Unit - 6€¦ · in Tamil Nadu Unit - 6 10th_History_Unit_6.indd 1 31-07-2019 16:47:13. 11 Early Revolts against British Rule in Tamil Nadu GLOSSARY protege dependent, a person who

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Palayakkarars (Poligar is how the British referred to them) in Tamil refers to the holder of a little kingdom as a feudatory to a greater sovereign. Under this system, palayam was given for valuable military services rendered by any individual. This type of Palayakkarars system was in practice during the rule of Prataba Rudhra of Warangal in the Kakatiya kingdom. The system was put in place in Tamilnadu by Viswanatha Nayaka, when he became the Nayak ruler of Madurai in 1529, with the support of his minister Ariyanathar. Traditionally there were supposed to be 72 Palayakkarars.

The Palayakkarars were free to collect revenue, administer the territory, settle disputes and maintain law and order. Their police duties were known as Padikaval or Arasu Kaval. On many occasions the Palayakarars helped the Nayak rulers to

Introduction

After defeating the French and their Indian allies in the three Carnatic Wars, the East India Company began to consolidate and extend its power and influence. However, local kings and feudal chieftains resisted this. The first resistance to East India Company’s territorial aggrandisement was from Puli Thevar of Nerkattumseval in the Tirunelveli region. This was followed by other chieftains in the Tamil country such as Velunachiyar, Veerapandiya Kattabomman, the Marudhu brothers, and Dheeran Chinnamalai. Known as the Palayakkarars Wars, the culmination of which was Vellore Revolt of 1806, this early resistance to British rule in Tamilnadu is dealt with in this lesson.

6.1 Resistance of Regional Powers against the British

(a) Palayams and Palayakkarars

The word “palayam” means a domain, a military camp, or a little kingdom.

Viswanatha Nayaka

Learning ObjectivesTo acquaint ourselves with�� Palayakkarar system and the revolts of Palayakkarars against the

British�� Velunachiyar, Puli Thevar, Kattabomman and Marudhu Brothers in

the anti-British uprisings�� Vellore Revolt as a response to British pacification of south India

Early Revolts against British Rule

in Tamil Nadu

Unit - 6

10th_History_Unit_6.indd 1 31-07-2019 16:47:13

11 Early Revolts against British Rule in Tamil Nadu

GLOSSARY

protegedependent, a person who receives support from a patron பி்ர் ஆதைவில் இருப்பெர்

aggrandizementthe act of elevating or raising one’s wealth, prestige and power

பசெல்ெபாக்வக ெைர்த்தல், ஆக்கிைமிப்பு பசெய்தல்

defiant resisting, disobedient பணிய மறுக்கும்

tranquillityharmony, peace, free from disturbances அவமதி

treachery disloyalty, betrayal, breach of trust ெஞசித்தல்

audacious daring, fearless பயமற்், துணிவுமிக்க

ultimatum a final dominating demand இறுதி எசசெரிக்வக

bountypayment or reward – something given liberally பகபாவட

cockadean ornament, especially a knot of ribbon worn on the hat பதபாப்பிவய அணிபசெய்யும் குஞசெம்

cognizance notice, having knowledge of கெைம்

trounce crush, defeat கதபாற்கடி

interned imprisoned சிவ்ப்படுத்தல்

I. Choose the correct answer

1. Who was the first Palayakkarars to resist the East India Company’s policy of territorial aggrandizement?a) Marudhu brothersb) Puli Thevarc) Velunachiyard) Veerapandya Kattabomman

2. Who had borrowed money from the East India Company to meet the expenses he had incurred during the Carnatic wars?a) Velunachiyarb) Puli Thevarc) Nawab of Arcotd) Raja of Travancore

EXERCISE

3. Who had established close relationship with the three agents of Chanda Sahib?a) Velunachiyar b) Kattabommanc) Puli Thevar d) Oomai thurai

4. Where was Sivasubramanianar executed?a) Kayathar b) Nagalapuramc) Virupachi d) Panchalamkurichi

5. Who issued the Tiruchirappalli proclamation of Independence? a) Marudhu brothersb) Puli Thevarc) Veerapandya Kattabommand) Gopala Nayak

6. When did the Vellore Revolt breakout?a) 24 May 1805b) 10 July 1805c) 10 July 1806d) 10 September 1806



a) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correctb) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correctc) (iii) and (iv) are correctd) (i) and (iv) are correct

2. i) Under Colonel Campbell, the English Army went along with Mahfuzkhan’s army.

ii) After Muthu Vadugar’s death in Kalaiyar Kovil battle, Marudhu Brothers assisted Velunachiyar in restoring the throne to her.

iii) Gopala Nayak spearheaded the famous Dindigul League.

iv) In May 1799 Cornwallis ordered the advance of Company armies to Tirunelveli.

a) (i) and (ii) are correctb) (ii) and (iii) are correctc) (ii), (iii) and (iv )are correctd) (i) and (iv) are correct

3. Assertion (A): Puli Thevar tried to get the support of Hyder Ali and the French.

Reason (R): Hyder Ali could not help Puli Thevar as he was already in a serious conflict with the Marathas.

a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

b) Both (A) and (R) are wrongc) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is

the correct explanation of (A)d) (A) is wrong and (R) is correct

4. Assertion (A): Apart from the new military Regulations the most objectionable was the addition of a leather cockade in the turban.

Reason (R): The leather cockade was made of animal skin.

a) (A) is wrong and (R) is correctb) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is

the correct explanation of (A)

7. Who was the Commander-in-Chief responsible for the new military regulations in Vellore fort?a) Col. Fancourtb) Major Armstrongc) Sir John Cradockd) Colonel Agnew

8. Where were the sons of Tipu Sultan sent after the Vellore Revolt?a) Calcutta b) Mumbaic) Delhi d) Mysore

II. Fill in the blanks

1. The Palayakkarars system was put in place in Tamil Nadu by ____________.

2. Except the Palayakkarars of ____________, all other western Palayakkarars supported Puli Thevar.

3. Velunachiyar and her daughter were under the protection of __________ for eight years.

4. Bennerman deputed __________ to convey his message, asking Kattabomman to surrender.

5. Kattabomman was hanged to death at ____________.

6. The Rebellion of Marudhu Brothers was categorized in the British records as the ___________.

7. ___________ was declared the new Sultan by the rebels in Vellore Fort.

