Unit 1 The Unit 1 The Reformation Reformation Chapter 4 Chapter 4
Dec 30, 2015
Unit 1 The ReformationUnit 1 The Reformation
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Why is This Happening?Why is This Happening? Humanism/Individualism Humanism/Individualism new ways of thinkingnew ways of thinking knowledge than the Dogmaknowledge than the Dogma Begin with the idea of reform- end with splitBegin with the idea of reform- end with split The Reformation is a transformative event that The Reformation is a transformative event that
will help set Europe on its modern pathwill help set Europe on its modern path
Seeds of RevoltSeeds of Revolt
Late middle agesLate middle ages Challenges from kings Challenges from kings ThinkersThinkers
Babylonian CaptivityBabylonian Captivity
French PopeFrench Pope
Great SchismGreat Schism
2-3 different Popes2-3 different Popes
Church PracticesChurch Practices
IndulgencesIndulgences Sale of offices (Sale of offices (SimonySimony), ), Fees for sacraments Fees for sacraments AbsenteeismAbsenteeism Pluralism, Pluralism, Clerical Ignorance,Clerical Ignorance, Moral laxity of Clergy Moral laxity of Clergy
Critics of the ChurchCritics of the Church
Martin Luther was not the 1Martin Luther was not the 1stst
Lollards: John WycliffLollards: John Wycliff
Vernacular Vernacular personal connection with Godpersonal connection with God ExcommunicatedExcommunicated
Jan HusJan Hus
CzechCzech Bible was the sole authority in Christianity- Bible was the sole authority in Christianity-
not the pope. not the pope. God loves us- doesn’t judge usGod loves us- doesn’t judge us Burned at the stake as a hereticBurned at the stake as a heretic
Martin Luther and the Beginnings of Martin Luther and the Beginnings of “Protestantism”“Protestantism”
Lived in Holy Roman Empire- which was good Lived in Holy Roman Empire- which was good distance away from Rome (esp in North where Luther distance away from Rome (esp in North where Luther lived) HRE was center of Northern Humanism- lived) HRE was center of Northern Humanism- looking to use Christianity to build a better worldlooking to use Christianity to build a better world
Who is Luther?Who is Luther? Urged people to study the Bible for themselves (Urged people to study the Bible for themselves (few few
Catholics- even priests- had read itCatholics- even priests- had read it) and to form a personal ) and to form a personal connection to Godconnection to God
Why is he unhappy?Why is he unhappy?
John Tetzel was selling indulgencesJohn Tetzel was selling indulgences 1517 published 95 Thesis1517 published 95 Thesis denied the infallibility of the denied the infallibility of the
pope and said Jan Hus had pope and said Jan Hus had
NOT been a hereticNOT been a heretic))
What did he do?What did he do? Can no longer “reconcile” with church- creates his Can no longer “reconcile” with church- creates his
own.own. Confession of Augsburg written as a last attempt at Confession of Augsburg written as a last attempt at
compromise, became a statement of protestant beliefscompromise, became a statement of protestant beliefs Salvation through faith, not sacramentsSalvation through faith, not sacraments Bible sole authority, not popeBible sole authority, not pope We are all equal in eyes of GodWe are all equal in eyes of God Used vernacular, allowed married clergy and Used vernacular, allowed married clergy and
divorce. Encouraged Education (read bible) divorce. Encouraged Education (read bible) Sermons in each service. Consubstantiation. Sermons in each service. Consubstantiation.
Charles VCharles V HREHRE Allied with POPEAllied with POPE
Peasant’s WarPeasant’s War
Germany 1524-1525Germany 1524-1525 Peasant’s saw Luther as Peasant’s saw Luther as
throwing off ALL throwing off ALL authority. Demanded authority. Demanded an end to all serfdom an end to all serfdom and tithes.and tithes.
Luther did NOT support Luther did NOT support this- spoke against it- this- spoke against it- and it was savagely and it was savagely crushed (100,000 dead)crushed (100,000 dead)
League of Schmalkalden 1531League of Schmalkalden 1531
Formed by Princes who became Lutheran Formed by Princes who became Lutheran (looking to gain power for themselves, break (looking to gain power for themselves, break away from Emperor and Church ties)away from Emperor and Church ties)
Stood against Charles V (aided by Francis I of Stood against Charles V (aided by Francis I of France, who wanted to push down Hapsburgs) France, who wanted to push down Hapsburgs)
Led to Hapsburg Valois Wars 1531-1539 as Led to Hapsburg Valois Wars 1531-1539 as well as a German Civil war (beginning of wars well as a German Civil war (beginning of wars of religion)of religion)
Peace of Augsburg 1555Peace of Augsburg 1555
Ended the German Civil WarEnded the German Civil War Legalizing Lutheranism only in HRE.Legalizing Lutheranism only in HRE. Princes could choose if their land was Protestant Princes could choose if their land was Protestant
or Catholic. or Catholic.
