Unit 3 Physiological and Participatory Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of Physical Perspectives of Physical Activity Activity
Jan 31, 2016
Unit 3Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of Physiological and Participatory Perspectives of
Physical ActivityPhysical Activity
Chapter 1•National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity
Text Sources
1. Nelson Physical Education VCE Units 3&4: 4th Edition – Malpeli, Horton, Davey and Telford 2006.
2. Live It Up 2: 2nd Edition – Smyth, Brown, Judge, McCallum and Pritchard 2006.
National Physical Activity Guidelines
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity
National Physical Activity Guidelines
• The Australian Department of Health and Ageing has produced a set of guidelines on the minimum levels of physical activity required for optimum health and body weight.
• They are not designed for high-level fitness or sports training, but are intended to provide realistic strategies for incorporating physical activity into our daily lives.
Age & Training Principles
Group Frequency Intensity Duration Type of Activity
Child & Youth
7 days Moderate to
Vigorous
60 min+ Weight bearing / impact
Adult Minimum of 5 days
Moderate 30 min All types
Obese 7 Low-moderate
60 min Aerobic
p.6
REVISION QUESTIONS
1. What is the recommended frequency of physical activity for a 52 year old male within the healthy weight range?
2. If a 10 year old boy averages 75 minutes of MVPA per day and watches 180 minutes of television, does he meet the National Physical Activity Guidelines?
3. If an individual who returns to the healthy weight range after being obese for several years accumulates 30 minutes of MVPA most days, would they be sufficiently active to avoid weight regain? Explain.
Domains of Physical Activity Domains
Examples
Leisure-time physical activity Various types of activity; different surveys use generic or activity specific questions, and may ask details of activity frequency, duration and intensity.
Gardening and yard work Various definitions, of varied intensities; may range from light-intensity gardening to vigorous chores or digging/moving heavy objects.
Household chores Heterogeneous set of tasks; large gender differences; energy expenditure across tasks not well understood.
Active transport Walking or cycling for transportation.
Occupational physical activity
Diverse occupations, with changes in energy expended in many occupations over recent decades.
PA for older adults
Need for and Benefits of Physical Activity
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity
The Need for Physical Activity
Physical activity can be defined as ‘any body movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in expenditure of energy’.
• Technology has lessened the need for human movement.• It is now much easier to live, work and play as a result of technology.• However, this reliance has made Australians more sedentary.• Human movement is essential for the health and maintenance of our
bodies.• Sedentary lifestyles account for an estimated 1/3 of all deaths.• The most common deaths include heart disease, colon cancer and
diabetes.• 30 minutes a day of activity has a range of health and social benefits.
Benefits of Physical Activity•On average, every minute of walking can extend your life by one and a half to two minutes •A brisk walk can burn up to 300 calories per hour •Physical activity increases your circulation •Boosts energy levels and enhances your mood •Decrease your risk of many health problems including cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, some forms of cancer and mental health conditions.
•Improves your balance and flexibility •Increase muscle and bone strength •Physical activity helps maintain weight control •Improve health outcomes for people who are overweight or obese •Assist in managing diseases (heart disease, diabetes) •Increase the ability of people with certain chronic, disabling conditions to perform activities of daily living
Benefits of Physical Activity
REVISION QUESTIONS1. Prior to the 1990s what was the focus of the Australian National Activity
Guidelines?2. The Surgeon General’s report concluded significant health gains could
be obtained by engaging in physical activity on most days of the week at what intensity?
3. Provide two examples of physical activities within each domain of physical activity (household/gardening, leisure time, occupational and active participation)
4. What are the current National Physical Activity Guidelines for adults, children, and youth?
5. What types of physical activities are important for older people?
Physical Activity PyramidNational Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity
Physical Activity Pyramid & Ladder
•Educates people about the types of activities required to enhance fitness, health and wellbeing.•People need to participate in all activities in all levels.•Like the healthy eating food pyramid, the bottom of the pyramid is activities that we should participate in the most, were as the top is the least.
•Fitness ladder
How Active are Australians?National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity
How Active are We?•Over 6.5 million Australians are active participants is sports•60% of men and 53% of women successfully achieve the recommended time and frequency to enjoy the benefits of physical activity •However, frequency has declined since 1997.•62% of children participate in sport outside of school hours.•20-25% of children and adolescents are overweight.
•Fewer older people were involved in sport than younger people•Just of 50% of those aged 15-24 were active participants
Adult Participation•57% of adults engage in sufficient physical activity for health benefits.•However adult male participation is decreasing.•Tertiary educated adults more active.
•Retiree participation rates are increasing due to recent health awareness programs.•Most common activities (See table 1.3-1.6)
Data Analysis 1.1 p.9Data Analysis 1.2 p.14Data Analysis 1.1 p.115
p.9
Adolescent ParticipationNational Health Survey Findings•23% of adolescents don’t regularly participate in physical activity.•Only one-third of adolescents participate in vigorous activity.•Males more active than females.
•Adolescents are significantly more active during warmer months of the year (See fig 1.5 p.15)Data Analysis 1.5 p.16
MET (Metabolic equivalent) 3.5ml/kg/min of O2
•Rest 1MET•Moderate activity 3MET•Vigorous activity 6+
Children ParticipationABS findings•62% of children participate in organised sport.•Boys had a higher participation than girls.•Peak participation between 10-12 years of age.•Soccer is the most popular boys sport and netball for girls.
Accelerometer findings•5-6 year old children average four hours of physical activity per day. •10-12 year olds only average 10 minutes.Tips for keeping kids activeAustralian Sports Commission Link
Active After school program
Structured Questions 1.6 p.19
Age and Gender
Sport Participation Rates
Organised Activities
Barriers to ParticipationGender - Greater proportions of males participate in sport and physical activity than females. Females generally have less opportunity and less access to sporting activities.
Socioeconomic Status – Well educated white collar workers are the most physically active Australians.
Income – People with higher incomes can participate in a wider variety of activities and more often.
Race – People born in Australia are more active than those who were not. Race is often used as a form of discrimination, thus reducing participation.
Geographic Location – Where you live can limit access to facilities and specific sports
Barriers to ParticipationOther Barriers•Lack of time due to other commitments
•Lack of fun and enjoyment
•Lack of self-motivation
•Low self-efficiency
•Injury
•Lack of self-management skills
•Lack of encouragement and support
•Poor coaching
•Negative environmental factors
Barriers to Participation
Measuring levels of Physical Activity
National Physical Activity Guidelines & Methods of Assessing Physical Activity
10,000 steps
Measuring Physical Activity among Individuals and Populations
•Measuring the amount of physical activity is a complex procedure.•Information collected needs to address the types of activities, frequency, intensity and duration.•Physical activity covers many domains.
Why measure our levels of activity?•Document how active our population is•Gives feedback on government health programs•An active nation is a healthy nation•Study the factors that influence our participation
Methods of Measuring Physical Activity
Dimensions of Physical Activity
• Frequency – Number of times a person engages in an activity
• Duration – Length of time engaged in an activity• Intensity – How hard an activity is• Type – Domains• Context – Where you are, when, who with etc.• Energy – Measured in METs• Expense – Cost in dollars• Reactivity – How much the measure biases
towards the result.
METS, Time and Intensity
Subjective Measures
• Examples of subjective (remembering physical activity done) are self-reported recall measures, diaries and logs. Eg. Active Australia Survey and IPAQ.
Written Report 1.7 p.23
Strengths Weaknesses
Assess multiple domains
Can be quickly administered to large groups
Low reliability and validity
Social biases in answers given
Poor recall skills in children
The Active Australia Survey
Objective Measures Direct ObservationDirect Observation – Involves watching people and noting specific behaviours and activities they are participating in. Commonly used on children while playing.
Advantages•Quantitative and qualitative information•Behaviour observed•Wider variety of information gained•Software available•Used in school and community settings
Disadvantages•Difficult with large populations•Obtrusive and time consuming•Can cause bias
Physical Activity logs/diaries
Advantages Disadvantages
Objective Measures - SOPLAY
System of Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY)•Used to asses groups of people (Commonly school settings).•Uses a time-sampling technique in a given target area. See table 1.8 p.1.8See SOPLAY formSOPLAY Laboratory 1.8 p.27
Measurement Options – Direct Observation
Advantages Disadvantages
Objective Measures – SOFIT and BEACHES
SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time)•Measures physical activity during PE classes•Content and behaviour is observed (See graph)
BEACHES (Behaviours of Eating Activity for Children’s Health Evaluation System)•Measures children’ eating and physical activity patterns at home and at school.
Measurement Options – Direct Observation
Objective Measures HR Monitors
HR monitors measure our hearts response to exercise intensity and energy expenditure.
HR is very useful in the laboratory and in sports training. Is unobtrusive and gives quick data collection.
However, HR is not influenced by intensity alone. There is also a lag between HR change and intensity.
Measurement Options – HR monitorsAdvantages Disadvantages
Objective Measures - PedometersAdvantages•Low cost & non-invasive•Easy to use motion sensor•Determine distance travelled on foot•Newer models also measure energy expended and time.•10,000 steps a day is recommended.
Heart foundation planner
Disadvantages•Assess only hip movement•Can’t store data•Unable to record magnitude of the movement•Not useful when comparing different age groups•Energy expenditure based on adult results only.
Laboratory 1.9 & 1.10 p.31
Measurement Options - Pedometers
Advantages Disadvantages
Laboratory 1.9 & 1.10 p.31
Measurement Options - AccelerometersAdvantages
Disadvantages
See fig.1.20 p.32
Objective Measures Doubly Labelled Water
DLW – Used to accurately measure total energy expenditure in field settings.A person is given a known sample of two isotopes (Deuterium and oxygen-18) and a urine sample is given.A fortnight later, another urine sample is given and the level of isotopes is recorded.The greater the difference in isotopic concentrations, the greater the energy expenditure.The method is based on two stable isotopes (naturally occurring compounds) of water found in the body:2H2O (deuterium-labelled water).
