Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath

Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath

Unit 4: WWII and Its Aftermath

Chapter 18- Cold War Conflicts

Chapter 18- Cold War Conflicts

The Cold War [1945-1991]: An Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc

Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

1. Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

2. Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

3. Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

4. Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

I. Origins of the Cold WarI. Origins of the Cold War

A. “Allies” Clash 1. U.S. v. Soviet Union a. economic and political systems

were at odds b. anger over nonaggression pact c. U.S. slow to recognize Communist

government of U.S.S.R.

A. “Allies” Clash 1. U.S. v. Soviet Union a. economic and political systems

were at odds b. anger over nonaggression pact c. U.S. slow to recognize Communist

government of U.S.S.R.

d. U.S. secretly building A-Bomb

2. High Hopes- June 26, 1945 U.N. was officially established

a. became a place for the U.S. and Soviets to compete

d. U.S. secretly building A-Bomb

2. High Hopes- June 26, 1945 U.N. was officially established

a. became a place for the U.S. and Soviets to compete

3. Potsdam, Germany a. Truman, Atlee, and Stalin b. @ issue- free and open elections in

Poland and other East. European 1. 1945 Poland refused right to

free/open elections 2. Violated right to self-

determination

3. Potsdam, Germany a. Truman, Atlee, and Stalin b. @ issue- free and open elections in

Poland and other East. European 1. 1945 Poland refused right to

free/open elections 2. Violated right to self-

determination

B. Tension Mounts 1. Soviets Tighten Their Grip a. satellite nations: dependent upon

and dominated by U.S.S.R. 1. Albania, Bulgaria, Czech.,

Hungary, Romania, and Poland 2. Seized industrial assets (U.S.S.R.)

B. Tension Mounts 1. Soviets Tighten Their Grip a. satellite nations: dependent upon

and dominated by U.S.S.R. 1. Albania, Bulgaria, Czech.,

Hungary, Romania, and Poland 2. Seized industrial assets (U.S.S.R.)

The The ““Iron CurtainIron Curtain””

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

3. 1946- Stalin announced- U.S. and Soviets are incompatible- war is inevitable.

2. U.S. Containment- block Soviet attempts to spread influence

3. 1946- Stalin announced- U.S. and Soviets are incompatible- war is inevitable.

2. U.S. Containment- block Soviet attempts to spread influence

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]

1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.destinies in their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.Program.””

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].

D. The Struggle Over Germany 1. Post WWII Germany- 4 zones of

occupation- U.S., G.B., France, Soviets

a. 1948- U.S., G.B., and France combined western zones into 1 nation

D. The Struggle Over Germany 1. Post WWII Germany- 4 zones of

occupation- U.S., G.B., France, Soviets

a. 1948- U.S., G.B., and France combined western zones into 1 nation

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)

2. Berlin Airlift a. Also divided into 4 zones b. Soviets cut off all access to western

zone- potential starvation c. The Airlift: 327 days of flying

supplies into West Berlin 1. Effect on U.S. and Soviets

2. Berlin Airlift a. Also divided into 4 zones b. Soviets cut off all access to western

zone- potential starvation c. The Airlift: 327 days of flying

supplies into West Berlin 1. Effect on U.S. and Soviets

2. 1949- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was est.

3. Soviet Response- German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

2. 1949- Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) was est.

3. Soviet Response- German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

3. Peacetime Alliance---NATO a. Defensive military alliance to protect

against Soviet aggression b. member countries- U.S., Canada,

Belgium, Denmark, France, G.B., Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.

3. Peacetime Alliance---NATO a. Defensive military alliance to protect

against Soviet aggression b. member countries- U.S., Canada,

Belgium, Denmark, France, G.B., Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal.

1. An attack on one would be considered an attack on all

2. Marked end of U.S. isolationism

3. What is the threat to the Soviet Union?

1. An attack on one would be considered an attack on all

2. Marked end of U.S. isolationism

3. What is the threat to the Soviet Union?

II. Cold War Heats UpII. Cold War Heats Up

A. Civil War in China 1. Nationalist- Chiang Kai-Shek 2. Communist- Mao Zedong a. $2B worth of U.S. aid to

Nationalist b. 1949- Nationalist fled to

Formosa

A. Civil War in China 1. Nationalist- Chiang Kai-Shek 2. Communist- Mao Zedong a. $2B worth of U.S. aid to

Nationalist b. 1949- Nationalist fled to

Formosa

3. Failure of containment B. Koreans Go To War 1. 1945- Japanese troops north of

38th parallel surrendered to Soviets; South of 38th surrendered to U.S.

