UNIT 3 VOCABULARY - 1.cdn.edl.io · PDF fileTriumvirate UNIT 3 VOCABULARY. 1. Name three contributions of the Phoenicians. 2. Name two beliefs of Hinduism. 3. ... Who is the Greek

1. Acropolis

2. Apostles

3. Aqueducts

4. Consuls

5. Democracy

6. Dictator

7. Greco-Roman Culture

8. Hellenistic

9. Inflation

10. Legion

11. Monarchy

12. Patricians

13. Pax Romana

14. Peloponnesian War

15. Persian Wars

16. Phalanx

17. Philosopher

18. Plebeians

19. Polis

20. Punic wars

21. Republic

22. Senate

23. Triumvirate

UNIT 3 VOCABULARY

1. Name three contributions of the Phoenicians.

2. Name two beliefs of Hinduism.

3. According to the Buddha, how can a person end pain and suffering in life?

4. How many miles long is the Great Wall of China?

5. What do we call a Sumerian religious temple?

6. What sea is located between Asia, Africa, and Europe?

7. What group of people were located in west Africa and migrated south and east, spreading their language and culture?

BELLRINGER

1. Name three civilizations that we learned about in Unit 1.

2. Name three religions that we learned about in unit 2.

3. How does one achieve nirvana in Buddhism?

4. Describe the rule of Qin Dynasty emperor Shi Huangdi.

BELLRINGER

• In this unit we will learn about Ancient and Classical Greece, the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire

UNIT THREE

GREECE

• Ancient Greece consisted mainly of a mountainous peninsula jutting into the Mediterranean Sea

• Included about 2,000 islands in the Aegean and Ionian seas

• Lands on the eastern edge of the Aegean were also a part of Greece

• The Aegean, Ionian, Black, and Mediterranean seas shaped Greek civilization just as rivers shaped civilization In Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE

• Rugged mountains covered about three fourths of Greece

• Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions

• Greeks developed small, independent communities within each valley

• Only a small part of Greece is good for farming, which meant that Greece never had a large population

• Greece had a moderate climate in which the winter temp averaged around 48 F and the summer temp around 80 F

GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE

• Mycenaeans- people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 BCE

• The city of Mycenae was fortified with a large protective wall over 20 feet thick

• From inside the city, a warrior-king ruled over the surrounding villages and farms

• The kings dominated Greece from about 1600 to 1100 BCE

MYCENAEANS

• Either through trade or war, the Mycenaeans came into contact with the Minoans, who lived on the island of Crete

• From their contact with the Minoans, the Mycenaeans learned the value of seaborne trade

• Minoans influenced:• Writing system

• Religious practice

• Art

• Politics

• literature

MINOANS

• During the 1200’s BCE, the Mycenaeans fought a 10 year war against the city of troy, located in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)

• According to legend, the Greeks attacked Troy because a prince of Troy kidnapped Helen, a beautiful wife of a Greek king

• According to Homer’s the Iliad, Greeks were able to win this battle by hiding inside a large wooded horse and then attacking the city once inside

TROJAN WAR

• Not long after the Trojan war, Mycenaean civilization collapsed

• A new group of people, the Dorians, moved into the war torn country

• The Dorians were far less advanced than the Mycenaeans

• No written records exist from the period between 1150 to 750 BCE

• During this period Greeks learned about their history through spoken word

GREEK DECLINE UNDER THE DORIANS

• According to tradition, one of the great storyteller’s of this time was a blind man named Homer

• Historians believe that Homer composed his epics around 750-700 BCE

• The heroes of his epics are warriors: Achilles, Hector, Odysseus

• Go to primary source page 126

HOMER

• Greeks created a rich set of myths about their gods

• The works of Homer were an important source for Greek mythology

• Through the myths, the Greeks sought to understand mysteries of nature

• Greeks believed their gods had human qualities, that they quarreled and competed with each other constantly