8. _____________ suppressed the revolt in Vellore Fort.

III. Choose the correct statement

1. i) The Palayakkarars system was in practice in the Kakatiya Kingdom.

ii) Puli Thevar recaptured Nerkattumseval in 1764 after the death of Khan Sahib.

iii) Yusuf Khan who was negotiating with the Palayakkarars, without informing the Company administration was charged with treachery and hanged in 1764.

iv) Ondiveeran led one of the army units of Kattabomman.



c) Both (A) and (R) are wrongd) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is

not the correct explanation of (A)

IV. Match the following

1. Theerthagiri - Vellore Revolt2. Gopala Nayak - Ramalinganar3. Bannerman - Dindigul4. Subedar Sheik Adam - Vellore Fort5. Col. Fancourt - Odanilai

V. Answer the questions briefly

1. What were the duties of the Palayakkarars?2. Identify the Palayams based on the

division of east and west.3. Why was Heron dismissed from service?4. What was the significance of the Battle of

Kalakadu?5. What was the bone of contention between

the Company and Kottabomman?6. Highlight the essence of the Tiruchirappalli

Procalamation of 1801.7. Point out the importance of the Treaty of

1801.

VI. Answer the questions given under each caption

1. Velunachiyara) Who was the military chief of

Velunachiyar?b) What were the martial arts in which

she was trained?c) Whom did she marry?d) What was the name of her daughter?

2. Dheeran Chinnamalaia) When was Dheeran Chinnamalai born?b) How did he earn the title “Chinnamalai”?c) Name the Diwan of Tipu Sultan?d) Why and where was he hanged to

death?

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Burton Stein, Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, New Delhi:Oxford University Press, 1980.

2. P.M. Lalitha, Palayakararss as Feudatories Under the Nayaks of Madurai, Chennai: Creative Enterprises, 2015.

3. K. Rajayyan, South Indian Rebellion, 1800–1801, Madurai, Ratna Publication, 2000 (Reprint).

4. K.A. Manikumar, Vellore Revolt 1806 (Chennai: Allied Publishers, 2007).

VII. Answer in detail

1. Attempt an essay of the heroic fight Veerapandya Kattabomman conducted against the East India Company.

2. Highlight the tragic fall of Sivagangai and its outcome.

3. Account for the outbreak of Vellore Revolt in 1806.

VIII. Activities

1. Teacher can ask the students to prepare an album of patriotic leaders of early revolts against the British rule in Tamil Nadu. Using their imagination they can also draw pictures of different battles in which they attained martyrdom

2. Stage play visualising the conversation between Jackson and Kattabomman be attempted by students with the help of teachers.

3. A comparative study of Vellore Revolt and 1857 Revolt by students be tried enabling them to find out to what extent Vellore Revolt had all the forebodings of the latter.


55

Introduction

Tamil Nadu showed the lead in resisting colonial rule. As early as the late eighteenth century the Palayakarars, resisted the English attempts to establish their political hegemony in Tamil Nadu. Even after the defeat of the Palayakarars, an uprising was organised by Indian sepoys and officers in Vellore Fort in 1806 that had its echoes in several cantonments in south India. Thanks to the introduction of Western education and eventual emergence of educated Indian middle class, the struggle against the British took the constitutional path. The freedom struggle in Tamil Nadu was unique, because from the beginning it was not only a struggle for independence from the English rule but also a struggle for independence from social disability imposed by the obnoxious caste system. In this lesson we shall study the role played by nationalists wedded to diverse ideologies in Tamil Nadu.

9.1 Early Nationalist Stirrings in Tamil Nadu

By the middle of the nineteenth century a group of educated middle class emerged in Madras and began to show interest in public affairs. As in other parts of India, they formed political associations, such as the Madras Native Association and the Madras Mahajana Sabha to articulate their grievances.

(a) Madras Native Association

The Madras Native Association (MNA) was the earliest organisation to be founded in south India to articulate larger public rather than sectarian interests. It was started by Gazulu Lakshminarasu, Srinivasanar and their associates in 1852. It consisted primarily of merchants. The objective was to promote the interests of its members and their focus was on reduction in taxation. It also protested against the support of the government to Christian missionary activities. It drew the attention of the government to the condition and needs

Learning Objectives

To acquaint ourselves with: � Anti-colonial struggles in Tamil Nadu � Contribution of Christian missionaries to the development of education

and amelioration of the depressed classes � Challenge of the Justicites to the Congress in Tamil Nadu � Militant mass movement of the Congress in Tamil Nadu

Freedom Struggle in Tamil Nadu

Unit - 9


66 Freedom Struggle in Tamil Nadu


1. Who was the first President of the Madras Mahajana Sabha?a) T.M. Nairb) P. Rangaiahc) G. Subramaniam d) G.A. Natesan

2. Where was the third session of the Indian National Congress held? a) Marina b) Mylaporec) Fort St. George d) Thousand Lights

3. Who said “Better bullock carts andfreedom than a train de luxe with subjection”?a) Annie Besant b) M. Veeraraghavacharic) B.P. Wadia d) G.S. Arundale

GLOSSARY

hegemony leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others கமலபாதிக்கம்

obnoxious extremely unpleasant விரும்பத்தகபாத, பெறுக்கப்படுகி்

propagandabiased information used to promote political cause கருத்துப் பைப்புவை, பிைசசெபாைம்

consensus a general agreement கருத்து ஒருவமப்பபாடு, முழு இவசெவு

hypocrisyinsincerity/two-facedness, dishonesty, lip service பபாசெபாஙகு, கபபாலிவம

mobilize prepare and organize திைட்டு, கபபாருக்பகைப் பவடகவை ஆயத்தமபாக்கு

seditiousinciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch ஆட்சிக்கு எதிைபாை

demonstrationa protest meeting or march against something பபபாது ஆர்ப்பபாட்ட நிகழ்சசி

picket a blockade of a workplace or other venue மறியல்

discriminationunjust or differential treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of caste, creed, etc.

