Unit 4 the Respiratory System

7/28/2019 Unit 4 the Respiratory System

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Unit 38: Cells, Tissue, Organs and Organs systems

Unit 37: Natural Forces

Unit 36: Sound and Hearing

Unit 35: The Alkaline Earth Metals

Unit 34: The Earth and Plate Tectonics

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Unit 32: Newton's Forces and the Effects of Forces

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Unit 29: Electricity

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Unit 27: Energy

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Unit 25: The Noble Gases, their Properties and Uses

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Unit 8: Drugs and Bad Body Maintenance

Unit 7: Hormones and the Endocrine System

Unit 6: Human Homeostasis

Unit 5: Nervous System and the Senses

Unit 4: The Respiratory System

Unit 3: Healthy Body and Immunity

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z Unit 4

z The Respiratory System


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Unit 4: The Respiratory SystemUnit 4: The Respiratory System Science Interactive LTD Copyright 2005

Understand: Keywords:

1. The role of the respiratory system and its keyorgans.

2. The breathing cycle and the role of the eachtissue during breathing and gaseous exchange.

3. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidebetween blood and the alveoli tissue.

4. The similarities and differences betweenexpired and inspired air.

5. How haemoglobin in the red blood celltransports oxygen from the alveoli tissue torespiring cells in the body.

6. How smoking affects lung function, whilstincreasing the risk of developing lung cancer oremphysema.

7. How asthma affects normal lung function.

8. The role of oxygen in cellular respiration.

9. The differences between anaerobic and aerobicrespiration.

10. How the body recovers from oxygen debt.

11. How to maintain bodily fitness for life and therole of the circulatory, respiratory, nervous anddigestive system during exercise.

Lungs, Diaphragm, Ribs, Alveoli, Intercostalmuscles, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Red bloodcells, Haemoglobin, Heart, Inhalation,Exhalation, Respiration, Anaerobic, Aerobic,Fitness, Bronchitis, Emphysema, Cancer &Exercise.

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The respiratory systemThe respiratory system oneone

The respiratory system, a collection of cells, t________ and organs works constantly to

provide the many billions of cells in the human body with oxygen. The lungs allow

gaseous e__________ taking oxygen from the atmosphere into the blood and excretingcarbon dioxide from the blood to the atmosphere. A healthy lung consists of many

millions of alveoli giving it a huge surface area to help the exchange of these gases. These

are highly specialised tissues for exchanging gases. How do villi in the small intestine

make use of a large surface area for absorbing nutrients ?

The respiratory system: Word bank: tissues exchange

The lung tissue is

supplied with air by a

vast network of tubescalled bronchioles. Your

windpipe is kept open by

rings of cartilage.

Airways

Your lungs are in constant

contact with the outside.

They are also verysensitive to pollutants.

Over 100,000 deaths a year

are because of lung cancer.

Smoking

Your lungs are

constantly inhaling and

exhaling air. Left X rayin this picture shows

the lungs fully

expanded.

Your chest is home to

your lungs. They are

both surrounded andprotected by your rib

cage, a collection of

bones and muscles.

Notes

Diagram

Thorax Lung volume



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The respiratory systemThe respiratory system twotwo

Diaphragm

Intercostal

muscles

Ribs

Lungs

Bronchiole

Bronchus

Windpipe

Tissue

Moves the ribs.

Changes the volume of the

thorax.

Protects and moves the thorax.

Allow gas exchange.

Transports air to alveoli tissue.

Transports air to bronchioles.

Transports air to alveoli tissue.

Function

Alveoli

Capillaries

Bronchioles

Alveolus

Alveoli

The lungs are the key organs in the r__________ system. They are located inside your chest or

thorax. The lungs delicate tissues are protected by your ribs. Below your lungs is the

diaphragm, which aids breathing and separates your lungs from your a__________. Theaverage lung capacity of an adult male is around 5.5 litres. Lance Armstrong, the cyclist, who

recently won seven Tour de Frances has a lung capacity in excess of 7 litres. Females have a

smaller lung capacity because of their smaller body mass.

