Unit 2 Review Terms and Applications. General Terms Nature vs. Nurture—the debate in psychology over the relative roles of genetics and environment in.

Unit 2 Review

Terms and Applications

General Terms

Nature vs. Nurture—the debate in psychology over the relative roles of genetics and environment in producing psychological outcomes

Quid pro quo—”this for that”: an action performed in expectation of a return action

Ostentation/Ostentatious—the gaudy, excessive showing off of wealth

Terminology of Literary Criticism

Realism—a literary movement in which writers represented ordinary people in extraordinary, but real situations, rejecting the fantastic, heroic, mythic, etc. Began in the 19th century

Modernism—literary movement from the 1880s – WWII which introduced radical experimentation in literary technique, including fragmentation of perspective, discontinuity of narrative, disruption of syntax, and themes of alienation and spiritual emptiness


Levels of Interpretation Action—what happens in the story Characters’ Motivation—why the characters

do what the do Author’s Motivation—why the author does

what he/she does Evaluation—is the literature successful at

what it attempts to do Interpretive Lenses—specific perspectives

though which literature can be viewed. A Critical Lens is an interpretive lens (see next slide)


Marxist Criticism—views literature through perspective of economics and class struggle

Feminist Criticism—views literature through the treatment of women, women’s rights, and women’s issues

Christian Criticism—views literature through adherence to Christian morals and beliefs

Ethical Criticism—analyzes literature through the ethical/moral perspectives presented; how does the literature deal with issues of right and wrong?


Motif—a repeated thematic element throughout a story or other work of art

Persona—a “mask” or personality a character (or real person) adopts in preference to or to cover up his/her real self

Deconstruction—an interpretive lens that looks at literature through questions about certainty, what identity means (persona vs. “self”), and the nature of truth


In medias res—starting a story “in the middle of things” in order to draw in readers

Flashback—interruption in the chronological order of the story by a scene or image from the past

Back Story—history of a character, often not shown or related, perhaps hinted at

Foreshadowing—authorial hints or suggestions about future events in the story

Flash Forward—Interruption in the chronological order of the story by a scene or image from the future


Motif—a repeated thematic element throughout a story or other work of art

Persona—a “mask” or personality a character (or real person) adopts in preference to or to cover up his/her real self

All other literary terms learned last quarter or in previous English classes: Irony, figurative language (metaphor/simile etc.), and much, much more

Terminology of Philosophy

Platonic Idealism—Plato’s belief that the reality we can sense is only a poor reflection of an ideal that exists on a higher plane

Free Will—the ability to choose your actions and ultimately your fate for yourself

Naturalism—detached, scientific view of humans as controlled by environmental forces, thus negating the possibility of free will and perhaps the existence of god

Determinism—denies free will and sees humans as animalistic, controlled more by biologic drives than logic and thought—if we can’t see the soul, then it must not exist.

Composition

Critical Lens Introduction Structure Interpret the lens Agree or disagree Connect to both pieces of literature

Body Paragraph Structure Topic sentence that connects the lens to a

specific piece of literature Specific details from the literature supporting

the topic sentence Transition or clincher sentence that connects

points to one another through the critical lens

Composition

Diction Vocabulary—use of terms we have learned Mechanics—grammar, spelling, punctuation Essay Structure—especially topic and

transition sentences Use of Specific Details—precise and

accurate Sentence Structure—syntax, complex vs.

simple sentences Formality—avoiding slang terms and phrases

How do you get to Carnegie Hall?

Try to figure out which of the terms above best represent the following:

Ethan Frome The narrator’s details about Jim’s marriage in

My Antonia As I was hanging by a branch from the cliff,

my life passed before my eyes . . . James Gatz’s view of himself Using stream of consciousness as a narrative

technique


The Great Gatsby illustrates the sinful nature of materialistic American society

Teasing out a character’s identity and what we can truly know about him/her

The plot in The Crucible turns on the question of whether or not it is right to lie to save your life

Ned and Ruth almost hitting the big elm Pointing out that mostly women were accused of

witchcraft but The Crucible focuses on Proctor Showing off your huge engagement ring Are identical twins alike in every way?