GREEKS CREATE MYTHS

• Zeus-ruler of the gods, lived on Mount Olympus

• Hera- Zeus’ wife, often jealous of Zeus’ relationships with other women

• Athena- goddess of wisdom, Zeus’ daughter and favorite child

• Hades- god of the underworld

• Poseidon- god of the sea

GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES

• Apollo- sun god

• Aphrodite- goddess of love and beauty

• Ares- god of war

• Artemis-goddess of the hunt and the moon

• Hermes- god of thieves and commerce

• Nike- goddess of victory

• Demeter-goddess of the harvest

• Hephaestus- god of fire and metalworking

OTHER GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES

• Trojan Horse p.125

• Greek Olympian p. 130

• Socrates p.138

• Parthenon p.141

• Nike p.140

• Alexander the Great p. 143

• Julius Caesar p. 161

• Gladiator Games p.165

• Aqueducts p. 181

• Colosseum p. 182

YOUR CHOICE

1. Why did Greeks develop small, independent communities within each valley?

2. What seas shaped Greek civilization?

3. What civilization lived on the island of Crete, and what did the Mycaeneans learn from them?

4. What was the war between the Mycaeneans and the city of Troy called?

5. Tell me what each figure below was god of:

Zeus-

Poseidon-

Hades-

REVIEW

1. Describe the geography of Greece.

2. Why did the Greeks develop small, independent communities?

3. What group of war-like people settled the Greek mainland around 2000 BCE?

4. Why did the Greeks attack Troy (according to Homer)?

5. Who were the heroes of Homer’s epics?

6. Which Greek god was the goddess of wisdom and Zeus’ daughter?

BELLRINGER

•Does the United States government function as a democracy, or a republic? Look at the definitions for each and explain your answer.

ACTIVATOR

GREECE

• By 750 BCE, the polis (city-state) was the main political unit in ancient Greece

• A polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside, which included numerous villages

• Many city-states had an agora (marketplace)and an

acropolis(fortified hilltop) in which the citizens worshiped and discussed politics and philosophy

GREEK CITY-STATES

• Greek city-states had many different forms of government

• Monarchy- single person known as king rules

• Aristocracy- government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families

• Oligarchy- government ruled by a few powerful people

• Democracy- a government controlled by its citizens, either directly or through representatives

GREEK POLITICAL STRUCTURES

• The city-state of Athens went through power struggles like others, and began to move towards democracy to avoid political upheaval

• The first step towards democracy took place when a man named Draco came to power in Athens

• He developed a code based on the idea that all Athenians were equal under the law

• A leader named Solon came to power and took democracy a step further, outlawing debt-slavery

ATHENS AND DEMOCRACY

• Sparta is located in the southern part of Greece and is cut off from the rest of Greece by the Gulf of Corinth

• Sparta contrasted sharply with other city-states and built a military state

• In 725 BCE, the Spartans conquered the neighboring Messenians

• The Spartans demanded the Messenians give the Spartans half of their crops

• The Messenians revolted and the Spartans barely put down the revolt

SPARTA

• From around 600 to 371 BCE, Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece

• Spartans did not value, the arts, literature, or other artistic pursuits

• They valued duty, strength, and discipline

• Boys left their homes at the age of seven to train and become tough, resourceful soldiers

• Spartan women were tough also, and were taught to put their service to Sparta above all else

SPARTAN DAILY LIFE

• Ancient Greeks believed that strong and healthy citizens strengthen the city-state

• Every four years Greeks would compete against each other to honor Zeus

• Events that people competed in• Running

• Wrestling

• Long jump

• Javelin throwing

• Discus throwing

OLYMPIC GAMES

• Hoplite- Greek soldier with spear and shield

• Phalanx- formation in which soldiers armed with spear and shields stand beside each other

• Battle of Marathon- battle between Greece an Persia in 490 BCE, in which Greece wins

• Persian forces-25,000 Greek forces-10,000 Persian lose more than 6,000 men, Greeks 200

PERSIAN WARS

• In 480 BCE Darius’ son Xerxes vows to defeat the Greeks and assembles a massive invasion force

• Early on, Xerxes army met no resistance as it marched down the eastern coast of Greece

• Xerxes army then came to a narrow pass at Thermopylae, which was blocked by around 7,000 Greeks (including 300 Spartans)

• The Greeks stopped the Persian advance for three days and greatly inspired the rest of Greece

BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE

• After the Greeks stand at Thermopylae, a leader named Themistocles convinced Greeks to evacuate Athens and fight the Persians at sea

• Xerxes set fire to Athens and then sent warships to block both ends of the channel of Salamis

• The Greeks then destroyed the Persian warships

BATTLE OF SALAMIS

• P. 121: Ionian Sea, Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Corinth, Crete, Rhodes, Macedonia, Mt. Olympus, Delphi, Thebes, Corinth, Olympia, Argos, Mycenae, Sparta, Athens, Ephesus

