Unit 3 Structure and Function Notes Part 1 Its Alive or, Is It? M. Elizabeth Martin Luther King, Jr. JHS 2006.

Unit 3 Structure and Unit 3 Structure and Function Notes Part 1 Function Notes Part 1

It’s Alive or, Is It? It’s Alive or, Is It?

M. ElizabethM. Elizabeth

Martin Luther King, Jr. JHSMartin Luther King, Jr. JHS

20062006

Chapter 2 It’s Alive, or Is ItChapter 2 It’s Alive, or Is It

2.1 Characteristics of Living Things2.1 Characteristics of Living Things

2.2 The Simple Bare Necessities of 2.2 The Simple Bare Necessities of LifeLife

2.3 The Chemistry of Life2.3 The Chemistry of Life

Chapter 2 ReviewChapter 2 Review

2.1 Characteristics of Living 2.1 Characteristics of Living ThingsThings

The six characteristics of Living The six characteristics of Living Things:Things:

1.1. All living things have cellsAll living things have cells

2.2. All living things sense and respond to All living things sense and respond to changechange

3.3. All living things reproduceAll living things reproduce

4.4. All living things have DNAAll living things have DNA

5.5. All living things use energyAll living things use energy

6.6. All living things grow and developAll living things grow and develop

2.1 Characteristics of Living 2.1 Characteristics of Living ThingsThings

1.1. All living things have cellsAll living things have cells UnicellularUnicellular (single celled (single celled

organisms)organisms) Multicellular Multicellular (organisms made of (organisms made of

more than one kind of cells)more than one kind of cells) Excludes viruses because virus are Excludes viruses because virus are

organisms that are made of organisms that are made of DNA/RNA and a protein coat – not DNA/RNA and a protein coat – not exactly a cell.exactly a cell.

2. All living things sense and respond 2. All living things sense and respond to changeto change

An important part of sensing and An important part of sensing and responding to environmental responding to environmental changes is maintaining changes is maintaining homeostasis.homeostasis.

HomeostasisHomeostasis– the maintenance of a – the maintenance of a stable internal environment stable internal environment despite a changing external despite a changing external environmentenvironment

3. All living things 3. All living things reproducereproduce

There are two types of reproduction:There are two types of reproduction:

Asexual – a single parent produces Asexual – a single parent produces an identical offspring. an identical offspring.

Lots of organisms reproduce this Lots of organisms reproduce this way (bacteria and algae). When way (bacteria and algae). When cells are cloned they are cells are cloned they are reproduced in this way.reproduced in this way.

Sexual – requires two parents. Sexual – requires two parents. Results in a lot better chance for Results in a lot better chance for genetic variation.genetic variation.

4. All living things have 4. All living things have DNADNA DNA – deoxyribonucleic acidDNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Provides instructions for making Provides instructions for making molecules – proteins that take part in molecules – proteins that take part in all cellular functions and in the all cellular functions and in the synthesis of other kinds of molecules synthesis of other kinds of molecules needed for cells to exist.needed for cells to exist.

Sometimes called the blueprints of life.Sometimes called the blueprints of life.

Reproduction involves making copies of Reproduction involves making copies of DNA that is transferred to offspring.DNA that is transferred to offspring.

The transmission of characteristics/traits The transmission of characteristics/traits from one generation to another is from one generation to another is called ____________called ____________heredity

5. All living things use 5. All living things use energyenergy

MetabolismMetabolism – all chemical activities that – all chemical activities that use or make available energy.use or make available energy.

Producers Producers – organisms that obtain energy – organisms that obtain energy from the sun (photosynthetic) or certain from the sun (photosynthetic) or certain bacteria that use inorganic chemicals bacteria that use inorganic chemicals (chemosynthetic)(chemosynthetic)

ConsumersConsumers – organisms that obtain – organisms that obtain energy by eating other organisms.energy by eating other organisms.

DecomposersDecomposers – Organisms that get their – Organisms that get their food from breaking down nutrients from food from breaking down nutrients from dead organisms or animal wastes.dead organisms or animal wastes.

6. All living things grow and 6. All living things grow and developdevelop

Even single celled organisms like Even single celled organisms like bacteria grow slightly in size.bacteria grow slightly in size.

Babies grow to adult from a single cellBabies grow to adult from a single cell

2.2 The Simple Bare Necessities of 2.2 The Simple Bare Necessities of LifeLife

FoodFood WaterWater AirAir A Place to LiveA Place to Live

FoodFood

Organisms use protein, fats, and Organisms use protein, fats, and carbohydrates as our basic food carbohydrates as our basic food groups.groups.

Organisms may also need trace Organisms may also need trace minerals or vitamins in addition to minerals or vitamins in addition to the basic food groups.the basic food groups.

Organisms differ in their food Organisms differ in their food needs.needs.

FoodFood

We have discussed:We have discussed: ProducersProducers ConsumersConsumers DecomposersDecomposers

Food eaters can also be broken Food eaters can also be broken down into type:down into type: AutotrophsAutotrophs HeterotrophsHeterotrophs

- make their own foodmake their own food- eat other organismseat other organisms- eat dead organismseat dead organisms

- Create their own food- Create their own food

- Obtain food from others- Obtain food from others

Essential Elements – Chemistry Essential Elements – Chemistry of Lifeof Life

The basic elements that make up The basic elements that make up most of biological molecules aremost of biological molecules are CarbonCarbon HydrogenHydrogen NitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygen PhosphorousPhosphorous Sulfur Sulfur

Main Types of Molecules – Main Types of Molecules – Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life

The Main Types of Biological MoleculesThe Main Types of Biological Molecules ProteinsProteins – made of amino acids. – made of amino acids.

