Unit 3: Expansion and the Jacksonian Era. Election of 1800 The Election of 1800 was between Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican Party) and John Adams.

Unit 3: Expansion and the Jacksonian Era

Election of 1800

The Election of 1800 was between Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican Party) and John Adams the incumbent (Federalist Party).

The Federalists saw Jefferson as a dangerous supporter of France and an opponent to religion.

The Democratic-Republicans viewed Adams as the puppet to the Northern wealthy elite who wanted to create a British-style monarchy.

Jefferson wins, and becomes the first occasion where one political party would hand over control to another.

Jefferson Presidency

Simple government necessaryTried to shrink the government and cut costs

wherever possibleReduced the size of the armyHalted a planned expansion of the navyLowered expenses for government social

functionsReduced the influence of the National Bank

of America Expand the nation

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

The Judiciary Act of 1789 creates several judiciary positions.

President Adams fills those positions with Federalists (last minute).

William Marbury asks Sec. James Madison for his appointment. Madison refuses.

Marbury sues Madison, taking the case to the Supreme Court.

Chief Justice Marshall says that Marbury is entitled to his position, BUT that the court really doesn’t have the authority to rule on the issue.

By making this decision, Marshall declares Section 13 of the Judiciary Act unconstitutional establishing judicial review.

Judicial Review =

The power of the Supreme Court to decide whether an act of a president or

laws passed by Congress are constitutional

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon Bonaparte regains control of the land west of the Mississippi from Spain.

Jefferson wanted expansion, and he looked to the Louisiana Territory to do it. The territory held the coveted trade port of New Orleans. When Spain was forced to give the territory to the French, Jefferson considered purchasing the land from Napoleon.

Stop and Think!

Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican, so how did he feel about the Constitution?

And what does the Constitution say about the president buying land and adding new states to the union?

Napoleon wants money Jefferson wants expansion

Louisiana Purchase

$15 Million

(http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=25166)

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Jefferson appointed Mariwether Lewis to lead an expedition called the Corp of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific coast

Jefferson ordered them to collect scientific information about unknown plants and animals and to learn as much as possible about Native American tribes

William Clark was chosen as second in command.

Sacajawea- Native American woman who served as a guide and interpreter

Expedition took 2 years and 4 months

Their journey

Tension with the British

• From 1793 to 1807 Britain is at war with France

• British ships stop French ships and confiscate goods

• French sneak goods past British privateers by shipping goods to U.S. ports and then transferring them to U.S. ships

• The British navy needs men for sailors, so British ships attack American ships and impress men into the British navy.

• U.S. had to respond to this threat to U.S. shipping, but war = money for a navy.

• Jefferson tries an embargo American ships don’t trade internationally.

• Jefferson thinks this will weaken British economy• In fact, this weakens U.S. economy because the

British trade elsewhere.• The embargo backfires and weakens the U.S.

economy. (Federalists are VERY unhappy)

War of 1812

Causes of the War of 1812

1.British Impressment-The British navy seized American ships traveling to Europe and drafted Americans into the British navy

2.Tecumseh’s Confederacy-Indian chief launched attacks on Americans using weapons provided by British in Canada

3.The War Hawks-Young Congressmen from the west and south called “War Hawks” led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay demanded war with Britain

Declared war in June 1812 US was unprepared for war

British captured Detroit and US failed to take Montreal British invaded Washington D.C. in 1814

Burned the Capitol, White House and other public buildings From there they proceeded to Baltimore and attacked Fort

McHenry During the fighting, Francis Scott Key wrote the poem “Defense of

Fort McHenry” Later put to the tune of an old pub song and became the “Star

Spangled Banner” Battle of New Orleans 1815:

Led by General Andrew Jackson Troops defeated the British Fighting ended after this battle

Results of the War

1. Treaty of Ghent (1814)-signed on Christmas Eve officially ends war •Armistice is declared

2. In 1818, Britain and the U.S. agree to a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.

The Monroe Doctrine

In 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon, nations such as Spain, Portugal and Russia wanted to increase their land in America.

