Unit 2 Lessons from Jefferson. Teaching Plan Warming up Global Reading New Words Text Analysis Exercise &Assignment Proverbs & Sayings.

Unit 2 Lessons from Jefferson

Teaching PlanTeaching PlanWarming up Warming up

Global ReadingGlobal Reading

New WordsNew Words

Text AnalysisText Analysis

Exercise &AssignmentExercise &Assignment

Proverbs & SayingsProverbs & Sayings

Warming up

How many presidents of America do you know? Can you name some of them?

George Washington

Abraham Lincoln

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Bill Clinton

George W. Bush Jr.

Barack

Obama

Warming up

• Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) is best remembered as a great President and as the author of the Declaration of Independence.

• He also won lasting fame as a diplomat, a political thinker, and a founder of the Democratic Party.

Life Story about Thomas Jefferson

The third president in

American history Born in 1743, Virginia His father was a large landowner. He began to learn Latin, Greek and French when

he was nine. In 1776, he drafted the

Declaration of Independence. In 1800, he became the president and served

for two terms.

The Declaration of Independence

• The Continental Congress met in June 1776. They decided that the thirteen colonies should be free and independent states, but they needed to write up a specific document to declare their independence from Great Britain.

Meaning of an expression ）

The Continental Congress decided to have Thomas Jefferson write the first draft of the Declaration of Independence.

One of the most important documents in the history of America.

Published on July 4, 1779 at the second Continental Congress.

Marks the beginning of a new nation.

July 4 has become the national day.

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•Global reading • Thomas Jefferson, the well-known

statesman, contributed to human progress by leaving a rich legacy of thought , which is still meaningful today. Let's study the text carefully and think about his lessons.

Jefferson died long ago, but may of his ideas still of great interest to us.

• Para1 Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at last one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.

• Para2 Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:

• Para3 Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.

• Para4 You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, "You must go into the people's homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."

• Para5 Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people's opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything," he wrote to his nephew, "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it."

• Para6 Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."

• Para7 Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."

• Para8 Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society," he said, "can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. "How much pain," he remarked, "has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind."

• Para9 Jefferson's courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.

• Para10 Of all Jefferson's many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal…"

• Para11 When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.

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•New words

Declaration n. 宣言 declare v.

独立宣言 declaration of indepence 竞选宣言 declaration of candidacy e.g. Obama made a declaration of can

didacy again for the presidential campaigns in 2012.

Obtain

• get through effort 获得• e.g.Recently, Jeremy Lin frequently obtain

ed the nomination( 提名 ) of The best player for his excellent performance in NBA.

• achieve, acquire, gain, obtain 都含有一定的“获得 , 达到”之意

• achieve 强调由于极大的努力，克服困难后达到目标。

• obtain 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间儿得到所需要的东西。

• gain 指需要做出比 obtain 更大的努力，往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西。

• acquire 指经过不懈努力才获得的技术，知识等抽象的东西，也指养成习惯等。

Investigation • n. detailed or careful examination• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

• e.g. North China launches investigation into death of 1,000 pigs.

• e.g The market investigation is indispensable to sales promotion.

appoint

appoint sb. as appoint sb. (to do) sth. appoint sb. to (a job, post, position, etc.) 　

e.g. He was appointed to the post.e.g. She was appointed as our new manager.

appointment n. 约会 , 约定 ; 任命 , 委派e.g.You should keep an appointment

after you make it.约好了就要守约。

on-the-spot

• e.g. Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology. （ 2008.06 ）

• e.g. He was afraid that be would be caught on the spot. （ 2003.09 ）

• noble humble

humble

• 1. a. low in position• e.g. In the past, few noble persons

spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order.

• 2. a. modest• e.g. Andrew is one of the most

supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble （谦逊的） and modest.

• Eat humble pie  忍辱含垢，低头谢罪• 在中世纪，贵族出外狩猎总喜欢带着仆人和猎手，猎到鹿等野物之后，鹿肉供主人食用，而猎人和仆人只能吃用鹿内脏（ umbles ）做的馅饼。吃这种馅饼本身就表明“地位低下” (humble) 。后来由于读音的变化， umble 读成了 humble pie 。恰巧这一变化又同吃这种馅饼的人身份相符，因此 eat humble pie 就成了委婉表达“被迫低声下气地赔不是”的委婉语。

• You should stand straight, you needn't eat humble pie. 你应该挺起腰杆，你用不着低三下四。

origin

• n. ① 起源 ②出身，血统

• e.g.The origins of some words are unknown.

