Unit 16

Unit 16Unit 16

Part 3 Part 3 The Rise of The Rise of

FascismFascism

Fascism on the RiseFascism on the Rise DefnDefn: A political system which emphasizes : A political system which emphasizes

the needs of the state over the needs of the needs of the state over the needs of the individualthe individual

– Wanted no conflict by class or party and Wanted no conflict by class or party and held only a single national purposeheld only a single national purpose

– Use fear and police surveillance to keep Use fear and police surveillance to keep controlcontrol

ItalyItaly Pre-conditionsPre-conditions: Although Italy : Although Italy

had been victorious in WW I they had been victorious in WW I they still had many issues (lack of still had many issues (lack of industry and education, poverty, industry and education, poverty, cheated out of land?)cheated out of land?)– Had an active socialist partyHad an active socialist party

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)

Began the party in 1919 along with Began the party in 1919 along with others who were resentful that Italy had others who were resentful that Italy had been “cheated” in Parisbeen “cheated” in Paris– Took advantage of social, economic and Took advantage of social, economic and

political unrest . Used fear of Communism political unrest . Used fear of Communism and promises of peace to gain support (local and promises of peace to gain support (local goon squads to break up socialist meetings goon squads to break up socialist meetings and strikes)and strikes)

Local law enforcement ignored them and Local law enforcement ignored them and eventually they seized control of local eventually they seized control of local governmentgovernment

The march on RomeThe march on Rome 1921 elections sent only 34 fascists 1921 elections sent only 34 fascists

to the chamber of deputiesto the chamber of deputies– October of 1922 Mussolini and the October of 1922 Mussolini and the

Fascists marched on Rome and King Fascists marched on Rome and King Victor Emmanuel III Victor Emmanuel III

– Instead of using the army to stop him Instead of using the army to stop him the King invited him to be Prime the King invited him to be Prime MinisterMinister

– November 23 1922 king and parliament November 23 1922 king and parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial authority granted Mussolini dictatorial authority for one year to bring order to local for one year to bring order to local governmentgovernment

Mussolini In PowerMussolini In Power Eventually he Eventually he

was able to was able to manipulate the manipulate the parliamentary parliamentary system so that system so that he could rule by he could rule by decreedecree– By 1926 all other By 1926 all other

political parties political parties were dissolvedwere dissolved

– Propaganda and Propaganda and intimidation intimidation (murdered rivals)(murdered rivals)

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ADOLF HITLER (1889-1945)Born in Austria-Hungary, moved to Munich in 1913 (art school)Extreme Nationalist Publishes Mein Kampf (My Struggle) while in prison

Purity of the Aryan raceExpansion of the German state (Lebensraum)

Elected Chancellor in 1933; quickly dissolves Wiemar Republic; declares the Third Reich

HOW DID THE GLOBAL DEPRESSION HELP HITLER???

http://www.mnstate.edu/shoptaug/hitler2.jpg

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power Weimar Government was Weimar Government was

attacked from both the Left (too attacked from both the Left (too much authority) and the Right much authority) and the Right (too weak)(too weak)– From 1919-1924 Nazi’s try to From 1919-1924 Nazi’s try to

create a social and political create a social and political revolution out of economic revolution out of economic hardship (based on resentment)hardship (based on resentment)

Used the Used the SA under Ernst Roehm SA under Ernst Roehm (Brown Shirts)(Brown Shirts) to intimidate to intimidate

– 1922 party membership way up 1922 party membership way up (10x) so he decided it was time to (10x) so he decided it was time to try and seize powertry and seize power

The Beer Hall Putsch November 1923The Beer Hall Putsch November 1923 Inspired by Mussolini’s success Hitler Inspired by Mussolini’s success Hitler

and and Eric Ludendorf Eric Ludendorf attempted to attempted to overthrow the Bavarian government overthrow the Bavarian government (Munich)(Munich)– Badly organized and Badly organized and Ludendorf Ludendorf failed failed

to march on Berlinto march on Berlin– Hitler was tried for treason and Hitler was tried for treason and

sentenced to 5 years in jail (served less sentenced to 5 years in jail (served less than 1)than 1)

– The trial was great PR for his messageThe trial was great PR for his message– While in jail wrote While in jail wrote Mein KampfMein Kampf– Beer Hall video

Good Times, Bad Times…Good Times, Bad Times… The economic recovery of the Dawes Plan The economic recovery of the Dawes Plan

led to a down time for the Nazi Party, but led to a down time for the Nazi Party, but by 1928 they had 100,000 members and by 1928 they had 100,000 members and held 12 seats in the Reichstagheld 12 seats in the Reichstag

