Unit 6 Emergence of the U.S. in World Affairs- Answers

Unit 6Emergence of the U.S. in World Affairs- Answers

Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

Unit 6: Objective 6.01: Examine the factors that led to the

United States taking an increasingly active role in world affairs.

Essential Questions: • How did the government’s role in economic and political

affairs change as America became more imperialistic? • To what extent did industrialization affect the relationships

between government, business, and the worker? • How did technological advancement lead to the United

States’ increased involvement in world affairs? • To what extent was the government’s changing role

necessary and beneficial as America became more imperialistic?

The United States Looks

Outward

Economics and National Defense:

Imperialism: when a country expands beyond its own borders and takes control of other territories

Spheres of Influence: territories over which a nations takes control

Around the end of the 1800’s (19th Century) many people believed in imperialism in the United States

Why is it important?◦ Most people believed this for economic reasons◦ Most business leaders and politicians believed expansion

would open more opportunities for economic markets and the potential for economic growth (thought we could make money)

Mercantilism: the belief that a country could keep a favorable balance of trade by acquiring foreign territories

Favorable Balance of Trade: when a country has more exports than imports

Many people supported the theory of mercantilism

They believed the more land and natural resources the United States owned the less it would have to rely on imports, and could produce our own products

Economics and National Defense:

Many people also believed the United States needed to expand its territory to maintain our security

Alfred T. Mahan wrote the book “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”

The book convinced many people that in order to be secure the United States should build a powerful navy

Within 10 years the United States had one of the world’s most powerful navies

Economics and National Defense:

Many people believed that the United States was great due to the “pioneer spirit” of the early settlers who were brave enough to explore and settle new territory in the West

Many thought to continue to be great the United States should continue to expand its borders with new territory

Frederick Jackson Turner gave a famous speech in 1893 proclaiming that the frontier had played a vital role in forming the American character and expansion was essential to maintain the U.S. spirit and keep American strong

National Spirit and Destiny:

Some people used the belief in Manifest Destiny to support their ideas of U.S. expansion

They saw it as the responsibility and destiny of the United States to civilize and take democracy to the rest of the world

Just as many business leaders used Social Darwinism to justify laissez-faire capitalism, many people used it to justify U.S. imperialism

Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest Many in the U.S. thought it was the role of white

Americans to control “inferior” races and nations

National Spirit and Destiny:

Anglo Saxon Superiority: the idea that English speaking white people are biologically superior to other races

Josiah Strong believed in Anglo-Saxon superiority and believed that expansion was noble and the nation’s destiny

British writer Rudyard Kipling wrote the poem “The White Man’s Burden” in response to the United States’ conquest of the Philippines in the Spanish-American War

Why is it important? Some thought the poem was a warning for the U.S.

about the cost of imperialism Others thought the poem supported the belief that

white westerners have a moral obligation to “civilize” and “help lesser people”

National Spirit and Destiny:

Objective 6.02: Identify the areas of the United States military, economic, and political involvement and influence.

Essential Questions: • How did America and the world change as the US

increased its role in world affairs? • To what extent have the effects of US actions and

policies been beneficial or detrimental to other countries?

• Why did the United States take an active role in world affairs in the late 19th and early 20th century?

Unit 6:

Areas of U.S.

Involvement

Alaska and Hawaii: 1867 Secretary of State William Seward

negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia

Many thought the territory was useless They called the purchase “Seward’s

Folly” Seward didn’t care because he knew Alaska

was rich in natural resources and full of economic potential for the United States

In the 1850’s U.S. business leaders began to invest in sugar plantations in Hawaii

Over time the business leaders gained economic control over the Hawaiian islands and fought for power with the Hawaiian monarchy

1893 wealthy white plantation owners rebelled against Queen Liliuokalani because she opposed their control

Why is it important? The United States sent in troops to support the business

leaders and helped overthrow the Hawaiian Queen 1898 the United States annexed Hawaii and made it a

U.S. territory

Alaska and Hawaii:

In the late 1800’s the island of Cuba was still under Spanish control

1895 the Cuban people rebelled and Spain sent 150,000 troops to Cuba to restore order

The Spanish relocated thousands of Cuban citizens into concentration camps

These camps had terrible conditions and many Cubans died

The Spanish-American War:

Two U.S. newspaper publishers named William Randolph Hurst and Joseph Pulitzer began printing stories about the Spanish abuses on the Cuban people

Unfortunately they were more interested in selling newspapers that reporting the truth

Their brand of journalism became known as yellow journalism- meant to spark emotions, not focused on the truth

Why is it important?◦ People called for tougher position against Spain and a more

aggressive foreign policy◦ Jingoism: the belief that the U.S. should take a more

aggressive foreign policy stance

The Spanish-American War:

Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, called for war with Spain and a tougher foreign policy

When the U.S. went to war with Spain Roosevelt became a Lieutenant Colonel and commanded a group of volunteers called the Rough Riders

The Spanish-American War:

February 15, 1898- A U.S. battleship, the USS Maine, exploded while anchored in a Cuban harbor

Newspapers blamed Spain and U.S. citizens called for war with Spain

Later it was determined that the explosion was an accident

Congress declared war on Spain in April 1898

A Splendid Little War:

Immediately U.S. Commodore George Dewey set sail for the Spanish colony of the Philippines

Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet of ships in the Philippines

Dewey took control of the Philippine Islands In Cuba, Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in bold charges

up Kettle Hill and San Juan Hill Why is it important? They became the most famous battles of the war The victories in those battles helped the U.S. defeat the Spain The U.S. defeated Spain in Cuba and the Philippines in less

than 3 months It was referred to as “a splendid little war”

A Splendid Little War:

