Unit 2 – Invasive Species Management Hierarchy

Unit 2 – Unit 2 – Invasive Species Invasive Species

Management Management HierarchyHierarchy

Randy G. WestbrooksRandy G. WestbrooksRebecca M. Rebecca M. WestbrooksWestbrooks

Steven ManningSteven Manning

Global Invasive Species Global Invasive Species ProgrammeProgramme

Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town, South Africa

Strategies for Invasive Species Prevention

Unit 2 ObjectivesUnit 2 Objectives

Outline Outline Pre-Border and Border Strategies Pre-Border and Border Strategies for IAS Managementfor IAS Management – the first line of – the first line of defense against IASdefense against IAS

Describe the elements and processes Describe the elements and processes involves with involves with Early Detection and Rapid Early Detection and Rapid ResponseResponse for preventing the establishment for preventing the establishment and spread of new IAS within a countryand spread of new IAS within a country

Describe the various kinds of Describe the various kinds of Control Control StrategiesStrategies that are employed to contain and that are employed to contain and suppress large populations of IAS within a suppress large populations of IAS within a countrycountry

Unit 2 Session Outline.Unit 2 Session Outline. Session 1 –Session 1 –

Pre-Border and Border Pre-Border and Border Strategies – First Line of Strategies – First Line of Defense Against IASDefense Against IAS

Session 2Session 2 – – Post-Border Prevention – Early Post-Border Prevention – Early

Detection and Rapid Response Detection and Rapid Response – Second Line of Defense– Second Line of Defense

Session 3Session 3 – – Post-Border Control Strategies Post-Border Control Strategies

– Third Line of Defense– Third Line of Defense Session 4Session 4 – –

Traditional Agency Programs Traditional Agency Programs and Interagency Partneringand Interagency Partnering

Country A Country B

Traditional Crop Traditional Crop Protection StrategiesProtection Strategies

Detection

Containment

Eradication

Exclusion

Control

Prevention

Preclearance

Session 1. Pre-Border and Border Session 1. Pre-Border and Border Clearance.Clearance.

First Line of Defense Against IAS.First Line of Defense Against IAS.

Production of Pest Production of Pest Free CommoditiesFree Commodities

Preclearance at Preclearance at Ports of ExportPorts of Export

Port of Entry Port of Entry Inspection and Inspection and ClearanceClearance

2.1. Production of Pest Free 2.1. Production of Pest Free Commodities in Exporting Commodities in Exporting

Countries.Countries. Imported Meat from FMD Imported Meat from FMD

Free CountriesFree Countries Certified Raw Wood Certified Raw Wood

ProductsProducts Citrus from Disease and Citrus from Disease and

Fruitfly Free CountriesFruitfly Free Countries Certified Crop SeedsCertified Crop Seeds

Weed FreeWeed Free Disease FreeDisease Free

Establishment of Pest Establishment of Pest Free ZonesFree Zones Certified Pest Free Zones Certified Pest Free Zones

(IPPC)(IPPC) Pest Free Zones for Pest Free Zones for

BiodiversityBiodiversity

2.1. Regulatory Pest Free 2.1. Regulatory Pest Free Zones.Zones.

S.E. Australia Fruitfly Exclusion S.E. Australia Fruitfly Exclusion Zone.Zone.

Declared Pest Free in Declared Pest Free in March, 2006March, 2006

Queensland Queensland Fruitfly Fruitfly

((Bactocera Bactocera tryonitryoni))

2.1. Regulatory Pest Free 2.1. Regulatory Pest Free Zones.Zones.

S.E. Australia Fruitfly Exclusion S.E. Australia Fruitfly Exclusion Zone.Zone.

Neglected Fruit Tree.

Well Tended Fruit Tree.

2.1. Pest Free Zones for 2.1. Pest Free Zones for Biodiversity.Biodiversity.

Tararu Valley Sanctuary – North Tararu Valley Sanctuary – North Island, NZ.Island, NZ.