Enzymes are special proteins that allow Enzymes are special proteins that allow cell reactions to occur.cell reactions to occur.

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates – starches made of – starches made of sugarssugars

LipidsLipids – fats, phospholipids (what – fats, phospholipids (what membranes are made of)membranes are made of)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids – made of nucleotides – made of nucleotides ATPATP – useable cellular energy – – useable cellular energy –

adenosine tri phosphateadenosine tri phosphate

WaterWater

Water is the essence of lifeWater is the essence of life 70 percent of most cells are made 70 percent of most cells are made

of of waterwater Humans can survive about 3 days Humans can survive about 3 days

without waterwithout water The chemical formula for water is The chemical formula for water is

HH22OO

AirAir

Mixture of several different gases Mixture of several different gases the main ones in order of highest the main ones in order of highest concentration: concentration: NitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygen ArgonArgon Water VaporWater Vapor Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide

Oxygen and Carbon DioxideOxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen is used for aerobic respiration Oxygen is used for aerobic respiration in both plant and animal cellsin both plant and animal cells

Oxygen is not used for anaerobic Oxygen is not used for anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration(without oxygen) respiration

Green plants and other Green plants and other photosynthetic organisms need photosynthetic organisms need carbon dioxide in addition to oxygen. carbon dioxide in addition to oxygen. The carbon dioxide is for photosynthesis The carbon dioxide is for photosynthesis

and oxygen used for aerobic respiration.and oxygen used for aerobic respiration.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

The energy that powers photosynthesis The energy that powers photosynthesis comes from the sun light.comes from the sun light.

Occurs in the chloroplasts within plant Occurs in the chloroplasts within plant cellscells

Chlorophyll a green pigment in Chlorophyll a green pigment in chloroplasts absorb the sun’s energy that chloroplasts absorb the sun’s energy that is then used to create glucose sugaris then used to create glucose sugar

Starch is the complex carbohydrate Starch is the complex carbohydrate plants use to store the glucose sugar plants use to store the glucose sugar molecules that plants produce during molecules that plants produce during photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

The chemical reaction for photosynthesis The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is:is:

6CO6CO22 + 6H + 6H22O O C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

CC66HH1212OO6 6 is the chemical formula for is the chemical formula for glucoseglucose

Glucose is the main product of Glucose is the main product of photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of splitting water during photosynthesissplitting water during photosynthesis

Sunlight

RespirationRespiration

Occurs in mitochondria found in Occurs in mitochondria found in both animal and plant cellsboth animal and plant cells

Oxygen is used to convert stored Oxygen is used to convert stored sugar (glucose) into useable sugar (glucose) into useable chemical energy (ATP)chemical energy (ATP)

A Place to liveA Place to live

Some organisms need a lot of space Some organisms need a lot of space to live.to live.

This is why governments are This is why governments are starting to create habitat starting to create habitat management plans so that there management plans so that there are places for animals to live.are places for animals to live.

Animals need the help with finding a Animals need the help with finding a place to live because people have place to live because people have out competed animals for living out competed animals for living place resources.place resources.

Could life as we know it exist Could life as we know it exist on Earth if air only contained on Earth if air only contained

oxygen?oxygen? Life could not exist as we know it if Life could not exist as we know it if

air only contained oxygen because air only contained oxygen because green plants, algae, and some green plants, algae, and some bacteria need carbon dioxide gas as bacteria need carbon dioxide gas as well as oxygen. well as oxygen.

Without carbon dioxide Without carbon dioxide photosynthesis could not occur and photosynthesis could not occur and there would not be producers which there would not be producers which consumers need to eat.consumers need to eat.

ReviewReview1. In the cell membrane, ________________

(protein or phospholipid) molecules form two layers.

2. When a planarian worm is cut in half, each half develops into a whole worm. This is an example of __________ (asexual or sexual) reproduction.

3. (Proteins or Nucleic acids)______________ are sometimes called the blueprints of life.

4. (Homeostasis or Heredity) _______________is the passing of traits from one generation to the next.

5. (Metabolism or Homeostasis) _____________ refers to all of the chemical activities that an organism’s cells perform.

phospholipids

asexualNucleic acids

Heredity

Metabolism

6. _________ is a complex carbohydrate manufactured by plants.

a. Oil c. Starchb. Protein d. Hemoglobin

7. When a duck dives under water, its inner eyelids automatically raise to cover the duck’s eyes. In this case, water acts as__________

a. homeostasis. c. a reaction.b. a stimulus. d. an enzyme.

8. The molecule that provides energy for cellular processes is__________

a. ATP. c. RNA.b. DNA. d. protein.

Starch

a stimulus

ATP

9. The subunits of proteins are __________a. enzymes. c. nucleotides.b. amino acids. d. sugar molecules.

10. The subunits of nucleic acids are __________a. enzymes. c. nucleotides.b. amino acids. d. sugar molecules.

11. Cells do not use ___________for energy storage.a. fats c. carbohydratesb. oils d. nucleic acids

amino acids.

nucleotides.

nucleic acids

12. Plant cells need carbon dioxide which is used for __________a. cellular respiration. c. photosynthesis.b. reproduction. d. fertilization.

13. The energy that powers photosynthesis comes from ______________.a. light from the sun. c. gas molecules.b. sugar breakdown. d. soil chlorophyll.

14. Chlorophyll absorbs ________________.a. water. c. light energy.b. carbon dioxide. d. soil oxygen

photosynthesis

Light from the sun

Light energy

15. Food molecules are broken down to release energy by the _______________.a. ribosomes. c. mitochondria.b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.

16. Most of the ATP produced by a cell is made in the __________________.a. ribosomes. c. mitochondria. b. endoplasmic reticulum. d. chloroplasts.

mitochondria

mitochondria