a. 2 nations developed

3. Failure of containment B. Koreans Go To War 1. 1945- Japanese troops north of

38th parallel surrendered to Soviets; South of 38th surrendered to U.S.

a. 2 nations developed

b.1948- Republic of Korea (South Korea)

c. Simultaneously- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)

1. 1949- U.S./Soviets pulled out

b.1948- Republic of Korea (South Korea)

c. Simultaneously- Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)

1. 1949- U.S./Soviets pulled out

2. North attacks South- June 25, 1949 a. Truman sent in naval and air

support to S.K. b. June 27, 1950- U.N. resolution

adopted asking member nations help 1. 520,000 troops sent in

2. North attacks South- June 25, 1949 a. Truman sent in naval and air

support to S.K. b. June 27, 1950- U.N. resolution

adopted asking member nations help 1. 520,000 troops sent in

C. United States Fights in Korea 1. Gen. MacArthur in command. 2. North captures Seoul a. Miracle counterattack of

MacArthur

C. United States Fights in Korea 1. Gen. MacArthur in command. 2. North captures Seoul a. Miracle counterattack of

MacArthur

3. Political question- crossing 38th made it an aggressor not defensive

a. U.N.- cross the 38th b. Chinese- will not stand idly by 1. Nov. 25, 1950- 300,000 Chinese

poured into N.K. 2. Seoul was lost for a 2nd time

3. Political question- crossing 38th made it an aggressor not defensive

a. U.N.- cross the 38th b. Chinese- will not stand idly by 1. Nov. 25, 1950- 300,000 Chinese

poured into N.K. 2. Seoul was lost for a 2nd time

4. Attacking China a. Jan. 1951 MacArthur

recommended extending war into China

b. March, 1951 S.K. reclaimed Seoul

4. Attacking China a. Jan. 1951 MacArthur

recommended extending war into China

b. March, 1951 S.K. reclaimed Seoul

5. MacArthur v. Truman a. MacArthur went over head of

Pres.- appealed to public b. April 11, 1951 MacArthur was

relieved of his duties by Truman

5. MacArthur v. Truman a. MacArthur went over head of

Pres.- appealed to public b. April 11, 1951 MacArthur was

relieved of his duties by Truman

6. A stalemate a. July, 1953- 2 sides reached an

armistice ending the war b. Two key points: 1. Location of cease fire line-38th

parallel 2. Est. of a DMZ b/w the 2 sides.

6. A stalemate a. July, 1953- 2 sides reached an

armistice ending the war b. Two key points: 1. Location of cease fire line-38th

parallel 2. Est. of a DMZ b/w the 2 sides.

c. American cost- 54,000 lives and $22 Billion.

c. American cost- 54,000 lives and $22 Billion.

III. The Cold War @ Home- The Red Scare

III. The Cold War @ Home- The Red Scare

1. Post-War Events a. Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe b. fall of China c. Failure in the Korean War left some

to believe we could not stand up to growing communist threat

d. Soviet development of atomic and nuclear weapons heightened fears

1. Post-War Events a. Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe b. fall of China c. Failure in the Korean War left some

to believe we could not stand up to growing communist threat

d. Soviet development of atomic and nuclear weapons heightened fears

2. The Zealous Republicans a. had not won presidency since 1928And were looking for an issue b. convinced Truman was “soft on

communism” and influenced by UN c. several young Republicans rose to

prominence and gained fame by being anti-communist

d. tied many liberal organizations to communism and socialism

2. The Zealous Republicans a. had not won presidency since 1928And were looking for an issue b. convinced Truman was “soft on

communism” and influenced by UN c. several young Republicans rose to

prominence and gained fame by being anti-communist

d. tied many liberal organizations to communism and socialism

3. Creation of the Loyalty Review Board and HUAC a. created lists of subversive organizations b. 200 government employees dismissed (out of over 3

million) c. HUAC- investigated the biggest names in Hollywood

for 3 reasons: 1. Wanted to prove the Screen Writers’ Guild had

Communist members 2. Hoped to show they were inserting subversive

propaganda into films

3. Creation of the Loyalty Review Board and HUAC a. created lists of subversive organizations b. 200 government employees dismissed (out of over 3