The respiratory system:Word bank: respiratory abdomen



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Breathing cycleBreathing cycle oneone

Your lungs are constantly working to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide between the alveoli

tissue and the pulmonary capillary network. At rest, your lungs e_______ and c_______ about

fifteen times every minute. The breathing rate can increase depending on the oxygen demandfor your entire body. Your intercostal muscles, ribcage and diaphragm work together to help

your lungs inhale and exhale during gaseous exchange. What happens to you breathing rate

during periods of exercise and sleep ?

Breathing cycle: Word bank: expand contract

Notes

Diagram

Breathing in:

1: Your intercostal muscles contract raising your

ribs upwards and outward.

2: Your diaphragm moves downwards.

3: The volume of the thorax increases and thepressure decreases.

4: Air rich in oxygen rushes into the lungs.

Breathing in (Inhalation)

Breathing out:

1:Your intercostal muscles relax, lowering your

ribs downwards and inwards.

2: Your diaphragm moves upwards.

3: The volume of the thorax decreases and thepressure increases.

4:Air rich in carbon dioxide rushes out of the lungs.

Breathing out (Exhalation)



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Breathing cycleBreathing cycle twotwoAs you complete a full breathing cycle (inhalation & exhalation) you are not only taking in

oxygen from the atmosphere, you are also getting rid of waste carbon dioxide. Oxygen moves

from an area of high concentration (in the atmosphere) to an area of low concentration (in theblood) by diffusion. In your a_______, you exchange what you need for what you dont need.

The air you breathe out is rich in carbon dioxide, moving from an area of high concentration (in

the blood) to an area of low concentration (in the atmosphere), also by diffusion.

Breathing cycle:

py g

Word bank: alveoli

HighLowHumidity

37oC20oCTemperature

79%79%Nitrogen

4%0.04%Carbon dioxide16%20%

Oxygen

Exhaled airInhaled air

Notes

Diagram

In this model of a lung, the rubber diaphragm

moves downwards increasing the volume of the

bell jar and decreasing the pressure. Air from

outside rushes in. During exhalation, the

diaphragm moves upwards, reducing the volume

and increasing the pressure. Air rushes out.

Model of the human lung

The table above shows the composition of

gases, humidity and temperature of

inhaled and exhaled air. Look at the

information and explain the changes in

composition of gases, humidity and

temperature of inhaled and exhaled air ?

Composition of inhaled and exhaled air

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Lung volumeLung volumeDuring normal breathing, our l_______ take in about half a litre of air during inhalation and

exhalation. During heavy exercise, we can take in about 3 litres of air per cycle. The maximum

volume of air that we can take in is about 5 litres. We can measure our total lung volume orvital capacity andpeak flow of airwhilst breathing out.If you compare your vital capacity and

peak flow with professional athletes, how might they differ ?

Lung volume: Word bank: lungs

Lung volumes:

(a) Tidal volume (breathing at rest)

(b) Inspiratory reserve volume

(c) Expiratory reserve volume

(d) Vital lung capacity (Inhalation + Exhalation)(e) Residual volume (always present in lung)

(f) Total lung capacity

Lung volumes

Notes

Diagram

Your peak flow rate can be measured

using a device as pictured above. It

tells us the rate at which air is forced

out of your lungs through your wind

pipe. Smokers, the elderly and

asthmatics can all have a reduced

peak flow rate. Why does smoking

affect peak air flow ?

Measuring peak volume



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The alveoliThe alveoliWhen inhaled air, rich in o__________ reaches the alveoli tissue, oxygen has to transfer to

the blood, so it can be transported through the vascular system to the entire body. Oxygen

diffuses across the thin alveoli tissue into the b______ where it binds to the red bloodcells. The alveoli tissue is highly specialised to help diffusion. They are extremely thin

(one cell thick), are kept moist and have a large surface area. If you were able to spread

out the lung it would cover a whole tennis court !

