Unit 5 World War I and the Russian Revolution. A Fragile Peace There had been peace in Europe for nearly 30 years However many forces were at work to.

Unit 5 World War I and the Russian RevolutionUnit 5 World War I and the Russian Revolution

A Fragile PeaceA Fragile Peace

There had been peace in Europe for nearly 30 years

However many forces were at work to destroy the peace

OTTO von BISMARCK

Causes of World War ICauses of World War INationalismImperialismMilitarism

The BalkansAlliance SystemAssassination of

Franz Ferdinand

NationalismNationalismCompetition between Europe’s powers for

resources and materials

Territorial disputes

Alsace-Lorraine (France/Germany)Balkans Other minor disputes around the world

ImperialismImperialism

Overseas Imperialism created conflicts

Africa, Asia and China

Sense of rivalry and mistrust

MilitarismMilitarism Glorifying military power and

keeping a strong military Kept citizens feeling safe

and patriotic Ready in case of a war Increased economy of each

nation

Countries competed with each other

The Balkan PeninsulaThe Balkan PeninsulaSerbia Bosnia Greece Others

Ottoman Empire declining in power New countries wanting to expand Control trade of Mediterranean region Great nationalism of individual nations

Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary all wanted to maintain power in the area

<The Balkans

The Balkan Wars

Alliance System and GermanyAlliance System and Germany

Since the late 1880’s von Bismarck made fragile alliances with a number of countries

All with the goal of keeping peace, yet always strengthening Germany

Triple Alliance Triple Entente

Germany Britain

Austria-Hungary France

Italy Russia

Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated June 28, 1914 on visit to Bosnia

Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Black Hand) committed to ridding Serbia of Austrian rule

Austria-Hungary would send troops to Serbia, and Germany supported them

Russia supported Serbia and sent troops to Austria – bcz of ALLIANCE SYSTEM

A New Alliance SystemA New Alliance System

Central Powers AlliesGermany BritainAustria-Hungary FranceItaly (to start) RussiaCountries very quickly mobilized for war

United States???

The Schlieffen PlanThe Schlieffen Plan German troops would race west to fight France

then come back and fight Russia (slower to mobilize)

This brought Britain into the war First Battle of the Marne defeated the Germans

and saved the Allies

This two front war would quickly become a stalemate everywhere

A New Type of WarA New Type of War

Trench Warfare Poison Gas Machine Gun Tank Airplanes Submarines

WWI Tech

StalemateStalemate

Western Front stalemateEastern Front Russia weakening, but its

massive numbers helpingWar of AttritionAllies sending supplies to RussiaWar spreading to ROW

GallipoliGallipoli

Allies wanted to attack Central Powers through Turkey

Dardanelles – a narrow sea-straight that led to the Turkish capital, and eventually into Austria

Mel Gibson!Mel Gibson!

Gallipoli famous in Australia

A misguided attempt to end the war

A Changing WarA Changing War Stalemate continues through 1917

Russia withdraws and facing collapse and internal Revolution

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany March 1918

Over 5.5 million Russian dead/wounded Eastern European countries gain

independence (Balkans)

United StatesUnited States

Prez Wilson declared war April 2, 1917

WHY? Because of… Unrestricted German sub

activity (Lusitania) Cultural ties Economic ties War atrocities Zimmerman Note – Mexico vs

US?

“Total War”Lusitania May 7, 1915

Other Things Happening…Other Things Happening…

1918 Influenza Epidemic

Spanish Flu – world-wide

At least 50 million people died

Other Things Happening…Other Things Happening…

Balfour Declaration Asked for establishment of Palestinian state,

separate from Israeli state International Zionism Britain would not allow

Israel/Palestine have historic ties to same land and still fight over it today

Central Powers Slowly DefeatedCentral Powers Slowly Defeated

Final German push stopped at Second Battle of the Marne

Germany surrendered and declared itself Weimar Republic

Armistice signed November 11, 1918 in a railroad car near Paris Remember this car!

Wilson’s 14 Points – Peace PlanWilson’s 14 Points – Peace Plan

Wilson’s 14 Points – peace plan

Wanted Self-determination

Britain and France wanted harsh punishment for Germany

Compromised with the Treaty of Versailles – June 28, 1919

Very hard on Germany – See Hitler, Adolf

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles

German Territorial Losses new countries (Map)

German Military Restrictions War Reparations - $$

War Guilt Clause (MOST DAMAGING)

League of Nations

League of NationsLeague of NationsU.S. did not joinFailure: examplesJapanese into

ManchuriaItaly into Ethiopia and

GreeceHitler -

EVERYWHERE

Results of Treaty of VersaillesResults of Treaty of Versailles No country happy with

Treaty

Did not build a lasting peace

Created more animosity and hate

Ultimately led to WWII

The Cost of World War IThe Cost of World War I 8.5 million soldiers died SEE CHART 21 million wounded Countless citizens + Flu Farms, towns, and cities destroyed

$338 BILLION

How does Europe recover?

WW I Deaths By Country %

France16%

Austria-Hungary

15%

British Empire

11%

Italy8%

Russia21%

Germany24%

U.S.1%

Ottoman Empire

4%