Spanish-American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris 1898

The Treaty of Paris contained the Teller Amendment that stated the U.S. would allow for Cuban independence by not annexing Cuba

President William McKinley sent our military to Cuba to help restore stability and protect our business interests

After the War:

1900 Cuba began to write their own constitution

Why is it important?◦ the U.S. insisted it include the Platt Amendment

to limit what the Cuban government could do Gave the U.S. two naval bases in Cuba Allowed the U.S. to get involved in the region

whenever we felt it was necessary As a result of the Spanish-American war the

U.S. gained the territories of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam

After the War:

Discovery Education Videos:

The Philippines caused a lot of controversy during the Spanish-American War

People understood our involvement in Cuba because it is so close to America

People did not understand our involvement in the Philippines because they felt is was so far away and didn’t have anything to do with the Caribbean

People opposed to taking over the Philippines felt it went against democracy and might get us involved in future wars in the Pacific Ocean region

Anti-Imperialist League- opposed U.S. expansion- financed by Andrew Carnegie

The Philippines:

Roosevelt and others saw the Philippines as important to protect U.S. economic interest in Southeast Asia

Emilio Aguinaldo led Filipinos in a movement against U.S. occupation

Why is it important? Filipinos used guerilla warfare- when a weaker army strikes

quickly causing damage before the stronger army can fight back

Fought for more than two years and resulted in both sides committing massacres, violent killing and tortures that were unnecessary against civilians

The U.S. won in 1901- and made the Philippines an unorganized territory of the U.S. in 1902

1946- Philippines became an independent nation

The Philippines:

1901- President William McKinley was assassinated and Theodore Roosevelt became president

Roosevelt wanted to build a canal across Panama to allow U.S. ships to move more quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Ships would no longer have to go around South America to travel The Columbian government refused to sell the land necessary

to build the project Why is it important? 1903 Panama revolted against Columbia Roosevelt sent support and helped Panama win In return- Panama allowed the U.S. to lease the land to build the

Panama Canal The Panama Canal was completed in 1914

The Panama Canal:

Mexico was fighting a civil war 1914 the U.S. helped Venustiano Carranza take over the

Mexican government 1916 Venustiano Carranza’s enemy, Poncho Villa,

crossed the Rio Grande and killed 19 people in New Mexico

President Wilson sent General John Pershing and 15,000 soldiers to take Poncho Villa dead or alive

U.S. troops went 300 miles into Mexico and almost caused a war

Eventually World War I began and our troops were recalled

The Poncho Villa raids were never avenged

Trouble With Mexico:

Objective 6.03: Describe how the policies and actions of the United States government impacted the affairs of other countries.

Essential Questions: • To what extent have the actions and policies of the

US affected other countries in the world? • How has the media shaped US foreign policy? • As the US becomes increasingly involved in world

affairs, should its self-perception be impacted by world opinion.

• How intrusive should a nation be in the affairs of another?

Unit 6:

U.S. Impact on Other

Countries

The Western Hemisphere: By 1900’s the U.S. was becoming a major

player in world affairs President Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt

Corollary- expanded on the Monroe Doctrine that said the U.S. would not allow European nations to colonize newly independent nations in the western hemisphere, nor would the U.S. interfere in those same nations

Roosevelt Corollary said the U.S. had a right to intervene in the western hemisphere if a nation had trouble paying its debts

Why is it important?◦ The policy led to increased U.S. involvement in

the Caribbean and Latin America◦ The increased involvement was known as

Roosevelt’s big stick diplomacy From an African proverb that said “speak softly and

carry a big stick; you will go far” It meant the U.S. wouldn’t cause any problems in the

region but we wouldn’t be bullied either

The Western Hemisphere:

After Roosevelt, William Taft became president Taft promoted a policy known as Dollar Diplomacy-

“substitute money for bullets”- the U.S. could maintain order in other nations by increasing U.S. foreign investments

Taft encouraged U.S. bankers to invest in Latin America and the Caribbean and gave money to China to help them build railroads

Bad News: Taft’s policy sometimes meant the U.S. lost money, and it angered some Latin American people who opposed U.S. involvement in their countries and they resented the U.S. for trying to “buy influence”

The Western Hemisphere:

1913 Woodrow Wilson became president and ended Dollar Diplomacy

Wilson began Missionary (moral) Diplomacy: belief that it was the role of the U.S. to promote democracy and moral progress in the world

Wilson opposed imperialism and stated the U.S. would not “…seek one additional foot of territory by conquest.”

The Western Hemisphere:

Wilson's beliefs were put to the test by revolutions and assassinations in Haiti

Wilson sent troops to protect U.S. property and banking interests

Haiti responded to U.S. troops violently because they were afraid we were going to try to make them a U.S. territory

It ended when Haiti signed a treaty that made Haiti a protectorate of the U.S., not a territory

The Western Hemisphere:

After the Spanish-American War, the U.S. owned territory all over the area of the Pacific Ocean

Trade with China became a concern in the 20th Century because we were afraid European Imperial powers would try to gain control over Chinese exports and markets

To prevent this from having an impact on the U.S. our government insisted on an Open Door Policy with China

Open Door Policy: would leave China open to the U.S. and some other nations for trade and commerce

The Pacific and Southeast Asia:

Why is it important?◦ Some Chinese nationalists (aka- Boxers) wanted

to end foreign influence in China ◦ Boxer Rebellion: Chinese nationalists

massacred 300 foreigners and Chinese Christians in 1900

◦ The U.S. and other imperial powers sent troops to stop the rebellion

The U.S. kept its Open Door Policy to prevent other imperialist nations from taking Chinese territory

The Pacific and Southeast Asia:

Looking to Foreign Lands Rebellion and Revolt 1898-1900

Discovery Education Videos: