UNIT 1.3 REVIEW MI. HOW DO FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE AFFECT HOW HUMANS INTERPRET SOUND?

UNIT 1.3 REVIEW MI

HOW DO FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE

AFFECT HOW HUMANS INTERPRET SOUND?

• AMPLITUDE – MEASURE OF THE HEIGHT OF THE SOUND WAVE (ENERGY) IN DECIBELS

• INDICATES HOW LOUD THE SOUND WILL BE

• FREQUENCY – MEASURES THE SPEED OF THE SOUND WAVE IN HERTZ

• INDICATES THE PITCH OF THE SOUND

WHAT CAUSES DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEARING LOSS?

• OUTER EAR –

• PINNA - COLLECTS SOUND WAVES

• EAR CANAL

• EAR DRUM (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE) TRANSFERS SOUND WAVES TO VIBRATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAR

• MIDDLE EAR –

• OSSICLES – BONES VIBRATE AND SEND PRESSURE WAVES THROUGH THE COCHLEA

• MALLEUS, INCUS, STAPES

• INNER EAR –

• COCHLEA – CONTAINS SENSORY HAIRS THAT PICK UP ON VIBRATIONS AND SEND SIGNALS UP THE AUDITORY NERVE TO THE BRAIN

• VESTIBULE – MAINTAINS BALANCE

• EUSTACHIAN TUBE – MAINTAINS PRESSURE IN THE EAR

TYPES OF HEARING LOSS• CONDUCTIVE HEARING LOSS – CAUSED BY A

BLOCKAGE OR PROBLEM WITH ONE OF THE ABOVE STRUCTURES. CAN OFTEN BE REVERSED WITH SURGERY OR TREATED BY ANTIBIOTICS IF DUE TO INFECTIONS.

• SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS – CAUSED BY GENETIC OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE TO THE INNER EAR. OFTEN IRREVERSIBLE AND NEED HEARING AIDS, SIGN LANGUAGE, OR COCHLEAR IMPLANTS TO COMMUNICATE

How is hearing loss diagnosed?

Rinne Test – Uses a tuning fork to compare sound through vibrations to sound waves going through the outer ear. If the sound through vibrations is longer that means there maybe conductive hearing loss.

Audiogram – Uses different frequencies to test the decibels patients can hear them in a sound proof room

Conductive hearing loss – bone conduction line with << will be higher than air conduction line

Sensorineural hearing loss – This shows hearing loss at high frequencies, because we had to increase decibels for the patient to hear the sound.

WHAT INTERVENTIONS ARE AVAILABLE FOR PATIENTS

WITH HEARING LOSS?

What are the bioethical concerns related to the use of cochlear implant technology?

• INTERVENTIONS FOR CONDUCTIVE• SURGERY AND ANTIBIOTICS

• INTERVENTIONS FOR SENSORINEURAL• HEARING AIDS, SIGN LANGUAGE, COCHLEAR IMPLANTS

• COCHLEAR IMPLANTS• WIRE IS PUT INTO COCHLEA AND USES ELECTRICITY TO

STIMULATE NERVE

• WILL DESTROY ANY HEARING PATIENT MAY HAVE IN THAT EAR

• DOES NOT COMPLETELY REPLICATE HEARING,

• DEAFNESS IS NOT SEEN A DISABILITY, BUT RATHER ANOTHER CULTURE AND DOES NOT NEED TO BE “CURED”

MI UNIT 1.4 REVIEW

WHAT IS VACCINATION?HOW DOES A VACCINE ACTIVATE THE BODY’S IMMUNE SYSTEM?

• THE BODY IS PRESENTED A DEAD OR WEAKENED FORM OF THE PATHOGEN TO EXPOSE THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO THE ANTIGEN.

• ALLOWS THE B-CELL TO PRODUCE ANTIBODIES AND MEMORY CELLS.

• WHEN THE BODY IS EXPOSED TO THE ANTIGEN AGAIN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM WILL BE ABLE TO FIGHT OFF THE INFECTION.

HOW HAS VACCINATION IMPACTED DISEASE TRENDS IN OUR COUNTRY?

WHAT METHODS ARE USED TO PRODUCE VACCINES IN THE LABORATORY?

• SIMILAR PATHOGEN

• ATTENUATED

• KILLED

• TOXOID

• SUBUNIT

• NAKED DNA

• 2 goals for every vaccine– Contains

Antigen so we can produce antibodies

– Pathogen will not be harmful

SIMILAR PATHOGEN VACCINE

Insert a similar pathogen to what you want to vaccinate against. This pathogen is not as harmful to humans as the pathogen you are vaccinating against. It contains a similar enough antigen that we can develop antibodies to kill the pathogen.

ATTENUATED VACCINE

Pathogen is grown under non ideal conditions for several generations, causing the pathogen to evolve. Due to natural selection the pathogen is now adapted to the new environment. When placed in humans they still have the antigens, but will be weak in the body’s environment so they will not harm.

KILLED VACCINE

Pathogen is killed due to heat or radiation and inserted into the body. The dead pathogen still contains antigens, but will not be able to reproduce and cause harm.

Toxoid VaccineGrow pathogen and collect the toxins. Inject toxins into the person with another vaccine and the body will build up an immunity.

SUBUNIT VACCINE

• GENE FOR ANTIGEN FROM PATHOGEN IS PUT ONTO A PLASMID AND INSERTED INTO ANOTHER ORGANISM. THIS ORGANISM CAN PRODUCE THE ANTIGEN, WHICH IS USED TO PRODUCE THE VACCINE.

NAKED DNA VACCINE

• GENE FOR ANTIGEN FROM PATHOGEN IS PUT ONTO A PLASMID AND INSERTED INTO A BACTERIA TO REPLICATE THE PLASMID. THE PLASMID IS PURIFIED AND PLACED INTO THE BODY. THE BODY CELLS CAN UPTAKE THE DNA AND BEGIN MAKING THE ANTIGEN.

WHAT IS RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY? WHAT ARE THE MOLECULAR TOOLS USED TO

ASSEMBLE RECOMBINANT DNA?

• RESTRICTION ENZYMES CUT DNA AND OPEN PLASMID

• LIGASE CONNECT DNA FRAGMENT TO PLASMID AT THE STICKY ENDS

• THIS FORMS A RECOMBINANT PLASMID THAT HAS A SPECIFIC GENE IN IT.

HOW CAN ENGINEERED PLASMIDS BE INSERTED INTO BACTERIAL CELLS? HOW CAN RECOMBINANT DNA AND BACTERIAL

CELLS BE USED TO PRODUCE VACCINES?

• THE RECOMBINANT PLASMID IS MADE AND INSERTED INTO THE BACTERIA VIA TRANSFORMATION.

• THE BACTERIA CAN EXPRESS THE GENE THAT WAS PLACED INTO THE PLASMID TO PRODUCE THE NECESSARY ANTIGEN FOR THE VACCINE.

WHAT IS EPIDEMIOLOGY? HOW CAN EPIDEMIOLOGISTS ASSIST WITH THE

DETECTION, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT OF BOTH CHRONIC AND INFECTIOUS

DISEASE?

• EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE SPREAD, CAUSE, AND EFFECTS OF DISEASES IN CERTAIN POPULATIONS.

• THEY ANALYZE DATA, CONDUCT SURVEYS, AND PERFORM TESTS, TO IDENTIFY THE CAUSE AND SPREAD OF THE DISEASE. THEY DEVELOP INFORMATIVE TOOLS AND USE PREVENTATIVE MEASURES TO STOP THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE.