Unit 2 A New Nation. Chapter 5: Shaping the Nation.

Unit 2A New Nation

Chapter 5: Shaping the Nation

Section 1: Confederation

1. The plan for our new nation was outlined in the Articles of Confederation.

2. Under the Articles, the federal government consisted of one body called Congress (13 members).

Powers—declare war, make treaties, sign treaties, borrow money, set weights & measures, establish postal service, deal with Native American relations.

•By 1779 the Articles were ready, but the disputes over western lands delayed its final approval until 1781.

Compromise

Land Ordinance 1785—established a plan for surveying the land.

Northwest ordinance 1787—set procedure for dividing land into territories and set requirements for making them states.

Section 2: The Constitution

The Articles had many problems…

•Congress could not tax

•Could not regulate interstate or foreign trade

•2/3 majority vote was hard to get

•No executive or judicial branch

•Lacked unity

•Shays’s Rebellion

1. Shays’s rebellion caused many American leaders to seek a convention to amend the Articles.

2. In May 1787, state delegates met in Philadelphia to discuss the problems of the new nation (Constitutional Convention)

Problems that needed to be solved…

• Representation

• Weak central government

• Ratifying changes

Representation

VA Plan—rep based on pop

NJ Plan—rep equal

Slaves—Counted as full citizens?

Compromise

Great (Connecticut) Compromise—two- house (bicameral) Congress, House of Reps based on pop and Senate would have equal reps

3/5 Compromise—5 slaves would count as three people towards pop

3. The framers wanted to create a new federal government based on the concept of federalism, which power is divided between the states and a national government.

New Central Government

Federalists—wanted it strong

Anti-Feds—wanted stronger state gov’ts

Solution—Federalism

Problem—need to prevent the central government from becoming too strong…

Solution—Divide powers between three branches (executive, legislative, and judicial), and give each branch powers that must be checked upon by the other two.

THE RESULT……………………..

Ratification

1. In order to ratify, all 13 states had to approve new Constitution.

2. The Bill of Rights was added in order to ensure ratification.

3. The President would be chosen by a combination of popular and electoral vote (electoral college).

James Madison is given credit as the author of this great document.

Chapter 6Launching the New Nation

Section 1: Washington Heads Government

1. In order to help manage the executive branch, Congress created cabinet positions that were to be filled by Washington.

a. Secretary of State—Thomas Jefferson—manages domestic and foreign affairs.

b. Secretary of Treasury—Alexander Hamilton—manages the nation’s financial affairs.

c. Secretary of War—Henry Knox—head of military actions

d. Attorney General—Edmund Randolph—manages the nations legal affairs.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

•Their differences were about views over the Constitution.

•Jefferson believed that the government should not do anything that was not granted to it as a specific power in the Constitution.

•Hamilton thought the Constitution was only a loose framework of laws on which Congress could build the nation as it saw fit.

•Jefferson believed that Hamilton’s Federalists were betraying the American Revolution.

2. In order to secure the passage of a national bank, Hamilton moved the nation’s capitol from NY City to a city in the south which would be called the District of Columbia.

3. The split between Jefferson & Hamilton caused the creation of America’s two-party system. The Federalists supported Hamilton, and the Anti-Federalists (democrats) supported Jefferson.

4. The Whiskey Rebellion marked the first major challenge for the new government. Northern farmers were upset with an excise tax on whiskey. In response to this rebellion, Washington used the new federal army and squashed it.

Section 2: Domestic & Foreign Affairs•1793—Dec. of Neutrality—Washington felt the new nation was not strong enough to get involved in foreign affairs.

•1794—Battle of Fallen Timbers—The US took control of the Ohio Territory from native Americans.

•1794—Jay’s Treaty—Britain agreed to leave Ohio territory, but continue with its fur trade.

•1795—Pinckney’s Treaty—Spain gave up claims to all lands east of Mississippi, set the borders for Florida, and open Port Orleans for trade.