கெறுபபாடு கபாட்டுகி்

boycott refuse to cooperate with or participate in பு்க்கணி

brutal savagely violent பகபாடுவமமிக்க, இைக்கமற்்

patriotichaving devotion to and vigorous support for one’s own country நபாட்டுப்பற்று

repressionaction of subduing someone or something with force அடக்குமுவ்

reservationassignment of electoral seats especially for some community ஒதுக்கீடு

revolution forcible overthrow of a government புைட்சி, திடீர் ஆட்சிமபாற்்ம்

EXERCISE



4. Which among the following was SILF’s official organ in English?a) Dravidian b) Andhra Prakasikac) Justice d) New India

5. Who among the following were Swarajists?a) S. Satyamurti b) Kasturirangarc) P. Subbarayan d) Periyar EVR

6. Who set up the satyagraha camp in Udyavanam near Madras?a) Kamaraj b) Rajajic) K. Santhanam d) T. Prakasam

7. Where was the anti-Hindi Conference held?a) Erode b) Madras c) Salem d) Madurai

8. Where did the congress volunteers clash with the military during Quit India Movement?a) Erode b) Madras c) Salem d) Madurai

II. Fill in the blanks

1. ____________ was appointed the first Indian Judge of the Madras High Court.

2. The economic exploitation of India was exposed by ____________ through his writings.

3. Nilakanta Brahmachari started the secret society named ____________.

4. The starting of trade unions in Madras was pioneered by ____________.

5. The Dravidian Association Hostel for non-Brahmin students was established by ____________.

6. ____________ formed the first Congress Ministry in Madras.

7. ____________ was the founder of the Madras branch of the Muslim League.

8. ____________ hoisted the national flag atop Fort St. George on 26 January 1932.

III. Choose the correct statement

1. (i) Madras Native Association was founded in 1852.

(ii) Tamil nationalist periodical Swadesamitran was started in 1891.

(iii) The Madras Mahajana Sabha demanded conduct of civil services examinations only in India

(iv) V.S. Srinivasanar was an extremist.a) (i) and (ii) are correctb) (iii) is correct c) (iv) is correct d) All are correct

2. (i) EVR did not participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(ii) Rajaji worked closely with Yakub

Hasan of the Muslim League.

(iii) Workers did not participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement.

(iv) Toddy shops were not picketed in Tamil Nadu.

a) (i) and (ii) are correctb) (i) and (iii) are correctc) (ii) is correctd) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct

3. Assertion (A): The Justice Party opposed the Home Rule Movement. Reason (R): The Justice Party feared that Home Rule would give the Brahmins more power.a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the

correct explanationb) A is correct but R is wrongc) Both A and R are wrongd) Both A and R are correct and R is the

correct explanation4. Assertion (A): EVR raised the issue

of representation for non-Brahmins in legislature.Reason (R): During the first Congress Ministry, Rajaji abolished sales tax.a) Both A and R are correct but R is not the

correct explanationb) A is correct but R is wrongc) Both A and R are wrongd) Both A and R are correct and R is the

correct explanation



REFERENCE BOOKS

1. K. Rajayyan, Tamil Nadu: A Real History, Ratna Publications, Trivandrum, 2005.

2. Saroja Sundararajan, March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916–1947, Lalitha Publications, Madras, 1989.

3. N. Rajendran, National Movement in Tamil Nadu, 1905–1914: Agitational Politics and State Coercion, Oxford University Press, Madras, 1994.

4. A.R. Venkatachalapathy, Tamil Characters: Personalities, Politics, Culture, Pan Macmillan, 2018.

IV. Match the Following

1. MNA - Anti-Hindi agitation 2. EVR Periyar - Removal of Neill

Statue3. S.N. Somayajulu - Salt Satyagraha 4. Vedaranyam - Torture Commission 5. Thalamuthu - Vaikom Hero

V. Answer the questions briefly

1. List out the contribution of the moderates.2. Write a note on the Tirunelveli Uprising.3. What is the contribution of Annie Besant

to India's freedom struggle?4. Mention the various measures introduced

by the Justice Ministry.5. Write briefly on EVR’s contribution to the

constructive programme?6. What is Cheranmadevi Gurukulam

controversy?7. Why was anti-Hindi agitation popular?8. Outline the key incidents during the Quit

India Movement in Tamil Nadu.

VI. Answer the questions given under each caption

1. Early Nationalist Movement in Tamil Nadua) What were the objectives of Madras

Native Association?b) What led to the emergence of nationalist

press in Tamil Nadu?c) What were the demands of Madras

Mahajana Sabha?d) Who were the early nationalist leaders in

Tamil Nadu?2. Revolutionary Movement in Tamil Nadu

a) List a few revolutionaries in Tamil Nadu.b) Why did Subramania Bharati moved to

Pondicherry?c) Name a few of the revolutionary literature?d) What did Vanchinathan do?

3. Non Brahmin Movementa) Why was the South Indian Liberal

Federation formed?b) What is the Non-Brahmin Manifesto?c) Why did EVR join the Non-Brahmin

Movement?d) What do you know about anti-Hindi

agitation?

VII. Answer in detail

1. Discuss the response to Swadeshi Movement in Tamil Nadu.

2. Examine the origin and growth of Non-Brahmin Movement in Tamil Nadu.

3. Describe the role of Tamil Nadu in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

VIII. Activity

1. Students can be asked to write a sentence or two about the important places of freedom struggle in Tamil Nadu.

2. Role Play: Students can be divided into groups and asked to debate the views of the Moderates, Extremists, Revolutionaries, Annie Besant’s supporters, Justice Party, and British Government.