The alveoli tissue:

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

Word bank: oxygen blood

Oxygen in the air dissolves in the fluid

that coats the alveoli tissue. It then

diffuses across to the blood so it can be

transported to respiring cells in thehuman body. Carbon dioxide diffuses in

the opposite direction and is excreted in

expired air.

Alveoli tissue

The alveolus has a very thin

wall and large surface area

which is kept moist. These three

features help the diffusion ofoxygen and carbon dioxide

across its wall. The alveolus

also has a rich blood supply.

Single alveoli

The lung tissue is supplied

with air by a vast network

of tubes called bronchioles.

At the end of eachbronchiole are many

thousands of alveoli which

allow gaseous exchange.

Notes

Diagram

Bronchiole



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Oxygen transport by blood haemoglobinOxygen transport by blood haemoglobinRed blood cells contain the protein haemoglobin, which is responsible for binding oxygen

at the l______ tissue (alveoli) and delivering it to every r____________ tissue or cell via a

huge capillary network. This network can be up to 50,000 km in the human body.Haemoglobin also contains the mineral i_____, to help oxygen transport. Why is iron

important in the diet and why do females require greater quantities of this mineral ?

Oxygen transport:

CO2

O2

O2

CO2

O2

O2O2

CO2

O2

O2

Haemoglobin

Oxyhaemoglobin

Haemoglobin is a protein found

in the red blood cell. It contains

Iron (Fe2+) and is able to bind

oxygen at several sites. Namethree foods rich in the mineral

iron ?

Haemoglobin

Oxygen diffuses across the thin

capillaries walls to the respiring

cells. It travels from an area of

high concentration inside thecapillary to an area of low

concentration inside the cells.

In the tissues

Air contains 21% oxygen which

is taken to the alveoli tissue by

the bronchioles. Oxygen

dissolves across the thin alveolisurface and binds to red blood

cells.

Notes

Diagram

At the alveoli

Word bank: lung respiring iron


G h i th llG h i th ll


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Gaseous exchange in the cellsGaseous exchange in the cellsBlood capillaries have a very small diameter allowing only one red blood cell through at a

time. Blood flows very slowly through your c__________. The capillaries are extremely

thin walled which allows oxygen and plasma containing nutrients to diffuse to the cells.Also waste products like u_____ and carbon dioxide can pass from the cells back to the

capillary. Why do red blood cells not pass through the capillary walls ?

Understanding your capillaries:

Oxygen Glucose Amino acids Water

CarbonUrea Wastesdioxide

Netpressure

Cells

Word bank: capillaries urea

Oxygen and nutrients including glucose diffuse from blood across

the capillary wall to the cells. These are used during cellularrespiration. Waste products including carbon dioxide and urea are

transported back in the plasma to the lungs and the kidneys.

An electron micrograph of

a single capillary. Noticethe narrow diameter

allowing only one blood

cell through.

Notes

Diagram

Capillaries Capillary exchange

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Blood circulationBlood circulationThe circulation of blood through the heart, lungs and other major organs keeps the human

body supplied with the o______ and nutrients that it requires for cellular respiration,

growth and repair. This transport system also carries the white blood cells, platelets andantibodies around the body defending us against microbial infection. What lifestyle

factors can prematurely age your cardiovascular system ?

Circulation in the body: Word bank: oxygen

O2 O2O2O2

CO2CO2

Tissue

Red Blood Cell Red Blood Cell

Oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide at the tissue

surface. Oxygen diffuses across the capillary wall

into the cells or tissue. Oxygen is combined with

glucose during cellular respiration. Waste productsincluding carbon dioxide and urea are transported in

the plasma to the lungs and the kidneys.

Capillary exchange in detail

G h i illG h i illScience Interactive LTD Copyright 2005


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Oxygen rich

water

Gills

Gas exchange using gillsGas exchange using gillsFish do not have lungs. They are equipped with gills to obtain oxygen for cellular respiration

from water. Like lungs, fish gills are highly specialised to allow the d_________ of oxygen

from water into the blood. They have a large s________ area, are very thin and have numerouscapillaries to transport oxygen away from the gill to the rest of the body. Describe how the

shape of gills and alveoli in lungs have common features to help gaseous exchange ?