•1796—Adams elected—could not live in the shadow of Washington and looked to avoid conflict in France.

•1796—XYZ Affair—Increased tensions between US & France and led to increase in US military.

•1798—Alien & Sedition Acts—Alien Act looked to limit immigration into the country and raised residence requirement form 5 years to 14. The Sedition Act set fines and jail times for anyone who was attempting to hinder government operations.

Section 3: Jefferson

Results of 1800 Election…

•12th Amendment—Pres & Vice must run on same ticket.

•Judiciary Act of 1801—Increased the size and power the Judicial Branch

•Midnight Judges—Adams appointed 16 federalist judges the night before he left office

•Marbury v. Madison—established the power of Judicial Review.

•Judicial Review—Power given to Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution.

1. Jefferson reduced the size of the army, halted the expansion of the navy, reduced internal taxes, and decreased the power of the Hamilton’s bank. In order to support free trade, Jefferson lowered tariffs.

2. When Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Purchase, he went above his powers by allocating the funds before he received congressional approval.

3. Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis, William Clark, and Sacajawea to explore the Purchase.

Section 4: The War of 1812

1. In response to France and Britain seizing our ships in the Atlantic, Jefferson ordered an embargo on exporting products. In the end the embargo hurt us more than the British or French.

2. In response to seizing American ships & soldiers and encouraging native American attacks on US soil, President Monroe ordered William Henry Harrison to attack the Shawnee nation on the banks of the Tippecanoe River. When America found out the Shawnee were being supplied by the British, the war hawks formed calling for a war against the British. Madison declared war on the British in the spring of 1812.

A) The War Itself

• President James Madison declared war on the British.

• This war is also known as the Second War for Independence.

• In the North, naval commander Oliver Perry won key battle (Lake Erie & Detroit).

• However, in the summer of 1814, the British entered and burned down our capitol.

• In the south, fierce general Andrew Jackson won many battles, but ironically, his greatest victory occurred after the war had ended.

• After 2 years of stalemate, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.

B) Results

1. Trade reopened between two countries.

2. The Rush-Bagot agreement limited the number of warships on the Great Lakes.

3. The 49th parallel was set establishing the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory.

4. Joint occupation of the Oregon territory was agreed upon.

5. Star Spangled Banner

6. Uncle Sam (Sam Wilson)

Chapter 7

Nationalism & Sectionalism

Section 1: Regional Economic Differences

•With an industrialization movement in Britain, American businesses began to examine the factory system (using power driven machinery and laborers assigned to different tasks) as a means to mass produce (production of goods in large quantities) goods.

•This resulted in social and economic changes in America in which machines replaced hand tools and the large scale factory system developed. This was known as the Industrial Revolution.

•The northern economy was primarily small farms and trade, with their farm goods being corn and cattle.

•The south based their economy on large scale farming of cash crops such as indigo, tobacco, and cotton.

•As the Industrial Revolution grew, most northern cities began to build large factories and produced goods in mass quantities. As a result, they looked for the government to increase tariffs.

•The south did not industrialize, instead choosing to continue to rely on cash crops (cotton) and slavery. As a result, they wanted to keep tariffs low.

•This resulted in an economic difference of opinion and created feelings of sectionalism between the north and south.

In order to help alleviate the tensions caused by sectionalism, Henry Clay attempted to link the nation together by implementing his idea called The American System.

• The two main goals of the American system were…

1. Unite the country’s economic interests

2. Improve the nation’s transportation system

• How will this be done…

1. Increase the tariff & the National bank

2. Use the tariff money to build railroads, canals (Erie), and roads

Section 2: Nationalism

1. Gibbons v. Ogden

•Ogden licensed by NY to run a steamship company from NY-NJ.

•Gibbons began to run the same service in the same area.

•S.C. decision—only the national government can regulate interstate commerce.