My Antonia reflects the lack of economic freedom immigrants face in American society

The frequent references to driving and car accidents in The Great Gatsby

Our “decisions” are only biological imperatives Nick’s reverie about the first time Gatsby kissed

Daisy Nick’s sense of alienation from the world at the

end of The Great Gatsby is a characteristic of this


Contribute to my campaign and I’ll steer business to your company

Fuzzy picture only seen clearly on a U2 (jet that flies at extreme altitude)

Here we are starting the story in the middle Sure he was able to kill his English teacher, but

why would anyone do such a foolish thing? You can do whatever you choose Debating how a text can be “true” with any

certainty


“In the end, all literature is about ethics.” Why did Fitzgerald tell the story out of order? Who killed Gatsby? Why did Tom tell Wilson about Gatsby? Did Fitzgerald effectively illustrate the upper

class moral failures of the 1920’s? Someone isn’t listening right now—years later

he curses as he lays dying because he hadn’t understood that his inattentiveness would cause poor reading skills and lead to his using his radio in the bathtub—he thought the directions said he could

How do you get to Carnegie Hall?The Hollow Men (fragment)

Here we go round the prickly pearPrickly pear prickly pearHere we go round the prickly pearAt five o'clock in the morning.Between the ideaAnd the realityBetween the motionAnd the actFalls the ShadowFor Thine is the KingdomBetween the conceptionAnd the creationBetween the emotionAnd the response Falls the ShadowLife is very long

Between the desireAnd the spasmBetween the potencyAnd the existenceBetween the essenceAnd the descentFalls the ShadowFor Thine is the KingdomFor Thine isLife isFor Thine is theThis is the way the world endsThis is the way the world endsThis is the way the world endsNot with a bang but a whimper.

- T.S. Eliot


We Wear the Mask

WE wear the mask that grins and lies,

It hides our cheeks and shades our eyes,—

This debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we

smile, And mouth with myriad subtleties.

Why should the world be over-wise, In counting all our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while

We wear the mask.

We smile, but, O great Christ, our cries

To thee from tortured souls arise. We sing, but oh the clay is vile Beneath our feet, and long the mile; But let the world dream otherwise,

We wear the mask!

Paul Laurence Dunbar

My Antonia

At the beginning of the novel, what do Jim and Antonia have in common?

What is the geography where Jim and Antonia live?

What is the Shimerda’s first winter like? What adventures do Jim and Antonia share? Who are Otto and Jake? What causes the “feud”? How does the feud end?

My Antonia

What religious conflicts are developed in the novel?

Why do the Burdens move to the town? How does the town treat the immigrant girls? Why are the dances a problem? Why does Antonia go to work for Wick Cutter? Why does Wick Cutter pummel Jim? Describe Jim’s sojourn in Lincoln. Who is Gaston Cleric?

My Antonia

Why does Jim decide to go to Harvard? Why do some people think Antonia should be

ashamed? What is she instead? Why doesn’t Jim go back to see Antonia for 20

years? What makes him go back? What does he find when he goes back? What are Jim’s future plans? What do he and Antonia share?

The Great Gatsby

What is Nick’s mood at the beginning of the novel?

What is his contradictory opinion of Gatsby? Why has Nick moved to West Egg? What is Nick’s salient characteristic at the

beginning of the novel? How does he know Tom and Daisy? Explain Myrtle. What are some of the rumors about Gatsby?

The Great Gatsby

How does Gatsby find out Nick knows Daisy? What do we know for sure about Gatsby’s

past? Why does Nick like Jordan? What are some of the signs that Gatsby is not

who he says he is? What is Gatsby’s first reunion with Daisy like? What does Gatsby want Daisy to do? What happens at the hotel?

The Great Gatsby

Why did Gatsby fail? What are the circumstances of the car

accident? What does Tom do for revenge? Why does Nick dump Jordan? Describe Gatsby’s funeral? What the heck does the ending mean? What characteristics of Realism can we find in

this book.

Unit 2 Review Terms and Applications. General Terms Nature vs. Nurture—the debate in psychology over the relative roles of genetics and environment in.

Documents

literary terms

literary technique

literature deal

literature successful

real person

real situations

hisher real selfall

chronological order