million) c. HUAC- investigated the biggest names in Hollywood

for 3 reasons: 1. Wanted to prove the Screen Writers’ Guild had

Communist members 2. Hoped to show they were inserting subversive

propaganda into films

4. Testimony of the Hollywood Ten a. One director and 9 screenwriters took

stand and refused to answer questions, claiming 5th Amendment

b. had 3 options: 1. Claim they were not and never had

been members 2. Admit or claim membership and then

be forced to name others 3. Refuse to answer questions

4. Testimony of the Hollywood Ten a. One director and 9 screenwriters took

stand and refused to answer questions, claiming 5th Amendment

b. had 3 options: 1. Claim they were not and never had

been members 2. Admit or claim membership and then

be forced to name others 3. Refuse to answer questions

c. the blacklist- 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors

c. the blacklist- 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors

The McCarthy Accusations a. Started with State Department, then

Democratic Party, and finally the army b. always made accusations from the

Senate c. McCarthy was CENSURED by the

Senate and died in 1956 from complications of alcoholism

The McCarthy Accusations a. Started with State Department, then

Democratic Party, and finally the army b. always made accusations from the

Senate c. McCarthy was CENSURED by the

Senate and died in 1956 from complications of alcoholism

III. The Cold War at HomeIII. The Cold War at Home

A. The Fear of Communism 1. Loyalty Review Board-

result of an executive order by Truman.

a. investigated gov’t. employees and dismissed those disloyal.

A. The Fear of Communism 1. Loyalty Review Board-

result of an executive order by Truman.

a. investigated gov’t. employees and dismissed those disloyal.

2. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)_: investigated inside and outside gov’t.

a. Hollywood Ten- witnesses who refused to cooperate

b. blacklisting

2. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)_: investigated inside and outside gov’t.

a. Hollywood Ten- witnesses who refused to cooperate

b. blacklisting

B. Spy Cases Stun the Nation 1. The Rosenbergs: a. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg-

activists in American Communist Party

1. Implicated by British Scientist Klaus Fuchs

B. Spy Cases Stun the Nation 1. The Rosenbergs: a. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg-

activists in American Communist Party

1. Implicated by British Scientist Klaus Fuchs

2. Believed to have shared atomic secrets w/ Soviets

b. Pleaded 5th Amendment c. Found guilty and sentenced to

death 1. June, 1953 executed by way of

Electric Chair

2. Believed to have shared atomic secrets w/ Soviets

b. Pleaded 5th Amendment c. Found guilty and sentenced to

death 1. June, 1953 executed by way of

Electric Chair

5. Spy Cases of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs a. Hiss case did 2 things: 1. Provided fuel to charge that spies were IN THE US GOVERNMENT 2. Jump-started political career of Richard Nixon

C. McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunts” 1. McCarthyism- use of accusations of

communism- responding with other accusations.

a. always made his accusations in the Senate! Why?

C. McCarthy Launches His “Witch Hunts” 1. McCarthyism- use of accusations of

communism- responding with other accusations.

a. always made his accusations in the Senate! Why?

2. Accused the State Department of housing communist

3. 1954- made accusations against the U.S. Army resulting in investigation

a. millions accused of being communist

b. downfall of McCarthy

2. Accused the State Department of housing communist

3. 1954- made accusations against the U.S. Army resulting in investigation

a. millions accused of being communist

b. downfall of McCarthy

IV. Two Nations Live on the Edge

IV. Two Nations Live on the Edge

A. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy 1. Race for the H-Bomb a. Nov. 1, 1952 U.S. exploded

the first thermonuclear device- 1 year later, Soviets did same.

A. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy 1. Race for the H-Bomb a. Nov. 1, 1952 U.S. exploded

the first thermonuclear device- 1 year later, Soviets did same.

2. Policy of Brinkmanship: a. Sec. of State John Foster Dulles b. brinkmanship- willingness to go to

the brink, or edge of war 1. Called for heavy use of nuclear

weapons 2. Production of mass amounts in

air force and nuclear weapons

2. Policy of Brinkmanship: a. Sec. of State John Foster Dulles b. brinkmanship- willingness to go to

the brink, or edge of war 1. Called for heavy use of nuclear

weapons 2. Production of mass amounts in

air force and nuclear weapons

3. Soviets answered the call!B. Cold War Goes Global 1. Increased reliance on CIA 2. Covert Actions in Middle

East/Latin America: a. Iran

3. Soviets answered the call!B. Cold War Goes Global 1. Increased reliance on CIA 2. Covert Actions in Middle

East/Latin America: a. Iran

b. Guatemala and removal of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

3. Summit in Geneva a. Death of Stalin, 1953 b. Warsaw Pact: Soviet military

alliance with East. European satellite nations.