Extinct SpeciesExtinct Species - Moa, - Moa, Haast Eagle, Giant-gecko Haast Eagle, Giant-gecko

Bird Species Gone from Bird Species Gone from Tararu ValleyTararu Valley Kokako, Saddleback, North Kokako, Saddleback, North

Island Robin, Kiwi, Island Robin, Kiwi, Whitehead, Kakariki, Matata Whitehead, Kakariki, Matata (fernbird)(fernbird)

100% Pest Free Zone100% Pest Free Zone 15-20 Acres Fenced15-20 Acres Fenced Eradication of All Pest Eradication of All Pest

MammalsMammals Return of Native SpeciesReturn of Native Species

Giraffe Weevil Giraffe Weevil ((Lasiorhynchus barbicornis)Lasiorhynchus barbicornis)

Kiwi – NZ National BirdKiwi – NZ National Bird

2.2. Preclearance at Ports 2.2. Preclearance at Ports of Export.of Export.

Inspection of High Risk Inspection of High Risk Commodities for ExportCommodities for Export

Treatment of Infested Treatment of Infested CommoditiesCommodities

AdvantagesAdvantages Thorough Examination of Thorough Examination of

Shipment Before Stuffed into Shipment Before Stuffed into ContainerContainer

Mitigation of Problem in Mitigation of Problem in Exporting CountryExporting Country

Identifies Pest Problems in Identifies Pest Problems in Crop Production SystemCrop Production System

Facilitates Movement of Facilitates Movement of Shipment Through Port of Shipment Through Port of EntryEntry

2.3. Port of Entry Inspection and 2.3. Port of Entry Inspection and Clearance.Clearance.

Means of Means of ConveyanceConveyance

Intermodal Intermodal ContainersContainers

People and People and BaggageBaggage

Cargo and Cargo and CommoditiesCommodities

2.3.5. Port of Entry 2.3.5. Port of Entry Inspection.Inspection.

Basic Equipment.Basic Equipment.

2.3.5. Treatment of IAS at Ports 2.3.5. Treatment of IAS at Ports of Entry.of Entry.

Commodity TreatmentsCommodity Treatments Governed by Strict RegulationsGoverned by Strict Regulations

Treatment OptionsTreatment Options Treat at Port of EntryTreat at Port of Entry Forward under Bond for Forward under Bond for

Treatment at DestinationTreatment at Destination Reject Entry and Re-ExportReject Entry and Re-Export

Treatment MethodsTreatment Methods Chemical FumigationChemical Fumigation

Methyl BromideMethyl Bromide Burning of DunnageBurning of Dunnage Treatments for Perishable

Commodities Hot-water Immersion Forced Hot Vapor Heat Irradiation

2.3.6. Asian Longhorned Beetle in 2.3.6. Asian Longhorned Beetle in the USA. the USA. A Case of Port of Entry A Case of Port of Entry

Inspection Failure.Inspection Failure. Origin – ChinaOrigin – China Threat – Maple, Threat – Maple,

Willow, Elm, BirchWillow, Elm, Birch Introduction to the Introduction to the

USAUSA 1996 – Brooklyn, New 1996 – Brooklyn, New

YorkYork 5,000 Trees Destroyed5,000 Trees Destroyed

1998 – Chicago, 1998 – Chicago, IllinoisIllinois

1,400 Trees Destroyed1,400 Trees Destroyed

Asian Longhorned Beetle.Asian Longhorned Beetle.Probably Mode of Entry.Probably Mode of Entry.

R. Westbrooks, Whiteville, [email protected]

Seaports........ Airports........

Land Border Crossings.....

National Ports of Entry – First Line of Defense…

Beagle Brigade

Lesson Learned: Lesson Learned: Regulatory Regulatory

Exclusion is about Exclusion is about 5% Effective!5% Effective!

Session 2. Post-Border Prevention Session 2. Post-Border Prevention Strategies.Strategies.

Early Detection and Rapid Response.Early Detection and Rapid Response.2.4. Official Control of Regulated Pests.2.4. Official Control of Regulated Pests.

Quarantine Significant PestsQuarantine Significant Pests Regulated IASRegulated IAS – Absent from – Absent from

country, or of limited distribution, country, or of limited distribution, and under official control. and under official control.

