids)
It is involved in the absorption of zinc by the intestine.
Epileptic seizures
Water Soluble Vitamins21
Name Sources Recommended Daily
Allowance
Functions Deficiency diseases
Pantothenic acid
Egg yolk, yeast, kidney, lean meats, skimmed milk, sweet potatoes and molasses
4-7 mg Constituents of CoA which is involved in CHO, COOH, CHON metabolism and in the synthesis of cholesterol
No deficiency – can be met in ordinary diet
Cobalamin (B12)Antipernicious anemia factor
Liver, kidney, fish, eggs, milk, oyster and clams.It contains the element cobalt (4.35%)
2 ug Transfer of methyl groups, maintenance of myelin sheath, synthesis of nucleic acids and hemoglobin (metabolism of CHO, COOH)
Pernicious anemia, similar to folic acid deficiency
Water Soluble Vitamins23
Name Sources Recommended Daily
Allowance
Functions Deficiency diseases
Vitamin CAscorbic acid
Amla, guava, orange, lemons, lime, papaya, tomatoes, green chillies, green leafy vegetables
50g per day Tissue healing increased, resistance to infection, antioxidant
Scurvy, poor healing wound, bleeding gums, mucous membranes loose teeh.