Unit 2 Ecology Application Unit 5 – Ecosystems: Stability in an ecosystem is a balance between competing effects such as nutrient recycling, food webs, and composition of producers and decomposers Describe how energy in an ecosystem moves through a food chain/food web. What type of organisms would be at the top/bottom? Given the food chain below, what type of change would have to most severe impact and why? Grasses → crickets → field mice → hawks • Describe how energy and matter move through an ecosystem differently:___________________________________ • What happens to most of the energy? ________________________________________________________________ • How much energy transfers to the next trophic level? ____ % • Describe and provide an example of both a biotic and abiotic factors.______________________________________ Ecological Relationships Exponential and Logistic Growth Graph Analysis Define & provide examples: Producer: Consumer: Decomposer: Carrying Capacity ----------------------------------- Sketch both graphs above & describe the conditions for each: Describe what happens to the population between 1900-2000: Ecological Pyramids Name and sketch each below: • Birth rate and immigration → increase / deacrease population size • Death rate and emigration → increase / deacrease population size Questions Analysis: Identify important terms/facts in each question & provide a response Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years ago have become a serious pest to farmers. Rabbit populations increased so much that they displaced many native species of plant eaters. What is the most logical explanation for their increase in numbers? In a pond, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the bluegill; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the smallmouth bass. What changes can be expected in the pond if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides? Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was transformed into a meadow. During that time, several communities of organisms were replaced by different communities. Which of these best explains why new communities were able to replace older communities? • Define Biodiversity:
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Unit 2 Ecology Application
Unit 5 – Ecosystems: Stability in an ecosystem is a balance between competing effects such as nutrient recycling, food webs, and composition of producers and decomposers
Describe how energy in an ecosystem moves through a food chain/food web. What type of organisms would be at the top/bottom?
Given the food chain below, what type of change would have to most severe impact and why?
Grasses → crickets → field mice → hawks
• Describe how energy and matter move through an ecosystem differently:___________________________________
• What happens to most of the energy? ________________________________________________________________
• How much energy transfers to the next trophic level? ____ %
• Describe and provide an example of both a biotic and abiotic factors.______________________________________
Ecological Relationships Exponential and Logistic Growth Graph Analysis
Define & provide examples:
Producer: Consumer: Decomposer:
Carrying Capacity
----------------------------------- Sketch both graphs above & describe the conditions for each:
Describe what happens to the population between 1900-2000:
Ecological Pyramids Name and sketch each below:
• Birth rate and immigration → increase / deacrease population size
• Death rate and emigration → increase / deacrease population size
Questions Analysis: Identify important terms/facts in each question & provide a response Rabbits introduced into Australia over 100 years ago have become a serious pest to farmers. Rabbit populations increased so much that they displaced many native species of plant eaters. What is the most logical explanation for their increase in numbers?
In a pond, the primary producer is a green alga, Spirogyra; the primary consumer is the crustacean Daphnia; the secondary consumer is a small fish, the bluegill; and the tertiary consumer is a larger fish, the smallmouth bass. What changes can be expected in the pond if the Daphnia are killed with pesticides?
Scientists found that, over a period of 200 years, a mountain pond was transformed into a meadow. During that time, several communities of organisms were replaced by different communities. Which of these best explains why new communities were able to replace older communities?
• Define Biodiversity:
Unit 2 Ecology Study Guide
I. Ecology • Ecology → interactions among organisms and environment.
II. Energy Flow • Photosynthesis: main source of energy • Autotrophs – producers → plants and algae • Heterotrophs – consumers (primary, secondary, etc.)
III. Feeding Relationships and Energy • Energy flows : 1 - way direction
o Producers → 1st → 2nd →3rd level consumers • Food webs - each step/link in a food chain = trophic level
IV. Ecological Pyramids • 3 Types = energy pyramid , biomass pyramid, and pyramid of
numbers o Energy Pyramid – amounts of energy at each level o Biomass – mass of organic (living) matter o Numbers – relative numbers of individuals
• Energy Transfer o Only about 10% of the energy transfers → trophic levels o Energy used for respiration, movement, etc. o Some energy lost as heat
V. Nutrient Cycles • Nutrients = life sustaining chemical substances • Water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, & phosphorus cycle • Oxygen (O2), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Water (H2O) all
cycle through process of photosynthesis & cellular respiration • All cycles pass through both living (biotic) and nonliving
I. Populations • 3 Characteristics : • Geographic Distribution – area inhabited by a population • Density – number of individuals per unit area (how many) • Growth Rate – fluctuations in population size
II. Population Size • 3 factors affect population size: number of births, number of
deaths, and number of individuals that enter or leave a population
III. Types of Growth o Exponential Growth →“J-curve” o Individuals reproduce at a constant rate o Unlimited resources = little competition