Reformation in Switzerland and FranceReformation in Switzerland and France
Switzerland Switzerland Southern areas stayed CatholicSouthern areas stayed Catholic Moved from Switzerland into FranceMoved from Switzerland into France
Swiss: ZwinglianismSwiss: Zwinglianism
Theocracy in ZurichTheocracy in Zurich Argued with Luther about the Eucharist- said Argued with Luther about the Eucharist- said
it was only symbolic, didn’t represent anythingit was only symbolic, didn’t represent anything
AnabaptistsAnabaptists Protestants who were Protestants who were
against infant baptismagainst infant baptism Voluntary association- no Voluntary association- no
allegiance to any allegiance to any particular stateparticular state
Accepted PolygamyAccepted Polygamy Rejected the idea of the Rejected the idea of the
trinity- believed the end trinity- believed the end of the world was nearof the world was near
CalvinismCalvinism
Geneva (Geneva (the city that was a the city that was a
churchchurch) became a theocracy) became a theocracy
PrinciplesPrinciples
Predestination: (Predestination: (no free willno free will) Already decided, but ) Already decided, but if you live a good enough life- God will let you if you live a good enough life- God will let you know. (know. (the “elect” visible saints living among the “elect” visible saints living among menmen))
Church should be governed by Presbyteries- Church should be governed by Presbyteries- groups of ministers/elders who rule church groups of ministers/elders who rule church council and town.council and town.
Strict rules, no frivolous activities (music, dancing Strict rules, no frivolous activities (music, dancing or cards) Stark churches, plain clothes.or cards) Stark churches, plain clothes.
Protestant Work EthicProtestant Work Ethic
Importance of hard work- that all tasks done Importance of hard work- that all tasks done well pleased God. Whether you grow rich or well pleased God. Whether you grow rich or poor depends of YOU and what you do- God poor depends of YOU and what you do- God helps those who help themselves.helps those who help themselves.
Would have major social impact on Calvinist Would have major social impact on Calvinist societies (focus on business etc..)societies (focus on business etc..)
PilgrimsPilgrims
SpreadSpread
Dutch Reform Church: NetherlandsDutch Reform Church: Netherlands no impact on Ireland, Italy, Spainno impact on Ireland, Italy, Spain
English Reformation William TyndaleEnglish Reformation William Tyndale
Is about powerIs about power HumanistHumanist Translated the bible into English in 1526 (Base of the Translated the bible into English in 1526 (Base of the
King James version) Hunted down and executed 1535King James version) Hunted down and executed 1535
Henry VIIIHenry VIII
Catholic lands confiscated by king, Catholic lands confiscated by king, (600 monasteries convents) sold for (600 monasteries convents) sold for profitprofit
Divorce permitted at discretion of Divorce permitted at discretion of king (shocker)king (shocker)
1536 Pilgrimage of Grace- rebellion 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace- rebellion of common folk in favor of RC of common folk in favor of RC church- crushedchurch- crushed
Aftermath of Anglican SplitAftermath of Anglican Split Edward VI Edward VI (r 1547-(r 1547-
1553) Added to 1553) Added to Anglican by allowing Anglican by allowing married clergy- married clergy- recognized only 2 recognized only 2 sacraments (baptism sacraments (baptism and communion)and communion)
Mary I Mary I (r 1553-1558) (r 1553-1558) tried to restore tried to restore Catholicism by force Catholicism by force (bloody Mary) (bloody Mary)
Elizabeth I Elizabeth I (r 1558-(r 1558-1603)- Anglican, 1603)- Anglican, PolitiquePolitique
Elizabethan Elizabethan settlementsettlement: law says : law says you must be you must be Anglican in public- Anglican in public- do what you want at do what you want at homehome
39 Articles39 Articles: Anglican : Anglican Creed. Followed Creed. Followed protestant ideas, but protestant ideas, but loose enough most loose enough most (except Puritans) (except Puritans) could live with itcould live with it
The Catholic (Counter) ReformationThe Catholic (Counter) Reformation
15341534
The Council of TrentThe Council of Trent
Creates index of Creates index of forbidden booksforbidden books
after 1540 no new country after 1540 no new country becomes protestant.becomes protestant.
Makes split between Makes split between Catholics/protestants Catholics/protestants permanent and permanent and implacable.implacable.