• P. 124: Troy, Battles of Thermopylae, Marathon, Salamis

• When finished labeling go back to page 121 and shade your map similar to 121, using a light color

MAP OF CLASSICAL GREECE

1. Fortified hilltop in Greece-

2. Marketplace in Greece-

3. Difference between oligarchy and democracy-

4. Greek soldier-

5. Greek military formation-

6. Three battles of Persian Wars-

REVIEW

1. Name three Greek city-states.

2. What is the acropolis?

3. What man’s leadership was the first step towards democracy in Athens?

4. What was life like for men in Sparta?

5. Who fought in the battle of Marathon? Who won the battle?

6. What strategy did the Athenians use in winning the battle of Salamis?

BELLRINGER

•What characteristics make a culture or nation great?

ACTIVATOR

1. What three seas surround Greece?

2. What impact did mountains have on the communities of Ancient Greece?

3. Who is the Greek god of wisdom and who was considered to the ruler of the gods?

4. What man was the first to establish the rule of law in Greece and help bring democracy?

5. How did the Persian Wars go for the Greeks?

BELLRINGER

GREECE

• After winning the wars against Persia, the city-state of Athens emerged as the dominant city-state in Greece

• The period from 477 to 431 BCE is referred to as the Golden Age of Athens

• During this age drama, sculpture, philosophy, poetry, architecture, and science all reached new levels

GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS

• A wise and noble statesman named Pericles had three goals for Athens• Strengthen Athenian democracy

• Hold and strengthen the empire

• To glorify Athens

PERICLES PLAN FOR ATHENS

• One way Pericles strengthened Athenian democracy was to introduce Direct Democracy

• Pericles strengthened the empire by building Greek military might, especially its Navy

• Pericles sought to glorify Athens by paying artists to create glorious art and architecture

GOLDEN AGE OF ATHENS

ACROPOLIS

PARTHENON

• As Athens grew in power, other city-states began to view it with hostility-especially Sparta

• 431 BCE- Sparta declares war on Athens

• Athens had the stronger navy, Sparta had the stronger army

• 404 BCE- After 27 years of civil war, Sparta defeated Athens

PELOPONNESIAN WAR (GREEK CIVIL WAR)

• After the Peloponnesian War, Athenians began to question principles of life and society

• Philosopher- “lover of wisdom”

• One group of philosophers the Sophists, questioned peoples ideas about justice and traditional values

• One Sophist, a man named Protagoras, questioned Greek beliefs regarding the gods

• He is quoted as saying, “Man is the measure of all things”

GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

• Socrates was a Greek philosopher who challenged the ideas of many Athenians

• “The unexamined life is not worth living”

• In 399 BCE (5 years after the end of the Peloponnesian War) Socrates was brought to trial

• He was accused of “corrupting the young men of Athens” and “neglecting the city’s gods”

• He was found guilty and condemned to death

SOCRATES

• Student of Socrates

• Wrote down many of the conversations of Socrates

• Started a school called the Academy

• Wrote The Republic in which he sets forth his idea of a perfectly governed society

• His ideas dominated philosophic thought in Europe for 1500 years

PLATO

• Student of Plato

• Developed the Scientific Method

• Started a school called the Lyceum

• “He who studies how all things originated, will achieve the clearest view of them”

• Accepted King Philip II of Macedonia’s invitation to tudor his son, a boy named Alexander

ARISTOTLE

• During what years did the “Golden Age of Athens” take place?

• What leader played a major role in the greatness of Athens during the Golden Age?

• What does the word “philosopher” mean?

• List the three Greek philosophers we discussed and one characteristic of each

REVIEW

1. Which city-state in Greece became dominant after the Persian Wars?

2. Name two goals of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens.

3. What building is the most important building on the acropolis?

4. What was the civil war between Athens and Sparta called?

5. What charge was brought against Socrates in Athens?

6. Aristotle had a famous student: who was he?

BELLRINGER

GREECE

• Macedonia located just north of Greece

• The Peloponnesian War weakened Greece, and Philip II wanted to take control

• Philip II was a brilliant general and ruthless politician

• He made some changes to Macedonia’s army and soundly defeated the Greeks at the battle of Chaeronea