Gas exchange in fish: Word bank: diffusion surface

Water rich in oxygen flows over the delicate

membranes. The oxygen diffuses into the blood

supply and travels around the body. Carbondioxide, the waste product of respiration diffuses

from the body, into the water.

Gas exchange in fish gills

Notes

Diagram

Fish have evolved gills to exchange

oxygen and carbon dioxide between water

and the blood supply. The gills have a richblood supply and have a very large surface

area.

Gas exchange in fish


P t ti th lProtecting the lungs


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Protecting the lungsProtecting the lungs

Hair cells and mucus

Bacteria

Hair

cells

The ciliated hair cells

trap dust, dirt and

bacteria preventing them

entering the delicate lung

tissue. Smoking damages

these specialised cells.

Ciliated epithelia cells

Thousands of hair like protrusions trap dust and

bacteria. This is then covered in a sticky mucus

which is secreted by the goblet cells. The hairs

beat the mucus and bacteria to the back of the

throat where it is swallowed. Bacteria are then

destroyed by the acid in the stomach.

Trapping dirt and microbes in the trachea

Inhaled air is warmed and

made moist by the nasal

cavity which is richly

supplied by warm blood

through thousands of

capillaries.

Notes

Diagram

Warm and moist air

The lungs are vulnerable to cold air or infection, caused by bacteria or viruses. Cold, dry

air is warmed and moistened by the lining found in your n______ and trachea. Bacteria

and viruses are trapped by ciliated epithelial cells that line the trachea. Furthermore, thesecells also produce m_______ which trap any airborne microbes, which are then moved by

the cilia (hairs) to the back of your throat. Here they are swallowed and destroyed by

stomach acid.How does smoking damage these cilia hairs ?

Protecting the lungs: Word bank: nose mucus


D i lDamaging o r l ngs


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Damaging your lungsDamaging your lungsIn addition to smoking, your lungs can be damaged by your life style, your place of work

or even a traffic jam. Our lungs take in overfifty litres of air every minute of the day. The

quality of the a____ we breathe at work, where we live and play affects how our lungsperform over our lives. Remember, our lungs are the most sensitive organs we have and

can be quickly damaged by our lifestyles and our own e____________. How might the

pollutants from cars and lorries affect our lungs ?

Damaging your lungs:Word bank: air environment

Traffic pollution can

affect the quality of the

air we breathe. In our

cities, traffic pollutioncan increase the number

of deaths from

respiratory failure.

Air pollution

Many work places can

expose our lungs to dust

and other airborne

pollutants. We canprotect ourselves by

wearing a face mask,

which filters out dust.

Work

Notes

Diagram

Risk

Smoking in the U.K

kills over 100,000

adults per year. Despite

these figures, thegovernment has yet to

ban smoking from

public places.

Smoking

Our lifestyles can also

damage our lungs.

Smoking and living near

busy car jammed roadscan damage our delicate

lungs for the rest of our

lives.

Lifestyle

Smoking and its effects on the human bodySmoking and its effects on the human bodyScience Interactive LTD Copyright 2005


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Smoking and its effects on the human bodySmoking and its effects on the human bodyNicotine, the active c__________ in cigarette smoke is highly a__________. Nicotine

itself, has an effect on the heart and blood pressure like other stimulants but, it is the t____

and carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke that leads to an increased risk of developinglung, throat and mouth cancer. Smoking over two decades can also lead to the

development of emphysema. This disease causes the breakdown of the alveoli tissue.

Make a list of the reasons why people start to smoke when they are young ?

Smoking and its effects:

Lung cancer kills about 100,000

people in the UK every year with the

majority of incidents caused by

smoking or passive smoking at workand home. The number of deaths in

females is rising...why ?