World wide depressionWorld wide depression– The stock market crash of 1929 led to 6 The stock market crash of 1929 led to 6

million unemployed in Germany by 1932 (43% million unemployed in Germany by 1932 (43% of workforce)of workforce)

– ““Hitler Time”Hitler Time”: Nazi promises of national : Nazi promises of national recovery, exciting change and personal recovery, exciting change and personal advancement were now very enticingadvancement were now very enticing

Nazi Party GrowthNazi Party Growth By 1932 Nazi’s are By 1932 Nazi’s are

the strongest party the strongest party in the Reichstag but in the Reichstag but do not have a do not have a majoritymajority– Hitler lost Presidency Hitler lost Presidency

to to HindenburgHindenburg in a in a close electionclose election

– Hitler Hitler appointed appointed chancellorchancellor January of January of 19331933

1933 Hitler Seizes Total Control1933 Hitler Seizes Total Control Feb 27Feb 27thth: Reichstag building : Reichstag building

mysteriously burned downmysteriously burned down March 1933:March 1933: New election New election

returns only 43.9% Nazi’s to the returns only 43.9% Nazi’s to the ReichstagReichstag– Hitler arrested Communists giving Hitler arrested Communists giving

him the majority in the Reichstaghim the majority in the Reichstag– He then issued the He then issued the Enabling ActEnabling Act

which allowed him to rule by which allowed him to rule by decreedecree

– June 1933 all other parties June 1933 all other parties outlawedoutlawed

Propaganda minister Propaganda minister Joseph Goebels Joseph Goebels allows him to control German societyallows him to control German society

Reichstag fire video

The Night of the Long KnivesThe Night of the Long Knives June 30-July 2 1934June 30-July 2 1934: Hitler : Hitler

purges the SA and their leader purges the SA and their leader Ernst RoehmErnst Roehm– They had become too powerful (1 They had become too powerful (1

mil active and 2 mil reserves) and mil active and 2 mil reserves) and posed a threat to the regular armyposed a threat to the regular army

– 1,000 people murdered without trials 1,000 people murdered without trials (Carried out by (Carried out by Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler and the SSand the SS))

August 2,1934 Hindenburg dies August 2,1934 Hindenburg dies and Hitler combines the positions and Hitler combines the positions of Chancellor and President of Chancellor and President

The Police State and Anti-SemitismThe Police State and Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitic lawsAnti-Semitic laws

– 1933: Jews excluded from civil service 1933: Jews excluded from civil service and Jewish shops are boycottedand Jewish shops are boycotted

– 1935: 1935: The Nuremberg LawsThe Nuremberg Laws took took away citizenship (legal exclusion and away citizenship (legal exclusion and humiliation)humiliation)

– 1938: 1938: KristallnachtKristallnacht The beginning of The beginning of state sanctioned violence against the state sanctioned violence against the Jews. Synagogues and shops burnedJews. Synagogues and shops burned

Hitler’s inner circleHitler’s inner circle– Herman Goehring Herman Goehring

(Luftwaffe)(Luftwaffe)– Ernst Roehm (SA)Ernst Roehm (SA)– Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Himmler

(SS)(SS)– Karl Doenitz (U-Karl Doenitz (U-

Boats)Boats)– Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels

(Propaganda (Propaganda minister)minister)

The Spanish Civil WarThe Spanish Civil War After the collapse of the monarchy in 1931 Spain After the collapse of the monarchy in 1931 Spain

became a democratic republic (another weak became a democratic republic (another weak government that pleased no one)government that pleased no one)– Elections in February of 1936 returned a victory for Elections in February of 1936 returned a victory for

forces of the “left”forces of the “left”– The right reacted in July by attacking the Republic from The right reacted in July by attacking the Republic from

Spanish Morocco with an army led by Spanish Morocco with an army led by General General Francisco FrancoFrancisco Franco

– This civil war would last 3 years with the Germans and This civil war would last 3 years with the Germans and Italians supporting Franco and the USSR sending Italians supporting Franco and the USSR sending supplies to the republic (many liberals from the US and supplies to the republic (many liberals from the US and Europe joined the fight against Fascism)Europe joined the fight against Fascism)

– Franco wins by early 1939Franco wins by early 1939

http://www.herodote.net/Dossier/Guerre_Espagne.htm

GeneralisimoFrancisco Franco

Totalitarian dictator of Spain

Spanish Civil-War 1936-1939

fought between Fascists and “Republicans” –

TERRIBLE ATROCITIES ON BOTH SIDES!!!