• Philip II planned to invade Persia next, but was killed by a former guard

PHILIP II OF MACEDONIA

• Philip’s son, Alexander, became king at the age of 20

• Under the teaching of Aristotle, Alexander learned science, geography, and literature

• Alexander kept a copy of The Iliad under his pillow

• When the city of Thebes rebelled against his rule, he destroyed the city, killed about 6,000 people, and sold the survivors into slavery

ALEXANDER THE GREAT

• After victory at the battle of Issus, Alexander gained control of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey)

• When Alexander marched his army into Egypt, he was welcomed as a liberator and crowned Pharaoh

• After victory at Gaugamela, Alexander gainedcontrol of Persia

• After gaining control of major cities in Persia, Persepolis burned to the ground

• After winning the battle of Hydaspes River in India, Alexander decided to turn back and go home with his army- it was on the way back that he died

ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS

• Hellenistic Culture- refers to the blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian cultures

• Because of Alexander’s policies, this vibrant new culture emerged

• The Egyptian city of Alexandria became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization

SPREAD OF HELLENISTIC CULTURE

• Library at Alexandria- contained over 500,000 papyrus scrolls including many masterpieces of ancient literature

• Astronomy- a man maned Aristarchus proposed that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun

• A man named Eratosthenes used geometry to compute the circumference of earth (he said between 28 and 29 thousand miles, it is around 24,860 miles)

• Geometry- Euclid made advances in mathematics, especially in geometry

HELLENISTIC ACHIEVEMENTS

• Physics- Archimedes estimated the value of pi, explained the law of the lever, and developed the Archimedes Screw-a device that raises water from the ground

• Philosophy- Stoicism and Epicureanism

• Realism in Sculpture- The Colossus of Rhodes, on the island of Rhodes. More than 100 feet high

• Nike of Samothrace- winged creature created most likely to honor a sea battle

HELLENISTIC ACHIEVEMENTS

• By 150 BCE, the Hellenistic world was in decline

• A new city, Rome, was gaining strength and growing

• Through Rome, Greek culture was preserved and eventually became the core of western civilization

HELLENISTIC DECLINE

1. What war weakened Greece?

2. What group of people located north of Greece defeated the Greeks?

3. What four civilizations were under the control of Alexander the Great?

4. What Egyptian city became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization?

5. By what year was the Hellenistic world in decline?

REVIEW

1. What Macedonian leader defeated the Greeks after the Greeks were weakened by the Peloponnesian War?

2. What Macedonian leader became king at the young age of 20?

3. What story did Alexander keep under his pillow?

4. How did Alexander handle the city of Thebes when they rebelled against his rule?

5. What blended cultures make up Hellenistic culture?

6. As the Hellenistic world was in decline, what city was growing in power?

BELLRINGER

1. What man led Athens during its Golden Age?

2. What is the name of the temple built for Athena at the top of the acropolis?

3. What two city-states fought the Peloponnesian War and which side won?

4. How did Socrates die, and what acronym do you use to remember the order of the 3 Greek philosophers we discussed in class?

5. What groups did Alexander bring together to create Hellenistic culture?

BELLRINGER

ROME

• According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus, twins of the god Mars and a Latin princess

• Rome was built on seven rolling hills at the curve of the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian peninsula

• Rome is also at the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea

• Quote from Livy p.155

ORIGINS OF ROME

• “Not without reason did gods and men choose this spot for the site of our city- the salubrious hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and sea-borne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, our situation in the very heart of Italy- all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great”.

• -Livy, The Early History of Rome

QUOTE FROM LIVY REGARDING LOCATION OF ROME

• From about 1000 to 500 BCE, three groups inhabited the area of Rome and battled for control- the Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans

• The Latins built the original settlement of Rome

• Between 750 to 600 BCE, the Greeks established colonies along southern Italy and Sicily

• The Etruscans were native to northern Italy and heavily influenced Roman culture

THE FIRST ROMANS

• around 600 BCE, an Etruscan became king of Rome

• Various kings ordered the construction of temples and buildings, most notably the Forum

• The last king of Rome was a harsh tyrant named Tarquin the Proud, who was driven from power (509 BCE)

• Romans declared that they would never again live under the rule of a king

• Instead, they established a Republic

THE EARLY REPUBLIC

• Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most power

• Plebeians- common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up most of the population

• Twelve Tables- written law code created in 451 BCE that was a major victory for the Plebeians

