UNIT 4 Europe.pdfUNIT 4 TRANSITION FROM ANTIQUITY THE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE 34 33 1) DISCUSS THE MAJOR MILESTONES IN THE EVOLUTION OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION FROM LATE ANTIQUITY TO THE

UNIT 4UNIT 4UNIT 4UNIT 4

TRANSITION FROM ANTIQUITYTRANSITION FROM ANTIQUITYTRANSITION FROM ANTIQUITYTRANSITION FROM ANTIQUITY

THE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPETHE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPETHE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPETHE MIDDLE AGES IN EUROPE

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1) DISCUSS THE MAJOR MILESTONES IN THE EVOLUTION OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION FROM LATE ANTIQUITY TO THE RENAISSANCE (ROUGHLY 300 TO 1500 CE).

2) DESCRIBE THE DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDALISM AND CHIVALRY, AND HOW THESE AFFECTED POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS.

3) DEFINE THE ROMANESQUE AND DESCRIBE ITS RELATIONSHIPS TO CHURCHES AND THE PRECEDENTS SET FOR FUTURE ARCHITECTURE.

4) EXAMINE THE MOTIVATIONS FOR THE CRUSADES AND EVALUATE THEIR OUTCOMES.

UNIT OBJECTIVES

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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE BYZANTINE EMPIRE BEGAN WITH THE FALL OF ROME IN THE 4TH CENTURY.

THE TERM “BYZANTINE” DERIVES FROMBYZANTIUMBYZANTIUMBYZANTIUMBYZANTIUM, AN ANCIENT GREEK COLONY LOCATED ON THE EUROPEAN SIDE OF THE BOSPORUS (THE STRAIT LINKING THE BLACK SEA TO THE MEDITERRANEAN).

EMPEROR CONSTANTINE MOVED THE CAPITAL OF THE EMPIRE FROM ROME TO CONSTANTINOPLE (FORMERLY BYZANTIUM).

ORIGINS

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EVOLUTIONJUSTINIAN CAME TO POWER IN 527 CE AND BROUGHT BACK MUCH OF THE FORMER GLORY, AS WELL AS A MAJOR REVISION OF THE LEGAL CODE, TO MAKE LAWS CLEARER FOR THE PEOPLE AND TO SPEED UP THE JUDICIAL PROCESS.

THIS BECAME THE FOUNDATION FOR ALMOST ALL MODERN WESTERN LAW SYSTEMS TODAY.

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INFLUENCES GREECE WAS ONE OF THE MAIN CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON ROME, AND GREEK WAS THE MAIN LANGUAGE OF THE INHABITANTS OF BYZANTIUM.

WITH THE FOUNDING OF CONSTANTINOPLE, THE OLDER CULTURE EFFECTIVELY ABSORBED ITS VIGOROUS YOUNGER CHALLENGER. EVEN THE NAME CONSTANTINOPOLIS IS GREEK: CONSTANTINOPLE: THE CITY OF CONSTANTINE.CONSTANTINE.CONSTANTINE.CONSTANTINE.

THE BYZANTINES GAVE GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THE FAMILY NAME, INHERITED WEALTH, AND THE RESPECTABLE BIRTH OF AN INDIVIDUAL.

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THERE WAS NO ARISTOCRACY AS WE THINK OF IT IN BYZANTINE SOCIETY, AND BOTH PATRONAGE AND EDUCATION WERE A MEANS TO CLIMB THE SOCIAL LADDER.

THE ROLE OF BYZANTINE WOMEN DEPENDED ON THEIR SOCIAL RANK. ARISTOCRATIC WOMEN WERE EXPECTED TO MANAGE THE HOME AND CARE FOR CHILDREN. WOMEN COULD OWN THEIR OWN LAND AND BUSINESSES, AND SOME WOULD HAVE IMPROVED THEIR SOCIAL POSITION THROUGH MARRIAGE.