• e.g. He never forgot his humble origins.

• [ 考 ]by origin 论出身 [ 同 ]by birth

• originate vi. (in) 起源 vt. ① 创始②引起

• derive vi. 起源于• [ 考 ]derive (...)f rom 导出；由……来：• Human beings derived from the same

ancestors as animals.

• threaten v. 威胁 threat n.

It’s no use threatening me ─ I’m not It’s no use threatening me ─ I’m not going to do it.going to do it.

• threaten sb. with sth. threaten sb. with sth.

• be threatened to do sth.be threatened to do sth.

reject 多指由于某物某事某行为不能让人满意而被当面直截了当地拒绝。

• refuse 语气较重，指态度坚决，肯定无疑的拒绝。

• decline 指婉言谢绝他人的帮助或邀请等。

种种拒绝

• reject vt. 拒绝

• She rejected his offer of marriage. 他向她求婚 , 她拒绝了。

re- （ =back 向后） + ject(=to throw 扔 )

意即：扔回来，随演化为现在的拒绝，驳回等意思

mistake: 着重指由于理解，认识或判断不正确而 造成的行为或看法上的错误。

error: 表不合格或谬误。

fault: 过失，指道德上的过失，也可指人性格或习 惯上的缺点。

hesitate to do

• e.g.We do not hesitate to give our lives for our country, let alone （更不必说） suffer some hardships.

• 我们不惜为国献身 , 更不必说吃点苦了。

• Hesitate about/over sth• 对……犹豫不决

conflict

vi. be opposed; clash• e.g.Their account of events conflicts with o

urs. 他们对事件的说法与我们的说法截然不同。

n. disagreement; clash; fight e.g.Some people feel there is a great deal of

conflict between religion and science.

conflict

armed conflict 武装冲突• e.g. Armed conflict has frequently

broken out in Syria . conflict of interest 利益冲突 an inner conflict 内心冲突 in conflict with 和…冲突

critic

• n. 评论家 criticize vt. 批评• movie critic;music critic;food critic

• critical adj ．吹毛求疵的，批评的；决定性的，重要的

• e.g. He is so that nobody can please him ．

• 他太吹毛求疵，所以没有人能取悦他。• e.g. We arrived at the critical moment ．• 我们在关键时刻到达。

superior

• be superior to : 比……更高级，更好，优于 This watch is far superior to that one in quali

ty • be superior in 在…方面占优势 They were far superior in number to their en

emy. 反义词： inferior “ ” ， 下等的、劣等的 ，• E.g. Women are not inferior to men.

existence

Collocation:lead / have a certain existence 过某种生活

earn one’s own existence 自谋生计bring / call into existence 使产生；使成立

come into existence 开始存在；产生；成立

in existence 存在的；现存的；现有的

influence

Collocation:have a great / good / bad influence upon / on

… 对…有很大 / 好 / 坏的影响under the influence of 在…的影响下

C.F. influence, affect & impressinfluence 侧重在思想、性格、行为等方面所产生的潜移默化的影响，也可指自然力的影响。

affect 主语通常是物而不是人，指一物对另一物产生的消极影响。

impress 强调影响既深刻又持久。

go out of one’s way to do sth.

make special efforts to do sth.

他特意到机场送我。 He went out of his way to see

me off in the airport.

act on: do sth. in accordance with…

根据医生的建议，她决定开始减肥。

Acting on the doctor’s advice,

she decided to go on a diet.

leave sb./sth. behind: abandon; forget to take sth.

I have left the umbrella behind.

Don’t leave me behind.

above all: most important of all

Be polite, above all, to old people.

owe sth. to sb./sth. : 将某事归功于…

She owes her success to hard work.

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• What type is the text?

A. narration B. exposition C. description D. argumentation

The text is mainly an exposition of Jefferson’s insightful ideas.