– Is lost from the normal body routes via sweat, urine, evaporative losses.
H218O (oxygen-18 labelled water)
– Is lost at a slightly faster rate because in addition to the normal routes of loss it also lost via carbon dioxide production.
The difference between the two isotopes is the rate of carbon dioxide production. The subject is given a dose of the two isotopes orally. The new levels are then measured via a urine sample.The person then returns to normal living for 7-14 days. Then returns to the lab where a final urine test is performed and the difference between the two isotopes is established. Hence the rate of carbon dioxide production is determined.
p.35
Doubly labelled Water
Advantages•Unobtrusive and non invasive.•Accurately measures total energy expenditure related to physical activity over a one or two week period.•Allows for the calculation of VO2 •Can be used with any age group.
Disadvantages•Extremely expensive, around $2000 per person per test.•Doesn’t provide any information relating to activity type, frequency, intensity or duration. •Doesn’t provide any contextual information (settings where someone is being active) about the physical activity behaviour of an individual.
REVISION QUESTIONS + Test your knowledge p 35
1. Identify three advantages and limitations of heart rate telemetry2. If you wanted to assess whether a 7 year old child meets the
National Physical Activity Guidelines for 5 – 12 year olds, what physical activity measures would you use? Explain your answer.
3. How could you reduce the reactivity associated with the use of direct observation when observing a group of primary school aged children?
4. Direct observation is an example of a subjective measure or an objective measure of physical activity?
5. What is the major limitation of heart rate monitoring in assessing physical activity?
6. Explain how stride length is calculated so it can be programmed into a pedometer
7. What are the advantages of using accelerometry to assess physical activity?
REVISION QUESTIONS
• revision 1• revision 2• revision 3• revision 4• revision 5• revision 6
GLOSSARY LIST• Electronic media for entertainment• Moderate intensity physical activity• Physical activity• Operationalise• Reactivity• Subjective• Sufficiently active• Validity• Vigorous intensity physical activity
KEY CONCEPT CHECKLIST + p34
1. How much physical activity is recommended for children, youth, adults, older, overweight and obese individuals?
2. Rates of participation in Australia3. Types of measures most appropriate for various
subgroups4. Characteristics of various subjective measures
including recall, self-reported logs and diaries5. Characteristics of various objective measures
including heart rate telemetry, pedometry, accelerometry and direct observation
Web Links – Chapter 1•Australian Sports Commission: http://www.ausport.gov.au •Find 30 promotion (Government of WA Department of Health): http://www.find30.com.au •Walking School Bus promotion (UK): http://www.walkingbus.com •Ministry of Health (New Zealand) toolkits: http://www.newhealth.govt.nz •The 10,000 Steps Rockhampton project: http://www.10000steps.org.au/rockhampton/ •Travelsmart Australia: http://www.travelsmart.gov.au •World Health Organisation: http://www.who.int •Heart Foundation Australia: http://www.heartfoundation.com.au •VicHealth (The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation): http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au •Be Active promotion (Government of South Australia): http://www.beactive.com.au •Go For Your Life: http://www.goforyourlife.vic.gov.au •Physical Activity Resources for Health Professionals – Introduction (Centre for disease control and prevention – USA): http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/health_professionals/index.htm •Health Promotion (Public Health Agency of Canada): http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/index.html •Strategic Inter-Governmental Forum on Physical Activity and Health (SIGPAH): http://www.nphp.gov.au/workprog/sigpah/ •Healthy youth (Centre for disease control and prevention (USA): http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/ •America On The Move promotion: http://www.americaonthemove.org •Papers from the International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity: http://www.ijbnpa.org/home •Department of health and aging (Australian government): http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/content/home •Building a healthy, active Australia (Australian government): http://www.healthyactive.gov.au •National Public Health Partnership: http://www.nphp.gov.au •Be Active promotion (Government of South Australia): http://www.beactive.com.au •Sport and Recreation Australia: http://www.sport.vic.gov.au
•Australian government physical activity recommendations for children and young people: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-active-recommend.htm •Children’s leisure activities report (Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research – Deakin University): http://www.deakin.edu.au/hbs/cpan/be.php •Australian Sports Commission: http://www.ausport.gov.au •VicHealth (The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation): http://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au •Physical Activity Resources for Health Professionals – Introduction (Centre for disease control and prevention (USA): http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/health_professionals/index.htm •Strategic Inter-Governmental Forum on Physical Activity and Health (SIGPAH): http://www.nphp.gov.au/workprog/sigpah/ •Sport and Recreation Australia: http://www.sport.vic.gov.au