Effect on major organs

Notes

Diagram

The average UK smoker

consumes 20 cigarettes per

day until death from heart

failure or lung cancer. Whatis the addictive agent in

cigarette smoke ?

Cigarettes (smoke & tar)

Increased heart rate and

blood pressure may lead to

heart disease. This is a major

cause of death in smokers.Pictured is a heart valve

replacement in a smoker.

Other effects

Word bank: chemical addictive tar

Smoking as a cause of lung cancerSmoking as a cause of lung cancerScience Interactive LTD Copyright 2005


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.

Smoking as a cause of lung cancerSmoking as a cause of lung cancerSmoking was first linked as a direct cause of lung cancer by the scientist John Doull. He

studied the main causes of death in many thousands of smokers and non smokers. His research

linked s_________ with an increased risk of dying from lung cancer. Smoke irritates the lungcausing new cells to grow. Dividing lung cells expose their genes orDNA to the cancer-causing

chemicals in cigarette smoke and t_____. A change in the lung cell DNA results in lung

c________ in the future.

Lung cancer and smoking: Word bank: smoking tar cancer

Drugs, chewing gum

and inhalers all supply

the addictive drug

nicotine to help

smokers give up their

habit. Why is will

power also important

when quitting ?

Giving up

Key (Death rates in the US)70/100,000

50/100,000

35/100,000

20/100,000From the graph more people smoke in

coastal areas or in large cities.

Smoking is still seen as a social habit.

Cancer Deaths in America

Notes

Diagram

An X-ray of a cancerous lung tissue (right)

Six tumours are growing and increasing in

size in both the right and left lung. Untreated

this patient will die form the presence of all

these tumours. The right picture shows the

lung of a dead 56 year old male smoker.

Notice how the tissue has changed because of

the build up of tar deposits.

Cancer x-ray Lung cancer

Other effects of smoking on the human bodyOther effects of smoking on the human bodyScience Interactive LTD Copyright 2005


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Other effects of smoking on the human bodyOther effects of smoking on the human bodyIn addition to lung cancer, smoking over a long period can increase the risk of developing

emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Again, many of the 300 chemicals that cigarette tar contains

causes these respiratory diseases, particularly in the heavy smoker. Emphysema is a fatal lungcondition involving the breakdown of the a________ tissue, causing many years of suffering.

Coal miners and others whose occupations have exposed them to dust and pollutants can also

suffer from these diseases.

Emphysema and bronchitis: Word bank: alveoli

See how the lung alveoli

have been destroyed by

the inner walls breaking

down. Less oxygen is

able to diffuse across the

lung into the blood

stream.

Emphysema

The alveolus has a very

thin wall, a large surface

area which is kept moist

and a good blood supply.

These four features help

the diffusion of O2 and

CO2 across its wall.

Normal alveoli

Notes

Diagram

Normal bronchioles

have a large diameter

which transports

inhaled and exhaled air

to and from the alveoli

tissue out through the

windpipe.

Normal bronchioles

Bronchitis can be fatal

in the very old and in

smokers. Excessive

mucus can damage the

delicate lung tissue

causing scaring and lead

to infection.

Bronchitis


Aerobic cellular respirationAerobic cellular respiration


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Aerobic cellular respirationAerobic cellular respirationAerobic cellular respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of glucose to water

and carbon dioxide. Oxygen from the atmosphere is required to b___________ glucose

forming carbon dioxide, water and energy. Respiration occurs in every cell, inside themitochondria. In animals, 90% of the energy available from ingested food is used for every day

activities like muscle contraction, transporting chemicals, absorbing food, building new cells

and maintaining a constant body temperature. Why do vegetarians have less impact on the

environment ?

Energy use of ingested food: Word bank: breakdown

1

1

2

2

33

Faeces

Growth

Respiration

Faeces:Energy contained in

the faeces and undigested

food of the animal.

Growth: Energy containedin the tissues of the animal

(available for the next level.)

Respiration: Energy used in

cellular respiration and for

body heat.