记叙文说明文描述文议论文

Text Analysis

1. What are Thomas Jefferson’s contributions to USA?

1. an expert in agriculture, archeology and medicine

2. Practice crop rotation and soil conservation

3. Invent a plow4. Influence architecture5. a good and tireless writer6. a man who made great

contribution to American education

Part division

parts

paras Main Ideas

1 1 A brief introduction to Thomas Jefferson.

2 2-8 Some ideas and principles given by Thomas Jefferson.

3 9-11 His talents in many fields andhis contribution to USA.

• 1. C• 2. B• 3. B• 4. A• 5. C• 6. A• 7. D• 8. A Back to the Contents

Sentence analysis Sentence analysis

1. Why is Thomas Jefferson less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln?

Washington is well-known for his leadership in the American Independence War. Lincoln is well-known for his role in abolishing slavery in the United States.

2. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important.

1) 主句 Jefferson believed 为一般过去时，而后面从句却用了一般现在时，说明叙述的内容为人们普遍接受的客观道理。

The boys learned yesterday that the planets are circling about the sun.

2) 谓语动词的 believed 引导两个由 that 引导的宾语从句 , 在非正式文体中，引导第一个宾语从句的that 一般可省略，第二个则不能省略，以免引起歧义。

3. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. = When he was still a young man, he

was appointed to a committee.

用 when, whether, unless, though, if, while, although, what, once 等引导的从句中，如果谓语动词为 be ，同时主语与主句的主语相同时或者状语从句的主语是 it ，从句的主语和动词 be 可以省略。

---Once (the brain is )deprived of oxygen, the brain dies.

• 4. Were it left to me4. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitateI should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”

• Were it left to me to decide= If it were left to me to decide.

• 在虚拟条件状语从句中，如果从句中有 should, were 或助动词 had 时，可省略 if ，将这些词提到句首，主谓语用部分倒装结构。

如果让我来决定我们是应该有一个政府而不要报纸呢还是应该有报纸而不要政府，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。

1) If I had been warned, I would not have made such a big mistake.

Had I been warned, I wouldn‘t have made such a big mistake.

2) If it should rain tomorrow, the football match would be postponed.

Should it rain tomorrow, the football match would be postponed.

If 条件句 主句

与现在事实相反did(be 动词用were)

would( 或 could, should, might) do

与过去事实相反 had donewould( 或 could, should, might) have done

与将来事实相反或可能相反

did(were)should dowere to do

would( 或 could, should, might) do

一、虚拟条件句： 条件状语从句是非真实情况时，要用虚拟语气。

5. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to the customs which have lost their usefulness.

杰斐逊认为，绝不可以用那些已经无用的习俗来束缚住“现在”的手脚。

chain vt. 束缚，拴住

chain sb./sth. to sb./sth.: He is chained to the grave of marriage.

• 6. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind.”

• What kind of rhetorical device is What kind of rhetorical device is used here?used here?

• steer my shipsteer my ship 是隐喻 是隐喻 (metaphor),(metaphor), “ “ 驾驾驶着自己的航船” 未来像航海一样，充满未驶着自己的航船” 未来像航海一样，充满未知性，杰斐逊不但不惧怕，而且对未来充满知性，杰斐逊不但不惧怕，而且对未来充满希望， 表现了其乐观和一往无前的精神。希望， 表现了其乐观和一往无前的精神。

7. He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future.

= he did not fear new ideas, and he did not fear the future, either.

否定词放在句子开头，用部分倒装 He couldn‘t swim, neither could I.

so 表示一致情况 John will attend the meeting tomorrow, so will I.