b. Guatemala and removal of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman

3. Summit in Geneva a. Death of Stalin, 1953 b. Warsaw Pact: Soviet military

alliance with East. European satellite nations.

c. 1955- Eisenhower and Soviet leaders met in Geneva, Switzerland

1. “Open Skies” policy- allow for flights over each other’s territory

a. rejected by Soviets

c. 1955- Eisenhower and Soviet leaders met in Geneva, Switzerland

1. “Open Skies” policy- allow for flights over each other’s territory

a. rejected by Soviets

4. Crisis in the Middle East a. Suez Canal incident 1. Egypt, Soviets, France, G.B., and

Israel5. Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. would

defend Middle East from communist attack

a. President given authority to use military at his discretion.

4. Crisis in the Middle East a. Suez Canal incident 1. Egypt, Soviets, France, G.B., and

Israel5. Eisenhower Doctrine: U.S. would

defend Middle East from communist attack

a. President given authority to use military at his discretion.

The Suez Crisis: 1956-The Suez Crisis: 1956-19571957

C. Cold War Takes to the Skies 1. Cold war affects on science and

education 2. 1957- Soviets announced

development of ICBM.

C. Cold War Takes to the Skies 1. Cold war affects on science and

education 2. 1957- Soviets announced

development of ICBM.

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary PowersPowers’’ plane was plane was

shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

1. U.S. response- plane disappeared while on weather mission

2. Soviets claimed a SAM took down plane --why?

a. truth- Soviet plane took it down (1996)

1. U.S. response- plane disappeared while on weather mission

2. Soviets claimed a SAM took down plane --why?

a. truth- Soviet plane took it down (1996)

Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev““Kitchen DebateKitchen Debate””

(1959)(1959)

Cold War ---> Cold War --->

TensionsTensions

<--- Technology <--- Technology

& Affluence & Affluence

UNIT 4 ContinuedUNIT 4 Continued

Chapter 19- The Postwar BoomChapter 19- The Postwar Boom

I. Postwar AmericaI. Postwar America

A. Readjustment and Recovery 1. The GI Bill (Servicemen’s

Readjustment Act): a. b. c.

A. Readjustment and Recovery 1. The GI Bill (Servicemen’s

Readjustment Act): a. b. c.

2. Housing Crisis- 1945-1946 returning vets faced home shortage

a. suburbs- 1. $8,000 2. Levittown 3. Methods used to build

2. Housing Crisis- 1945-1946 returning vets faced home shortage

a. suburbs- 1. $8,000 2. Levittown 3. Methods used to build

4. Appearance of the homes?

3. Economic Readjustments a. converting from wartime to

peacetime economy 1. Defense workers joined vets in

search of jobs. b. runaway inflation

4. Appearance of the homes?

3. Economic Readjustments a. converting from wartime to

peacetime economy 1. Defense workers joined vets in

search of jobs. b. runaway inflation

2. The real problem- INFLATION! a. 1946-1948 prices skyrocketed

as supply could not meet demand. b. remarkable recovery- savings and

war bond investments led to consumer spending.

1. Automobiles, homes, appliances- all in great demand.

2. The “affluent society”

2. The real problem- INFLATION! a. 1946-1948 prices skyrocketed

as supply could not meet demand. b. remarkable recovery- savings and

war bond investments led to consumer spending.

1. Automobiles, homes, appliances- all in great demand.

2. The “affluent society”

B. Economic Challenges 1. Truman’s Inheritance- 2 huge

challenges when taking office: a. rising threat of communism b. restoring American economy

B. Economic Challenges 1. Truman’s Inheritance- 2 huge

challenges when taking office: a. rising threat of communism b. restoring American economy

2. “Had Enough” a. 1946- Republicans gained

control of House and Senate b. ignored Truman’s domestic

proposals.

2. “Had Enough” a. 1946- Republicans gained

control of House and Senate b. ignored Truman’s domestic

proposals.

