Unit 4 Vocabulary Exploration and Expansion
Dec 29, 2015
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Exploration and Expansion
Exploration and Expansion Vocabulary Words
• Circumnavigate • Conquistadores• Creoles • Encomienda • Joint Stock Company• Mercantilism • Mestizo • Missionaries • Plantations • Privateers • Tariff • Triangular Trade
Circumnavigate
• to go completely around the earth, especially by water
Conquistadores
• one that conquers; specifically: a leader in the Spanish conquest of America and especially of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century
Creoles
• A person of European descent born in the West Indies or Spanish America
Encomienda
• In colonial Spanish America, a system by which the Spanish crown defined the status of the Indian population in its colonies.
• An encomienda consisted of a grant by the crown of a specified number of Indians living in a particular area. The receiver (encomenderos) could exact tribute from the Indians and was required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith.
• The encomienda did not include a grant of land, but in practice the encomenderos gained control of Indian lands.
• Though the original intent was to reduce the abuses of forced labor, in practice it became a form of enslavement.
Joint Stock Company
• An organization that falls between the definitions of a partnership and corporation.
• This type of company issues stock and allows for secondary market trading; however, stockholders are liable for company debts
Mercantilism
• An economic system developing during the decay of feudalism to unify and increase the power and especially the monetary wealth of a nation by a strict governmental regulation of the entire national economy usually through policies designed to secure an accumulation of bullion, a favorable balance of trade, the development of agriculture and manufactures, and the establishment of foreign trading monopolies
Mestizo
• a person of mixed blood;
• specifically: a person of mixed European and American Indian ancestry
Missionary
• A person who comes to an area on a religious mission to convert the indigenous population to some religion other than the one practiced by that population.
• When European Christians first came to the Americas, this missionary motive was interwoven with commercial intentions.
• The Iberian Catholics who dominated in parts of what became the American South and southwest included missionaries who worked among American Indians.
• While they were often agents of conquistadores, they also sincerely believed that if they did not convert the "heathen" or "savages," these "creatures of God" would be lost and would suffer eternally in puragatory.
Plantation
• A large estate ran by an owner or overseer and worked by laborers who lived there.
Privateer
• a ship privately owned and crewed but authorized by a government during wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels.
Tariff
• A list or system of duties imposed by a government on imported or exported goods
Triangular Trade
• At least two overlapping patterns of trans-Atlantic trade developed in the colonial era whereby profits from rum and other American and British manufactured goods were sold on the west coast of Africa and the profits from these sales financed the purchase of enslaved Africans.
• These slaves were then taken to the Americas, where their sale in turn paid for the shipment of sugar, molasses, and other New World raw materials which was returned to the point of origin for the manufactured products
Unit 4 Vocabulary
Monarchs of Europe
Monarchs of EuropeVocabulary Words
• Absolute Monarch • Armada • Balance of Power• Commonwealth • Divine Right of Kings • Dissenters• Habeas Corpus• Limited Monarchy • Westernization
Absolute Monarch
• Rule by one person, a king or a queen, whose actions are restricted neither by written law nor by custom
Armada
• A fleet of warships
Balance of Power
• In international relations, an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another
Commonwealth
• Free association of sovereign states who have chosen to maintain ties of friendship and cooperation
Divine Right of Kings
• The doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God.
Dissenters
• One who refuses to accept the doctrines or usages of an established or a national church, especially a Protestant who dissents from the Church of England.
Habeas Corpus
A writ that may be issued to bring a party before a court or judge, having as its function the release of the party from unlawful restraint.
Limited Monarchy
• A monarchy in which the powers of the ruler are restricted.
Westernization
• Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
Unit 4 Vocabulary
US Constitution
US Constitution
• A plan of government, often written, that details the rules, functions, institutions, and principles of that government
US Constitution
The US Constitution consists of a preamble, seven articles, and twenty-seven amendments.
The US Constitution was primarily written by Governeur Morris.
The US Constitution was written between May 25 – Sep 17, 1787.
Preamble of the Constitution
We the people of the United States in order to create a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.
Articles of the Constitution
Article 1: Establish and empower the Legislative branch Article 2: Establish and empower the Executive branch
Article 3: Establish and empower the Judicial Branch Article 4: Relations between the states
Article 5: Changing and amending the constitution Article 6: a. Debts
b. National Supremacy Clausec. Oaths
Article 7: Ratification
Amendments of the Constitution
The first ten amendments of the US Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
1st Amendment - Freedom of Expression a) Freedom of Speech b) Freedom of Religion c) Freedom of the Press d) Right to Assemble e) Right to seek Redress for Grievances
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
2nd Amendment - Right to Keep and Bear Arms
Bill of Rights
of the Constitution
3rd Amendment - Ban on Quartering of Troops in Private
Residences
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
4th Amendment - Right to Privacy
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
5th Amendment - Rights of the Accused
a) Must be indicted
b) Ban on Double Jeopardy
c) May not be forced to testify against oneself
d) Guaranteed Due-Process
e) Right to eminent domain
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
6th Amendment - Rights of the Defendant in a Criminal Trial
a) Speedy and public trial by jury in the district where the crime was committed
b) Be told of all crimes
c) Right to cross-examine all witnesses
d) Right to compel witnesses
e) Right to counsel
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
7th Amendment - Rights of the Defendant in a Civil Trial
a) Right to a trial by jury
b) Right to not be retried
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
8th Amendment - Ban on Cruel and Unusual Punishment and on Excessive Bail
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
9th Amendment - Unremunerated or Unwritten rights
Bill of Rightsof the Constitution
10th Amendment - Reserved Powers Clause
Other Constitutional Amendments
Civil War Amendments
13th Amendment - Freed Slaves
14th Amendment - Made former slaves citizens of the US
15th Amendment – Guaranteed former male slaves the right to vote
Other Constitutional Amendments
Progressive Movement Amendments
16th Amendment – Allowed Income Tax
17th Amendment – Allowed for the Direct election of Senators
18th Amendment – Established Prohibition
19th Amendment – Allowed Women Suffrage
Other Constitutional Amendments
21st Amendment - Repealed Prohibition
22nd Amendment - Presidential Term Limitations
23rd Amendment – Banned Poll Taxes
25th Amendment – Presidential Succession
26th Amendment – 18 year old suffrage