Useful Expressions1. 从书本中获取知识obtain knowledge from books

2. 亲自作调查personal investigation

3. 做现场观察make on-the-spot observations

4. 研究有关某一问题的文件study papers on a subject

5. 社会阶层social class

6. 发号施令give an order7. 出身卑微的人people of humble origins8. 烧饭锅a cooking pot9. 判断真理与谬误的头脑a mind for judging truth and error10. 认真思考的with careful thought11. 力量的源泉a source of strength

12. 毫不犹豫not hesitate a moment

13. 有效地采取行动act on with effect

14. 被无用的习俗束缚住手脚be chained to customs which have lost their

usefulness

15. 满怀希望地with hope

16. 把恐惧抛在后面leave fear behind

17. 存在 in existence

18. 不知疲倦的作家a tireless writer

19. 一切人生来平等all men are created equal

20. 一份丰富的思想遗产a rich legacy of ideas Back to the Contents

Vocabulary Activities

1. 1) besides except besides

2) have received accept received, accept

3) discovered was invented discovered, invented

Vocabulary Activities

2. 1)alike 2)asleep 3)alive4)awake 5)alone 6)astir3. 1) conflict with 2) superior to3) resented 4) left behind5) error 6) rejected7) created 8) obtained9) above all 10)prepetual

Vocabulary Activities

4. 1) origin 2) threatening 3) in existence 4) hesitates5) owes…to 6) acting on 7) leaving…to 8) went out of her way9) has been appointed10) judgments 11) influence12) humble

Vocabulary Activities

5. 1) Many authors use a false name when

they publish their books.2) The origin of human life on earth is now

believed to have been in Africa.3) The book was translated from Chinese

into English under the personal supervision of the author.

4) In spite of the personal participation of the President, the conference failed to produce agreement.

Vocabulary Activities

• 5) Many Americans prefer to travel by car over any other means of transportation.

• 6) Watches made in your factory are far superior in quality to shoes turned out in theirs.

Enriching your word power1.1) a wait-and-see attitude2) a life-and-death struggle3) a down-to-earth spirit4) an out-and-out lie5) an out-of-the-way mountain village6) a face-to-face talk7) a divide-and-rule policy8) up-to-date machines9) word-for-word translation10) a never-to-be-forgotten night

Enriching your word power

2. 1) self-conscious 害羞的2) self-sufficient 自给自足的3) self-educated 自我教育的4) self-respecting 有自尊心的，自重的5) self-supporting 自立的6) self-made 靠自己奋斗而成功的

Enriching your word power

3.1) frightened 2) be heightened3) strengthen 4) lengthening5) hastened 6) were heartened

Usage

1. In his youth2. A 17-year-old youth3. The youth of our country have4. Some youths 5. Youth is6. The youth of the 21st century have

Cloze

1.1) action 2) obtain3) Humble 4) origins5) go out of one’s way6) conflict 7) acted on8) owe…to 9) left behind

Spot dictation

1) guided 2) In fact3) a second term 4) shape5) independence 6) served as 7) constitution 8) hornored 9) the nation's capital 10) celebrated

Translation

• 1. 会上有人建议任命一个十一人委员会来制定新章程。

It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.

• 2. 这些青年科学家通过现场观察，获得了研究工作所需的第一手资料。

By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work.

Translation

• 3. 他很可能会因为视力不好而被拒收入伍。 It is very likely that he will be rejected by the

army because of his bad eyesight.

• 4. 委员会成员在新机场最佳选址这一问题上持有不同意见。

The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.

Translation

• 5. 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面比他兄弟的要好。 Henry’s works of art are superior in many r

espects to those of his brother’s.

• 6. 我们产品质量的稳步提高在很大程度上是由于设备有所改进。

The steady rise in the quality of our products owes much to the improvement of our equipment.

Translation• 7. 吉姆本想按照自己的判断行事，但他没有这样做，因为作为军人他得服从命令。

Jim would have preferred to act on his own judgment, but he didn’t because as a soldier he had to obey the order.

• 8. 如果然给我来决定我们是要一个没有自行车的城市呢，还是要一个没有汽车的城市，我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。

Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a city without bikes or one without cars, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.

Assignment

Discussed six reading skills:1. How to Read a Text2. Reading in Thought Groups3. Using Context Clues for Word

Meanings4. Reading for the Main Idea5. Recognizing Important Facts or Details6. Using Word Part Clues for Word

Meanings

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1. Genuine knowledge comes from practice.

• 实践出真知。

• 2. The more you study, the more you will find yourself ignorant.

• 学 , 然后知不足。

• 3. You never know what you can do till you try.

• — Frederick Marryat, British novelist

• 只有由受过教育的人民组成的国家才能保持自由。 —— 美国总统 T. 杰斐逊

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