25,000 kJ

20,000 kJ

5,000 kJ

Nutrients

50,000kJ

Nutrients

50,000kJ

Half the energy (25,00 kJ) in

ingested food passes

undigested through the

horse's body as waste or

faeces.

The daily nutrient requirement for a horse is around 50,000

kJ with only 5,000 kJ of nutrients ending up as part of the

horses body. 20,000 kJ is used for muscle activity, transport,

absorbing and digesting food and maintaining a constant

body temperature.

Notes

Diagram

Energy use in animals Process


Aerobic respiration in the cellsAerobic respiration in the cells


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Aerobic respiration in the cellsAerobic respiration in the cellsIf you view animals cells under a microscope, you can see tiny dots in the cytoplasm. These are

mitochondria. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria releasing energy from the

breakdown of g________ using oxygen. All living things give out carbon dioxide, a wasteproduct of cellular respiration. Muscle cells contain many mitochondria because they require lots

of energy. Even plants and simple bacteria contain mitochondria for respiration.

Respiration and mitochondria: Word bank: glucose

C6H

12O

6

6O2

6CO2

6H2O

Cells

Mitochondria Energy

Diagram

Mitochondria

To respire glucose with oxygen providing cell

energy. All living cells have these mitochondria.

Cellular respiration equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2Glucose Oxygen Water Carbon dioxide

Notes

Body temp (o

C)Nerve messages Building cellsDigestion

Diagram

Use Muscles Transport

Respiration and combustionRespiration and combustionScience Interactive LTD Copyright 2005


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Respiration and combustionRespiration and combustionRespiration inside human cells using glucose and oxygen is like the combustion of fossil

fuels like p______, which is rich in alkanes like octane. When we combust these fuels with

oxygen, energy in the form of h____ and motion is released. New substances are alsoproduced including carbon dioxide and water.

Equation:

2C8H18 + 25O2 CO2 + 18H2O

Octane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water

Combustion: Word bank: petrol heat

The waste products are

carbon dioxide and water.

However, carbon and

carbon monoxide are alsoreleased. Compare

cellular respiration to

combustion in an engine ?

Products

The engine is designed to

convert the chemical

engine contained in

octane to kinetic energy.It is highly inefficient

releasing only 13% of

octanes energy.

Engine

Notes

Diagram

In a modern car,

combustion of fuels

like petrol provides the

energy to moveforward. Like cellular

respiration waste gases

are produced.

Car engine

In the engine, huge

amounts of oxygen are

combined with octane.

This releases lots ofuseful forms of energy

contained in carbon

rich petrol.

Octane & Oxygen

Anaerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration



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Anaerobic respirationAnaerobic respirationDuring exercise your muscles use oxygen and glucose during cellular respiration. This provides

the energy all m_______ cells need to be able to contract and move your body. During

vigorous exercise your cardiovascular system cannot supply enough o________ to yourmuscles. When the demand for oxygen outstrips the supply, your muscle respire glucose

without oxygen, producing lactic acid. This is known as anaerobic respiration. When lactic acid

builds up in the muscles what does it cause ?

Anaerobic respiration:

C6H

12O

6

6O2 Carbon

Lactic acid

dioxide

Sugar

Word bank: muscle oxygen

The build up of lactic acid can cause

exhaustion in trained athletes. When

you sprint over 100 metres the burning

sensation you can feel in the legs isbecause of lactic acid build up in your

muscles.

Lactic acid and exhaustion

Notes

Diagram

The skeletal muscles in your legs and arms are able to respire

glucose without oxygen forming lactic acid. Although less

energy is produced during anaerobic respiration, your muscle

can continue to respire without oxygen for several minutes.Athletes train so they can endure the pain associated with lactic

acid build up.

Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells

Oxygen debt during anaerobic respirationOxygen debt during anaerobic respirationScience Interactive LTD Copyright 2005


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Oxygen debt during anaerobic respirationyg g pWhen muscles are working hard, they begin to respire glucose without oxygen. This is called

anaerobic respiration. Lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration builds up and slowly

poisons your muscles. Your body cant supply sufficient oxygen to your muscles. This is called

oxygen debt. When you stop vigorous exercise, your heart and lungs continue to supply extra oxygen

to allow the muscle to breakdown l____ acid. This repays the oxygen debt.