ROLES, STATUS

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THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENTTHE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENTTHE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENTTHE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT

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ROMAN INFLUENCES BYZANTIUM WAS THE EASTERN HALF OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN ITS EARLY PERIOD, SO THE ROMAN TRADITIONS CONTINUED IN ARCHITECTURE AS WELL AS OTHER FACETS OF CULTURE.

STARTING WITH CONSTANTINE I IN THE 4TH CENTURY CE, CHURCHES WERE BUILT EVERYWHERE TO PROMOTE THE NEW CHRISTIAN RELIGION AND IMPOSE IMPERIAL AUTHORITY ON THE EMPIRE.

THE MOST COMMON ARCHIFORM ARCHIFORM ARCHIFORM ARCHIFORM WAS A DOME BUILT OVER FOUR SUPPORTING ARCHES USING PENDENTIVESPENDENTIVESPENDENTIVESPENDENTIVES - CURVED TRIANGULAR FORMS TO BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN ADJOINING ARCHES AND CONVERT A SQUARE BASE INTO A CIRCULAR ONE. THINK OF THEM AS BENT SPANDRELS.

THE SQUARE BASE OF THE BUILDING THEN BRANCHED INTOBAYSBAYSBAYSBAYS WHICH MIGHT THEMSELVES HAVE A HALF OR FULL DOME CEILING.

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THE HAGIA SOPHIA, ISTANBUL. c. THE HAGIA SOPHIA, ISTANBUL. c. THE HAGIA SOPHIA, ISTANBUL. c. THE HAGIA SOPHIA, ISTANBUL. c. 527 527 527 527 CE CE CE CE

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CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. 527 527 527 527 CE CE CE CE

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PLAN PLAN PLAN PLAN ---- CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. CHURCH OF SAINTS SERGIUS AND BACCHUS, ISTANBUL. c. 527 527 527 527 CE CE CE CE 24

THE MERGING OF PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY

IN ABOUT 635, THE "RE-CHRISTIANIZATION" OF BRITAIN WAS UNDERWAY.

TOGETHER WITH 40 MONKS, THE BENEDICTINE PRIOR AUGUSTINE WAS SENT TO ENGLAND TO CONVERT THE PAGAN ANGLO-SAXONS.

IN 601, POPE GREGORY SENT A LETTER TO AUGUSTINE URGING HIM TO INCORPORATE PAGAN TRADITIONS INTO CHRISTIAN PRACTICE.

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THE ROOTS OF CHRISTIANITY ARE INTERLACED WITH SOME OF THE MOST ANCIENT PAGAN TRADITIONS AND ELEMENTS, MAINLY BECAUSE THE CHURCH GAINED POWER THROUGH CONVERSION.

IN ORDER TO CONVERT THE PEOPLE OF EUROPE FROM THEIR PAGAN BELIEFS, THE CHURCH EITHER HAD TO TURN THEM AGAINST THEIR BELIEFS BY FEAR, OR GET THEM TO ACCEPT AND ADAPT SOME OF THEIR BELIEFS INTO THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION.

THE MERGING OF PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY

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IN THE FOURTH CENTURY, POPE GREGORY INSTITUTED THE BIRTH OF JESUS AS A HOLIDAY. UNFORTUNATELY, THE BIBLE DOES NOT MENTION A DATE FOR HIS BIRTH (A FACT PURITANS LATER POINTED OUT IN ORDER TO DENY THE LEGITIMACY OF THE CELEBRATION).

ALTHOUGH EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT HIS BIRTH MAY HAVE OCCURRED IN THE SPRING (WHY WOULD SHEPHERDS BE HERDING IN THE MIDDLE OF WINTER?), POPE JULIUS I CHOSE DECEMBER 25.

IT IS THOUGHT THAT THE CHURCH CHOSE THIS DATE INTENTIONALLY IN AN EFFORT TO ADOPT AND ABSORB THE TRADITIONS OF THE PAGAN SATURNALIA FESTIVAL.

THE MERGING OF PAGANISM AND CHRISTIANITY

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CAROLINGIAN CULTURECHARLEMAGNE (R. 768–814) GAINED CONTROL OF MOST OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT.