• The Twelve Tables became the basis for later Roman law and established the idea that all free citizens had a right to protection under the law

EARLY ROMAN REPUBLIC

• Consuls- two main leaders, who commanded the army and directed the government, for a term of one year

• Senate- 300 individuals chosen from the upper class; plebeians were later able to participate

• Dictator- in times of crisis the republic could appoint a dictator, who were chosen by the Consuls and elected by the senate-only for 6 months

GOVERNMENT UNDER THE REPUBLIC

• Romans placed great value on their military

• All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the army

• Roman soldiers were organized into large units called Legions

• One legion was made up of 5,000 heavily armed foot soldiers

• A Calvary supported each Legion

• Military organization and fighting skill were key factors in Rome’s success

ROMAN LEGION

• Rome’s economy grew stronger and stronger; soon the city of Carthage interfered with Roman access to the Mediterranean Sea

• 264 BCE- Rome and Carthage went to war

• The Punic Wars consisted of three wars from 264-146 BCE

• 1st Punic War- Rome wins

• 2nd Punic War- Rome wins with extreme difficulty

• 3rd Punic War- Rome attacks Carthage, burned the city, enslaved 50,000 people of the city, and made the city a Roman province

PUNIC WARS

PUNIC WARS MAP

• As Rome enlarged its territory, the Republic became increasingly unstable

• One reason for conflict was the increasing gap between rich and poor

• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus- two brothers who proposed changes to help the poor

• These two brothers met violent deaths and a period of Civil War took place in Rome (133 & 121 BCE)

COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC

• P. 153: Regions and Kingdoms- Italy, Spain, Britain, Gaul, Europe, Macedonia, Thrace, Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Arabia, Asia, Dacia, Egypt, Sicily, Crete

• Cities- Rome, Athens, Byzantium, Ephesus, Antioch, Damascus, Caesarea, Memphis, Alexandria, Thebes, Cyrene

• Water- Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, Rhine River, Danube River, Po River, Tigris River, Euphrates River, Nile River

• Map on Page 159: Carthage, Adriatic Sea, Cannae

• Shade your map similar to the purple part on p.153

MAP- ROMAN EMPIRE

1. In a paragraph, describe the origins of Rome and the first Romans.

2. Write town ten facts about the origins of Rome, the first Romans, the Roman Republic, and Rome’s military.

3. In a paragraph, describe Rome’s military and the Punic Wars.

4. Using 5 pictures, illustrate from: the origins of Rome to the collapse of the Republic

REVIEW- CHOOSE ONE

• d

1

2

3

4

56 7

8 9

10

1. What river was Rome built near?

2. Who were the legendary twins who were raised by a she-wolf?

3. What made the people of Rome decide that they would never again live under the rule of a king?

4. Why were the 12 Tables a victory for the Plebians?

5. What two cities fought the Punic Wars, and who won?

6. What happened to Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?

BELLRINGER

• Rome had a complex network of Roads that connected the Empire.

• They were built by the Roman army for military purposes

• Roads were built as straight as possible to move troops as quickly as possible

• The roads also helped with trade

ROMAN ROADS

ROME

• As the Republic grew more unstable military leaders began trying to seize power for themselves

• In 60 BCE, a military leader named Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus and Pompey

• With the help of Pompey and Crassus, Caesar was elected Consul in 59 BCE

• These three men dominated Rome as a Triumvirate for 10 years

• Caesar served one year as Consul and then appointed himself Governor of Gaul (modern-day France)

JULIUS CAESAR TAKES CONTROL

• Because of Caesar’s success in Gaul, at Pompey’s urgings, the Roman Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return home

• Jan 10, 49 BCE- Julius Caesar marches his army across the Rubicon River and defeats Pompey’s forces

• 46 BCE- Caesar returns home where he is appointed Dictator

• 44 BCE- Caesar is appointed Dictator for life

JULIUS CAESAR TAKES CONTROL

• “veni, vidi, vici”

• “Let us go where the omens of the gods and the crimes of our enemies summon us! The die is now cast.”