Official ControlOfficial Control – Active – Active enforcement and application of enforcement and application of mandatory phytosanitary mandatory phytosanitary regulations for: regulations for: Containments and eradication of Containments and eradication of

quarantine pests (quarantine pests (Asian Asian Longhorned BeetleLonghorned Beetle in the USA) in the USA)

Management of regulated non-Management of regulated non-quarantine pests (quarantine pests (Giant SalviniaGiant Salvinia in in the USA)the USA)

2.5. Early Detection and Rapid 2.5. Early Detection and Rapid Response. Response.

U.S. National EDRR System for Invasive U.S. National EDRR System for Invasive Plants.Plants.

Early Detection and Early Detection and ReportingReporting Volunteers – Gardeners, Back Volunteers – Gardeners, Back

Packers.Packers. Identification and Identification and

VoucheringVouchering Designated BotanistsDesignated Botanists Vouchering – A Preserved Vouchering – A Preserved

Specimen.Specimen. Rapid AssessmentRapid Assessment

Weed ScientistsWeed Scientists Rapid Response – Rapid Response –

EradicationEradication Interagency Task Force – All Interagency Task Force – All

Impacted and Potential Impacted and Potential StakeholdersStakeholders

2.7. IAS Survey Methods.2.7. IAS Survey Methods.

Detection SurveyDetection Survey Find itFind it

Delimiting Delimiting SurveySurvey How Big is the How Big is the

Infestation?Infestation? Appraisal SurveyAppraisal Survey

Did the control Did the control treatment work?treatment work?

Giant Witchweed (Striga hermonthica) in Ethiopia

Witchweed (Striga asiatica) Infested Maize in North Carolina

2.10. Principles of IAS 2.10. Principles of IAS Eradication.Eradication.

Identify Target IASIdentify Target IAS Convene Information Meeting of Convene Information Meeting of

StakeholdersStakeholders Establish Interagency Task ForceEstablish Interagency Task Force Develop EDRR Action PlanDevelop EDRR Action Plan Conduct Public Outreach Conduct Public Outreach

– – More Eyes and EarsMore Eyes and Ears Detection and Delimiting SurveysDetection and Delimiting Surveys Biologically South Control Biologically South Control

MeasuresMeasures Population Suppression MeasuresPopulation Suppression Measures Containment Measures – Pathway Containment Measures – Pathway

Management Management Equipment and Vehicle SanitationEquipment and Vehicle Sanitation Associated VectorsAssociated Vectors

Reproduction DenialReproduction Denial PersistencePersistence

Appraisal SurveysAppraisal Surveys

North Carolina Giant North Carolina Giant Salvinia Eradication Salvinia Eradication Project. Project. River Bend Swamp. River Bend Swamp. Pender County, North Pender County, North Carolina.Carolina.

2.10.1. Case Study: Witchweed 2.10.1. Case Study: Witchweed Eradication in the Carolinas.Eradication in the Carolinas.

OriginOrigin - Asia - Asia ThreatThreat - Parasitizes - Parasitizes

Grasses, Grass CropsGrasses, Grass Crops Introduction to USAIntroduction to USA

NC – SC - 1956NC – SC - 1956 WWII Military EquipmentWWII Military Equipment

Scope of Problem - Scope of Problem - ProgramProgram 432,000 Acres – 39 Counties432,000 Acres – 39 Counties $300 Million – 1958-2006$300 Million – 1958-2006

Eradication MeasuresEradication Measures Detection and Delimiting Detection and Delimiting

SurveysSurveys Quarantine of Soil, Plants, Quarantine of Soil, Plants,

Machinery in Infested AreaMachinery in Infested Area Herbicide TreatmentsHerbicide Treatments Soil Fumigation (Methyl Soil Fumigation (Methyl

Bromide)Bromide) Ethylene Gas – Induces Ethylene Gas – Induces

Suicidal Germination of WW Suicidal Germination of WW Seeds in SoilSeeds in Soil

2.10.2. Case Study: Carambola 2.10.2. Case Study: Carambola Fruitfly Eradication Program in Fruitfly Eradication Program in