JesuitsJesuits
3 Goals3 Goals 1. reform church through 1. reform church through
educationeducation 2. Spread Catholicism2. Spread Catholicism 3. Fight Protestantism3. Fight Protestantism
In charge of Inquisition. In charge of Inquisition. Stamp out Heresy.Stamp out Heresy.
Political Impact of ReformationPolitical Impact of Reformation
Shattered the last unifying element in European Shattered the last unifying element in European culture. Made it easier for them to fight each other.culture. Made it easier for them to fight each other.
Positives: Religious enthusiasm rekindle, and literacy Positives: Religious enthusiasm rekindle, and literacy expanded (keep up with arguments etc…)expanded (keep up with arguments etc…)
Dutch:Dutch: Strongly Calvinist- wanted freedom from Hapsburg Control- will Strongly Calvinist- wanted freedom from Hapsburg Control- will lead to prolonged war which will diminish Spanish powerlead to prolonged war which will diminish Spanish power
England:England: Elizabeth gets things settled (with problem of Catholic Elizabeth gets things settled (with problem of Catholic claimant Mary of Scots to deal with) But religious issues will claimant Mary of Scots to deal with) But religious issues will return with House of Stuart vs. Puritansreturn with House of Stuart vs. Puritans
German StatesGerman States Civil War from 1547-1555 (Civil War from 1547-1555 (league of Schmalkaldenleague of Schmalkalden) only first ) only first
wave- issues become about power as well as faithwave- issues become about power as well as faith Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg
MarriageMarriage
Origins of “family values”Origins of “family values”..
Social ClassSocial Class
Protestantism appealed to all classesProtestantism appealed to all classes Overall ever increasing emphasis on secular Overall ever increasing emphasis on secular
worldworld
WomenWomen
ProtestantProtestant No more convents etc… meant No more convents etc… meant
that women lost main that women lost main opportunity for leadership.opportunity for leadership.
Protestant women meant to be Protestant women meant to be devoted wives and mothers- devoted wives and mothers- subordinate to men. Although, subordinate to men. Although, marriage supposed to be based marriage supposed to be based on Love rather than econ. on Love rather than econ. Encouraged to read bible Encouraged to read bible (therefore literate)(therefore literate)
CatholicCatholic Continued to have Continued to have
opportunities as nuns etc… opportunities as nuns etc… Ursuline Order founded by Ursuline Order founded by Council of Trent to educate Council of Trent to educate women in their faith.women in their faith.
Chapter 5: A Century of Chapter 5: A Century of ConflictConflict
1555-16481555-1648
Politics, Religion and WarfarePolitics, Religion and Warfare
Constant warfare- a mix of politics Constant warfare- a mix of politics and religion. and religion.
War is different-slaughter from guns War is different-slaughter from guns and artillery.and artillery.
French Wars of ReligionFrench Wars of Religion
1562-1598- civil war 1562-1598- civil war Valois , Bourbon vs. Valois , Bourbon vs. GuiseGuise
OriginsOrigins
Calvinism (Huguenots)Calvinism (Huguenots) 40-50% of nobility became Huguenots40-50% of nobility became Huguenots Political Political Nobles resent king’s power Nobles resent king’s power
Religious Riots and Civil WarReligious Riots and Civil War St Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSt Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Catholics slaughtering Huguenots all over Catholics slaughtering Huguenots all over
FranceFrance
War of Three Henrys 1572-1589War of Three Henrys 1572-1589
15 year civil war with 15 year civil war with over 500,000 killedover 500,000 killed Henry of NavarreHenry of Navarre
Triumph of the PolitiquesTriumph of the Politiques
Henry of Navarre
Privately he Privately he remained remained CalvinistCalvinist
Edict of Nantes 1598Edict of Nantes 1598
Gave religious rights to Gave religious rights to Huguenots in France.Huguenots in France.