Oxygen debt:

A

B C

Word bank: lactic

Time (Minutes)

Oxygens

upply(litres) O

xygendem

and(litres)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Oxygen supply

Oxygen demand

Oxygen debt

0

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.0

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.0

2.25

2.5

0.25

0.5

0.75

1.0

1.25

1.5

1.75

2.0

2.25

2.5

0

a

b

c

C6H12O6

Carbondioxide

Sugaracid

6O2

Lactic

During anaerobic respiration, less

energy is produced respiring glucose

without oxygen. Lactic acid builds upand begins to damage your muscles,

giving you the sensation of the

burn.

Lactic acid production in muscle

Notes

Diagram

During rest (a) the supply of oxygen to the muscles meets demand.

During hard vigorous exercise (b), demand increases above supply

and the muscle have to continue respiring glucose without oxygen.Anaerobic respiration leads to the oxygen debt and formation of

lactic acid. This oxygen debt is repaid when exercise stops (c) by

the lungs continuing to oversupply the muscles with the lungs.

Oxygen debt in muscles


Complete fitnessComplete fitness


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ppAthletes require their key organ systems to work together so that they can exercise and

play their sport. Fitness is a measure of how well you body w_____ and exercises.

Athletes require total fitness so that they can win and excel at their s______. Thecardiovascular, respiratory and skeletal-muscle system all work together to supply the

oxygen and nutrients to your muscles. How would you devise a training programme to

increase your overall fitness ?

Essential organ systems: Word bank: works sport

The skeletal-muscle

system works to move

the body during sport.

A sprinter requires the

fastest contractingmuscles during a 100 m

race.

Muscle

Your respiratory system

is constantly working to

exchange oxygen for

carbon dioxide between

the alveoli and thepulmonary capillaries in

the lung.

Respiratory

Notes

Diagram

Professional athletes

like runners and

footballers work hard

to be fit for their sport,

but ideas of fitnessvary according to their

sport.

Athlete

The cardiovascular system

is the human bodys

transport system. It moves

oxygen, carbon dioxide,

nutrients, hormones, andimmune cells around a

network of tubes.

Cardiovascular


Maintaining fitnessMaintaining fitness


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Maintaining fitnessMaintaining fitnessAthletes work hard to achieve total fitness, but what does being fit mean ? If you are fit,

you will have a low resting heart rate which recovers quickly after e_________. Your

lungs efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli tissue and yourskeletal m________ system moves you quickly, without tiring during a race or a game.

Exercising (running, weights & gym work) helps us to achieve fitness and improve our

ability to compete and win.

Fitness and the five S Word bank: exercise muscle

Suppleness SpeedSkill

Diagram

Strength Stamina

Notes The five s strength, stamina, skill, suppleness and speed are all improved by

repetitive training and exercise. Regular exercise also helps prevent people becoming

overweight and developing heart disease and diabetes. Nearly 25% of all adults are

now considered obese with almost 50% of all pupils of secondary school age not

taking enough exercise.


Fermenting grape and grainFermenting grape and grain


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Fermenting grape and grainFermenting grape and grainMany microbes including yeast can respire successfully without oxygen. Yeast can respire

glucose successfully with or without oxygen. When yeast respires glucose without oxygen, it is

called fermentation. Fermentation of s_______ from grape or other crops produces alcohol.Wine has been made from grapes using yeast for many centuries. The Romans developed

vineyards to supply Rome with w______ from about 400 B.C. onwards. Using the Internet,

research into how they make beer from barley, yeast and hops ?

Anaerobic respiration producing alcohol: Word bank: sugar wine

The finished product is

taxed by the government

raising huge tax

revenues. Duty on

alcohol raises more than

8 billion per year.