HE FORCED EACH CONQUERED TRIBE TO GIVE UP THEIR BRAND OF CHRISTIANITY AND TO SUBMIT TO ROME'S NICENE CREED.

IN RETURN FOR HIS CHRISTIANIZATION CHRISTIANIZATION CHRISTIANIZATION CHRISTIANIZATION OF HIS VAST SEIZED TERRITORIES, POPE LEO III CROWNED CHARLEMAGNE EMPEROR ON CHRISTMAS DAY 800.

HE THUS CREATED WHAT WOULD LATER BE KNOWN AS THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE.

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STATUE OF CHARLEMAGNE IN THE MARKETPLACE, AACHEN, GERMANYSTATUE OF CHARLEMAGNE IN THE MARKETPLACE, AACHEN, GERMANYSTATUE OF CHARLEMAGNE IN THE MARKETPLACE, AACHEN, GERMANYSTATUE OF CHARLEMAGNE IN THE MARKETPLACE, AACHEN, GERMANY19

MAP: THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE.MAP: THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE.MAP: THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE.MAP: THE EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE.18

ROLAND AS THE IDEAL FEUDAL HEROROLAND IS AN IDEAL FEUDAL HEROFEUDAL HEROFEUDAL HEROFEUDAL HERO, COURAGEOUS AND LOYAL, BUT HE POSSESSES—OR IS POSSESSED BY—A SENSE OF PRIDE THAT INEVITABLY LEADS TO HIS DEMISE.

HIS IDEALISM IDEALISM IDEALISM IDEALISM AND SENSE OF HONOR SETS HIM APART.

IN HIS SLOW AND PAINFUL DEATH, HE BECOMES A TYPETYPETYPETYPE FOR JESUS, SACRIFICING HIMSELF FOR ALL OF CHRISTENDOM.

Song of Roland: Song of Roland: Song of Roland: Song of Roland:

Reading: Reading: Reading: Reading: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/rolandhttps://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/rolandhttps://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/rolandhttps://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/roland----ohag.aspohag.aspohag.aspohag.asp

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THE CHIVALRIC CODE THE SONG OF ROLAND IS ONE OF THE EARLIEST EXPRESSIONS OF FEUDALISM'S CHIVALRIC CODE CODE CODE CODE FROM THE FRENCH CHEVALIER ("HORSEMAN").

THE CHEVALIER WAS A KNIGHT KNIGHT KNIGHT KNIGHT GUIDED BY A STRICT CODE OF CONDUCT: COURAGE IN BATTLE, LOYALTY TO HIS LORD AND PEERS, AND COURTESY VERGING ON REVERENCE TOWARD WOMEN.

FEUDALISM FEUDALISM FEUDALISM FEUDALISM AND CHIVALRY CHIVALRY CHIVALRY CHIVALRY WERE POWERFUL MECHANISMS FOR MAINTAINING SOCIAL ORDER AND POLITICAL HARMONY THROUGHOUT MEDIEVAL EUROPE.

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PROMOTING LITERACY CHARLEMAGNE CHARGED HIS PERSONAL TUTOR, THE GRAMMARIAN AND THEOLOGIAN ALCUIN OF YORK (735–804), WITH CREATING A CURRICULUM THAT PROMOTED LITERACY THROUGHOUT HIS EMPIRE.

BY 798, A DECREE FROM AACHEN ORDERED PRELATES AND COUNTRY CLERGY THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE TO START SCHOOLS FOR CHILDREN.

WHILE THE EMPHASIS WAS ON EDUCATING MALES, GIRLS—ESPECIALLY THOSE OF NOBLE BIRTH—WERE ALSO ADMITTED.

EDUCATION AIMED AT EXPANDING THE TRADITIONAL ROLE OF THE CHURCH.

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PILGRIMAGE: SEEKING SALVATION

CHRISTIANS DURING THE MIDDLE AGES INCREASINGLY DID PENANCEPENANCEPENANCEPENANCE FOR THEIR SINS BY UNDERTAKING PILGRIMAGESPILGRIMAGESPILGRIMAGESPILGRIMAGES.

ORIGINALLY, THESE WENT TO THE HOLY LANDS, BUT THE DESTINATION WAS 3000 MILES AWAY.

DESTINATIONS IN EUROPE WERE MORE EASILY ACCESSIBLE AND BECAME POPULAR.

PILGRIMAGE ROUTESPILGRIMAGE ROUTESPILGRIMAGE ROUTESPILGRIMAGE ROUTES BECAME COMMERCIALIZED WITH INNS, STORES, AND MERCHANTS SETTING UP SHOPS. SOME CLERGY EVEN SET UP FAKE SHRINES FOR PILGRIMS TO MAKE OFFERINGS.

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PILGRIMAGE ROUTES THROUGH EUROPEPILGRIMAGE ROUTES THROUGH EUROPEPILGRIMAGE ROUTES THROUGH EUROPEPILGRIMAGE ROUTES THROUGH EUROPE

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PILGRIMAGE CHURCHES AND RELIQUARIES

NUMEROUS CHURCHES WERE BUILT ON THE VARIOUS PILGRIMAGE ROUTES TO HOUSE THE RELICS RELICS RELICS RELICS (POSSESSIONS OF CHRISTIAN SAINTS AND MARTYRS) THAT WERE BOUGHT IN THE MIDDLE EAST.

RELICS WERE USED TO SERVE AS A PHYSICAL PRESENCE OR SYMBOL THAT THE PILGRIMS COULD RELATE TO.

MANY RELICS HAVE BEEN PRESERVED IN ORNATE CASES CALLED RELIQUARIES.RELIQUARIES.RELIQUARIES.RELIQUARIES.

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THE BONES OF SAINT STHE BONES OF SAINT STHE BONES OF SAINT STHE BONES OF SAINT SÉÉÉÉVERIN, IN THE CHURCH OF SAINTVERIN, IN THE CHURCH OF SAINTVERIN, IN THE CHURCH OF SAINTVERIN, IN THE CHURCH OF SAINT----SSSSÉÉÉÉVERIN, PARIS. VERIN, PARIS. VERIN, PARIS. VERIN, PARIS.

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RELIQUARY OF RELIQUARY OF RELIQUARY OF RELIQUARY OF THE HOLY RIGHT HAND OF SAINT STEPHEN, KING OF HUNGARY c. THE HOLY RIGHT HAND OF SAINT STEPHEN, KING OF HUNGARY c. THE HOLY RIGHT HAND OF SAINT STEPHEN, KING OF HUNGARY c. THE HOLY RIGHT HAND OF SAINT STEPHEN, KING OF HUNGARY c. 1038103810381038 CE.CE.CE.CE.

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RELIQUARY CONTAINING RELIQUARY CONTAINING RELIQUARY CONTAINING RELIQUARY CONTAINING SAINT THSAINT THSAINT THSAINT THÉÉÉÉRRRRÈÈÈÈSE OF LISIEUX C. SE OF LISIEUX C. SE OF LISIEUX C. SE OF LISIEUX C. 1897189718971897 CE.CE.CE.CE.

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PILGRIMAGE CHURCHES: THE ROMANESQUE

THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF MANY OF THESE CHURCHES BECAME KNOWN AS ROMANESQUEROMANESQUEROMANESQUEROMANESQUE, MEANING "IN THE MANNER OF THE ROMANS."

THIS STYLE REVIVED ELEMENTS OF THE ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION, SUCH AS PORTALSPORTALSPORTALSPORTALSMODELED AFTER THE TRIUMPHAL ARCHESTRIUMPHAL ARCHESTRIUMPHAL ARCHESTRIUMPHAL ARCHES IN ROME, AND BARREL VAULTSBARREL VAULTSBARREL VAULTSBARREL VAULTS.

ROMAN ARCHESROMAN ARCHESROMAN ARCHESROMAN ARCHES WERE USED IN WINDOWS AND DOORS, AND THE STRUCTURES WERE HEAVY, REMINISCENT OF ANCIENT ROMAN TEMPLES.

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ABBEY CHURCH OF SAINTEABBEY CHURCH OF SAINTEABBEY CHURCH OF SAINTEABBEY CHURCH OF SAINTE----FOY, CONQUES,FRANCE. C. 1050FOY, CONQUES,FRANCE. C. 1050FOY, CONQUES,FRANCE. C. 1050FOY, CONQUES,FRANCE. C. 1050––––1120.1120.1120.1120.

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NOTRE DAME LA GRANDE CHURCH, POITIERS, VIENNE, FRANCENOTRE DAME LA GRANDE CHURCH, POITIERS, VIENNE, FRANCENOTRE DAME LA GRANDE CHURCH, POITIERS, VIENNE, FRANCENOTRE DAME LA GRANDE CHURCH, POITIERS, VIENNE, FRANCE c. 1086c. 1086c. 1086c. 1086

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CHURCH OF SAN MARTCHURCH OF SAN MARTCHURCH OF SAN MARTCHURCH OF SAN MARTÍÍÍÍN de TOURS . FRN de TOURS . FRN de TOURS . FRN de TOURS . FRÓÓÓÓMISTA, PALENCIA, SPAIN. MISTA, PALENCIA, SPAIN. MISTA, PALENCIA, SPAIN. MISTA, PALENCIA, SPAIN. c. 1067c. 1067c. 1067c. 1067

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THE ROMANESQUE STYLEJAMBSJAMBSJAMBSJAMBS, OR VERTICAL ELEMENTS ON BOTH SIDES OF THE DOOR SUPPORTING THE LINTELLINTELLINTELLINTEL, WERE SUBJECT TO BEING COVERED WITH DECORATIVE RELIEF RELIEF RELIEF RELIEF AS WELL AS TRUMEAU COLUMNSTRUMEAU COLUMNSTRUMEAU COLUMNSTRUMEAU COLUMNS AND ARCHIVOLTSARCHIVOLTSARCHIVOLTSARCHIVOLTS.

ARCHIVOLTS ARE THE CURVED MOLDING FORMED BY THE VOUSSOIRSVOUSSOIRSVOUSSOIRSVOUSSOIRS WHICH MAKE UP THE ARCH.

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ROMANESQUE PORTALROMANESQUE PORTALROMANESQUE PORTALROMANESQUE PORTAL DIAGRAM DIAGRAM DIAGRAM DIAGRAM

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THE CRUSADES THE FIRST CRUSADE CRUSADE CRUSADE CRUSADE (1096–1099) WAS MOTIVATED BY SEVERAL FORCES:

MONETARY REWARD OTHERWISE UNAVAILABLE TO DISENFRANCHISED YOUNG NOBILITY.

THE SYSTEM OF PRIMOGENITURE PRIMOGENITURE PRIMOGENITURE PRIMOGENITURE LEFT LARGE NUMBERS OF ARISTOCRATIC YOUNGER BROTHERS TO THEIR OWN DEVICES.

THE NOBILITY'S OWN HOT BLOOD AND SENSE OF ADVENTURE

COMMERCIAL ACCESS TO HEAVILY-USED TRADE ROUTES.

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THE CRUSADES POLITICALLY AND RELIGIOUSLY, THE FIRST THREE CRUSADES WERE FAILURES.

RATHER THAN FREEING THE HOLY LAND FROM MUSLIM INFLUENCE, THEY CEMENTED IT MORE FIRMLY THAN EVER.

THE CRUSADES DID SUCCEED IN STIMULATING WESTERN TRADE WITH THE EAST.

THE FOURTH CRUSADE IN 1202 WAS MOTIVATED ALMOST ENTIRELY BY PROFIT, AS VENICE AGREED TO TRANSPORT SOME 30,000 CRUSADERS IN RETURN FOR THEIR DESTROYING ITS COMMERCIAL RIVALS IN THE MIDDLE EAST.