South America.South America. Origin:Origin: Indonesia, Malaysia, ThailandIndonesia, Malaysia, Thailand Threat:Threat: 150 Crop Species 150 Crop Species

Fruit, Vegetables – Peppers, Citrus, Fruit, Vegetables – Peppers, Citrus, BananasBananas

1986 –1986 – Detected in Suriname, Brazil, Detected in Suriname, Brazil, French Guyana, GuyanaFrench Guyana, Guyana

1996 –1996 – Regional Eradication Program Regional Eradication Program InitiatedInitiated Aerial Application of Fiber Blocks Aerial Application of Fiber Blocks

Impregnated with Male Attractant and Impregnated with Male Attractant and PesticidePesticide

1998-2002 –1998-2002 – Large Scale Eradication Large Scale Eradication EffortsEfforts

2002 –2002 – Program Suspended Due to Program Suspended Due to FundingFunding

2003 –2003 – Detection Surveys and Limited Detection Surveys and Limited Control EffortsControl Efforts

2006 –2006 – Prospects for Continuing Low Prospects for Continuing Low Due to FundingDue to Funding

Unit II. Lab Exercise 1.Unit II. Lab Exercise 1.

Make a list of the commodities your Make a list of the commodities your country requires to be pest free as a country requires to be pest free as a condition of entry.condition of entry.

Make a list of the preclearance activities Make a list of the preclearance activities your National Plant Regulatory Agency your National Plant Regulatory Agency is involved in with other countries.is involved in with other countries.

Make a list of some of the means of Make a list of some of the means of conveyance, cargo, and commodities conveyance, cargo, and commodities that enter through your port of entry. that enter through your port of entry.

Unit II. Lab Exercise 2.Unit II. Lab Exercise 2.

List the overall goals of an EDRR System for IAS.List the overall goals of an EDRR System for IAS.

Which agencies would be involved in your country?Which agencies would be involved in your country?

List the different types of IAS survey and give List the different types of IAS survey and give examples of where they would be usedexamples of where they would be used

List the information that should be gathered during List the information that should be gathered during an IAS surveyan IAS survey

Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a disease Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a disease that has been eradicated in your country.that has been eradicated in your country.

Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a disease Identify a plant, an animal, an insect, and a disease that could be eradicated in your country.that could be eradicated in your country.

Session 3. Post-Border Control Session 3. Post-Border Control Strategies.Strategies.

2.11. – 2.12. Containment and 2.11. – 2.12. Containment and Suppression.Suppression. Strategies for ContainmentStrategies for Containment

Strategies to Ensure Population Strategies to Ensure Population Does Not SpreadDoes Not Spread

Mowing or Treatments to Mowing or Treatments to Prevent ReproductionPrevent Reproduction

Vehicle, Equipment Sanitation, Vehicle, Equipment Sanitation, etc.etc.

Population SuppressionPopulation Suppression Eradication is ImpracticalEradication is Impractical Protection of Managed or Protection of Managed or

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources Ongoing Control Efforts Ongoing Control Efforts

($300+ Billion Worldwide)($300+ Billion Worldwide)

2.13. IAS Control 2.13. IAS Control Methods.Methods.

Mechanical ControlMechanical Control Hand Removal, Hand Removal,

Mowing, Cultivation, Mowing, Cultivation, Cultural ControlCultural Control

Weed Free SeedWeed Free Seed Crop RotationCrop Rotation Planting SchedulePlanting Schedule

Crop Canopy to Shade Crop Canopy to Shade Out WeedsOut Weeds

Proper Crop Cultural Proper Crop Cultural Practices to Keep Crop Practices to Keep Crop HealthyHealthy

Insect Control, Insect Control, Fertilization, Irrigation, Fertilization, Irrigation, etc.etc.

Rotary hoe used to remove weeds from crops.