Final product

Alcohol is produced in

huge quantities to supply

all drinkers. Weekly,

females are allowed 14

units, compared with 21

units for males.

Fermentation

Notes

Diagram

The sugar in grapes,

rice, potato, oats and

barley are used to

manufacture many

different types of

alcohol including wine.

Sugar in grapes

Yeast is a naturally

occurring bacteria that

during fermentation

produces alcohol and

carbon dioxide as waste

products.

Yeast microbes


Industrial fermentation using yeastIndustrial fermentation using yeast


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g yg yYeast is a very important microbe that supports alcohol manufacture, a multibillion pound

industry. Sugar from wheat or grapes is converted to alcohol (beer or wine) in the absence of

oxygen by yeast microbes. During f___________, alcohol is produced as a waste product byyeast. Brewing wine or beer are good examples of using biotechnology. Many other useful

chemicals can now be made using all types of m________ using fermentation technology.

Research into how synthetic insulin for diabetics is manufactured using biotechnology ?

Alcohol fermentation: Word bank: fermentation microbes

C6H12O6

Carbon

Alcohol

dioxide

Sugar

Yeast

6O2

After fermentation, the alcohol is

separated from the dead yeast

cells and allowed to mature over

time. Distilling alcohol increases

its content in spirits like vodka.

Yeast is used in the manufacture of wine, beer and

spirits. Sugar contained in grapes or grain is fermented

by yeast producing alcohol. The yeast cells multiply

rapidly in the sugar until they run out of the food source

or high concentrations of alcohol kill them.

Notes

Diagram

Fermentation using yeast Final products


Extension questions and homework


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q

Amino acids

Fatty acids

Glucose

glycerol

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2 richwater

Gills

1: Define the following terms: Inhalation, Exhalation, Respiration, Anaerobic, Aerobic, Gas exchange & Fitness.

2: Look at the diagram of the three types of surfaces which exchange substances like oxygen or nutrients by

diffusion. Complete the table.

3: Answer the following questions:a) How does oxygen in the atmosphere move into your bloodstream.

b) How is carbon dioxide removed from your respiring cells as a waste product by the lungs.

c) The common features of surfaces that allow gas exchange. Name three of them.

d) The key elements of the breathing cycle (inhalation and exhalation)

e) How are gills in fish similar to lungs found in all mammals.

f) Describe the journey of an oxygen molecule from the air sac to muscle tissue in your lower leg.

Yes

Large surface area (Y/N)

Gills

YesSmall intestine (villi)

YesAlveoli

Moist (Y/N)Rich blood supply (Y/N)Tissue


4: Look at the information in the table below. It shows the results of an investigation designed to investigate how


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breathing changes during exercise:

a) How many breaths did the volunteer take during (i) Rest (ii) When doing 25 press ups per minute.

b) Calculate the amount of oxygen (cm3) breathed in at (i) Rest (ii) When doing 50 press ups per minute.

c) What would the persons breathing be like shortly after exercise was finished.

5: Answer the following questions:

a) Describe the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

b) Describe the role of the mitochondria in cells. Which types of tissue contain the most mitochondria and why

c) Explain why the build up of lactic acid in your leg muscle begins to slow your speed during a sprint race.

d) Explain why the heart can never respire anaerobically.

e) Explain how red blood cells are adapted to carry oxygen. How does haemoglobin transport oxygen.

6: Complete the following:

During a 200 metre race, the lungs supply ___________ to the respiring muscles. Waste carbon dioxide is taken via

the blood stream and excreted by the ________. All athletes begin to become tired, because of the build up of

_______________ in the muscles. This is called _______________ respiration.

351250Press ups (40 min-1)

26800Press ups (25 min-1)

19

Number of inhalations per minute taken

600Resting

Volume of each inhalation (cm3)Activity

Internet:Go to google.co.uk and find about how athletes use the illegal drug EPO which stimulates the production of red

blood cells. How might this give them an advantage over other athletes. Whys is this dangerous for the athlete.

Unit 4 the Respiratory System

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