Table of Contents Unit 1 Infinitives Part A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form 6 B To-infinitives as Subjects 10 C To-infinitives in Predicates 14 D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order 18 E Review 22 Unit 2 Gerunds Part A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24 B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28 C Gerunds after Prepositions 32 D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36 E Review 40 Unit 3 Participles Part A Present and Past Participles 42 B Perfect Participle Clauses 46 C Review 50 Unit 4 Perfect Tenses Part A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52 B Past Perfect 56 C Present Perfect Progressive 60 D Past Perfect Progressive 64 E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68 F Review 72 Unit 5 Modal Auxiliaries Part A Expressing Ability 74 B Polite Requests 78 C Necessity and Obligation 82 D Advice and Suggestion 86 E Expectation 90 F Review 94
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Table of Contents
Unit 1 Infinitives
Part A Causative Verbs and Infinitive Form 6B To-infinitives as Subjects 10C To-infinitives in Predicates 14D To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order 18E Review 22
Unit 2 Gerunds
Part A Gerunds and Common Verbs with Gerunds 24B Infinitives vs. Gerunds 28C Gerunds after Prepositions 32D Special Expressions with Gerunds 36E Review 40
Unit 3 Participles
Part A Present and Past Participles 42B Perfect Participle Clauses 46C Review 50
Unit 4 Perfect Tenses
Part A Simple Past vs. Present Perfect 52B Past Perfect 56C Present Perfect Progressive 60D Past Perfect Progressive 64E Adverbs with Perfect Tenses 68F Review 72
Unit 5 Modal Auxiliaries
Part A Expressing Ability 74B Polite Requests 78C Necessity and Obligation 82D Advice and Suggestion 86E Expectation 90F Review 94
Unit 6 Noun Clauses
Part A Noun Clauses with Question Words 96B Noun Clauses with That, If, and Whether 100C Noun Clauses vs. Noun Phrases 104D Review 108
Unit 7 Relative Clauses
Part A Restrictive Clauses 110B Non-restrictive Clauses 114C Review 118
Unit 8 Direct and Indirect Speech
Part A Direct Speech 120B Indirect Speech 124C Review 128
Unit 9 Active and Passive Voices
Part A Active and Passive Voices 130B Active and Passive Forms 134C Stative Passives 138D Review 142
Unit 10 Prepositions with Nouns
Part A Nouns Followed by Prepositions 144B Prepositions Followed by Nouns 148C Review 152
Appendix 154
Index 155
Transcripts & Answer Key
6 Unit 1 Infinitives
Grammar Explanation
Preview
Dear Diary,
I was so happy today because I overcame my fear
of speaking in front of the class. My friend Emily
was so helpful because she helped me realize
that standing and speaking in front of others was
not a big deal. After class was over, Emily had me
stand on a desk. Then, she made me give my
speech over and over until I became comfortable
in front of her. She convinced me to speak
confidently with a loud voice and also forced me
to stand up straight while speaking. I am so
grateful for all of her help.
Claire
A causative verb is a verb that enables, causes, or allows a person to do something to another person.
* For help, both to-infinitives and bare infinitives are acceptable.I helped them to move the sofa. I helped them move the sofa.
Causative Verbs
with To-infinitives
Get, force, allow, encourage, persuade,convince, and help* are followed by an objectand the to-infinitive form of a verb.
Let, make, have, and help* are followed by anobject and the bare infinitive form of a verb.
They persuaded us to join their group.She convinced me to leave early.
My parents did not let me go to the rock concert.That food made my stomach feel sick.The teacher had me do the sum on the board.
Causative Verbs and Infinitive FormPart A
Unit 1 ■ Infinitives
with Bare Infinitives
Part A 7
1. My teacher forces me ● ● do chores around her house.
2. I always help my grandmother ● ● to do my homework.
3. Mark’s brother had his friend ● ● help him with his homework.
4. Jenny encourages others ● ● do the dishes after dinner.
5. Allen hates it when his mom makes him ● ● to try new things.
Exercise 2 Match the sentence parts.
1. My violin teacher (made / convinced) me to practice for two hours every night.
2. Are you sure I can’t (convince / make) you to come with us?
3. Sometimes late at night, my father (gets / lets) me drive the car.
4. Emily and Claire are always (having / persuading) us to go shopping with them.
5. My teacher is going to (get / have) me take a special math class next month.
6. Even though Peter doesn’t like it, his father always (forces / has) him to go to music
lessons after school.
Exercise 3 Choose the correct causative verb.
1. After begging for three hours, I finally convinced my friend to let me borrow his
laptop.
2. My mother made me take ballet lessons when I was younger.
3. My mother has me make my bed every morning.
4. My desire to get into a good university forces me to study hard every day.
5. They convinced me to go to the shop for them.
6. Hopefully, she can persuade her father to let her stay out late on Friday.
Exercise 1 Circle the causative verbs in the sentences. Some sentences havemore than one causative verb.
