This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Unit #5E – Clinical Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing – Laboratory Testing –
Basic Clinical Basic Clinical MicrobiologyMicrobiologyIncludes study of bacteria Includes study of bacteria
(bacteriology), parasites (parasitology), (bacteriology), parasites (parasitology), viruses (virology) and fungi (mycology)viruses (virology) and fungi (mycology)
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
– Bacteriology Bacteriology Study of a large diverse group of single Study of a large diverse group of single
celled prokaryote microorganisms which celled prokaryote microorganisms which multiply by fission to form a “colony” (on multiply by fission to form a “colony” (on solid media), which can be observed for solid media), which can be observed for characteristic appearance. characteristic appearance.
Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eye. They can only be seen after staining eye. They can only be seen after staining them with special dyes and observing them them with special dyes and observing them under a microscope.under a microscope.
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
Most bacteria fall into one of two Most bacteria fall into one of two categories:categories:– Gram-positive = microorganisms that stain purpleGram-positive = microorganisms that stain purple
- - Example: Streps, staphsExample: Streps, staphs– Gram-negative = microorganisms that stain pink Gram-negative = microorganisms that stain pink
or redor red - - Example: Example: E. coli, E. coli, NeisseriaNeisseria Purpose of Gram Stain: Provides valuable Purpose of Gram Stain: Provides valuable
information for physician to start antibiotic information for physician to start antibiotic therapy, as antibiotics act differently on therapy, as antibiotics act differently on gram (+) vs. gram (-) organismsgram (+) vs. gram (-) organisms
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
Pathogens / pathogenic – capable of causing Pathogens / pathogenic – capable of causing disease disease
Communicable - capable of being transferred Communicable - capable of being transferred from one person to anotherfrom one person to another
Normal flora - natural micro-inhabitants of the Normal flora - natural micro-inhabitants of the bodybody
Opportunists / Opportunistic pathogens – Opportunists / Opportunistic pathogens – organisms that only cause disease in organisms that only cause disease in compromised individuals compromised individuals
Antibiotic susceptibility testing – tests for Antibiotic susceptibility testing – tests for sensitivity of organism against varioussensitivity of organism against various antibioticsantibiotics
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology Specimen collection - Body sites / Specimen collection - Body sites /
fluids cultured to grow fluids cultured to grow microorganismsmicroorganisms
– Fastidious organisms - require special Fastidious organisms - require special medium / conditions to growmedium / conditions to grow
– Aerobic - organisms which require Aerobic - organisms which require oxygen to grow or liveoxygen to grow or live
– Anaerobic - organisms which live and Anaerobic - organisms which live and grow only in absence of oxygen. grow only in absence of oxygen. http://www.shellab.com/bactron.htmlhttp://www.shellab.com/bactron.html
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
Air moves away from worker, over specimen, Air moves away from worker, over specimen, through filter, and vented to outside through filter, and vented to outside http://www.terrauniversal.com/products/gloveboxes/http://www.terrauniversal.com/products/gloveboxes/accessories_gbx/filtrationmodules.phpaccessories_gbx/filtrationmodules.php
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology– Disinfectants - chemicals used on Disinfectants - chemicals used on
working areas to kill or control growth working areas to kill or control growth of organisms in their active or of organisms in their active or vegetative stages (NOT resting stages, vegetative stages (NOT resting stages, such as spores). Some harsh such as spores). Some harsh disinfectants will kill spores, toodisinfectants will kill spores, too EXAMPLE: 10% bleach, phenolsEXAMPLE: 10% bleach, phenols
– Antiseptics - chemicals used to control Antiseptics - chemicals used to control microorganisms on living tissuemicroorganisms on living tissue EXAMPLE: 70% isoprophyl alcohol, BetadineEXAMPLE: 70% isoprophyl alcohol, Betadine
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology– Sterilization - methods used to kill all Sterilization - methods used to kill all
organisms and their resting stagesorganisms and their resting stages EXAMPLE: AutoclavingEXAMPLE: Autoclaving
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology Processing of Specimens Processing of Specimens
– Agars - solid medium made of seaweed Agars - solid medium made of seaweed extract; bacteria grow on these agars extract; bacteria grow on these agars and appear as small to large dotsand appear as small to large dots Enrichment agars for growth – contain Enrichment agars for growth – contain
extra nutrients extra nutrients – Example: Blood AgarExample: Blood Agar
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
by color or growth patternby color or growth pattern– Example: MacConkey Agar – inhibits the Example: MacConkey Agar – inhibits the
growth of gram positive organisms while growth of gram positive organisms while allowing gram negative organisms to growallowing gram negative organisms to grow
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
Inhibit the growth of Inhibit the growth of certain certain microorganisms microorganisms while allowing other while allowing other organisms to groworganisms to grow
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
– MIC – Minimum Inhibitory MIC – Minimum Inhibitory Concentration – Provides information Concentration – Provides information on weakest dose of antibiotic that on weakest dose of antibiotic that would be effectivewould be effective
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
– Common human parasites Common human parasites Enterobius vermicularis “Pin Worm”Enterobius vermicularis “Pin Worm” Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis
– O & P (Ova and Parasites) - Detection O & P (Ova and Parasites) - Detection of Intestinal Parasitesof Intestinal Parasites Helminths - flatworms, round worms, Helminths - flatworms, round worms,
flukes, or hookwormsflukes, or hookworms Amoeba in cyst or trophozoite stageAmoeba in cyst or trophozoite stage
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiologyLife cycle of GiardiaLife cycle of Giardia
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiologyLife cycle of Ascaris (round worm)Life cycle of Ascaris (round worm)
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiologyLife cycle of amoebaLife cycle of amoeba
parasiteparasite
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiologyStool samples - usually collected X3 and at Stool samples - usually collected X3 and at
least 24 hours apartleast 24 hours apartMost common preservative = ParaPak (has Most common preservative = ParaPak (has
two vials, one with Polyvinyl Alcohol [PVA] two vials, one with Polyvinyl Alcohol [PVA] and the other with formalin)and the other with formalin)
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology““Wet Prep” for detection of Wet Prep” for detection of Trichomonas Trichomonas
vaginalisvaginalis
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical
MicrobiologyMicrobiology VirologyVirology
– CharacteristicsCharacteristics Intracellular parasitesIntracellular parasites Too small to be seen with light microscopyToo small to be seen with light microscopy Contain either DNA or RNA, but not bothContain either DNA or RNA, but not both
– Common viral infections include the Common viral infections include the common cold, influenza, measles, common cold, influenza, measles, chickenpox, hepatitis. Others viral chickenpox, hepatitis. Others viral infections include polio, HIV, bird flu, infections include polio, HIV, bird flu, West Nile virus.West Nile virus.
Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Unit #5E – Clinical Laboratory Testing - Basic Clinical Testing - Basic Clinical