“CROSSING THE RUBICON”

• Julius Caesar governed as an absolute ruler

• He expanded the Senate, adding friends and supporters from other regions

• He helped the poor by creating jobs, mostly through construction projects

• Increased pay for soldiers

• Many members of the Roman Senate were threatened by Julius Caesar’s power and popularity

CAESAR’S REFORMS

• March 15, 44 BCE- a number of important senators, led by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, stabbed Julius Caesar to death in the Senate chamber

• After Julius Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Republic

• Three of Caesar’s supporters banded together to crush the assassins: Caesar’s nephew Octavian, Lepidus, and Mark Antony

• In 43 BCE they took control of Rome and ruled for 10 years as the second triumvirate

THE ASSASSINATION OF JULIUS CAESAR

• After forcing Lepidus to retire, Octavian and Mark Antony became rivals

• Octavian defeated Mark Antony’s forces in 31 BCE and became the unchallenged ruler of Rome

• He accepted the title of Augustus which means “exalted one”

• He also kept the title “Imperator” (Supreme Military Commander)

• Rome was now and empire ruled by one man

AUGUSTUS CAESAR

• Period from 27 BCE to 180 CE- period of peace and prosperity

• Augustus Caesar established a strong and lasting government

• Agriculture most important, 90% of Romans farmers

• Trade all over Mediterranean, China, India

• Complex system of Roads linked the Empire

PAX ROMANA

• Romans were Polytheistic and practiced religion similar to the Greeks

• Jupiter-father of the gods

• Juno- Jupiter’s wife, watched over women

• Minerva- goddess of wisdom

• Romans were largely polytheistic, but one religion would flourish within Roman culture that is monotheistic-Christianity

RELIGION

• Nerva 96-98 began custom of adopting heir

• Trajan 98-117 empire reached its greatest extent, vast building program, enlarged social welfare

• Hadrian 117-138 consolidated earlier conquests, reorganized beaurocracy

• Marcus Aurelias 161-180 economic prosperity, defeated invaders, wrote philosophy

GOOD EMPERORS

• Caligula 37-41 mentally disturbed

• Nero 54-68 good administrator but vicious, murdered many, persecuted Christians

• Domitian 81-96 ruled dictatorially, feared treason everywhere and executed many

BAD EMPERORS

ROMAN EMPERORS 37-180 CE

• To distract and control the masses, the government would provide free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests

• The Roman Colosseum could hold 50,000 people

• Animals would fight animals, people fight people, animals fight people

• Thumbs Up, Thumbs Down- given by the organizer of the games to determine if the fighter would live or die

GLADIATOR GAMES (P.182)

SANFORD STADIUM, ROMAN COLOSSEUM

1. Why was Julius Caesar ordered to disband his army and return to Rome?

2. Explain how Julius Caesar comes to power.

3. Why did members of the Roman Senate assassinate Julius Caesar, and on what date did this happen?

4. What title was Octavian given after defeat Marc Antony’s forces?

5. Describe what is happening in the picture to the right.

REVIEW

BELLRINGER

1. What types of events took place in the Roman Colosseum, and what was the purpose?

2. What gesture would the facilitator use to determine who lives and who dies?

3. For what purpose were roads built in the Roman Empire?

1. According to legend, who is Rome named after?

2. What kind of govt did the people of Rome establish after removing Tarquin the Proud from power?

3. What two cities fought the Punic Wars, and what was the outcome of these wars?

4. Why did the Roman senate order Julius Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome while he was in Gaul?

5. What title does Octavian accept after becoming ruler of the Roman Empire?

6. What does “Pax Romana” mean?

7. What is the name of the building in Rome in which gladiators fought?

BELLRINGER

ROME

• Christianity has its roots in Judaism

• It emphasized a more personal relationship between God and people

• Roman power had spread to Judea around 63 BCE

• Rome took control of Judea around 6 AD and made it a province of the Empire

• According to the Old Testament, a Savior known as the Messiah would come a restore the Kingdom of the Jews

• Roughly two decades after Roman rule, many Jews believed that the Messiah had arrived

CHRISTIANITY

• A man named Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem in Judea around 2 BCE

• He was raised in the town of Nazareth in northern Palestine

• Baptized by a prophet named John the Baptist

• He took up the trade of carpentry

• At the age of 30, he began his public ministry

• He preached, taught, performed miracles, and did many good works

JESUS OF NAZARETH

• Historical records mention very little about Jesus

• Most of what we know about Him comes from the four gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John)

• The gospels were written by 4 of Jesus’ disciples, who were later called apostles