Wanting to control the Western Hemisphere, the Monroe Doctrine was issued which states the following:

1.American Continent to be free of any European colonization2.All governments in America Republics3.Any involvement by European countries in America would be considered a threat to America4.U.S. would not interfere in European affairs

In 1819- Adams-Onis Treaty-Spain gave Florida to the U.S. as well as claims to the Oregon Territory.

Nationalism and Change

The North and South were developing different economies (industry in north, agriculture in south)

Madison wanted to unite the regions and create a strong, stable, self-sufficient economy

Developed a transportation system- National Roads and the Erie Canal (“The Big Ditch”)

Established protective tariffs Resurrected the national bank Henry Clay promoted this plan as the AMERICAN

SYSTEM

The American System Developed transportation system, new protective tariffs, led

to Second National Bank-proposed by Henry

Industrial Revolution-social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced people

Began in Britain-1700’sU.S. moved from

economy based on international trade, to manufacturing. (Mainly in the North) Eli Whitney-muskets made

from interchangeable parts; Cotton gin

Stop and think! North v. South

North-Explain economy?

South-Explain economy?

Why the difference?

Nationalism

The belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or interests of other countries

People began spreading and migrating to the West.

Why does this become a problem?

Supreme Court and Nationalism

Chief Justice John Marshall used the Supreme Court to ensure that the federal government had the power to regulate everything that crossed state lines (interstate commerce).

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Maryland charged high taxes on the local branch of

the Bank of U.S.- wanted to make it fail Chief JusticeMarshall claimed that if this was allowed

states would be overturning laws passed by Congress and denied Maryland the right to tax the bank

“the power to tax is the power to destroy”

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)–Ogden had a monopoly on

steamboat service between NY and NJ

–Gibbons started a competing service

–Ogden sued–Marshall ruled that a

monopoly was illegal, interstate commerce could only be regulated by federal government not states

–Significance: Congress had the power to regulate all interstate commerce

AGE OF JACKSON - TRAIL OF TEARS

New Nation

Election of 1824

Jackson won popular vote but lacked electoral votes to be elected.

House of Representatives had to decide outcome and John Quincy Adams was declared the winner (“Corrupt Bargain”)

Jackson and his followers (Jacksonians) accused Adams of stealing the Presidency.

Jackson formed the Democratic-Republican Party (Democratic Party today)

Jackson Becomes President (1828)

Andrew Jackson’s policies spoke for the common people (land owning requirement for males eliminated)

• Party loyalty was of the utmost importance• Spoils System (rewarding

supporters with governmental jobs)

Violated Native American rights

The Indian Removal Act

The Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee Chickasaw Choctaw

Creek Seminole

Through wars like The Creek War of 1814,and subsequent treaties, the United Statesacquired millions of acres of Indian land.

States wanted more land and began to takeit—even land promised to Indians in Federal

treaties.

Jackson urged Congress’s passage of TheIndian Removal Act in 1830.

Government provided funds to negotiate treaties that would force the Native Americans to move west

Cherokee-fought back (Worchester v Georgia, 1832)

Trail of Tears-Beginning October-November 1838-Cherokee were sent off in groups about 1,000 each on an 800 mile journey to their new land west of the Mississippi

Trail of Tears Map

Jackson and the National Bank

Jackson hated the 2nd Bank of the United States, arguing that it helped the wealthy.

Vetoed the new bank charter in 1832

Removed money from the bank and puts it in state banks

Significance: led to the formation of Whig Party

Leaders: Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, Daniel Webster

Whigs devoted to the American System

Significance: led to the Panic of 1837 (severe economic depression)

Do Now!

Complete the political cartoon analysis on Andrew Jackson.

Turn in for a daily grade.

REFORM MOVEMENTS

New Nation

Slavery and Abolition

Abolitionists Speak Out–Abolition: movement to outlaw slavery that gained momentum in the 1830s–William Lloyd Garrison—white abolitionist and newspaper editor in Boston, MA

In 1831, he began publishing The Liberator, a newspaper that called for immediate, uncompensated emancipation (freeing of slaves)

In 1833, he started the American Anti-Slavery Society, a group of white and black members who were committed to ending slavery

Frederick Douglass: African-American abolitionist and escaped slave from Maryland who became a public speaker for the American Anti-Slavery Society–Eventually published his own newspaper, The Northstar- After the Civil War, he became an ambassador to Haiti.