C. Social Unrest Persists 1. Truman Supports Civil Rights a. African-American leaders seeking: 1. Anti-lynching law 2. Abolition of poll tax 3. Civil rights commission 4. Integration of armed forces

C. Social Unrest Persists 1. Truman Supports Civil Rights a. African-American leaders seeking: 1. Anti-lynching law 2. Abolition of poll tax 3. Civil rights commission 4. Integration of armed forces

b. 1948 Truman issued Executive Order integrating armed forces and ending discrimination in gov’t. hiring

2. 1948 Election a. Democrats- Harry Truman b. Dixiecrats- Strom Thurmond c. Republicans- Thomas E. Dewey 1. Winner- Truman

b. 1948 Truman issued Executive Order integrating armed forces and ending discrimination in gov’t. hiring

2. 1948 Election a. Democrats- Harry Truman b. Dixiecrats- Strom Thurmond c. Republicans- Thomas E. Dewey 1. Winner- Truman

D. Republicans Take the Middle Road 1. 1952 Presidential Election a. Democrats- Adlai Stevenson b. Republicans- Dwight D. Eisenhower

aka “Ike”; Running Mate- Richard Nixon 1. Checkers Speech c. effect of Korean War and economy

D. Republicans Take the Middle Road 1. 1952 Presidential Election a. Democrats- Adlai Stevenson b. Republicans- Dwight D. Eisenhower

aka “Ike”; Running Mate- Richard Nixon 1. Checkers Speech c. effect of Korean War and economy

d. Winner- Eisenhower2. “Dynamic Conservatism”- conservative

when it comes to $$$, liberal when it comes to human beings

3. Ike and domestic issues: a. soft on civil rights b. accomplished on other issues

d. Winner- Eisenhower2. “Dynamic Conservatism”- conservative

when it comes to $$$, liberal when it comes to human beings

3. Ike and domestic issues: a. soft on civil rights b. accomplished on other issues

II. The American Dream in the Fifties

II. The American Dream in the Fifties

A. The Organization and the Organization Man

1. Conglomerates- major corporation that includes smaller companies in unrelated industries.

a. General Electric, Xerox

A. The Organization and the Organization Man

1. Conglomerates- major corporation that includes smaller companies in unrelated industries.

a. General Electric, Xerox

2. Franchises- offers similar products or services in many locations

a. individuals may purchase a “franchise” using parent company name

b. MCDonald’s 3. Social conformity overtakes

individuality

2. Franchises- offers similar products or services in many locations

a. individuals may purchase a “franchise” using parent company name

b. MCDonald’s 3. Social conformity overtakes

individuality

B. The Suburban LifestyleB. The Suburban Lifestyle

1. More people working in cities, but less living in them!

a. 1950s- 13 million new homes = 85% suburban

2. The Baby Boom a. 1946-1964 birthrate soared b. 1957- one infant born every 7

seconds

1. More people working in cities, but less living in them!

a. 1950s- 13 million new homes = 85% suburban

2. The Baby Boom a. 1946-1964 birthrate soared b. 1957- one infant born every 7

seconds

c. factors leading to boom: 1. Postwar reunions 2. Decreasing marriage age 3. Desire for large families 4. Advances in medicine (polio

and Jonas Salk)

c. factors leading to boom: 1. Postwar reunions 2. Decreasing marriage age 3. Desire for large families 4. Advances in medicine (polio

and Jonas Salk)

3. Dr. Spock’s Babies a. guidelines for child rearing 4. Women’s Roles a. homemaker was key figure in all

suburbia b. work limited to nurses, teachers,

office support c. little support socially for betterment

of women

3. Dr. Spock’s Babies a. guidelines for child rearing 4. Women’s Roles a. homemaker was key figure in all

suburbia b. work limited to nurses, teachers,

office support c. little support socially for betterment

of women

5. The Leisure Class a. effects of home appliances b. changes in work force

(vacation) c. effect of sports- TV and

otherwise 1. Little league, girl scouts, etc.

5. The Leisure Class a. effects of home appliances b. changes in work force

(vacation) c. effect of sports- TV and

otherwise 1. Little league, girl scouts, etc.

C. The Automobile CultureC. The Automobile Culture

1. Automania a. not one, but two cars2. Interstate highway system a. Interstate Highway Act: authorized

building of nationwide highway network- 41,000 miles

1. Long haul trucking made possible

1. Automania a. not one, but two cars2. Interstate highway system a. Interstate Highway Act: authorized

building of nationwide highway network- 41,000 miles

1. Long haul trucking made possible

2. Made the country smallerD. Consumerism Unbound 1. New Products- teflon, plastics, a. electronics industry- household

appliances 2. Consumerism- buying material goods

2. Made the country smallerD. Consumerism Unbound 1. New Products- teflon, plastics, a. electronics industry- household

appliances 2. Consumerism- buying material goods

3. Increase in recreational spending- TV’s, tape recorders, hi-fi record players

a. 1960- $145M on lawn/patio furniture

4. Buy now, pay later a. Diner’s Club- first credit card;

American Express 5. Birth of the Advertising Age

3. Increase in recreational spending- TV’s, tape recorders, hi-fi record players

a. 1960- $145M on lawn/patio furniture

4. Buy now, pay later a. Diner’s Club- first credit card;

American Express 5. Birth of the Advertising Age

III. Popular CultureIII. Popular Culture

A. New Era of Mass Media 1. Mass Media- means of communication

that reaches large audiences a. 1960- 90% of homes had a TV 2. The Rise of Television a. Federal Communications Commission