1 2 6

Early Resistance to British Rule

18Lesson

Learning Objectives

To acquaint oneself with�� The early resistance of Mysore Sultans to the British East India Company rule�� The establishment of palayakkarar system in south India and the revolt of

southern palayakkarars�� The revolt of Theeran Chinnamalai in the Kongu region and other displaced

rulers in Vellore.�� The peasant and tribal uprisings against Company, Mahajan and Zamindars�� The great rebellion of 1857, resulting in the final takeover of the Company by

the Crown

I ntroduction

The conquest of territories and the expansionist policy of the British East India Company led to a series of rebellions of deposed kings, or their descendants, uprooted zamindars, and palayakarars. Historians describe this as primary resistance. Independent of such revolts were the uprisings of the dispossessed peasants and tribals. The rapid changes introduced by the British in the agrarian relations, land revenue system, and judicial administration, elaborated in the previous lesson, greatly disrupted the agrarian economy, resulting in widespread misery among various sections of the society. Therefore, when the aggrieved erstwhile ruling class raised a standard of revolt, the support of the mass of peasants and artisans

was not lacking. In this lesson we discuss the happenings of that time in south India as well as the great rebellion of 1857.

18.1 Mysore Sultans and their Resistance

Rise of Haider Ali

Mysore was a small feudatory kingdom under the Vijayanagar Empire. After Vijayanagar fell in 1565, the ruling dynasty of Wodeyars asserted their independence and the Raja Wodeyar ascended the throne in 1578. The capital moved from Mysore to Srirangapatnam in 1610. Wodeyar dynasty continued to reign until 1760, when the real power changed hands to Haider Ali who was appointed Dalwai or prime minister.

1 4 6 Early Resistance to British Rule

�� Hopes of a revival of the past diminished and the traditional structure of Indian society began to break down. A Westernized English-educated middle class soon emerged with a heightened sense of nationalism.

�� The educational and public works programmes (roads, railways, telegraphs, and irrigation) were stimulated by the realization of their value for the movement of troops in times of emergency.

SUMMARY

�� The resistance of Haider and Tipu against the Company government, leading to four Anglo-Mysore Wars is dealt with.

�� The rebellions of Puli Thevar, Veera Pandiya Kattabomman, Velu Nachiyar, Marudu Brothers, all southern palayakkarars, and Theeran Chinnamalai in the Kongu region are explained

�� The last ditch battle of southern palayakkarars in association with the dethroned kings and rulers in south India under the aegis of Tipu’s surviving sons interned in Vellore fort is highlighted.

�� The 1857 rebellion of kings of displaced Jagirdars and Zamindars, and peasants that shook the foundation of the British empire are discussed in detail.

�� The transfer of India to the British crown with the Queen’s proclamation of 1858 and its salient features are examined.

EXERCISE

I Choose the correct answer:- 1. _________ became the de facto ruler of Mysore against the Wodeyar kings after

successfully handling the Marathas. (a) Haider Ali (b) Nanjaraja (c) Nagama Nayak (d) Tipu Sultan

2. Tipu Sultan’s capture of _______ led to the third Anglo-Mysore War. (a) Calicut (b) Coorg (c) Cranganore (d) Dindigul

3. The Palayakkarar system was originally practised in _____ Kingdom. (a) Vijayanagar (b) Bahmani (c) Kakatiya (d) Hoysala

4. ______ brought Puli Thevar’s three major forts, Nerkattumseval, Vasudevanallur amd Panayur under his control.

(a) Mafus Khan (b) Yusuf Khan (c) Colonel Heron (d) Nabikhan Kattak

5. Velu Nachiyar was the daughter of Raja of _____. (a) Sivagangai (b) Pudhukkotai (c) Ramanathapuram (d) Palavanatham

6. _______ was the collector who was dismissed from service for mishandling the affairs of Veera Pandiya Kattabomman.

(a) W.C. Jackson (b) A. Bannerman (c) S.R. Lushington (d) P.A. Agnew

1 4 7Early Resistance to British Rule

7. The immediate cause for the Vellore Revolt was the introduction of ______. (a) Enfield Rifle (b) Dress code (c) New turban (d) Greased Cartridges

8. ________ inspired Kol uprising of Santhals. (a) Bhindrai Manki (b) Sido (c) Buddha Bagat (d) Kanoo

9. _____ was the Governor-General of India when the great Rebellian of 1857 broke out. (a) Dalhonsie (b) Canning (c) Minto (d) James Andrew Ramsay

10. _________ defeated Nana Sahib’s forus during the 1857 Rebelliion. (a) Henry Lawrence (b) Major General Havelock

(c) Sir Hugh Wheeler (d) General Neill

II A. Find out the correct statement (i) Warren Hastings wanted to deal with Tipu Sultan in a revengeful manner (ii) The elimination of Tipu and restoration of the old Wodeyar dynasty to the Mysore

Kingdom marked the real beginning of company’s rule in the south (iii) The Nawab of Arcot gave support to Velu Nachiyar (iv) The temple of Kalayarkoil is in the heart of Tirunelveli forests.

B. Assertion (A): The fort of Sivagiri was eminently suited both for offensive and defensive operations.

Reason (R): It is at the foot of Western Ghats with formidable barriers around it. (a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A. (b) Both A and R are wrong. (c) A is correct; R is the correct explanation of A. (d) A is wrong; R is correct.

III Match the following: 1. Gillespie - Srirangapatnam 2. Manji - Barrackpore 3. Jacobin Club - Vellore Revolt 4. Mangal Pandey - Santhals (a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 3, 4, 1, 2 (c) 3, 2, 1, 4 (d) 2, 3, 4, 1

IV A answer briefly 1. Write a note on the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Srirangapatnam (1792) imposed on

Tipu Sultan. 2. What do you know of “Pagoda”? 3. What is the revolt of Theeran Chinnamalai of Kongu region? 4. Explain Sail Rakab.

5. Kanpur Massacre.

1 4 8 Early Resistance to British Rule

V Answer the following 1. Narrate the circumstances that led to the signing of the Treaty of Madras between the

English and Haider Ali.