THERE WERE EIGHT MORE CRUSADES FOUGHT OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL CENTURIES, INCLUDING ONE ORDERED BY THE POPE DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR IN 1939.

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LEGACY THE MIDDLE AGES WAS THE PERIOD OF EUROPEAN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS THE PERIOD OF EUROPEAN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS THE PERIOD OF EUROPEAN THE MIDDLE AGES WAS THE PERIOD OF EUROPEAN HISTORY EXTENDING FROM ABOUT HISTORY EXTENDING FROM ABOUT HISTORY EXTENDING FROM ABOUT HISTORY EXTENDING FROM ABOUT 500 500 500 500 CECECECE TO TO TO TO 1500150015001500 CE. CE. CE. CE.

THE TERM WAS FIRST USED BY THE TERM WAS FIRST USED BY THE TERM WAS FIRST USED BY THE TERM WAS FIRST USED BY 15151515THTHTHTH----CENTURY SCHOLARS CENTURY SCHOLARS CENTURY SCHOLARS CENTURY SCHOLARS TO DESIGNATE THE PERIOD BETWEEN THEIR OWN TIME AND TO DESIGNATE THE PERIOD BETWEEN THEIR OWN TIME AND TO DESIGNATE THE PERIOD BETWEEN THEIR OWN TIME AND TO DESIGNATE THE PERIOD BETWEEN THEIR OWN TIME AND THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.

ALTHOUGH ONCE REGARDED AS A TIME OF UNINTERRUPTED ALTHOUGH ONCE REGARDED AS A TIME OF UNINTERRUPTED ALTHOUGH ONCE REGARDED AS A TIME OF UNINTERRUPTED ALTHOUGH ONCE REGARDED AS A TIME OF UNINTERRUPTED IGNORANCE, SUPERSTITION, AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION, THE IGNORANCE, SUPERSTITION, AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION, THE IGNORANCE, SUPERSTITION, AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION, THE IGNORANCE, SUPERSTITION, AND SOCIAL OPPRESSION, THE MIDDLE AGES ARE NOW UNDERSTOOD AS A DYNAMIC PERIOD MIDDLE AGES ARE NOW UNDERSTOOD AS A DYNAMIC PERIOD MIDDLE AGES ARE NOW UNDERSTOOD AS A DYNAMIC PERIOD MIDDLE AGES ARE NOW UNDERSTOOD AS A DYNAMIC PERIOD DURING WHICH THE IDEA OF EUROPE AS A DISTINCT DURING WHICH THE IDEA OF EUROPE AS A DISTINCT DURING WHICH THE IDEA OF EUROPE AS A DISTINCT DURING WHICH THE IDEA OF EUROPE AS A DISTINCT CULTURAL UNIT EMERGED.CULTURAL UNIT EMERGED.CULTURAL UNIT EMERGED.CULTURAL UNIT EMERGED.

ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED IN EUROPE FROM ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED IN EUROPE FROM ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED IN EUROPE FROM ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPED IN EUROPE FROM ABOUT THE MIDABOUT THE MIDABOUT THE MIDABOUT THE MID----10101010TH CENTURY UP TO THE ADVENT OF TH CENTURY UP TO THE ADVENT OF TH CENTURY UP TO THE ADVENT OF TH CENTURY UP TO THE ADVENT OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. IT WAS A PRODUCT OF THE GREAT GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. IT WAS A PRODUCT OF THE GREAT GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. IT WAS A PRODUCT OF THE GREAT GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE. IT WAS A PRODUCT OF THE GREAT EXPANSION OF MONASTICISM IN THE 10THEXPANSION OF MONASTICISM IN THE 10THEXPANSION OF MONASTICISM IN THE 10THEXPANSION OF MONASTICISM IN THE 10TH––––11TH CENTURY.11TH CENTURY.11TH CENTURY.11TH CENTURY.

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