Life Under Slavery U.S. had 2 million slaved by 1830, and 4 million by 1860 Most slaves had been born in the US and spoke English and worked on

plantations Marriage allowed but not legally protected by law

Plantation (rural) slavery Worked from dawn to dusk in fields White overseer or slave driver was place in charge of work crews to

make sure slaves worked throughout the day

Urban Slavery Some skilled jobs in cities were opened up for slaves Mill work, shipping, carpentry, blacksmithing Slave owners hired out their slaves to factory owners

Slave Rebellions–Gabriel Prosser (1800): Plotted to take over Richmond, VA•Captured, killed–Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831): 80 slaves in VA attacked several plantation killing 60 whites•State militia captured them•Put on trial, convicted, and hanged•Significance:–White on black violence erupted (200 blacks killed)–Southern whites determined to defend the institution of slavery

–Slave codes: state laws passed to restrict slaves’ activities

Women and Reform

Women’s Roles in the Mid-1800s Cult of Domesticity: dominant idea of the 1800s that married women

were restricted to housework and children

•No political rights for women-no right to vote

Women became social active in the mid-1800s•Abolition movement: worked to abolish slavery•Temperance movement: worked to prohibit alcohol•Education movement: pushed for more educational opportunities for women•Significance: all of these social movements provided women with the opportunity to become active outside of the home, which helped lead to the push for increased rights

Women’s Rights Movement Emerges–Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Attended an anti-slavery convention in Great Britain (1840) where women were discriminated against

Decided to form a women’s rights convention and establish a women’s rights movement

Seneca Falls Convention (1848): women’s rights convention held by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott•Women drafted the ―Declaration of Sentiments‖ to call for increased women’s rights including the right to vote–Based on declaration of independence

(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXsapMUfKMw&feature=related)

Susan B. Anthony•Became a leading advocate for women’s suffrage in the mid to late 1800s•Along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, founded NAWSA (National American Women’s Suffrage Association) in 1890

Women and the Economy

Women In Factories–Women had spun yarn, wove clothes, made candles, soap, butter, and cheese at home (some worked the fields with men)–Manufactured goods were created faster than ones at home–Factory jobs promised greater economic independence for women and a means to buy the manufactured goods in the new market economy–Women worked 6 days a week for up to 13 hours

Workers and “Wage Slaves”

Factory System•Manufacturing had been done in the home or small shop ---now it was in a factory (couldn’t maintain an intimate relationship with the workers as much anymore)•Bosses got rich•Workers worked:

–Long hours–Had low wages–Meals were skimpy–Unsanitary buildings–Poorly ventilated, lighted, and heated–Forbidden by law to form labor unions to raise wages

(thought was related to criminal conspiracy)•Many strikes resulted

The Second Great Awakening

Preachers rejected the 18th century Calvinist belief that God predetermined one’s salvation or damnation (heaven or hell) Stressed individual

responsibility for seeking salvation- people could improve themselves and society

Christians churches competed to proclaim the message of a democratic God- possibility of salvation to anyone

Held gatherings call revivals- emotional meeting designed to awaken religious faith

Brought Christianity to slaves All people, black or white,

belonged to the same GodBaptist and Methodist

churches opened to both races

Many interpreted the Christian message as a promise of freedom

African Methodist Episcopal Church became a political, cultural and social center

Transcendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated truth found in nature and personal emotion and imagination

Literary movement that stressed American optimism, freedom, and self reliance

Henry David Thoreau Encouraged people to

follow their inner voice Tried to create perfect

societies (utopia)

Prison Reform

Dorothea Dix visited jails and was horrified to see that mentally ill people were there

Helped pass a law in Massachusetts to improve conditions

Between 1845-1852 Dix persuaded 9 southern states to create separate facilities for the mentally ill

Emphasized rehabilitation

Temperance Movement

Prohibit the drinking of alcohol

Liquor was not only used as a beverage but was given to patients before surgery

American Temperance Society was founded in 1826

Held rallies, produced pamphlets and brought about a decline in alcohol consumption

CLOSING QUESTION

In the age of Jacksonian Democracy, why did people get involved? How successful was this age of Reform? Proof?