2. Rebellion of 1801.

3. Vellore Revolt of 1806.

4. Discuss the uprising of Kols.

5. The effects of the Great Rebellion of 1857.

VI Answer in detail 1. Explain the organization of Palayakkarar system in South Tamilnadu.

2. Describe the causes and the course of the Vellore Revolt of 1806.

3. Discuss the causes and results of Great Rebellion of 1857.

VII Avtivities 1. Attempt life sketch of Yusuf Khan.

2. Highlight the role played by Nana Fadnavis in the Great Rebellion of 1857.

VIII Assignments 1. Enact a drama on Veera Pandiya Kattabomman.

2. Visit the Vellore Fort and collect information on its structure.

GLOSSARY

Protracted lasting for a long time நெடிய

Pre-empt take action in order to prevent ெடப்பதற்குமுன் தடுத்து நிறுத்துவது

evasiveness avoidable தட்டிக் கழிக்கின்்ற

I rked irritated நதொல்லைக்கு ஆளொன

Scuffle Fight சண்ட

Elude Escape தபபிசநசல

Obnoxious Offensive ககொ்பமூட்டும்

Cockade a small ribbon on a hat நதொபபியின் மீது ்பதவி்யக் குறிக்கும் ரிப்பன் அலலைது துணிக் குஞசம்

Anathema Detestable நவறுக்கத்தகுநததொக

Volley the discharge of a number fire – arms together

பீரங்கிகளின் ஒகர கெரத்தில குணடு வீசசு

Shun avoid தவிர்

Parleys holding discussion க்பசசு வொர்த்்த ெடத்துதல

1 4 9Early Resistance to British Rule

REFERENCES

1. Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1989.

2. S. Kadhirvel, History of Maravas, Madurai, 1977 3. Manikumar, K.A., Vellore Revolt, 1806, Allied Publishers, 2007 4. Gopalakrishnan,S., Dr., ed., The South Indian Rebellions – Before and After 1800, Chennai:

Palaniappa Brothers, 2007. 5. Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, From Plassey to Partition and After – A History of Modern

India, Orient BlackSwan, 2004. 6. Framod K. Nayar, The Great Uprising – India 1857, New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2007.

TIME LINE (AD/ CE)

Treaty of Madras 1769

Second Mysore War begins 1780

Death of Haider Ali 1782

Treaty of Paris 1783

Treaty of Mangalore 1784

Vellore Revolt 1806

Great Rebellion 1857

Queen Victoria Proclamation 1858

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Introduction

The establishment of political and economic dominance by the British over many parts of India after the Battle of Plassey, 1757disrupted the political, social and economic order of the country. This led to the divesting many landlords and chieftains of their power and estates. Naturally, many of them revolted against the British. The English assumed the right of collecting the annual tribute from the Palayakkarar. The first resistance to the British was offered by the Pulithevar. Since then there had been rebellions by Palayakkarar such as the Veerapandiya Kattabomman, Oomathurai, Marudu brothers and Dheeran Chinnamalai.

Origin of Palayam

The Vijayanagar rulers appointed Nayaks in their provinces. The Nayak of Madurai in turn appointed Palayakkarar. Viswanatha became the Nayak of Madurai in 1529. He noticed that he could not control the chieftain who wanted more powers in their provinces. So

with the consultation of his minister Ariyanatha Mudaliyar, Viswanatha instituted Palayakkarar system in 1529. The whole country was divided into 72 Palayams and each one was put under a Palayakkarar. Palayakkarar was the holder of a territory or a Palayam. These Palayams were held in military tenure and extended their full co-operation to be need of the Nayaks. The Palayakkarars collected taxes, of which one third was given to the Nayak of Madurai another one third for the expenditure of the army and rest was kept for themselves.

Early revolts of South India

Revolt of the PalayakkarsDuring the 17th and 18th centuries the

Palayakkarars played a vital role in the politics of Tamil Nadu. They regarded themselves as independent. Among the Palayakkarars, there were two blocs, namely the Eastern and the Western blocs. The Eastern Palayams were the Nayaks ruled under the control of Kattabomman and the Western palayams were the Maravas

People’s Revolt

Unit - 4

▶ To know the Palayakkarar (Poligar) system in Tamil Nadu▶ To understand the role of PuliThevar and Kattabomman in the anti-

British uprising▶ To know about the South Indian Rebellion▶ To know the causes and effects of Vellore Mutiny▶ To understand the causes and impacts of Revolt of 1857

Learning Objectives

Unit-4_updated.indd 159 25-03-2019 10:09:04

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2. Which of the following Palayakkarar of Tamil Nadu was the pioneer against the English rulea) Pulitevanb) Yusuf Khanc) Kattabommand) Marudhu brothers

3. Colin Jackson was the collector of a) Madurai b) Tirunelvelic) Ramanathapuram d) Tuticorin


1. The Palayakkarar system was instituted ina) 1519 b) 1520c) 1529 d) 1530

� The governor general was given the title of viceroy.

� The Board of Directors and the Board of Control were replaced by the Council of 15 members headed by the Secretary of State to supervise Indian affairs.

� The Indian Army was thoroughly reorganised. More Britishers were employed in the army.

� The British military policy came to be dominated by the idea of ‘divide and counterpoise’.

Infact, the Revolt of 1857 played an important role in bringing the Indian people together and imparting them the consciousness of belonging to one country. The Revolt paved the way for the rise of the modern national movement. It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that the 1857 Revolt came to be interpreted as a “planned war of national independence”, by V.D. Savarkar in his book, First War of Indian Independence.

GLOSSARYBeheaded hanged to death துாக்கிலகிடுBetrayed give away information about somebody ்ாட்டிக்்ாடு

Cartridge bullet த�ாட்்ா

Eventually in the end முடிவா்Infantry an army unit consisting of soldiers who fight on foot ்ாலாட்்பட்Tribute payment made periodically by one state ்ப்பம்Swarm crowd கூட்்ம்

Evaluation

Recap

� The Vijayanager ruers appointed Nayaks in their provinces.