Hoeing Cotton – Georgia – USA - Hoeing Cotton – Georgia – USA - 19411941

Chemical ControlChemical Control Worldwide Pesticide SalesWorldwide Pesticide Sales

2001: $32 Billion2001: $32 Billion General Pesticides (Glyphosate)General Pesticides (Glyphosate)

No Special LicenseNo Special License Restricted Pesticide (Fipronil for Restricted Pesticide (Fipronil for

Termites)Termites) ExpensiveExpensive Pesticide License Usually RequiredPesticide License Usually Required

Classical Biological ControlClassical Biological Control Excellent Method – Does Not Excellent Method – Does Not

Always WorkAlways Work Salvinia Weevil (Salvinia Weevil (Cyrtobagus Cyrtobagus

salviniaesalviniae) to Control Giant Salvinia) to Control Giant Salvinia New International Standards New International Standards

under IPPCunder IPPC

2.13. IAS Control 2.13. IAS Control Methods.Methods.

Session 4. Agency IAS Management Session 4. Agency IAS Management Programs and New Approaches for Programs and New Approaches for Management Through Interagency Management Through Interagency

Partnering.Partnering.

Kakadu National Kakadu National Park, Northern Park, Northern Territory, AUSTerritory, AUS

Working for Working for Water Water Programme, Programme, South AfricaSouth Africa

2.13.1. Kakadu National 2.13.1. Kakadu National Park, AUS.Park, AUS.

Location: Wet-Dry Tropics, Location: Wet-Dry Tropics, N. Territory, AUSN. Territory, AUS

Area: 19,804 kmArea: 19,804 km22.. Landforms, HabitatsLandforms, Habitats

Sandstone Plateau, Savanna Sandstone Plateau, Savanna Woodlands, Open Forest, Woodlands, Open Forest, Rivers, Billabongs, Rivers, Billabongs, Floodplains, Mangroves, Floodplains, Mangroves, MudflatsMudflats

Major IASMajor IAS Catclaw Mimosa - 1978Catclaw Mimosa - 1978

Island in a ‘Sea of Mimosa’Island in a ‘Sea of Mimosa’ Four Fulltime Workers - EDRRFour Fulltime Workers - EDRR

Giant Salvinia and Water Giant Salvinia and Water Hyacinth – 1983Hyacinth – 1983

WH EradicatedWH Eradicated GS Still SpreadingGS Still Spreading

A Century of Introduced PlantsA Century of Introduced Plants 8,000 Herbs and Shrubs8,000 Herbs and Shrubs 750 Trees750 Trees

IAS in ZAIAS in ZA 110 Invasive Trees110 Invasive Trees

AUS WattleAUS Wattle Monterey PineMonterey Pine

Threat to FynbosThreat to Fynbos Ericas, ProteasEricas, Proteas

Cover 10 Million ha (10% of Country)Cover 10 Million ha (10% of Country) Use 3.3. Billion Cubic Meters Water Use 3.3. Billion Cubic Meters Water

(7% Totally Supply)(7% Totally Supply) Working for Water Programme – Working for Water Programme –

Guy PrestonGuy Preston Dept. Water Affairs and ForestryDept. Water Affairs and Forestry 300 Labor Intensive Projects in all 9 300 Labor Intensive Projects in all 9

ProvincesProvinces Eradicate Thirsty Trees, Recover Eradicate Thirsty Trees, Recover

Water ResourcesWater Resources 1 Million ha Cleared1 Million ha Cleared 20,000 People Employed Trained20,000 People Employed Trained Associated IndustriesAssociated Industries

2.13.1. Working for Water 2.13.1. Working for Water Programme. ZA.Programme. ZA.

2.14. Interagency Partnerships.2.14. Interagency Partnerships.Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee.Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee.

