Unit- 5

UNIT 5

Disasters, accidents, precautions

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Disasters, accidents, precautions

Reading: Diary entries, a story

Listening: Note taking, predicting content

Grammar: Past continuous vs past simple;

reflexive pronouns; musn’t-can; past perfect; linkers

Vocabulary: Types of disasters, parts of the body

Speaking: Narrating past experiences, giving news

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a

A

In picture A flames are

spreading.

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B

In picture B a building has

collapsed.

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C

In picture C lava is erupting

from a volcano.

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D

In picture D the road is

flooded.

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E

In picture E strong winds are

blowing.

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Past Continuous Tense is also

called Past Progressive Tense.

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I started to eat my dinner at 7 and

finished eating at 7:30.

At 7:15 I was eating dinner.

Past continuous action

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Past Continuous Tense is usually

used with Past Simple Tense.

I was reading a book (past continuous)

when Saruul came. (past simple)

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Affirmative

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PAST CONTINUOUS WE USE THE PAST CONTINUOUS (WAS/WERE+ING)

For an action which was in progress when

another action interrupted it . We use the past

continuous for the action in progress (the

longer action ) and the for the

action which interrupted it (shorter action ).

We were having dinner when the bell .

For two or more simultaneous actions in the

past .

They were watching TV while Steve was

preparing lunch.

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For an action which was in progress at a stated time

in the past . We don’t mention when the action

started or finished.

At 7 o`clock last night he was having a piano lesson.

To describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give

background information to a story.

It was raining and the wind was howling.

The time expressions we use with the past

continuous are (while when as all morning

/evening/day/week etc .

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Reflexive Pronouns

I

You

He

She

It

We

You

They

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Reflexive pronouns

In the following expressions; enjoy ,

behave .

We enjoyed very much at our country

house.

Help to some cake. They promised to

behave .

With the verbs dress, wash and shave when we

want to show that someone did something with a

lot of effort.

Although he is only four years old, he managed

to dress .

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Past PerfectWe use the past perfect ( had+past participle ) for :

An action which happened before a started time in

the past >

Bill had cooking by 6o’clock .

An action which finished in the past and whose

result was visible at a later point in the past.

He had sprained his ankle a few days earlier and

it was still hurting .

The time expressions we use with the past perfect

are :before ,after, already , just , for, since, till/until,

when by the time , never , etc.

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MODALS

can /could, must should , need to Don’t take –s – ing or –ed suffixes

Are followed by the bare infinitive .

Come before the subject in questions and are

followed by not in negations .

Don’t have tenses in the normal sense .When

followed by a normal bare infinitive , they refer to

an uncompleted action or state (i.e. present or

future ): when followed by the bare perfect infinitive

they refer to a completed action or state .

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to express duty/strong obligation to do

sth < shows that sth is essential. We

generally use must when the speaker has

decided that sth necessary ( i.e. subjective )

I remember to send him a card .

Need to express necessity .

You need to be here by 10;00 am .

You needn’t worry about her . She is fine .

Had to is the past form of both and

.

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is used to ask for /give

permission .

I borrow your bicycle , please!

Yes , oh course you .

is used to express

that; it is forbidden to do sth: it is

against the rules / law; you are not

allowed to do sth.

You eat in here

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Possibility

Can+present infinitive is used to

express general/theoretical possibility.

It isn’t usually used for a specific

situation .

For starters , we can have chicken

wings .

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Can expresses ability in the present

/future .

I speak Italian .

Could expresses general < repeated

ability in the past , repeated pr

specific .

I speak Polish when I was

two .

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Advice

is used to give

advice.

You should be more patient .

You shouldn’t be that hard on him .