� The Nayak of Madurai in turn appointed Palayakkarar.

� The English got the right to collect taxes and the result was the outbreak of the revolt of Palayakkarars.

� The collection of tribute was the main cause for the rivalry between the English and Kattabomman.

� Marudu brothers were the sons of Mookiah Palaniappan and Ponnathal.

� Dheeran Chinnamalai was trained by French military in modern warfare.

� Tippu Sultan fought against the British East India Company.

� Rani Lakshmi Bai was the best and the bravest among the leaders of the Revolt of 1857.


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4. Veera Pandiya Kattabomman was hanged at the fort of

a) Panchalamkurichi b) Sivagangai

c) Tiruppathur d) Kayathar

5. Velu Nachiyar was a queen of

a) Nagalapuram b) Sivagiri

c) Sivagangai d) Virupachi

6. Tiruchirapalli proclamation was issued by

a) Marudhu Pandiyars

b) Krishnappa Nayak

c) Velu Nachiyar

d) Dheeran Chinnamalai

7. Which of the following place was associated with Dheeran chinnamalai

a) Dindigul b) Nagalapuram

c) Pudukottai d) Odanilai

8. Rani Lakshmi Bai led the revolt at

a) Central India b) Kanpur

c) Delhi d) Bareilly

II Fill in the Blanks

1. The Eastern Palayms were ruled under the control of __________.

2. Vishwanatha Nayakar instituted the Palayakarar system with the consultation of his minister ________.

3. The ancestors of Kattabomman belonged to _______.

4. _______ was known by Tamils as Veera mangai and Jhansi Rani of south india.

5. __________ was called as ‘lion’ of sivagangai.

6. _________ was described the revolt of 1857 as First War of India Independence.

III Match the following

1. Delhi Kunwar singh2. Kanpur Khan Bahudar Khan3. Jhans Nana Saheb4. Bareilly Lakshmi Bai5. Bihar Bahadur Shah II

IV State true or false

1. The Vijayanagar rulers appointed Nayaks in their provinces.

2. Sivasubramania was the minister of Marudhu pandiyas.

3. Kattabomman was hanged on 17th October 1799.

4. Fettah Hyder was the elder son of Tippu Sultan.

V. Consider the following statements and tick (✓) the appropriate answer

i) The Vellore revolt was held in 1801.ii) The family members of Tippu were imprisoned at Vellore fort after the fourth Mysore war.iii) At the time of Vellore revolt, the Governor of Madras was Lord William Bentinck.iv) The victory of revolt of Vellore against British was one of the significant event in the history of India. a) i & ii are Correctb) ii & iv are Correctc) ii &iii are correctd) i, ii & iv are correct

a) Find out the wrong pair

1. Marudu Pandiyar - Ettayapuram 2. Gopala Nayak - Dindigul3. Kerala Varma - Malabar4. Dhoondaji - Mysore


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b) Find out the odd one

Kattabomman, Oomaithurai , Sevathaiah, Tippu Sultan.

VI Answer the following in one or two sentences

1. What you know about the Palayakarars? Name some of them.

2. What was the part of Velu Nachiyar in the Palayakkarar revolt?

3. Who were the leaders of Palayakkarar confederacy in the south Indian rebellion?

4. What was the importance of Tiruchirappalli proclamation?

5. Bring out the effects of the Vellore revolt.6. What was the immediate cause of the

Revolt of 1857?VII Answer the following in detail.

1. What do you know about the Pulithevar?2. Explain the events that led to conflict

between Dheeran Chinnamalai and the british.

3. What were the causes for the Great revolt of 1857?

4. What were the causes for the failure of the Revolt of 1857?

VIII HOTs

Prove that there was no common purpose among the leaders of the Great revolt of 1857.

IX Map skill

On the River map of India mark the following centres of the revolt of 1857.1) Delhi 2) Lucknow3) Meerut 4) Barrackpore5) Jhansi 6) Gwalior7) Kanpur

X Project and Activity

collect pictures of Palayakkarars and prepare an album.

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Rajayyan, K. - South Indian rebellion : The First War of Independence 1800-1801, Mysore : Rao and Raghavan, Mysore 1971

2.Bipan Chandra - History of Modern India, Orient Blackswan Private Limited 2018

3.Ishita Banerjee-Dube - A History of Modern India, Cambridge University Press 2014

INTERNET RESOURCES

https://www.britannica.comhttps://www.ducksters.com/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore_mutinyhttps : / /en .wik ip edia .org/wik i / Indian_Rebellion_of_1857


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Tamil Nadu played an important role in the Indian NationalMovement. Even prior to the Great Revolt of 1857, the rebellion inPanchalam Kuruchi, the 1801 “South Indian Rebellion” of the Marudubrothers and the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 were the early anti-colonialstruggles in Tamil Nadu. During the nationalist era Tamil Naduprovided the leaders like G. Subramania Iyer, V.O.C. ChidambaramPillai, Subramania Bharathi, C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj tothe National Movement. Besides, the nationalist movement in TamilNadu was as active as elsewhere.

Beginning of the National Movement in Tamil Nadu

The earliest political organisation, the Madras NativeAssociation was started in July 1852. Lakshminarasu Chetty andSrinivasa Pillai were the founders of this organization. The MadrasNative Association was sharply critical of the policies of the EastIndia Company’s rule. Subsequently in 1884, the Madras MahajanaSabha was established by P. Anandacharlu and P. Rangaiya Naidu.

LESSON 17LESSON 17LESSON 17LESSON 17LESSON 17

ROLE OF TAMIL NADU IN THE INDIANNATIONAL MOVEMENT

Learning Objectives

After studying this lesson students will come to understand

1. The early nationalist uprisings in Tamil Nadu.

2. Swadeshi Movement.

3. Home Rule Movement in Tamil Nadu.

4. Salt Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu.

5. Quit India Movement.

d) The Fourteen Points of the Muslim League was submitted byMuhammad Ansari.

V. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. The chief cause of the Khilafat Movement was the defeat ofTurkey in the First World War.

2. The agreement between Dr. Ambedkar and the Britishgovernment was called as the ‘Poona Pact’.

VI. Write short notes (Any three points).

1. Khilafat Movement

2. Swaraj Party

3. Dandi March

4. Indian National Army

5. Cabinet Mission

6. Mountbatten Plan

VII. Answer briefly (100 words).

1. Write a note on the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

2. Bring out the significance of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

3. Discuss the salient features of the Nehru Report.

4. Write a note on the Poona Pact.

5. Examine the provisions of the Indian Independence Act.

VIII. Answer in detail (200 words).

1. Give an account of the Civil-Disobedience Movement.

2. Estimate role of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian FreedomStruggle.

3. Discuss the important events of the Freedom Movement from1919 to 1935.

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c. Periyar E.V.R. had never been the President of Tamil NaduCongress Committee.

d. Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha March begun on 1 January 1930from Tiruchirappalli.


1. The Madras Mahajana Sabha severely opposed the IndianNational Congress.

2. The Bharathamatha Association was a revolutionaryorganization in Tamil Nadu.

3. The Vaikom Satyagraha was launched by Periyar E.V.R.

4. In 1937, the Congress Ministry was formed in Madras underKamaraj.


1. G. Subramanya Iyer

2. Vedaranyam March

3. Subramaniya Bharathi


1. Write a note on Madras Mahajana Sabha.

2. Discuss the role of V.O.C in the Indian National Movement.


1. Examine the role of Tamil Nadu in the Indian Freedom Struggle.

MODEL QUESTIONS

I. Choose the correct answer.

1 Who among the following moved the first resolution in the firstsession of the Indian National Congress?

(a) Srinivasa Pillai (b) Lakshminarasu Chetty

(c) Rangaiya Naidu (d) G. Subramanya Iyer

2. The Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha was led by

(a) Gandhi (b) Rajaji

(c) V.O.C (d) Kamaraj

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The Madras Native Association was started in ……

2. The Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company was launched by……

III. Match the following.

1. Subramaniya Bharathi a. Swadesamithran

2. Mrs. Annie Besant b. Madras Mahajana Sabha

3. G. Subramanya Iyer c. India

4. P. Anandacharlu d. New India

IV. Find out the correct statement one statement alone iscorrect.

a. Madras Native Association was started by G. Subramania Iyer.

b. The Third Session of the Indian National Congress was held inMadras.

Vellore was the capital of erstwhile North Arcot district in TamilNadu. At present, this district is named after its capital Vellore. It isa well fortified and beautiful city.

With the expansion of the East India Company’s rule in India,the native rulers and their dependents suffered. The native rulerseither submitted or rebelled. These rebellions had no clear vision orideal but purely motivated by the territorial interest of the native rulersand their ambition to preserve the old feudal order. The heroism and

sacrifice of individuals like Puli Thevar, Kattabomman and MaruduBrothers had no parallel. But all these leaders never organised thecommon people for a unified and meaningful cause. The ideas ofnationalism, political consciousness and organized struggle came muchlater.

In Vellore the native sepoys rose in revolt in 1806.This incidentdiffers from other previous rebellions in. The earlier rebellions werethose of the native rulers. The Vellore Mutiny was organized bythe sepoys. The earlier rebellions had only a regional interest.Every prince wanted to safeguard his own kingdom at any cost.But Vellore Mutiny was the result of spontaneous outflow of thefeelings of the sepoys who served under the Company. It was aprotest by the sepoys against the Company. This protest showed thefuture possibilities.

Causes

Several causes are attributed to the Vellore Mutiny. Indiansepoys had to experience numerous difficulties when they went toserve in the Company’s army.

The sepoys were forced to serve under the Company sincetheir earlier patrons (the native chieftains) were all disappearing fromthe scene. The strict discipline, practice, new weapons, new methodsand uniforms were all new to the sepoys. Anything new appears tobe difficult and wrong for a man who is well-settled in the old way oflife for a long-time.

Sir John Cradock, the commander-in-chief, with the -approvalof Lord-William Bentinck, the Governor of Madras, introduced anew from of turban, resembling a European hat. Wearing ear ringsand caste marks were also prohibited.

The sepoys were asked to shave the chin and to trim themoustache. The sepoys felt that these were designed to insult them

LESSON 10VELLORE MUTINY

Learning Objectives

Students will understand

1. The Causes for the Vellore Mutiny.

2. The objectives of this Mutiny.

3. The suppression of the Mutiny.

4. The nature of this anti-British uprising.

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Vellore Fort

MODEL QUESTIONS


1. Which among the following was one of the causes for theVellore Mutiny?

(a) Doctrine of lapse

(b) Collection of Tributes

(c) Introduction of new army regulations

(d) Economic exploitation of the British rule.


1 The Commander-in-Chief of the Vellore Fort was ——————-

2. ———— who was outside the fort dashed to Ranipet to seekhelp

III. Match the following

1. Fettah Hyder a. Governor of Madras

2. Colonel Fancourt b. suppressed the mutiny

3. William Bentinck c. Tipu’s son

4. Col. Gillespie b. killed in the mutiny

IV. Find out the correct statement. One statement alone isright.

a) New army regulations were mainly responsible for the VelloreMutiny.

b) Tipu’s family were not kept in the Vellore fort.

c) French help was not sought by Tipu’s son.

d) After the mutiny Tipu’s sons were sent to Penang.

Learning Outcome

The students have learnt

1. The multiple causes that led to this outbreak of Vellore

sepoy Mutiny.

2. The grievances of the sepoys such as new rules and customs

implemented by the British in the army.