1970s – Weed Control in 1970s – Weed Control in WyomingWyoming State/Private Lands (34 Million State/Private Lands (34 Million

Acres) - $10 MillionAcres) - $10 Million Federal Lands (33 Million Acres) - $1 Federal Lands (33 Million Acres) - $1

MillionMillion Reinvasion of State/Private Lands Reinvasion of State/Private Lands

from Federalfrom Federal Greater Yellowstone Greater Yellowstone

Coordinating Committee (Formed Coordinating Committee (Formed 1964)1964) 1980 - Greater Yellowstone Invasive 1980 - Greater Yellowstone Invasive

Species Working Group (Cooperative Species Working Group (Cooperative Weed Management Area)Weed Management Area)

Interagency Committee in Defined Interagency Committee in Defined AreaArea

Share Equipment, Resources, Share Equipment, Resources, ExpertiseExpertise

Portable Equipment Portable Equipment WasherWasher

2.15. Weed Eradication 2.15. Weed Eradication Projects.Projects.

Goatsrue in Utah – Single Agency Led.Goatsrue in Utah – Single Agency Led. 1891 – Introduced by UT 1891 – Introduced by UT

State as Forage, Poisonous State as Forage, Poisonous to Cattleto Cattle

1980 – Spread to 16,000 ha; 1980 – Spread to 16,000 ha; Federal Eradication Project Federal Eradication Project

Initiated by UT State Initiated by UT State University; University;

Infestation ReducedInfestation Reduced 1996 – Federal Funding 1996 – Federal Funding

Terminated; Terminated; Project TerminatedProject Terminated

2007 – Effort to Establish 2007 – Effort to Establish Goatsrue Eradication Task Goatsrue Eradication Task ForceForce

1985 – BV Introduced to USA 1985 – BV Introduced to USA Ornamental, Dune Erosion ControlOrnamental, Dune Erosion Control

1995 – BV Spreading from Beach 1995 – BV Spreading from Beach Planting; Dune ErosionPlanting; Dune Erosion

2002 – Sea Turtle Volunteers 2002 – Sea Turtle Volunteers Notice BV – Threat to ST NestingNotice BV – Threat to ST Nesting

2003 – Carolinas Beach Vitex 2003 – Carolinas Beach Vitex Task ForceTask Force Cooperators - 40 Agencies and Cooperators - 40 Agencies and

OrganizationsOrganizations Short Term GoalsShort Term Goals

Remove Seedlings from Public Remove Seedlings from Public BeachesBeaches

Document Mature PopulationsDocument Mature Populations Control Demonstrations on 75 SitesControl Demonstrations on 75 Sites

Long Term GoalsLong Term Goals Land Owner Cost Share Eradication Land Owner Cost Share Eradication

ProgramProgram

2.15. Weed Eradication 2.15. Weed Eradication Projects.Projects.

Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force.Carolinas Beach Vitex Task Force.

Major Concepts in Unit 2.Major Concepts in Unit 2. First Line of Defense Against IASFirst Line of Defense Against IAS

Pre-Border Prevention StrategiesPre-Border Prevention Strategies Production of Pest Free Commodities; PreclearanceProduction of Pest Free Commodities; Preclearance

Border Prevention StrategiesBorder Prevention Strategies Inspection and Treatment of Imported CargoInspection and Treatment of Imported Cargo

Second Line of Defense Against IASSecond Line of Defense Against IAS Early Detection and Rapid ResponseEarly Detection and Rapid Response Field Surveys – Detection, Delimiting, AppraisalField Surveys – Detection, Delimiting, Appraisal Eradication – Total Elimination of IAS from Defined Eradication – Total Elimination of IAS from Defined

AreaArea Third Line of Defense Against IASThird Line of Defense Against IAS

Control – Containment, SuppressionControl – Containment, Suppression Mechanical, Cultural, Chemical, BiologicalMechanical, Cultural, Chemical, Biological

Interagency Partnering is Effective in Interagency Partnering is Effective in Management of Most IASManagement of Most IAS

ZA Working for Water Programme – A Model ZA Working for Water Programme – A Model Public Works Programme for Controlling IAS Public Works Programme for Controlling IAS and Training Peopleand Training People

Unit 2. Exercise 3. Suppression Unit 2. Exercise 3. Suppression and Control.and Control.

List one or more IAS that are being List one or more IAS that are being controlled in your country by each of the controlled in your country by each of the following control methods:following control methods:

Mechanical or Cultural MeansMechanical or Cultural Means

Chemical MeansChemical Means

Biological Control Agents. Biological Control Agents.

How successful are the efforts you listed? How successful are the efforts you listed?