(FCC): gov’t agency that regulates and licenses communication industry.

A. New Era of Mass Media 1. Mass Media- means of communication

that reaches large audiences a. 1960- 90% of homes had a TV 2. The Rise of Television a. Federal Communications Commission

(FCC): gov’t agency that regulates and licenses communication industry.

b. the risk of TV- everything was live! c. 1956- videotape technology d. TV Dinners; TV Guide 3. Stereotypes and Gunslingers: a. women- the ideal mother b. men- outnumbered women 3 to 1 c. rare appearance of minorities d. portrayed the ideal white America

b. the risk of TV- everything was live! c. 1956- videotape technology d. TV Dinners; TV Guide 3. Stereotypes and Gunslingers: a. women- the ideal mother b. men- outnumbered women 3 to 1 c. rare appearance of minorities d. portrayed the ideal white America

e. glorified the effects of Western frontier.

4. Radio and Movies a. initial response to TV b. 1954- Color films and Cinema-Scope 1. Smell-O-Vision 2. 3-D

e. glorified the effects of Western frontier.

4. Radio and Movies a. initial response to TV b. 1954- Color films and Cinema-Scope 1. Smell-O-Vision 2. 3-D

B. A Subculture Emerges 1. The Beat Movement-social and

literary nonconformity of artists and poets

a. beatniks- rebellion against consumerism and suburban living

B. A Subculture Emerges 1. The Beat Movement-social and

literary nonconformity of artists and poets

a. beatniks- rebellion against consumerism and suburban living

2. Rock-n-Roll- electronic instruments added to blues music

a. Elvis Presley, b. condemned by adults C. African Americans and Pop Culture 1. Integration in media was slow 2. Separate radio stations

2. Rock-n-Roll- electronic instruments added to blues music

a. Elvis Presley, b. condemned by adults C. African Americans and Pop Culture 1. Integration in media was slow 2. Separate radio stations

IV. The Other AmericaIV. The Other America

A. The Urban Poor 1. White Flight- white Americans

leaving city for suburbs a. economic effects b. direct impact on poor whites

and nonwhites

A. The Urban Poor 1. White Flight- white Americans

leaving city for suburbs a. economic effects b. direct impact on poor whites

and nonwhites

2. The Inner Cities a. The Other America: Poverty in the

United States 3. Urban Renewal a. National Housing Act of 1949-

provide a decent home and suitable living environment for every American

2. The Inner Cities a. The Other America: Poverty in the

United States 3. Urban Renewal a. National Housing Act of 1949-

provide a decent home and suitable living environment for every American

B. Mexican Americans and Native Americans 1. Mexican-American Activism: a. Operation Wetback- federal program

to return illegal aliens to Mexico b. The Longoria Incident 2. Continued struggles of Native

Americans

B. Mexican Americans and Native Americans 1. Mexican-American Activism: a. Operation Wetback- federal program

to return illegal aliens to Mexico b. The Longoria Incident 2. Continued struggles of Native

Americans

a. Termination Policy- eliminated economic support, discontinued reservation system, and distributed tribal land among individuals

1. Bureau of Indian Affairs began voluntary relocation program

a. Termination Policy- eliminated economic support, discontinued reservation system, and distributed tribal land among individuals

1. Bureau of Indian Affairs began voluntary relocation program

III. Popular CultureIII. Popular Culture

A. New Era of Mass Media 1. Mass Media- means of communication that

reaches large audiences a. 1960- 90% of homes had a TV 2. The Rise of Television a. Federal Communications Commission

(FCC): gov’t agency that regulates and licenses communication industry.

A. New Era of Mass Media 1. Mass Media- means of communication that

reaches large audiences a. 1960- 90% of homes had a TV 2. The Rise of Television a. Federal Communications Commission

(FCC): gov’t agency that regulates and licenses communication industry.