3. The suppression of the revolt.

4. The nature of this anti-British rebellion.

99 100

V. State whether the following statements are True or False

1. Mustapha Beg Indian sepoy forewarned about the VelloreMutiny.

2. No British army officer was killed during the Vellore Mutiny.


1. Sir John Cradock

2. Col. Gillespie

VII. Answer briefly ( 100 words)

1. Explain the Course of the Vellore Mutiny.


1. Examine the causes for the outbreak of Vellore Mutiny of 1806.

101


a. Orientalists advocated the promotion of oriental subjectsthrough Indian languages.

b. In 1829 Widow Remarriage Act was enactd.

c. Jyotirao Phule established the Shri Narayana DharmaParlipalana Yogam.

d. In 1830 the Sharda Act was passed.


1. Warren Hastings established a Madrasa in Bombay.

2. The Anglicists argued for the cause of western sciences andliterature in the medium of English language.

3. Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar carried out campaigns to popularizewidow remarriage.


1. Macaulay’s Minute

2. Female Infanticide

3. Purdah system


1. Write a note on Charles Woods Despatch.

2. Discuss the measures taken by reformers to eradicatediscrimination under the caste system.


1. Examine the educational policy of the British.

2. Give an account of the social legislations for the emancipationof women.

In Tamil Nadu, as in other parts of India, the earliestexpressions of opposition to British rule took the form of localizedrebellions and uprisings. Chief among these was the revolt of thePalayakkarars (Poligars) against the East India Company.

The Palayakkarar system had evolved with the extension ofVijayanagar rule into Tamil Nadu. Each Palayakkarar was the holderof a territory or Palayam (usually consisting of a few villages), grantedto him in return for military service and tribute. In most cases, thePalayakkarars gave little attention to perform their duties and wereinterested in increasing their own powers. With their numericalstrength, extensive resources, local influence and independent attitude,the Palayakkarars came to constitute a powerful force in the politicalsystem of south India. They regarded themselves as independent,sovereign authorities within their respective Palayams, arguing thattheir lands had been handed down to them across a span of sixtygenerations. Such claims were brushed aside by the East IndiaCompany.

LESSON 9PALAYAKKARAR REBELLION

Learning Objectives

Students will come to know

1. The Palayakkarar system in Tamil Nadu.

2. The role of Puli Thevar in the anti-British rebellion.

3. The rise of Kattabomman and his fight against the British.

4. The second rebellion led by the Marudu Brothers.

85 86

MODEL QUESTIONS


1. Nerkattumseval was captured by

(a) Col. Heron (b) Col. Campbell

(c) Colin Jackson (d) Puli Thevar

2. Collector Jackson sent an order to Kattabomman tomeet him at

(a) Madurai (b) Panchalamkurichi

(c) Ramanathapuram (d) Srivilliputtur


1. Virpandiya Kattabomman was the son of …..

2. Kattabomman was hanged to death at ….

3. The expedition to Panchalamkurichi was commanded by ……

III. Match the following.

1. Marudu Pandiyan a. Nerkattumseval

2. Gopal Nayak b. Mysore

3. Kerala Varma c. Malabar

4. Krishnappa Nayak d. Dindigal

5. Puli Thevar e. Sivaganga


a) The Palayakkarars constitute a powerful force in the politicalsystem of North India.

b) Yusuf Khan was also known as Khan Sahib.

c) Sivasubramania Pillai was the minister of Marupandiyan.

d) The South Indian confederacy was organized under theleadership of Oomaithirai.


1. The Palayakkarar system had evolved with the extension ofVijayanagar rule into Tamil Nadu.

2. The Palayakkarar of Sivagiri was a tributary to the Company.

3. Oomathurai and Sevatiah were beheaded at Madurai.


1. Puli Thevar

2. Palayakkarar system

3. Bannerman


1. Write a note on South Indian Rebellion of 1801.


1. Estimate the valiant struggle of Kattabomman against theBritish.

93 94

77 Social and Religious Reform Movements in the 19th Century

EXERCISE

3. Whose campaign and work led to the enactment of Widow Remarriage Reform Act of 1856?a) Iswarchandra Vidyasagar b) Raja Rammohan Roy c) Annie Besant d) Jyotiba Phule

4. Whose voice was Rast Goftar? a) Parsi Movement b) Aligarh Movement c) Ramakrishna Missiond) Dravida Mahajana Sabha

5. Who was the founder of Namdhari Movement? a) Baba Dayal Das b) Baba Ramsingh c) Gurunanak d) Jyotiba Phule


1. In which year was Sati abolished? a) 1827 b) 1829c) 1826 d) 1927

2. What was the name of the Samaj founded by Dayanand Saraswati?a) Arya Samajb) Brahmo Samaj c) Prarthana Samaj d) Adi Brahmo Samaj

�� The role of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and his disciple Swami Vivekananda in the transformation of Hinduism is explained.�� The work of Theosophical Society with Annie Besant as its president is explored along with Aligarh Movement spearheaded by Sayyid Ahmad Khan. �� Reform movements among Parsis and Sikhs are outlined. �� The work done by Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra and IyotheeThassar in Tamilnadu to obtain social justice for the marginalized and the deprived sections of the population is reviewed.�� The social protest movements in Kerala led by Narayana Guru and Ayyankali, and the reform movements in Tamil Nadu involving Ramalinga Adigal and Ayya Vaikundar are sketched out.

GLOSSARY

Alleged stated but not proved பசெபால்லப்படும்Ecstatic in a state of extreme happiness பைெசெமபாைVoluminous bulky அதிகப் பரிமபாணமுள்ைReiterated repeat a statement for emphasis ெலியுறுத்துதல்

Idolatry the practice of worshipping idols உருெ ெழிபபாடுTract a small booklet சிறு நூல்

Revelation disclosure திருபெளிப்பபாடுCrematorium a place where a dead person’s body is

burnt இடுகபாடு

Subjugation the act of bringing something under control

அடிவமப்படுத்துதல்

Scriptures the sacred writings திருமவ் நூல்கள்


Unit - 6€¦ · in Tamil Nadu Unit - 6 10th_History_Unit_6.indd 1 31-07-2019 16:47:13. 11 Early Revolts against British Rule in Tamil Nadu GLOSSARY protege dependent, a person who

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