Practice 1
Practice 2
8 Unit 1 Infinitives
Exercise 5 Underline the mistakes. Write the corrections on the lines. If there are nomistakes, write OK on the line.
1. Yesterday, Peter and Allen let Jenny to beat them in the race. _______
2. The woman convinced the filthy boy to take a shower after he had been playing in
the mud. _______
3. Every day, my friend convinces me eat the same thing for lunch. _______
4. Yesterday, Allen’s father had him to go to the hair stylist with his little sister. _______
5. After-school academies help children reinforce topics that they learn in school.
_______
6. Tomorrow, we will get his friend help us move the giant sofa. _______
Exercise 6 Use the pictures to write sentences with causative verbs.
Exercise 8 Rewrite the incorrect sentences correctly.
Bruce,
I can’t believe what happened to me yesterday! I was walking with Joe, and
he persuaded me play a joke on Michelle. We took her backpack. Then we
told her it was stolen. But we made a mistake
and took the wrong bag. The one we took
belonged to the teacher’s daughter. The
teacher made us to say sorry to her
daughter. Then she forced us tell Michelle
about the joke. It was really embarrassing.
I’ll never let myself to listen to Joe again!
Brian
Part B To-infinitives as Subjects
10 Unit 1 Infinitives
A to-infinitive phrase may be used as the subject ofa sentence. When the to-infinitive phrase is long,the sentence begins with it and the to-infinitivephrase comes at the end of the sentence.
For + an object preceding an infinitive gives thatinfinitive a specific subject.
An indirect object may follow take and cost.
A to-infinitive can begin a sentence. This is usuallydone with short infinitive phrases or to give thesentence a more formal feeling.
It is unusual to see an owl during the day.
It takes time to learn a new language.
It is worthwhile for people to invest their savings.It is unusual for owls to come out during the day.
How long did it take her to do her homework?It cost her a lot of money to get a good tutor.
To ski takes strong legs and good balance.To be kind to others is important.
To-infinitives as Subjects
Grammar Explanation
Preview
LeadershipTo lead requires good organization and a clear
set of goals. It takes good communication skills
to pass the vision of the goals to others, and it is
always important for the leader to inspire his
followers to work hard for that goal.
Practice 1
Part B 11
1. to do / that / again. / for me / would be / It / awful
Exercise 7 Complete the passage with words from the box.
wake up seems try excited home in the middle
My daily life 1. ____________ to be pretty boring. Every day, I go to school to
listen to my teachers talk about the same thing. After school, I
get 2. ____________ to meet my friends so we can go play
soccer. I then go 3. ____________ to eat dinner.
After that I 4. ____________ to finish my
homework, but I usually stop 5. ____________
to take a nap. I then 6. ____________ to
finish my homework before going back to
sleep for the night.
Exercise 8 Complete the sentences with information about your daily life.
1. After I come home from school, I want _______________________________.
2. Every day, I am happy __________________________________________.
3. Every day, my parents require me __________________________________.
4. Every day, I am amazed _________________________________________.
To-infinitives with Too,Enough, and In OrderPart D
18 Unit 1 Infinitives
Grammar Explanation
Preview
My parents are always telling me that their lives
were so much harder when they were kids. When I
want to get a ride to go to a friend’s house, they say
they had to walk in a meter of snow to get to
school. Or if I don’t like my dinner, they say that
they never had enough to eat. When I need new
clothes because mine are too old to wear, they
tell me that they always wore clothes that were too
small to wear because their family never had
enough money to buy new ones. I don’t believe
everything they say. I think they tell me this in
order to make me feel guilty.
Too shows that an adverb or adjective is excessive*for a certain purpose.* (i.e., that there is more than a person would want
or like)
Enough shows that an adverb, adjective, or noun issufficient* for a certain thing.* (i.e., that a person does not need any more of that
thing)
In order to is used to show purpose.It can also be implied when just a to-infinitive is used.Using a comma, it can precede the main clause. Itcan also follow the main clause. In this case, thereis no comma.
To-infinitives with Too, Enough, and In Order
I was too tired to do any work.� too + adjective/adverb + to-infinitiveI have too much work to do today.� too much + uncountable noun + to-infinitiveI have too many presents to buy.� too many + plural countable noun +
to-infinitive
We had enough time to finish the project. � Enough + noun + to-infinitiveHe’s not fast enough to play for the team. � adjective/adverb + enough + to-infinitive
I studied hard in order to pass the test. I studiedhard to pass the test.My father drove down Oak Street (in order) toavoid traffic. (In order) to avoid traffic, my fatherdrove down Oak Street.
Practice 1
Part D 19
1. Emily doesn’t have ____________ time to go to all her after-school classes and
finish her homework.
2. My parents sent me ____________ chocolate to finish before I leave.
3. There are ____________ cars on the road to drive home quickly.
4. With forty students and only twenty-five desks, there are ____________ students
to place in desks.
5. Jenny feels that there is ____________ pressure on her to perform well in school.
Exercise 2 Complete the sentences with too much, too many, or enough.
1. I must have creativity. I want to write novels.