2. McCulloch v. Maryland

•S.C. decision—State cannot tax federal property. It may give states the power to overturn Congressional laws. Executed the Supremacy Clause.

•Maryland placed a large tax on the federal bank in attempt to destroy it.

3. Fletcher v. Peck

•Peck bought private land from the state of Georgia. Later the contract was declared void by recently elected state legislatures. Peck sold the land to Fletcher during during this time, and afterwards the gov’t looked to take the land from Fletcher.

•S.C. decision—Georgia’s contract with Peck was binding and therefore could not be voided. S.C. overturned a state decision.

4. Dartmouth College v. Woodward

•Dartmouth college was charted land for its college by New Hampshire. Later, the state looked to alter the charter.

•S.C. decision—a charter is a contract and therefore binding and cannot be altered.

5. Adams-Onis Treaty

•Spain gave up its claims to Florida and Oregon territory to the US.

•Will these states be industrial or agricultural?

6. Monroe Doctrine

•President Monroe issued an order to Europe to stop creating colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

•This created heavy tariffs.

7. Missouri Compromise

•Two states come into the Union—Maine (no slaves), Missouri (slaves). 36 degree line of latitude set as dividing line between slave & free state.

•We have no physically cut our country into two distinct regions.

Sections 3 & 4: Andrew Jackson

1. Election of 1824—Andrew Jackson won the popular vote and the electoral vote, but lost the presidency to John Quincy Adams. Jackson left the Republican party and formed the Democratic-republican party (Democrats).

2. Spoils System—Policy of rewarding political supporters with gov’t jobs. Increased & decreased democracy at the same time.

3. Indian removal Act 1830—Government attempted to force Native Americans west. Most groups were forced into signing treaties that they did not agree with.

4. Worcester v. Georgia—Cherokee nation in Georgia was granted exclusive rights to their land. Jackson ignored the court’s decision and forced them to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears).

5. Nullification Theory—States felt they could declare a federal law unconstitutional with a ¾ vote. Jackson disagreed and his Vice President resigned.

6. Webster/Hayne Debate—Hayne supported the T of N and opposed the the Tariff of Abominations. Webster opposed the T of N and supported the Tariff Act of 1828.

7. John Calhoun resigns—opposed Jackson’s tariff bill and became Senator of South Carolina. He began to urged for secession.

8. Pet Banks—In an attempt to destroy the national bank, Jackson deposited federal funds into new state banks. The states’ spent this money foolishly and caused a recession in 1837.

9. Whig party—formed as a result of the pet banks. They broke away from Jackson and sought to re-establish the power of the bank and the American System.

10. Panic of 1837—numerous banks closed, paper money became worthless, credit was destroyed, and many people were unemployed. Paved the way for Whig candidate W.H. Harrison to become President.

11. Election of Harrison—Sought to push through many Whig reforms, but died soon into his presidency. John Tyler took over and moved away from Whig policies. The government became extremely disorganized.

Chapter 8: Reforming America• Andrew Jackson’s presidency sparked many reform movements in America.

1. 2nd Great Awakening—Charles Grandison Finney/Calvinists

2. Transcendentalism—Ralph Waldo Emerson & Henry David Thoreau. A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination.

3. Asylums & prisons—Dorothea Dix—looked to keep the mentally ill out of prison and improve the conditions of prison and seek better rehabilitation efforts.

4. Education—Horace Mann—sought to develop tax supported public schools.

5. Abolitionist Movement—sought for the immediate end to slavery. William Lloyd Garrison (Liberator), David Walker (Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World), Frederick Douglass (Life of a Slave), Harriet Tubman (Underground Railroad), Nat Turner (set off a bloody confrontation between slaves and plantation owners).

6. Women’s Rights—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Lucretia Mott. They all sought to gain women’s suffrage and equal pay for equal work. IN 1848 they organized the Seneca Falls Convention and issued a “Declaration of Sentiments.”