• The more Jesus preached, the more popular he became

• He ignored wealth and status and had a special appeal to the poor

• His teachings challenged Roman power and Jewish practices

GROWING MOVEMENT

• Jesus’ popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders

• When Jesus visited Jerusalem He was greeted as the Messiah

• The Jewish chief priest said that His teachings were blasphemy

• Jesus was arrested by Pontius Pilate and sentenced to be crucified

• After Jesus was crucified, He was placed in a tomb

• According to the gospels, Jesus resurrected three days later and He appeared to the apostles

JESUS’ DEATH

• Jesus followers spread His message and ideas after His resurrection

• The Apostles began to create a new religion based on Jesus life, death, and resurrection

• They faced serious opposition but Christianity spread slowly and steadily across the Roman Empire

• One man, Saul, was an individual who persecuted Christians early in his life

• One day, on the road to Damascus, he had a vision of Jesus

CHRISTIANITY SPREADS

• After his encounter with Jesus, Saul changed his name to Paul and became one of the most influential apostles

• The Pax Romana provided the ideal conditions for Christianity to spread

• Paul wrote many epistles (letters) that became much of the New Testament

• Paul also declared that Christianity should welcome all converts, which allowed the religion to be more than just a local religion

THE APOSTLE PAUL

• 66 CE- a band of Jews rebel against Roman rule

• 70 CE- Romans storm Jerusalem and destroy the Jewish Temple

• Jewish fortress at Masada held out until 73 CE, when over 500,000 Jews were killed

• 132 CE- Jews make another attempt to break free of Roman rule, over 500,000 Jews died in a period of three years

• Most Jews were driven from their homeland into exile known as the Diaspora

JEWISH REBELLION

1. What type of person were Jews expecting?

2. What trade did Jesus of Nazareth take up?

3. Who did Jesus’ teachings challenge?

4. What man who originally persecuted Christians becomes the most influential apostle?

5. What happens in 70 CE in Jerusalem?

REVIEW

1. Describe the life of Jesus and how he impacted the world.

2. By what method did Jesus die?

3. Describe how the Apostle Paul becomes the most influential person in early Christianity.

4. What action do the Romans take against the Jews in 70 CE?

5. What is the Jewish Diaspora?

BELLRINGER

ROME

• In the 3rd century CE, Rome began to experience problems both from within and outside the empire

• Historians generally agree that the end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius marks the end of the PaxRomana

• Hostile tribes on the borders of the empire and pirates in the Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade

• Romans also lacked new sources of gold and silver

• Government began to raise taxes, and economy soon suffered from Inflation

ROME’S ECONOMY WEAKENS

• 284 CE- strong willed army leader Diocletianbecomes the new emperor

• Diocletian believed that the empire was too large to govern effectively, and decided to divide it into Two Parts

• 312 CE- Constantine gains control of the western part of the empire

• 324 CE- Constantine gains control of the eastern part, restoring the concept of a single ruler

• 330 CE- Constantine moves the capital from Rometo Byzantium- soon to be called Constantinople

EMPERORS MAKE CHANGES

ROMAN EMPIRE AFTER DIVISION P.175

• Germanic Invasions- Because a group of people known as the Huns attacked, Germanic tribes began to push into Roman territories to escape

• In 410, groups of Germans overran Rome and plundered it for three days

• The Huns were indirectly responsible for the Germanic assault of the empire, and then became a direct threat under the leadership of a man named Attila

• 476 CE- The last Roman emperor (Romulus Augustus) was ousted from Rome

FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE

• Decline of interest in public affairs

• Low confidence in empire

• Lack of patriotism

• Decline in population

SOCIAL CAUSES

• Military interference in politics

• Division of empire

• Moving the capital to Byzantium

• Civil war and unrest

POLITICAL CAUSES

REASONS FOR THE FALL OF ROME

• Threat from the north

• Low funds for defense

• Problems recruiting Roman citizens

• Decline of patriotism and loyalty among soldiers

MILITARY

• Poor harvests

• Disruption of trade

• Gold and silver drain

• Inflation

• Higher taxes

ECONOMIC

REASONS FOR THE FALL OF ROME

• Romans greatly inspired by the Greeks

• The mixing of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture came to be called Greco-Roman Culture

• Fine Arts

• Learning and Literature

• Government

• Latin Language

• Architecture

• System of Law

LEGACY OF GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION

WHICH ONE ARE YOU?