Revoked in 1685 by Revoked in 1685 by Louis XIVLouis XIV
NOT religious tolerance NOT religious tolerance or mixingor mixing
Spain: Philip II and Militant CatholicismSpain: Philip II and Militant Catholicism
Philip Philip (“the Most Catholic”) (“the Most Catholic”) ruled Spain ruled Spain at the height of its power (at the height of its power (their golden their golden age, lasts > 100 years, in part b/c kings age, lasts > 100 years, in part b/c kings
are so inflexibleare so inflexible))
EscorialEscorial
OttomansOttomans
Spain stopped themSpain stopped them 1571-Battle of Lepanto1571-Battle of Lepanto
Revolt of the NetherlandsRevolt of the Netherlands
Spain defeatedSpain defeated leads to decline of Antwerp and leads to decline of Antwerp and
rise of Amsterdamrise of Amsterdam
Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588Defeat of Spanish Armada 1588
Queen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth the “protestant wind”the “protestant wind” Begins Spain’s decline (Begins Spain’s decline (and England’s and England’s
RiseRise))
Germany: the 30 Years WarGermany: the 30 Years War
1618-1648. 1618-1648. Most important Most important conflict of the conflict of the 1600s1600s
HRE splitHRE split Luther not Luther not
CalvinCalvin
Four Phases:Four Phases: 1 1stst (Bohemian) Phase (Bohemian) Phase ““Defenestration of Defenestration of
Prague” Prague” Czechs Czechs
(Bohemians- (Bohemians- Calvinist)Calvinist)
Czechs defeated, Czechs defeated, Battle of White Battle of White Mountain- forced Mountain- forced conversionsconversions
22ndnd (Danish) Phase (Danish) PhaseDenmark v. HREDenmark v. HRE
King Christian of King Christian of Demark (Lutheran)Demark (Lutheran)
HREmperor wins HREmperor wins againagain
Issues Edict of Issues Edict of Restitution (only Restitution (only Lutheranism)Lutheranism)
33rdrd (Swedish) Phase (Swedish) Phase
Swedish Swedish (Lutheran) king (Lutheran) king Gustavus Gustavus Adolphus Adolphus
Swedes win battleSwedes win battle Took over Took over
Denmark, Poland, Denmark, Poland, Finland and Finland and BalticsBaltics
Turns the tide and gives Turns the tide and gives protestants hope.protestants hope.
Emperor annulled Edict Emperor annulled Edict of Restitutionof Restitution
44thth (French/International) Phase (French/International) Phase
French declare war French declare war on Spain on Spain (supported a (supported a rebellion in rebellion in Portugal)Portugal)
RichelieuRichelieu PolitiquePolitique
Peace of WestphaliaPeace of Westphalia In 1648 no one really “wins”In 1648 no one really “wins” Treaty recognizesTreaty recognizes
City states autonomous, HRE destroyedCity states autonomous, HRE destroyed Dutch and Swiss , France gains Alsace and Dutch and Swiss , France gains Alsace and
Lorraine, Lorraine, Prussia gains powerPrussia gains power Recognizes Augsburg agreement- adds CalvinismRecognizes Augsburg agreement- adds Calvinism
Results of 30 Years WarResults of 30 Years War
Ends German Reformation and wars of Ends German Reformation and wars of religion (on continent)religion (on continent)
Rise of France as powerRise of France as power Balance of Power diplomacyBalance of Power diplomacy
English Civil WarEnglish Civil War
Constitutionalism in EnglandConstitutionalism in England
Magna CartaMagna Carta ReformationReformation
Puritans vs. AnglicansPuritans vs. Anglicans
English CalvinistsEnglish Calvinists CongregationalistsCongregationalists PresbyterianismPresbyterianism
John KnoxJohn Knox ScotlandScotland
#’s went up#’s went up
Influence went upInfluence went up
Elizabeth IElizabeth I Church of EnglandChurch of England Tolerated other Tolerated other
religions, but no rightsreligions, but no rights
Conflicts in Stuart EnglandConflicts in Stuart England
Elizabeth died, end of TudorsElizabeth died, end of Tudors James IJames I
Scotland CousinScotland Cousin ProtestantProtestant mom-Queen of Scotsmom-Queen of Scots CatholicCatholic Divine RightDivine Right free from Parliamentfree from Parliament PaternalisticPaternalistic
Parliament Under JamesParliament Under James
House of CommonsHouse of Commons LordsLords EconomyEconomy 30 Year War30 Year War 1625 died1625 died
Charles I and Long ParliamentCharles I and Long Parliament
James I sonJames I son EconomyEconomy Petition of RightPetition of Right Short ParliamentShort Parliament ScotlandScotland Long ParliamentLong Parliament IrelandIreland
The English Civil War The English Civil War 1642-16491642-1649
CavaliersCavaliers RoundheadsRoundheads Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell LevelersLevelers Charles ICharles I Rump ParliamentRump Parliament
Cromwell & the ProtectorateCromwell & the Protectorate
Military DictatorshipMilitary Dictatorship Lord ProtectorLord Protector InterregnumInterregnum New Model ArmyNew Model Army IrelandIreland Navigation ActsNavigation Acts FranceFrance 16601660
RestorationRestoration16601660
Charles IICharles II ReligionReligion ParliamentParliament MinistersMinisters France agreementFrance agreement James IIJames II WhigsWhigs ToriesTories Test ActTest Act
Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution16851685
James IIJames II William & MaryWilliam & Mary Bill of RightBill of Right Not a DemocracyNot a Democracy Toleration ActToleration Act Common LawCommon Law