Unit 3 Lesson 2 Ancient Rome 1. Geography -Located on the Italian peninsula, in the center of the Mediterranean Sea -The Alps are in the North -The Apennine.

Unit 3 Lesson 2Ancient Rome

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Geography-Located on the Italian peninsula, in the center of the Mediterranean Sea

-The Alps are in the North

-The Apennine Mts. are on the eastern coast

-broad, fertile plains in the north and west

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Geography

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Rome GeographyRome is located:

-On the banks of the Tiber River-On and around seven hills

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Why would this geographic location be an advantage?

Early Civilization-Italy was originally occupied by many different groups of people

-Two main groups were Greek colonists and the Etruscans

-The Etruscans ruled much of central Italy and Rome itself

-Ancestors of the Romans, the Latins, settled in the area that is now Rome around 800 B.C.

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Legend of the Founding of Rome

753 B.C. – Rome founded (according to legend) by Romulus and Remus, twin sons who were raised by a wolf.

-According to the tale, the twins’ mother was a Latin woman and their father was the war god Mars

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Politics

-Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler, Tarquin the Proud and swore to never have a king again.

509 B.C. – Rome became a Republic.

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Laws451 B.C. – Twelve Tables

-Code of Laws; used the Ten Commandments as a basis -All citizens were equal before the law

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Structure of the Republic

-Patricians= landholding upper class

-Plebeians= farmers, merchants, artisans, traders

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Structure of the Republic

-Senate= governing body; citizens elect leaders to vote

-Consuls= two patricians

-Dictator= assigned to be in charge in the event of a war

-Voting rights were only extended to free-born males

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Structure of the Republic-Plebeians have no say in the government- Eventually get to elect their own officials called tribunes in 494 B.C.- For 84 years, (421-337 B.C.) plebeians fought to have a role in each part of the government

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Social Structures

-Roman women were nearly social equals of men-Ran the household-Given authority and respect-Had personal freedom-Owned property-Could testify in court

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Religion

-Romans were polytheistic-they believed in many gods and goddesses

-Many of the gods were adapted from the Greek gods Greek God Roman God

Zeus-ruler of all gods Jupiter-ruler of all gods

Hera-wife of Zeus, protected marriage

Juno-wife of Jupiter, protected marriage

Poseidon-god of the sea Neptune-god of the sea

-Roman calendar is full of feasts and celebrations to honor the gods and goddesses-Temples for worship to ask for divine assistance

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Art, Architecture, and Literature

-Borrowed many cultural influenced from the Classical Greeks – Greco-Roman culture developed

-Frescoes were painted on walls

-Literature followed Greek forms and models but addressed Roman themes

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Art, Architecture, and Literature

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Art, Architecture, and Literature

-Built spectacular works such as the Coliseum

-Elaborate arches, domes, concrete

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Art, Architecture, and Literature

-Aqueducts were used to transport water to urban areas

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Politics-Rome grows strong and begins conquering the rest of Italy

-By 270 B.C., Rome controls most of the Italian peninsula

-Military is made up of citizens

-Rome conquered justly- allowing those conquered to keep their culture, customs, and government- as long as they supplied soldiers, paid taxes, and acknowledge Roman leadership

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The Punic Wars-Series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage (N. Africa)

-Rome fought Carthage in three wars from 264 B.C. to 146 B.C. (118 years)

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The Punic Wars

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The Punic Wars264 B.C. – 1st Punic War Begins. Rome won control of Sicily.

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The Punic Wars218 B.C. – 2nd Punic War Begins. Hannibal invaded northern Italy.

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The Punic Wars

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The Punic Wars

202 B.C. - Hannibal was defeated at Zama by Scipio

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The Punic Wars

146 B.C. - 3rd Punic War Begins. Rome destroyed Carthage and made Carthaginians their slaves.

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Republic to Empire

-They had worked to help the poor, but the Senate had them killed.

-Their murders resulted in civil wars.

133 & 121 B.C. - The Gracchus Brothers were murdered

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Republic to Empire-Civil wars break out to decide who should hold power. The senate wanted to keep the status quo; political leaders wanted to weaken the senate and enact reforms

-Slave uprisings throughout the republic

-Armies became loyal to their commanders because they gave them benefits such as captured land

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Turmoil in Rome

88 B.C. – Sulla marched on Rome and became Dictator

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Turmoil in Rome

58-54 B.C. - Caesar conquered Gaul and Britain.

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60 B.C. – Triumvirate formed between Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey (3 generals)

-Cicero worked during this time to recreate the values of the Republic

49 B.C. - Caesar invaded Rome and defeated Pompey.

47 B.C. - Caesar invaded Egypt and appointed Cleopatra queen.

Turmoil in Rome

44 B.C. – named Dictator for life, later assassinated by Senate. Marc Antony got control of Rome

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46 B.C. – appointed Dictator by the Senate.

Turmoil in Rome

31 B.C. – Battle of Actium, Octavian defeats Marc Antony and Cleopatra.

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43 B.C. – Second Triumvirate formed between Marc Antony, Octavian (Caesar’s nephew), and Marcus Lepidus.

Roman Empire

Beginning of the Roman Empire -Conquered territory-Single sovereign authority-Controlled militarily

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27 B.C. – Octavian declared “Augustus Caesar”

Pax Romana began – brought peace, built public buildings, created a lasting government, and set up civil service, allowed Christianity to spread

Roman Empire

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27 B.C. to A.D. 68 – Julian-Claudian Dynasty – Augustus Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

Roman Empire

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5/4 B.C. – Birth of Christ in Judea.

AD. 28 – John the Baptist executed.

AD. 30 – Jesus crucified - Roman leaders feared he would incite people with claims he was the Messiah.

-Peter and Paul continued to spread Christianity.

Roman Empire

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A.D. 64 – Fire destroys Rome; Nero orders persecution of Christians.

Roman Empire

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A.D. 122 – Construction of Hadrian’s Wall begins.

Roman Empire

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Roman Empire

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c. A.D. 250 – Decline of Rome-Bread & Circuses – rulers attempted to keep the

people happy by providing food and entertainment (gladiators)

Roman Empire

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Causes-Disruption of Trade-Inflation, higher taxes-Food shortages due to overworked soil and civil

wars.-Invading Barbarians-Lack of trustworthy generals-Empire had expanded too rapidly

Roman Empire

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A.D. 285 – Emperor Diocletian was unable to defend the Empire from Germanic invaders.

-Divided Empire in half.-Diocletian ruled the East.-Co-emperor Maximian ruled the West-Diocletian tried to fix the economy and declared himself a son of a Roman god.

Roman Empire

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A.D. 313 – Roman Emperor Constantine said Christians would not be persecuted; later made Christianity the official religion

AD. 324 – Constantine became Emperor of both halves of Empire.

Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople

AD. 407 – Rome leaves Britain.

Roman Empire

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A.D. 410 – Visigoths under Alaric sack Rome

AD. 444 – Huns unite under Attila and terrorize all of the Roman Empire.

AD. 476 – Germanic people control much of Europe. Removed last western Roman Emperor from the throne.

-The Byzantine Empire in the east continued

Roman Empire

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A.D. 529 – Justinian Code-Byzantine law code -Foundation for western legal tradition